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Li Y, Li XH, Yu ZX, Cai JJ, Billiar TR, Chen AF, Lv B, Chen ZY, Huang ZJ, Yang GP, Song J, Liu B, Yuan H. HIV protease inhibitors in pulmonary hypertension: rationale and design of a pilot trial in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2015; 5:538-46. [PMID: 26401255 DOI: 10.1086/682426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose an exploratory clinical study, the first of its kind to our knowledge, to determine the safety and potential clinical benefit of the combination of the HIV protease inhibitors (HIV-PIs) saquinavir and ritonavir (SQV+RIT) in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). This study is based on evidence that (1) HIV-PIs can improve pulmonary hemodynamics in experimental models; (2) both Toll-like receptor 4 and high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) participate in the pathogenesis of experimental pulmonary hypertension; and (3) a high-throughput screen for inhibitors of HMGB1-induced macrophage activation yielded HIV-PIs as potent inhibitors of HMGB1-induced cytokine production. In this proposed open-label, pre-post study, micro, low, and standard doses of SQV+RIT will be given to IPAH patients for 14 days. Patients will receive follow-up for the next 14 days. The primary outcome to be evaluated is change in HMGB1 level from baseline at 14 days. The secondary outcome is changes in tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, C-reactive protein, pulmonary arterial pressure based on echocardiography parameters and New York Heart Association/World Health Organization functional class, and Brog dyspnea scale index from baseline at 14 days. Other secondary measurements will include N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, atrial natriuretic peptide, and 6-minute walk distance. We propose that SQV+RIT treatment will improve inflammatory disorders and pulmonary hemodynamics in IPAH patients. If the data support a potentially useful therapeutic effect and suggest that SQV+RIT is safe in IPAH patients, the study will warrant further investigation. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02023450.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zai-Xin Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alex F Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China ; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ben Lv
- Department of Hematology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; and Center of Biomedical Science, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Zi-Ying Chen
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Huang
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Ping Yang
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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George PM, Badiger R, Shao D, Edwards MR, Wort SJ, Paul-Clark MJ, Mitchell JA. Viral Toll Like Receptor activation of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells results in endothelin-1 generation; relevance to pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 426:486-91. [PMID: 22960172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare but fatal condition in which raised pulmonary vascular resistance leads to right heart failure and death. Endothelin-1 is a potent endogenous vasoconstrictor, which is considered to be central to many of the events that lead to PAH, and is an important therapeutic target in the treatment of the condition. In many cases of PAH, the aetiology is unknown but inflammation is increasingly thought to play an important role and viruses have been implicated in the development of disease. The Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) play a key role in innate immune responses by initiating specific anti-bacterial and anti-viral defences in recognition of signature molecular motifs on the surface of invading pathogens. In this study, we set out to examine the expression of bacterial and viral TLRs in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and to establish whether their activation could be relevant to PAH. We found that the viral TLR3 and bacterial TLRs 4 and 6 were most abundantly expressed in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Using specific TLR ligands, we found that activation of TLRs 3 and 4 resulted in IL-8 release by human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells but that only TLR3 stimulation resulted in IP10 and endothelin-1 release. These data suggest that human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells express significant levels of viral TLR3 and respond to its activation by releasing endothelin-1. This may have importance in understanding the association between viruses and the development of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M George
- Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Chiao CW, Tostes RC, Webb RC. P2X7 receptor activation amplifies lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular hyporeactivity via interleukin-1 beta release. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326:864-70. [PMID: 18559654 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.135350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates cytoplasmic accumulation of pro-interleukin (IL)-1beta. Activation of P2X(7) receptors stimulates conversion of pro-IL-1beta into mature IL-1beta, which is then secreted. Because both LPS (in vivo) and IL-1beta (in vitro) decrease vascular reactivity to contractile agents, we hypothesized the following: 1) P2X(7) receptor activation contributes to LPS-induced vascular hyporeactivity, and 2) IL-1beta mediates this change. Thoracic aortas were obtained from 12-week-old male C57BL/6 mice. The aortic rings were incubated for 24 h in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, LPS, benzoylbenzoyl-ATP (BzATP; P2X(7) receptor agonist), LPS plus BzATP, oxidized ATP (oATP; P2X(7) receptor antagonist), or oATP plus LPS plus BzATP. After the treatment, the rings were either mounted in a myograph for evaluation of contractile activity or homogenized for IL-1beta and inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) protein measurement. In endothelium-intact aortic rings, phenylephrine (PE)-induced contractions were not altered by incubation with LPS or BzATP, but they significantly decreased in aortic rings incubated with LPS plus BzATP. Treatment with oATP or IL-1ra (IL-1beta receptor antagonist) reversed LPS plus BzATP-induced hyporeactivity to PE. In the presence of N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester or N-([3-(aminomethyl)phenyl]methyl)ethanimidamide (selective iNOS inhibitor), the vascular hyporeactivity induced by LPS plus BzATP on PE responses was not observed. BzATP augmented LPS-induced IL-1beta release and iNOS protein expression, and these effects were also inhibited by oATP. Moreover, incubation of endothelium-intact aortic rings with IL-1beta induced iNOS protein expression. Thus, activation of P2X(7) receptor amplifies LPS-induced hyporeactivity in mouse endothelium-intact aorta, which is associated with IL-1beta-mediated release of nitric oxide by iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Wei Chiao
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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4
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Wei JX, Verity A, Garle M, Mahajan R, Wilson V. Examination of the effect of procalcitonin on human leucocytes and the porcine isolated coronary artery. Br J Anaesth 2008; 100:612-21. [PMID: 18385261 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aen073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of procalcitonin on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced changes in human leucocytes and porcine isolated coronary artery. METHODS Using flow cytometry, changes in forward scatter and intracellular calcium in human neutrophils and monocytes were determined after exposure to procalcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), LPS, and the known chemoattractants formylated methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP) and interleukin-8 (IL-8). In porcine isolated coronary artery, the effects of procalcitonin were evaluated using the contractile function change and the release of TNFalpha. RESULTS In human neutrophils and monocytes, procalcitonin (100 nM), but not CGRP, increased forward scatter and the expression of surface markers (CD16 and CD14, respectively) in a similar manner to 10 microg ml(-1) LPS. Procalcitonin, but not CGRP, also increased the proportion of cells exhibiting an increase in intracellular calcium ions similar to that produced by fMLP and IL-8. Acute exposure of the coronary artery to procalcitonin produced a small, endothelium-independent relaxation (approximately 15% of constrictor tone), but failed to modify subsequent relaxations to CGRP. After 16 h exposure, procalcitonin (100 nM) increased TNFalpha release from the coronary artery equivalent to 70% of that produced by LPS, but did not modify the inhibitory effect of LPS (100 microg ml(-1)) on contractile responses. CONCLUSIONS Procalcitonin has a proinflammatory effect on human leucocytes and porcine coronary artery, but it is not capable of modulating LPS-induced changes in vascular responsiveness in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- J X Wei
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2 UH, UK
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5
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Lee TS, Park KK, Cho HS, Choo YA, Hwang M. Effects of bioactive ceramics on the pathogenesis of rat vascular smooth muscle cells treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2008; 19:1425-31. [PMID: 17914635 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a pivotal role in vascular injury through proliferation and migration. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) are highly associated with the pathogenesis of VSMCs. We investigated the effect of bioactive ceramics on the expression of inflammatory cytokines, COX-2, and inducible NOS (iNOS) induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in rat VSMCs. The ceramics inhibited mRNA expression of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS. Prostaglandin release was also diminished by the ceramics. The bioactive ceramics effect on cytokines, COX-2, and iNOS expression was achieved by inhibition of NF-kappaB activity. Interestingly, the ceramics-induced up-regulation of expression of endothelial NOS resulted in an increase of nitric oxide production. Thus, bioactive ceramics may have dual effects on the pathogenesis of VSMCs by regulation of NF-kappaB activity and NO production.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured
- Ceramics/pharmacology
- Coronary Artery Disease/genetics
- Coronary Artery Disease/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/pathology
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Prostaglandins F/metabolism
