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Miao SH, Gao SQ, Li HX, Zhuang YS, Wang X, Li T, Gao CC, Han YL, Qiu JY, Zhou ML. Increased NOX2 expression in astrocytes leads to eNOS uncoupling through dihydrofolate reductase in endothelial cells after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1121944. [PMID: 37063365 PMCID: PMC10097896 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1121944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionEndothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling plays a significant role in acute vasoconstriction during early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Astrocytes in the neurovascular unit extend their foot processes around endothelia. In our study, we tested the hypothesis that increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2) expression in astrocytes after SAH leads to eNOS uncoupling.MethodsWe utilized laser speckle contrast imaging for monitoring cortical blood flow changes in mice, nitric oxide (NO) kits to measure the level of NO, and a co-culture system to study the effect of astrocytes on endothelial cells. Moreover, the protein levels were assessed by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. We used CCK-8 to measure the viability of astrocytes and endothelial cells, and we used the H2O2 kit to measure the H2O2 released from astrocytes. We used GSK2795039 as an inhibitor of NOX2, whereas lentivirus and adeno-associated virus were used for dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) knockdown in vivo and in vitro.ResultsThe expression of NOX2 and the release of H2O2 in astrocytes are increased, which was accompanied by a decrease in endothelial DHFR 12 h after SAH. Moreover, the eNOS monomer/dimer ratio increased, leading to a decrease in NO and acute cerebral ischemia. All of the above were significantly alleviated after the administration of GSK2795039. However, after knocking down DHFR both in vivo and in vitro, the protective effect of GSK2795039 was greatly reversed.DiscussionThe increased level of NOX2 in astrocytes contributes to decreased DHFR in endothelial cells, thus aggravating eNOS uncoupling, which is an essential mechanism underlying acute vasoconstriction after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hao Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng-Qing Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Xin Li
- Department of Gynecology, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun-Song Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao-Chao Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Ling Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Yin Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Liang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Meng-Liang Zhou,
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Sullivan MN, Thakore P, Krishnan V, Alphonsa S, Li W, Feng Earley Y, Earley S. Endothelial cell TRPA1 activity exacerbates cerebral hemorrhage during severe hypertension. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1129435. [PMID: 36793787 PMCID: PMC9922848 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1129435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hypoxia-induced dilation of cerebral arteries orchestrated by Ca2+-permeable transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) cation channels on endothelial cells is neuroprotective during ischemic stroke, but it is unknown if the channel has a similar impact during hemorrhagic stroke. TRPA1 channels are endogenously activated by lipid peroxide metabolites generated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Uncontrolled hypertension, a primary risk factor for the development of hemorrhagic stroke, is associated with increased ROS production and oxidative stress. Therefore, we hypothesized that TRPA1 channel activity is increased during hemorrhagic stroke. Methods: Severe, chronic hypertension was induced in control (Trpa1 fl/fl) and endothelial cell-specific TRPA1 knockout (Trpa1-ecKO) mice using a combination of chronic angiotensin II administration, a high-salt diet, and the addition of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor to drinking water. Blood pressure was measured in awake, freely-moving mice using surgically placed radiotelemetry transmitters. TRPA1-dependent cerebral artery dilation was evaluated with pressure myography, and expression of TRPA1 and NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms in arteries from both groups was determined using PCR and Western blotting techniques. In addition, ROS generation capacity was evaluated using a lucigenin assay. Histology was performed to examine intracerebral hemorrhage lesion size and location. Results: All animals became hypertensive, and a majority developed intracerebral hemorrhages or died of unknown causes. Baseline blood pressure and responses to the hypertensive stimulus did not differ between groups. Expression of TRPA1 in cerebral arteries from control mice was not altered after 28 days of treatment, but expression of three NOX isoforms and the capacity for ROS generation was increased in hypertensive animals. NOX-dependent activation of TRPA1 channels dilated cerebral arteries from hypertensive animals to a greater extent compared with controls. The number of intracerebral hemorrhage lesions in hypertensive animals did not differ between control and Trpa1-ecKO animals but were significantly smaller in Trpa1-ecKO mice. Morbidity and mortality did not differ between groups. Discussion: We conclude that endothelial cell TRPA1 channel activity increases cerebral blood flow during hypertension resulting in increased extravasation of blood during intracerebral hemorrhage events; however, this effect does not impact overall survival. Our data suggest that blocking TRPA1 channels may not be helpful for treating hypertension-associated hemorrhagic stroke in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N. Sullivan
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Pratish Thakore
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Vivek Krishnan
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Sushma Alphonsa
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Wencheng Li
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Yumei Feng Earley
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Scott Earley
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
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The Role of NADPH Oxidase in Neuronal Death and Neurogenesis after Acute Neurological Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050739. [PMID: 34067012 PMCID: PMC8151966 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a well-known common pathological process involved in mediating acute neurological injuries, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and hypoglycemia-related neuronal injury. However, effective therapeutic measures aimed at scavenging free reactive oxygen species have shown little success in clinical trials. Recent studies have revealed that NADPH oxidase, a membrane-bound enzyme complex that catalyzes the production of a superoxide free radical, is one of the major sources of cellular reactive oxygen species in acute neurological disorders. Furthermore, several studies, including our previous ones, have shown that the inhibition of NADPH oxidase can reduce subsequent neuronal injury in neurological disease. Moreover, maintaining appropriate levels of NADPH oxidase has also been shown to be associated with proper neurogenesis after neuronal injury. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the role of NADPH oxidase in neuronal death and neurogenesis in multiple acute neurological disorders and to explore potential pharmacological strategies targeting the NADPH-related oxidative stress pathways.