- Rats
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Sung Lee
- Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, 3056-6, Daemyung-4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-034, Korea
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6
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Jiménez-Altayó F, Briones AM, Giraldo J, Planas AM, Salaices M, Vila E. Increased Superoxide Anion Production by Interleukin-1β Impairs Nitric Oxide-Mediated Relaxation in Resistance Arteries. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 316:42-52. [PMID: 16183707 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.088435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to analyze the effect of long-term incubation with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) on endothelium-dependent relaxation in rat mesenteric resistance arteries. Vessels were incubated in culture medium with or without IL-1beta (10 ng/ml, 14 h). Changes in lumen diameter were recorded in a pressure myograph. Protein expression, nitrite, and superoxide anion (O(2)(.)) production were evaluated by either Western blot or immunofluorescence, Griess reaction, and ethidium fluorescence, respectively. IL-1beta impaired acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) vasodilation and increased nitrite and O(2)(.) production and inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), xanthine oxidase, and p22(phox) expression. However, neither endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) nor soluble guanylate cyclase protein expression were affected by IL-1beta treatment. Polyethylene glycol superoxide dismutase partially reversed the impairment of ACh relaxation and abolished the O(2)(.) production observed in IL-1beta-treated arteries. The impairment of ACh relaxation induced by IL-1beta was also partially reversed by the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol (1 mM) but not by either the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin (0.3 mM) or the inducible NOS inhibitor N-3-aminomethylbenzylacetamidine (1 microM). However, all these inhibitors improved the impaired SNP response. The results of the present study demonstrate that long-term incubation with IL-1beta induces an impairment of the nitric oxide-mediated relaxation in mesenteric resistance arteries through the production of O(2)(.), mainly from xanthine oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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7
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Morgan JH, Gamblin TC, Adkins JR, Groves JR, Dalton ML, Ashley DW. Norepinephrine is a More Potent Inhibitor of Tumor Necrosis Factor over a Range of Doses than Dopamine. Am Surg 2004. [DOI: 10.1177/000313480407000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we test the hypothesis that norepinephrine has greater anti-inflammatory effects versus dopamine over a range of doses in a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cytokine release in human saphenous vein. Segments of saphenous vein were cut and separated into 1 mm x 1 mm squares and placed into two 24-well plates. These small segments of vessels were incubated in the presence of 20 μg/mL bacterial LPS, alone as a control or with 10x-6, 10x-5, 10x-4, 10x-3 concentration of dopamine or norepinephrine and LPS. The general linear models (GLM) statistical analysis for least squares means and adjustment for multiple comparisons was chosen to analyze the data. Both norepinephrine and dopamine were able to suppress the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in a dose-dependent fashion. Over the range of doses, norepinephrine is a more potent inhibitor of TNF production than dopamine. This is a statistically significant linear trend ( P < .0001). Both norepinephrine and dopamine are powerful antiinflammatory agents. Norepinephrine is a more potent inhibitor of TNF than dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Harris Morgan
- From the Department of Surgery, Medical Center of Central Georgia, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia
| | - T. Clark Gamblin
- From the Department of Surgery, Medical Center of Central Georgia, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia
| | - Jonathan R. Adkins
- From the Department of Surgery, Medical Center of Central Georgia, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia
| | - Joshua R. Groves
- From the Department of Surgery, Medical Center of Central Georgia, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia
| | - Martin L. Dalton
- From the Department of Surgery, Medical Center of Central Georgia, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia
| | - Dennis W. Ashley
- From the Department of Surgery, Medical Center of Central Georgia, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia
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8
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Hoffmann G, Schloesser M, Czechowski M, Schobersberger W, Fürhapter C, Sepp N. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression and release in cultured human dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Exp Dermatol 2004; 13:113-9. [PMID: 15009105 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunctions in the microcirculation are a common finding in the course of inflammatory disorders. These are, at least in part, mediated by endogenous agonists, e.g. tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). As TNF-alpha mostly acts in an autocrine or paracrine fashion, it was tempting to speculate that microvascular endothelial cells synthesize and release this cytokine upon appropriate stimulation. In the present study, human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) expressed the TNF-alpha gene following incubation with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), lipopolysaccharids (LPSs), as well as a combination of IL-1beta, LPSs, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), while IFN-gamma failed to exert an effect on TNF-alpha gene expression when given as a single stimulus. Transcription of the TNF-alpha gene was accompanied by an increase in TNF-alpha protein secretion into the cellular supernatant. As HDMECs were found to be a target of TNF-alpha, production of this cytokine by HDMECs may result in an autocrine activation loop that contributes to the deterioration of microcirculatory functions in infectious diseases and inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hoffmann
- Department of Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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9
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Haider A, Lee I, Grabarek J, Darzynkiewicz Z, Ferreri NR. Dual functionality of cyclooxygenase-2 as a regulator of tumor necrosis factor-mediated G1 shortening and nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Circulation 2003; 108:1015-21. [PMID: 12912810 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000085211.97972.2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 contributes to vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and angiotensin II. The present study demonstrates, however, that depending on prevailing conditions, COX-2-derived prostanoids may also inhibit VSMC proliferation. METHODS AND RESULTS TNF-alpha stimulated proliferation of VSMCs by shortening the G1 phase of the cell cycle. This effect was abolished by NS-398, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Addition of TNF did not affect the protein-to-DNA ratio, measured by flow cytometry, suggesting that TNF does not induce VSMC hypertrophy. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity attenuated TNF-mediated increases in prostaglandin (PG) I2 synthesis, whereas thromboxane (TX) A2 production and COX-2 protein expression were unaffected. Moreover, inhibition of NOS activity increased TNF-mediated proliferation by approximately 23%. Thus, NO preferentially stimulates PGI2 production, suggesting that production of NO by VSMCs challenged with TNF limits the ability of the cytokine to increase proliferation. NO donors increased COX-2 protein expression and PGI2 synthesis, had no effect on TXA2 production, and decreased cell numbers by 50%, indicating that expression of COX-2 per se might not be sufficient to support proliferation. The effects of NO donors were prevented when COX-2 activity was inhibited with NS-398. CONCLUSIONS The COX-2-dependent proliferative response of VSMCs to TNF was modulated in an NO-dependent manner, and PGI2 derived from COX-2 might contribute to the antiproliferative effect of NO donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asifa Haider
- New York Medical College, Department of Pharmacology, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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10
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Wang Z, Castresana MR, Detmer K, Newman WH. An IkappaB-alpha mutant inhibits cytokine gene expression and proliferation in human vascular smooth muscle cells. J Surg Res 2002; 102:198-206. [PMID: 11796019 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory reaction and intimal proliferation of smooth muscle cells are characteristics of vascular stenotic lesions. Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) is involved in regulation of inflammation and cell survival in a variety of cell types. We tested a hypothesis that selective inhibition of NF-kappaB by expression of a mutated, nondegradable inhibitor of NF-kappaB, IkappaB-alphaM, would inhibit proinflammatory cytokine expression and proliferation in human vascular smooth muscle cell. MATERIALS AND METHODS Smooth muscle cells were cultured from internal mammary artery and infected with recombinant adenovirus vectors. RESULTS Adenoviral expression of IkappaB-alphaM inhibited diverse signal-triggered cellular IkappaB-alpha degradation, subsequent NF-kappaB activation, and transactivation of proinflammatory cytokine genes. Expression of IkappaB-alphaM in low-density VSMC led to a 60% reduction in serum-stimulated cell growth and a 10% increment in apoptotic incidence but was without effect in high-density cultures. Coexpression of NF-kappaB p65 attenuated apoptosis in low-density cells induced by IkappaB-alphaM. Therefore, the susceptibility to apoptosis induction in the low-density cells correlated with lower constitutive NF-kappaB activity. The induction of apoptosis by IkappaB-alphaM and the rescue by NF-kappaB p65 might be explained by mutual control of NF-kappaB p65 and IkappaB-alphaM access to the nucleus. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that expression of nondegradable IkappaB-alpha might have therapeutic potential in both vascular inflammatory reaction and smooth muscle cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbiao Wang
- Division of Basic Medical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine and Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon, Georgia 31207, USA.