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4
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Parrella E, Gussago C, Porrini V, Benarese M, Pizzi M. From Preclinical Stroke Models to Humans: Polyphenols in the Prevention and Treatment of Stroke. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010085. [PMID: 33383852 PMCID: PMC7823436 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are an important family of molecules of vegetal origin present in many medicinal and edible plants, which represent important alimentary sources in the human diet. Polyphenols are known for their beneficial health effects and have been investigated for their potential protective role against various pathologies, including cancer, brain dysfunctions, cardiovascular diseases and stroke. The prevention of stroke promoted by polyphenols relies mainly on their effect on cardio- and cerebrovascular systems. However, a growing body of evidence from preclinical models of stroke points out a neuroprotective role of these molecules. Notably, in many preclinical studies, the polyphenolic compounds were effective also when administered after the stroke onset, suggesting their possible use in promoting recovery of patients suffering from stroke. Here, we review the effects of the major polyphenols in cellular and in vivo models of both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in immature and adult brains. The results from human studies are also reported.
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5
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Armstead WM, Hekierski H, Pastor P, Yarovoi S, Higazi AAR, Cines DB. Release of IL-6 After Stroke Contributes to Impaired Cerebral Autoregulation and Hippocampal Neuronal Necrosis Through NMDA Receptor Activation and Upregulation of ET-1 and JNK. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 10:104-111. [PMID: 29476447 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The sole FDA-approved drug treatment for ischemic stroke is tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). However, upregulation of JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and endothelin 1 (ET-1) by tPA after stroke contributes to impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation. Wild-type (wt) tPA can bind to the lipoprotein-related receptor (LRP), which mediates vasodilation, or NMDA receptors (NMDA-Rs), exacerbating vasoconstriction. Elevations in IL-6, a marker of inflammation that accompanies stroke, are reported to be an adverse prognostic factor. We hypothesized that IL-6 released into CSF after stroke by wt-tPA through activation of NMDA-Rs and upregulation of ET-1 and JNK contribute to impairment of cerebrovascular autoregulation and increased histopathology. Results show that IL-6 was increased post stroke in pigs, which was increased further by wt-tPA. Co-administration of the IL-6 antagonist LMT-28 with wt-tPA prevented impairment of cerebrovascular autoregulation and necrosis of hippocampal cells. wt-tPA co-administered with the JNK inhibitor SP 600125 and the ET-1 antagonist BQ 123 blocked stroke-induced elevation of IL-6. Co-administration of LMT-28 with wt-tPA blocked the augmentation of JNK and ET-1 post stroke. In conclusion, IL-6 released after stroke, which is enhanced by wt-tPA through activation of NMDA-Rs and upregulation of ET-1 and JNK, impairs cerebrovascular autoregulation and increases histopathology. Strategies that promote fibrinolysis while limiting activation of NMDA-Rs and upregulation of IL-6 may improve the benefit/risk ratio compared to wt-tPA in treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, JM3, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Hugh Hekierski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, JM3, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Philip Pastor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, JM3, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Serge Yarovoi
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Abd Al-Roof Higazi
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Douglas B Cines
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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6
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Guo ZN, Jin H, Sun H, Zhao Y, Liu J, Ma H, Sun X, Yang Y. Antioxidant Melatonin: Potential Functions in Improving Cerebral Autoregulation After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1146. [PMID: 30174621 PMCID: PMC6108098 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a subtype of stroke with high mortality and morbidity. Impaired cerebral autoregulation following SAH has been reported owing to effects on sympathetic control, endothelial function, myogenic response, and cerebral metabolism. Impaired cerebral autoregulation is associated with early brain injury, cerebral vasospasm/delayed cerebral ischemia, and SAH prognosis. However, few drugs have been reported to improve cerebral autoregulation after SAH. Melatonin is a powerful antioxidant that is effective (easily crosses the blood brain barrier) and safe (tolerated in large doses without toxicity). Theoretically, melatonin may impact the control mechanisms of cerebral autoregulation via antioxidative effects, protection of endothelial cell integrity, suppression of sympathetic nerve activity, increase in nitric oxide bioavailability, mediation of the myogenic response, and amelioration of hypoxemia. Furthermore, melatonin may have a comprehensive effect on cerebral autoregulation. This review discusses the potential effects of melatonin on cerebral autoregulation following SAH, in terms of the association between pharmacological activities and the mechanisms of cerebral autoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ni Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hang Jin
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huijie Sun
- Cadre Ward, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingkai Zhao
- Cadre Ward, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongyin Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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7