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11
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Rodgerson DH, Belknap JK, Moore JN, Fontaine GL. Investigation of mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and cyclooxygenase-2 in cultured equine digital artery smooth muscle cells after exposure to endotoxin. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:1957-63. [PMID: 11763188 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine messenger RNA expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and interleukin- (IL)-1beta from cultured equine smooth muscle cells (SMC). SAMPLE POPULATION Segments of palmar digital artery harvested from 6 clinically normal adult horses. PROCEDURE Explants were collected from the tunica media of arteries for primary culture of SMC. Equine mononuclear cells were used as control cells. Subcultured vascular SMC and control cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (20 microg/ml and 100 ng/ml, respectively). Northern blot analysis with equine-specific probes for COX-2, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta was performed, using isolated total cellular RNA. RESULTS Although no message was detected for IL-1beta or TNF-alpha in control or endotoxin-exposed equine vascular SMC from all horses, COX-2 underwent a distinct substantial up-regulation after endotoxin exposure. Endotoxin-exposed equine mononuclear cells had up-regulation of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha mRNA. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Increased expression of COX-2 mRNA by equine vascular SMC may be an important early pathophysiologic event in the onset of endotoxemia in horses. Potentiated local vascular production of various prostanoids after increased expression of mRNA for COX-2 may result in vasoactive events observed with laminitis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern/veterinary
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclooxygenase 2
- Horses
- Interleukin-1/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-1/genetics
- Isoenzymes/biosynthesis
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/immunology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/biosynthesis
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Up-Regulation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Rodgerson
- Department of Large Animal Surgery and Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA
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12
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Detmer K, Wang Z, Warejcka D, Leeper-Woodford SK, Newman WH. Endotoxin stimulated cytokine production in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 281:H661-8. [PMID: 11454570 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2001.281.2.h661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Because inflammatory processes may promote the development of atherosclerosis, we examined the activation of cytokine genes in rat vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro after treatment with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) mRNA increased in response to LPS. Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) presumably results in NF-kappaB binding to regulatory regions of target genes and activating transcription. We therefore compared the kinetics of NF-kappaB activation, cytokine message production, and TNF-alpha secretion. Maximum active NF-kappaB was found at 30 min after the addition of LPS and decreased thereafter. Increased IL-6 mRNA was detected at 30 min, increased TNF-alpha mRNA at 60 min, and increased IL-1 mRNA at 120 min. Secretion of TNF-alpha was dependent on LPS concentration and was first detected 120 min after LPS addition. Aspirin, which has been shown to inhibit NF-kappaB activation and cytokine secretion in other cell types, did not inhibit NF-kappaB activation or TNF-alpha secretion. However, aspirin reduced the amount of both TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA present 30 min after LPS addition by half (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Detmer
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia 31207, USA.
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13
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Askari B, Ferreri NR. Regulation of prostacyclin synthesis by angiotensin II and TNF-alpha in vascular smooth muscle. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2001; 63:175-87. [PMID: 11305695 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-6980(01)00098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We had previously established that in a model of Ang II-induced hypertension, administration of an anti-TNF-alpha antibody caused additional increases in mean arterial pressure. Production of vasodilator prostanoids (i.e. PGI2 and PGE2) is increased by Ang II in vascular smooth muscle and is part of a counter-regulatory mechanism that opposes increases in vascular tone. We, therefore, examined the effects of TNF-alpha on Ang II-induced increases in PGI2 production in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Addition of Ang II caused an increase in the production of PGI2, while addition of TNF-alpha had no effect. However, pretreatment with TNF-alpha potentiated the stimulatory effects of Ang II. The potentiating effect of TNF-alpha was neither at the level of prostacyclin synthetase nor at the level of acyl hydrolase activity. This potentiation was dependent on tyrosine kinase activity, as preincubation with genistein completely abolished the effect of TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha upregulated AA-induced PGI2 synthesis, indicating that the effect of TNF-alpha is at the level of cyclooxygenase (COX). These data suggest that TNF-alpha potentiates Ang II-induced synthesis of PGI2 and PGE2 in a tyrosine kinase-dependent manner, an effect that may contribute to the counter-regulatory influence of prostaglandins on the pressor effects of Ang II in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Askari
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98125, USA
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Tobin BW, Leeper-Woodford SK, Hashemi BB, Smith SM, Sams CF. Altered TNF-alpha, glucose, insulin, and amino acids in islets of Langerhans cultured in a microgravity model system. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 280:E92-102. [PMID: 11120663 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.1.e92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present studies were designed to determine effects of a microgravity model system upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) activity and indexes of insulin and fuel homeostasis of pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Islets (1,726 +/- 117, 150 islet equivalent units) from Wistar-Furth rats were treated as 1) high aspect ratio vessel (HARV) cell culture, 2) HARV plus LPS, 3) static culture, and 4) static culture plus LPS. TNF-alpha (L929 cytotoxicity assay) was significantly increased in LPS-induced HARV and static cultures; yet the increase was more pronounced in the static culture group (P < 0.05). A decrease in insulin concentration was demonstrated in the LPS-stimulated HARV culture (P < 0.05). We observed a greater glucose concentration and increased disappearance of arginine in islets cultured in HARVs. Although nitrogenous compound analysis indicated a ubiquitous reliance on glutamine in all experimental groups, arginine was converted to ornithine at a twofold greater rate in the islets cultured in the HARV microgravity model system (P < 0.05). These studies demonstrate alterations in LPS-induced TNF-alpha production of pancreatic islets of Langerhans, favoring a lesser TNF activity in the HARV. These alterations in fuel homeostasis may be promulgated by gravity-averaged cell culture methods or by three-dimensional cell assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Tobin
- Diabetes Research Laboratory, Program in Nutrition and Biochemistry, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia 31207, USA.
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Ranta V, Orpana A, Carpén O, Turpeinen U, Ylikorkala O, Viinikka L. Human vascular endothelial cells produce tumor necrosis factor-alpha in response to proinflammatory cytokine stimulation. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:2184-7. [PMID: 10548204 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199910000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether human vascular endothelial cells produce tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) after stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines and bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). DESIGN Prospective, in vitro repeated-measurements analysis of cellular responses. SETTING Research laboratory in an academic medical center. SUBJECTS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). INTERVENTIONS HUVECs were incubated with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and LPS, or their different combinations for 2 to 48 hrs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS TNF-alpha was measured by time-resolved immunofluorometric assay. Unstimulated HUVECs did not produce detectable amounts of TNF-alpha, but IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, and LPS when added together induced TNF-alpha production of HUVECs in a time-dependent manner. Immunofluorescent staining confirmed that the TNF-alpha was produced by endothelial cells. IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, or LPS alone did not induce TNF-alpha production, whereas IFN-gamma and IL-1beta in combination were able to induce TNF-alpha production to some extent, and the production could be further increased with LPS. TNF-alpha messenger RNA expression was detected with reverse transcriptase-coupled polymerase chain reaction in stimulated, but not in unstimulated, HUVECs. CONCLUSIONS HUVECs are capable of producing TNF-alpha after proinflammatory cytokine stimulation and may therefore contribute to the increased amount of TNF-alpha found in pathologic states such as septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ranta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Zhang LM, Castresana MR, Shaker IJ, Dalton ML, Leeper-Woodford SK, Newman WH. Increased intracellular cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from human vascular tissue and cultured smooth muscle cells. Crit Care Med 1997; 25:1855-61. [PMID: 9366770 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199711000-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We recently reported that bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulates release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha from both human vascular tissue and cultured smooth muscle cells. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that increased intracellular cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) could inhibit TNF-alpha release. DESIGN Prospective, repeated-measures analysis. SETTING Academic research laboratory. SUBJECTS Segments of internal mammary artery and saphenous vein from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Segments of saphenous vein and internal mammary artery and confluent smooth muscle cells cultured from these vessels were incubated in the presence of 20 micrograms/mL bacterial lipopolysaccharide, alone or with the addition of forskolin or 8-Br-cAMP. At 0, 1, 3, 6, 18, and 24 hrs, the incubation medium was removed from vessel segments or cells and was analyzed for biologically active TNF-alpha, using the L929 cell cytotoxicity assay. cAMP was extracted from tissue and cells with 0.1 N HCl and was analyzed by radioimmunoassay. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulated the release of TNF-alpha from internal mammary smooth muscle cells at all time points. For example, at 6 hrs, TNF-alpha concentration in the medium from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells was 20 +/- 1.6 U/mg of cell protein, compared with 0.9 +/- 0.5 U/mg of cell protein in control cell medium (p < .05). Forskolin-inhibited bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulated TNF-alpha release. In the presence of lipopolysaccharide and forskolin, TNF-alpha release at 6 hrs was 8.6 +/- 1.5 U/mg of cell protein (p < .05 vs. in the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide alone). Bacterial lipopolysaccharide, alone, had no effect on intracellular cAMP. Forskolin increased intracellular cAMP levels to 74.0 +/- 12 pmol/mg of cell protein at 6 hrs from a control level of 7.7 +/- 0.4 pmol/mg (p < .05). The 8-Br-cAMP, an agent that mimics the action of intracellular cAMP, also inhibited TNF-alpha release stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. Similar inhibition by forskolin and 8-Br-cAMP on TNF-alpha release was obtained with smooth muscle cells from saphenous vein. Finally, in tissue segments from either internal mammary artery or saphenous vein, both forskolin and 8-Br-cAMP inhibited lipopolysaccharide-stimulated TNF-alpha release. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with the conclusion that vascular tissue, particularly the smooth muscle cell, is a source of TNF-alpha. Further, bacterial lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor TNF-alpha release can be inhibited by increased intracellular cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