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Release of IL-6 After Stroke Contributes to Impaired Cerebral Autoregulation and Hippocampal Neuronal Necrosis Through NMDA Receptor Activation and Upregulation of ET-1 and JNK. Transl Stroke Res 2018. [PMID: 29476447 DOI: 10.1007/s12975‐018‐0617‐z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The sole FDA-approved drug treatment for ischemic stroke is tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). However, upregulation of JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and endothelin 1 (ET-1) by tPA after stroke contributes to impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation. Wild-type (wt) tPA can bind to the lipoprotein-related receptor (LRP), which mediates vasodilation, or NMDA receptors (NMDA-Rs), exacerbating vasoconstriction. Elevations in IL-6, a marker of inflammation that accompanies stroke, are reported to be an adverse prognostic factor. We hypothesized that IL-6 released into CSF after stroke by wt-tPA through activation of NMDA-Rs and upregulation of ET-1 and JNK contribute to impairment of cerebrovascular autoregulation and increased histopathology. Results show that IL-6 was increased post stroke in pigs, which was increased further by wt-tPA. Co-administration of the IL-6 antagonist LMT-28 with wt-tPA prevented impairment of cerebrovascular autoregulation and necrosis of hippocampal cells. wt-tPA co-administered with the JNK inhibitor SP 600125 and the ET-1 antagonist BQ 123 blocked stroke-induced elevation of IL-6. Co-administration of LMT-28 with wt-tPA blocked the augmentation of JNK and ET-1 post stroke. In conclusion, IL-6 released after stroke, which is enhanced by wt-tPA through activation of NMDA-Rs and upregulation of ET-1 and JNK, impairs cerebrovascular autoregulation and increases histopathology. Strategies that promote fibrinolysis while limiting activation of NMDA-Rs and upregulation of IL-6 may improve the benefit/risk ratio compared to wt-tPA in treatment of stroke.
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8
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Choi DH, Lee J. A Mini-Review of the NADPH oxidases in Vascular Dementia: Correlation with NOXs and Risk Factors for VaD. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112500. [PMID: 29165383 PMCID: PMC5713465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the factors that cause dementia conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia (VaD). In the pathogenesis of VaD, OS is associated with risk factors that include increased age, hypertension, and stroke. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs) are a molecular source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). According to recent studies, inhibition of NOX activity can reduce cognitive impairment in animal models of VaD. In this article, we review the evidence linking cognitive impairment with NOX-dependent OS, including the vascular NOX and non-vascular NOX systems, in VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hee Choi
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science & Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143701, Korea.
- Department of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143701, Korea.
| | - Jongmin Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143701, Korea.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143701, Korea.
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Zhang L, Li Z, Feng D, Shen H, Tian X, Li H, Wang Z, Chen G. Involvement of Nox2 and Nox4 NADPH oxidases in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:316-328. [PMID: 28330417 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1311015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jingjiang People’s Hospital, Jiangsu, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaodi Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Ma MW, Wang J, Zhang Q, Wang R, Dhandapani KM, Vadlamudi RK, Brann DW. NADPH oxidase in brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:7. [PMID: 28095923 PMCID: PMC5240251 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a common denominator in the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, as well as in ischemic and traumatic brain injury. The brain is highly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to its high metabolic demand. However, therapies attempting to scavenge free radicals have shown little success. By shifting the focus to inhibit the generation of damaging free radicals, recent studies have identified NADPH oxidase as a major contributor to disease pathology. NADPH oxidase has the primary function to generate free radicals. In particular, there is growing evidence that the isoforms NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4 can be upregulated by a variety of neurodegenerative factors. The majority of recent studies have shown that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidase enzymes are neuroprotective and able to reduce detrimental aspects of pathology following ischemic and traumatic brain injury, as well as in chronic neurodegenerative disorders. This review aims to summarize evidence supporting the role of NADPH oxidase in the pathology of these neurological disorders, explores pharmacological strategies of targeting this major oxidative stress pathway, and outlines obstacles that need to be overcome for successful translation of these therapies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry W Ma
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ratna K Vadlamudi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Medical Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Darrell W Brann
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 Fifteenth Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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11
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Yang L, Lu ZN. Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR promotes ischemic infarct induced by hypoxia through up-regulating the expression of NOX2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:186-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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NADPH Oxidase: A Potential Target for Treatment of Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:5026984. [PMID: 26941888 PMCID: PMC4752995 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5026984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in industrialized nations. Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of stroke, and excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria is thought to be the main cause of oxidative stress. NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes have recently been identified and studied as important producers of ROS in brain tissues after stroke. Several reports have shown that knockout or deletion of NOX exerts a neuroprotective effect in three major experimental stroke models. Recent studies also confirmed that NOX inhibitors ameliorate brain injury and improve neurological outcome after stroke. However, the physiological and pathophysiological roles of NOX enzymes in the central nervous system (CNS) are not known well. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of our current understanding about expression and physiological function of NOX enzymes in the CNS and its pathophysiological roles in the three major types of stroke: ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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Biomarkers of vasospasm development and outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurol Sci 2014; 341:119-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Chen S, Feng H, Sherchan P, Klebe D, Zhao G, Sun X, Zhang J, Tang J, Zhang JH. Controversies and evolving new mechanisms in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 115:64-91. [PMID: 24076160 PMCID: PMC3961493 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of study, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) continues to be a serious and significant health problem in the United States and worldwide. The mechanisms contributing to brain injury after SAH remain unclear. Traditionally, most in vivo research has heavily emphasized the basic mechanisms of SAH over the pathophysiological or morphological changes of delayed cerebral vasospasm after SAH. Unfortunately, the results of clinical trials based on this premise have mostly been disappointing, implicating some other pathophysiological factors, independent of vasospasm, as contributors to poor clinical outcomes. Delayed cerebral vasospasm is no longer the only culprit. In this review, we summarize recent data from both experimental and clinical studies of SAH and discuss the vast array of physiological dysfunctions following SAH that ultimately lead to cell death. Based on the progress in neurobiological understanding of SAH, the terms "early brain injury" and "delayed brain injury" are used according to the temporal progression of SAH-induced brain injury. Additionally, a new concept of the vasculo-neuronal-glia triad model for SAH study is highlighted and presents the challenges and opportunities of this model for future SAH applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Damon Klebe
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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15
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Østergaard L, Aamand R, Karabegovic S, Tietze A, Blicher JU, Mikkelsen IK, Iversen NK, Secher N, Engedal TS, Anzabi M, Jimenez EG, Cai C, Koch KU, Naess-Schmidt ET, Obel A, Juul N, Rasmussen M, Sørensen JCH. The role of the microcirculation in delayed cerebral ischemia and chronic degenerative changes after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1825-37. [PMID: 24064495 PMCID: PMC3851911 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is 50%, and most survivors suffer severe functional and cognitive deficits. Half of SAH patients deteriorate 5 to 14 days after the initial bleeding, so-called delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Although often attributed to vasospasms, DCI may develop in the absence of angiographic vasospasms, and therapeutic reversal of angiographic vasospasms fails to improve patient outcome. The etiology of chronic neurodegenerative changes after SAH remains poorly understood. Brain oxygenation depends on both cerebral blood flow (CBF) and its microscopic distribution, the so-called capillary transit time heterogeneity (CTH). In theory, increased CTH can therefore lead to tissue hypoxia in the absence of severe CBF reductions, whereas reductions in CBF, paradoxically, improve brain oxygenation if CTH is critically elevated. We review potential sources of elevated CTH after SAH. Pericyte constrictions in relation to the initial ischemic episode and subsequent oxidative stress, nitric oxide depletion during the pericapillary clearance of oxyhemoglobin, vasogenic edema, leukocytosis, and astrocytic endfeet swelling are identified as potential sources of elevated CTH, and hence of metabolic derangement, after SAH. Irreversible changes in capillary morphology and function are predicted to contribute to long-term relative tissue hypoxia, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. We discuss diagnostic and therapeutic implications of these predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Østergaard
- 1] Department of Neuroradiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark [2] Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience and MINDLab, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Vascular dysfunction in cerebrovascular disease: mechanisms and therapeutic intervention. Clin Sci (Lond) 2010; 119:1-17. [PMID: 20370718 DOI: 10.1042/cs20090649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium plays a crucial role in the control of vascular homoeostasis through maintaining the synthesis of the vasoprotective molecule NO* (nitric oxide). Endothelial dysfunction of cerebral blood vessels, manifested as diminished NO* bioavailability, is a common feature of several vascular-related diseases, including hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage and Alzheimer's disease. Over the past several years an enormous amount of research has been devoted to understanding the mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction. As such, it has become apparent that, although the diseases associated with impaired NO* function are diverse, the underlying causes are similar. For example, compelling evidence indicates that oxidative stress might be an important mechanism of diminished NO* signalling in diverse models of cardiovascular 'high-risk' states and cerebrovascular disease. Although there are several sources of vascular ROS (reactive oxygen species), the enzyme NADPH oxidase is emerging as a strong candidate for the excessive ROS production that is thought to lead to vascular oxidative stress. The purpose of the present review is to outline some of the mechanisms thought to contribute to endothelial dysfunction in the cerebral vasculature during disease. More specifically, we will highlight current evidence for the involvement of ROS, inflammation, the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway and amyloid beta-peptides. In addition, we will discuss currently available therapies for improving endothelial function and highlight future therapeutic strategies.