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Newman WH, Castresana MR. A516 RELEASE OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA FROM PORCINE CORONARY ARTERY SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS BY A FREE RADICAL GENERATING SYSTEM, HYPOXANTHINE-XANTHINE OXIDASE. Anesthesiology 1997. [DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199709001-00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Leeper-Woodford SK, Tobin BW. Tumor necrosis factor activity of pancreatic islets. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 273:E433-7. [PMID: 9277398 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.2.e433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is involved in the pathogenesis of acute sepsis-induced organ injury and has been implicated as a mediator of metabolic alterations observed during sepsis. Pancreatic islet cell function may be significantly compromised during sepsis or endotoxemia, and sepsis also increases plasma levels of epinephrine, a modifier of islet insulin secretion. We proposed that islets exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produce TNF and that epinephrine attenuates islet secretory activity. We monitored the effects of LPS and epinephrine on TNF and insulin activity of isolated Wistar-Furth rat islets (pancreas digested with collagenase, islets isolated using Ficoll gradients; n = 4 islet populations, each with 632 +/- 11 islets/2.5 ml culture medium). Islets were incubated (37 degrees C, 5% CO2) 3 days. LPS (Escherichia coli, 1 microgram/ml) and epinephrine (14 micrograms/ml) were added to the islets, and incubations were continued for 1-4 h. Glucose (Beckman Glucose Analyzer), insulin (radioimmunoassay), and TNF (L929 cytotoxicity assay) were measured in the islet medium samples at 1- to 4-h time points. In the conditioned medium, glucose decreased (P < 0.05), insulin increased (P < 0.05), and exposure to LPS did not alter these levels [P = not significant (NS)] but did increase TNF activity by 400% (P < 0.05). Epinephrine reduced insulin by 38-43% (P < 0.05) and TNF by 20-25% (P < 0.05) but had no effect on glucose levels (P = NS). We conclude that insulin is secreted from isolated islets and that exposure to LPS acutely increases islet-derived TNF activity, whereas epinephrine modifies TNF and insulin secretion of rat pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Leeper-Woodford
- Department of Physiology, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia 31207, USA
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Newman WH, Zhang LM, Leeper-Woodford SK, Shaker IJ, Erceg SK, Castresana MR. Inhibition of release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from human vascular tissue and smooth muscle cells by glucocorticoids. Crit Care Med 1997; 25:519-22. [PMID: 9118671 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199703000-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Based on our previous study that bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulates release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha from human vascular tissue and smooth muscle cells, we tested the hypothesis that release of TNF could be inhibited by pretreatment with glucocorticoids. DESIGN Prospective, repeated-measures analysis of concentration-response relationships. SETTING Academic anesthesiology research laboratory. SUBJECTS Segments of internal mammary artery and saphenous vein were obtained during coronary artery bypass surgery. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Confluent human smooth muscle cells, cultured from saphenous vein and internal mammary artery, were exposed to 20 micrograms/mL of bacterial lipopolysaccharide following pretreatment for 18 hrs with either 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 microM of dexamethasone. At 1, 3, 6, 18, and 24 hrs, the culture medium was removed and analyzed for biologically active TNF-alpha using the L929 cell cytotoxicity assay. Smooth muscle cells exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide but not treated with dexamethasone served as controls. In control internal mammary cells, bacterial lipopolysaccharide stimulated TNF-alpha release in a time-dependent manner to a peak of 36 +/- 2.3 U/mg of cell protein at 6 hrs, compared with 0.7 +/- 0.3 U/mg of cell protein in cells not exposed to lipopolysaccharide. Dexamethasone inhibited bacterial lipopolysaccharide-stimulated release at all time points in a concentration-dependent manner. For instance, at 6 hrs, TNF-alpha was 12 +/- 2.2, 6.9 +/- 1.7, and 2.3 +/- 0.9 U/mg of cell protein for cells pretreated with 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 microM of dexamethasone, respectively (p < .05 vs. control). In separate experiments, segments of internal mammary artery and saphenous vein were obtained from five patients who received 1 g of methylprednisolone intravenously during induction of anesthesia, and from seven patients who did not receive methylprednisolone. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induced release of TNF-alpha from vascular tissues of untreated patients in a time-dependent manner (e.g., 733 +/- 44 U/g of tissue at 6 hrs in saphenous vein). In contrast, in patients treated with methylprednisolone, bacterial lipopolysaccharide did not stimulate release from vascular tissues incubated for up to 24 hrs. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that human vascular tissue, particularly the smooth muscle cell, may be a source of TNF-alpha and that glucocorticoids inhibit release stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Newman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
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