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18
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Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurologic and psychiatric diseases. The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to high oxygen consumption, low antioxidant defense, and an abundance of oxidation-sensitive lipids. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria is generally thought to be the main cause of oxidative stress. However, a role for ROS-generating NADPH oxidase NOX enzymes has recently emerged. Activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase NOX2 has been studied mainly in microglia, where it plays a role in inflammation, but may also contribute to neuronal death in pathologic conditions. However, NOX-dependent ROS production can be due to the expression of other NOX isoforms, which are detected not only in microglia, but also in astrocytes and neurons. The physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of such NOX enzymes are only partially understood. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge about NOX enzymes in the central nervous system and their involvement in neurologic and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sorce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland
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19
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Vecchione C, Frati A, Di Pardo A, Cifelli G, Carnevale D, Gentile MT, Carangi R, Landolfi A, Carullo P, Bettarini U, Antenucci G, Mascio G, Busceti CL, Notte A, Maffei A, Cantore GP, Lembo G. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Mediates Hemolysis-Induced Vasoconstriction and the Cerebral Vasospasm Evoked by Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Hypertension 2009; 54:150-6. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.128124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Vecchione
- From the Departments of Angiocardioneurology (C.V., A.D.P., G.C., M.T.G., R.C., A.L., P.C., U.B., G.A., G.M., C.L.B., A.N., A.M., G.L.) and Neurosurgery (A.F., G.P.C.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences (D.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.L.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Frati
- From the Departments of Angiocardioneurology (C.V., A.D.P., G.C., M.T.G., R.C., A.L., P.C., U.B., G.A., G.M., C.L.B., A.N., A.M., G.L.) and Neurosurgery (A.F., G.P.C.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences (D.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.L.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alba Di Pardo
- From the Departments of Angiocardioneurology (C.V., A.D.P., G.C., M.T.G., R.C., A.L., P.C., U.B., G.A., G.M., C.L.B., A.N., A.M., G.L.) and Neurosurgery (A.F., G.P.C.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences (D.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.L.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cifelli
- From the Departments of Angiocardioneurology (C.V., A.D.P., G.C., M.T.G., R.C., A.L., P.C., U.B., G.A., G.M., C.L.B., A.N., A.M., G.L.) and Neurosurgery (A.F., G.P.C.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences (D.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.L.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Carnevale
- From the Departments of Angiocardioneurology (C.V., A.D.P., G.C., M.T.G., R.C., A.L., P.C., U.B., G.A., G.M., C.L.B., A.N., A.M., G.L.) and Neurosurgery (A.F., G.P.C.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences (D.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.L.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Gentile
- From the Departments of Angiocardioneurology (C.V., A.D.P., G.C., M.T.G., R.C., A.L., P.C., U.B., G.A., G.M., C.L.B., A.N., A.M., G.L.) and Neurosurgery (A.F., G.P.C.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences (D.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.L.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Carangi
- From the Departments of Angiocardioneurology (C.V., A.D.P., G.C., M.T.G., R.C., A.L., P.C., U.B., G.A., G.M., C.L.B., A.N., A.M., G.L.) and Neurosurgery (A.F., G.P.C.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences (D.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.L.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Landolfi
- From the Departments of Angiocardioneurology (C.V., A.D.P., G.C., M.T.G., R.C., A.L., P.C., U.B., G.A., G.M., C.L.B., A.N., A.M., G.L.) and Neurosurgery (A.F., G.P.C.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences (D.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.L.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Carullo
- From the Departments of Angiocardioneurology (C.V., A.D.P., G.C., M.T.G., R.C., A.L., P.C., U.B., G.A., G.M., C.L.B., A.N., A.M., G.L.) and Neurosurgery (A.F., G.P.C.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences (D.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.L.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Bettarini
- From the Departments of Angiocardioneurology (C.V., A.D.P., G.C., M.T.G., R.C., A.L., P.C., U.B., G.A., G.M., C.L.B., A.N., A.M., G.L.) and Neurosurgery (A.F., G.P.C.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences (D.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.L.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Antenucci
- From the Departments of Angiocardioneurology (C.V., A.D.P., G.C., M.T.G., R.C., A.L., P.C., U.B., G.A., G.M., C.L.B., A.N., A.M., G.L.) and Neurosurgery (A.F., G.P.C.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences (D.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.L.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giada Mascio
- From the Departments of Angiocardioneurology (C.V., A.D.P., G.C., M.T.G., R.C., A.L., P.C., U.B., G.A., G.M., C.L.B., A.N., A.M., G.L.) and Neurosurgery (A.F., G.P.C.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences (D.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.L.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Letizia Busceti
- From the Departments of Angiocardioneurology (C.V., A.D.P., G.C., M.T.G., R.C., A.L., P.C., U.B., G.A., G.M., C.L.B., A.N., A.M., G.L.) and Neurosurgery (A.F., G.P.C.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences (D.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.L.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Notte
- From the Departments of Angiocardioneurology (C.V., A.D.P., G.C., M.T.G., R.C., A.L., P.C., U.B., G.A., G.M., C.L.B., A.N., A.M., G.L.) and Neurosurgery (A.F., G.P.C.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences (D.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.L.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Maffei
- From the Departments of Angiocardioneurology (C.V., A.D.P., G.C., M.T.G., R.C., A.L., P.C., U.B., G.A., G.M., C.L.B., A.N., A.M., G.L.) and Neurosurgery (A.F., G.P.C.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences (D.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.L.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Cantore
- From the Departments of Angiocardioneurology (C.V., A.D.P., G.C., M.T.G., R.C., A.L., P.C., U.B., G.A., G.M., C.L.B., A.N., A.M., G.L.) and Neurosurgery (A.F., G.P.C.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences (D.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.L.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lembo
- From the Departments of Angiocardioneurology (C.V., A.D.P., G.C., M.T.G., R.C., A.L., P.C., U.B., G.A., G.M., C.L.B., A.N., A.M., G.L.) and Neurosurgery (A.F., G.P.C.), IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy; Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences (D.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; and Department of Experimental Medicine (G.L.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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20
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Selemidis S, Sobey CG, Wingler K, Schmidt HH, Drummond GR. NADPH oxidases in the vasculature: Molecular features, roles in disease and pharmacological inhibition. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 120:254-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chrissobolis S, Faraci FM. The role of oxidative stress and NADPH oxidase in cerebrovascular disease. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:495-502. [PMID: 18929509 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress remains a very active area of biological research, particularly in relation to cellular signaling and the role of ROS in disease. In the cerebral circulation, oxidative stress occurs in diverse forms of disease and with aging. Within the vessel wall, ROS produce complex structural and functional changes that have broad implications for regulation of cerebral perfusion and permeability of the blood-brain barrier. These oxidative-stress-induced changes are thought to contribute to the progression of cerebrovascular disease. Here, we highlight recent findings in relation to oxidative stress in the cerebral vasculature, with an emphasis on the emerging role for NADPH oxidases as a source of ROS and the role of ROS in models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophocles Chrissobolis
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Oxidative stress in subarachnoid haemorrhage: significance in acute brain injury and vasospasm. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA SUPPLEMENT 2008; 104:33-41. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-75718-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Liu S, Tang J, Ostrowski RP, Titova E, Monroe C, Chen W, Lo W, Martin R, Zhang JH. Oxidative stress after subarachnoid hemorrhage in gp91phox knockout mice. Can J Neurol Sci 2007; 34:356-61. [PMID: 17803037 PMCID: PMC3893885 DOI: 10.1017/s031716710000682x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress largely contributes to early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). One of the major sources of reactive oxygen species is NADPH oxidase, upregulated after SAH. We hypothesized that NADPH oxidase-induced oxidative stress plays a major causative role in early brain injury after SAH. METHODS Using gp91phox knockout (ko) and wild-type (wt) mice, we studied early brain injury in the endovascular perforation model of SAH. Mortality rate, cerebral edema, oxidative stress, and superoxide production were measured at 24 h after SAH. Neurological evaluation was done at 23 h after SAH surgery. RESULTS Genotyping confirmed the existence of a nonfunctional gp91phox gene in the ko mice. CBF measurements did not show differences in SAH-induced acute ischemia between ko and wt mice. SAH caused a significant increase of water content in the ipsilateral hemisphere as well as an increase of Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide production. There were no significant differences in post-SAH mortality rate, brain water content and the intensity of the oxidative stress between knockout and wild type groups of mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that gp91phox is not critically important to the early brain injury after SAH. An adaptive compensatory mechanism for free radical production in knockout mice is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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24
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Miller AA, Drummond GR, Sobey CG. Novel isoforms of NADPH-oxidase in cerebral vascular control. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 111:928-48. [PMID: 16616784 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are thought to play an important role in the initiation and progression of a variety of vascular diseases. Furthermore, accumulating evidence indicates that ROS may also serve as important cell signalling molecules for the regulation of normal vascular function. Recently, a novel family of proteins (Nox1, 2 and 4) that act as the catalytic subunit of the superoxide (O2-) producing enzyme NADPH-oxidase has been discovered in vascular cells. There is now preliminary evidence suggesting that NADPH-oxidase-derived ROS may serve as a physiological vasodilator mechanism in the cerebral circulation. Moreover, the activity of NADPH-oxidase is profoundly greater in cerebral versus systemic arteries. Studies have shown that Nox1, Nox2 (also known as gp91phox) and Nox4 are all expressed in cerebral arteries, suggesting that multiple isoforms of NADPH-oxidase may be important for ROS production by cerebral arteries. Enhanced NADPH-oxidase activity is associated with several vascular-related diseases, including hypertension, stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage and Alzheimer's dementia; however, the consequences of this for cerebral vascular function are controversial. For example, there is some evidence suggesting that NADPH-oxidase-derived O2- may play a role in endothelial dysfunction of cerebral arteries and a subsequent rise in cerebral vascular tone, associated with hypertension. However, activation of NADPH-oxidase elicits cerebral vasodilatation in vivo, and this mechanism is enhanced in chronic hypertension. While further supportive evidence is needed, it is an intriguing possibility that NADPH-oxidase-derived ROS may play a protective role in regulating cerebral vascular tone during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson A Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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25
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Ostrowski RP, Colohan ART, Zhang JH. Neuroprotective effect of hyperbaric oxygen in a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 2006; 96:188-93. [PMID: 16671452 DOI: 10.1007/3-211-30714-1_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute brain ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) induces oxidative stress in brain tissues. Up-regulated NADPH oxidase (NOX), a major enzymatic source of superoxide anion in the brain, may contribute to early brain injury after SAH. We evaluated the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on protein expression of gp91(phox) catalytic subunit of NOX, lipid peroxidation as a marker of oxidative stress, and on neurological and neuropathological outcomes after SAH. Twenty-nine male Sprague-Dawley rats (300 to 350 g) were randomly allocated to control (sham operation), SAH (endovascular perforation), and SAH treated with HBO groups (2.8 ATA for 2 hours, at 1 hour after SAH). Cerebral blood flow was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry. Rats were sacrificed after 24 hours and brain tissues collected for histology (Nissl staining and gp91 (phox) immunohistochemistry) and biochemistry. Mortality and neurological scores were evaluated. Neuronal injury associated with enhanced gp91 (phox) immunostaining was observed in the cerebral cortex after SAH. The lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde, accumulated in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex. HBO treatment reduced expression of NOX, diminished lipid peroxidation, and reduced neuronal damage. HBO caused a drop in mortality and ameliorated functional deficits. HBO-induced neuroprotection after SAH may involve down-regulation of NOX and a subsequent reduction in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Ostrowski
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE One of the major contributors to brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is oxidative stress, and 1 of the major enzymatic sources of superoxide anion production in the brain is NADPH oxidase. Therefore, we studied whether hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) suppresses neuronal NADPH oxidase in a rat model of SAH. METHODS Eighty-three Sprague-Dawley male rats were assigned to sham, SAH, and SAH treated with HBO groups. SAH was induced by endovascular perforation. HBO (2.8 atmospheres absolutes for 2 hours) was started at 1 hour after perforation. Rats were euthanized at 6 or 24 hours, and brains were collected for histology, biochemistry, and molecular biology studies including NADPH oxidase activity, gp91phox mRNA expression, and lipid peroxidation assays. Mortality and neurological scores were evaluated. RESULTS We observed an increased neuronal immunoreactivity of gp91phox at 24 hours after SAH. The upregulation of gp91phox mRNA was associated with increased oxidative stress. HBO decreased NADPH oxidase expression, activity, and the level of oxidative stress at 24 hours after SAH. HBO reduced neuronal injury and improved functional performance throughout the observation period. CONCLUSIONS HBO suppresses NADPH oxidase and oxidative stress in cerebral tissues at 24 hours after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Ostrowski
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Lee YB, Lee HJ, Sohn HS. Soy isoflavones and cognitive function. J Nutr Biochem 2005; 16:641-9. [PMID: 16169201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the physiological functions of soy isoflavones, especially in whether they affect cognitive function and have beneficial effects on neurodegenerative diseases. Here we review the recent evidence from clinical and experimental studies supporting a role for soy isoflavones in cognitive function. Soy isoflavones may mimic the actions and functions of estrogens on brain, and they have been shown to have positive effects on the cognitive function in females; however, studies on their effects on spatial memory have not provided consistent results in males. Although data from humans, cultures, and animal models are currently insufficient for elucidating the metabolism of soy isoflavone actions on cognitive function and the nervous system, we suggest two putative pathways; (1) an estrogen receptor-mediated pathway and (2) via the inhibition of tyrosine kinase, in particular by genistein, which is one of the soy isoflavones. Although soy isoflavones appear to have a positive effect on brain function, further research is needed to determine not only the efficacy but also the safety of soy isoflavones on the nervous system and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Bok Lee
- Central Research Institute, Dr Chung's Food Co., Ltd., Chungjoo-si, South Korea
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28
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Armstead WM. Age and cerebral circulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:5-15. [PMID: 15927820 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2005.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Revised: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral blood flow, and its control, vary as a function of age. This review focuses on the perinatal period and compares/contrasts this age period to that of the juvenile/adult. Additionally, this review describes mechanisms important in the control of the cerebral circulation as a function of age during physiologic and pathologic conditions. Two topics of pathophysiology are considered: cerebral hypoxia ischemia, often seen in perinates due to problems with delivery or respiratory management post delivery, and traumatic brain injury, described as the shaken impact syndrome, an example of child abuse. Clinically, it is important to understand the pathophysiology of the cerebral circulation in order to optimize mechanistically appropriate therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Department of Anesthesia and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, John Morgan Bldg., Rm 305, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Sercombe R, Vicaut E, Oudart N, Sercombe C, Girard P. Acetylcholine-Induced Relaxation of Rabbit Basilar Artery In Vitro Is Rapidly Reduced by Reactive Oxygen Species in Acute Hyperglycemia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2004; 44:507-16. [PMID: 15454861 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000141477.59748.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of acute hyperglycemia on the function of rabbit cerebral arteries in vitro. It was hypothesized that increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) could occur, which could explain how hyperglycemia aggravates certain pathologic situations such as cerebral ischemia. Three-millimeter basilar artery segments were incubated in either normoglycemic (NG, 5.5 mM D-glucose) or hyperglycemic (HG, 25 mM D-glucose) solution containing 3.10(-6) M indomethacin. After 90 minutes equilibration, a test (=T1) of relaxation to acetylcholine (Ach) at three concentrations was performed on histamine-precontracted segments. Three further identical tests were performed (T2-T4), after 30-minute rest periods. Ach responses in NG solution were stable, whereas those in HG solution, although greater at T1, fell progressively from one test to the next (P < 0.0001 versus NG), whereas nitroprusside responses did not change. In separate experiments, this time-dependent fall in Ach responses was significantly prevented by superoxide dismutase (SOD) plus catalase (P = 0.0003), but not by SOD alone. It was also significantly prevented by the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors diphenyleneiodonium (P = 0.020) and apocynin (P = 0.0179), but not by allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor). Control experiments with l-glucose ruled out a hyperosmotic or non-specific glucose effect. We conclude that, in HG solution in vitro, rapidly increasing ROS production largely derived from NAD(P)H oxidase reduced relaxation to acetylcholine. The rapidity of this effect suggests that the function of these arteries may be affected during brief periods of hyperglycemia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sercombe
- Laboratory for Microcirculation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University Paris VII, Paris, France.
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Cho HG, Shin HK, Shin YW, Lee JH, Hong KW. Role of nitric oxide in the CBF autoregulation during acute stage after subarachnoid haemorrhage in rat pial artery. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2004; 17:563-73. [PMID: 14703717 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-8206.2003.00185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to identify whether endogenously produced nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in preservation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation in rat pial artery during the acute stage after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). During the acute stage after SAH, the lower limit of CBF autoregulation significantly shifted to the higher arterial blood pressure in association with suppressed vasodilatation in response to acute hypotension, which was accompanied by significantly increased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA and increased production of superoxide anion in cerebral vessels. SAH-induced increase in superoxide production was further enhanced under pretreatment with N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester in the cerebral vessels. Following additional administration of L-arginine (100 mg/kg, i.p.), the haemodynamic alterations were significantly restored in association with significantly reduced superoxide level in the cerebral vessels. In line with these findings, rats that received polyethylene glycol superoxide dismutase and catalase or Mn(III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride showed recovery of impaired autoregulatory vasodilation in response to acute hypotension. Thus, it is suggested that NO endogenously produced is importantly implicated in the preservation of CBF autoregulation during the acute stage after SAH via its capability to scavenge superoxide anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Gee Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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Shin HK, Hong KW. Importance of calcitonin gene-related peptide, adenosine and reactive oxygen species in cerebral autoregulation under normal and diseased conditions. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2004; 31:1-7. [PMID: 14756677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2004.03943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Mechanisms regulating cerebral circulation, including autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF), have been widely investigated. Vasodilators such as nitric oxide, prostacyclin, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and K+ channel openers are well known to have important roles in the physiological and pathophysiological control of CBF autoregulation. In the present review, the focus is on the mechanism(s) of altered CBF autoregulation after traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and on the effect of adenovirus-mediated transfer of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1 in amelioration of impaired CBF autoregulation. 2. The roles of CGRP and adenosine are particularly emphasized, both being implicated in the autoregulatory vasodilation of the pial artery in response to hypotension. 3. After fluid percussion injury, production of NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide anion and activation of tyrosine kinase links the inhibition of K+ channels to impaired autoregulatory vasodilation in response to acute hypotension and alterations in CBF autoregulation in rat pial artery. 4. Subarachnoid haemorrhage during the acute stage causes an increase in NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide formation in cerebral vessels in association with activated tyrosine phosphorylation-coupled increased expression of gp91phox mRNA and membrane translocation of Rac protein, thereby resulting in a significant reduction of autoregulatory vasodilation. 5. Fluid percussion injury and SAH-induced overproduction of superoxide anion in cerebral vessels contributes to the impairment of CBF autoregulation and administration of recombinant adenovirus-mediated transfer of the Cu/Zn SOD-1 gene effectively ameliorates the impairment of CBF autoregulation of the pial artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Research Institute of Genetic Engineering, Pusan National University, Ami-Dong 1-Ga, Seo-Gu, Pusan 602-739, Korea
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Lassègue B, Clempus RE. Vascular NAD(P)H oxidases: specific features, expression, and regulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285:R277-97. [PMID: 12855411 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00758.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vascular physiology and pathology is becoming increasingly evident. All cell types in the vascular wall produce ROS derived from superoxide-generating protein complexes similar to the leukocyte NADPH oxidase. Specific features of the vascular enzymes include constitutive and inducible activities, substrate specificity, and intracellular superoxide production. Most phagocyte enzyme subunits are found in vascular cells, including the catalytic gp91phox (aka, nox2), which was the earliest member of the newly discovered nox family. However, smooth muscle frequently expresses nox1 rather than gp91phox, and nox4 is additionally present in all cell types. In cell culture, agonists increase ROS production by activating multiple signals, including protein kinase C and Rac, and by upregulating oxidase subunits. The oxidases are also upregulated in vascular disease and are involved in the development of atherosclerosis and a significant part of angiotensin II-induced hypertension, possibly via nox1 and nox4. Likewise, enhanced vascular oxidase activity is associated with diabetes. Therefore, members of this enzyme family appear to be important in vascular biology and disease and constitute promising targets for future therapeutic interventions.
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Philip S, Armstead WM. Differential role of PTK, ERK and p38 MAPK in superoxide impairment of NMDA cerebrovasodilation. Brain Res 2003; 979:98-103. [PMID: 12850576 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in piglets have shown that the generation of oxygen free radicals (O(-)(2)) following traumatic brain injury and hypoxia/ischemia contribute to the reversal of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced pial artery dilation to vasoconstriction. This study determined the contribution of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) and mitogen-activated protein (MAPK) activation to impairment of NMDA cerebrovasodilation by O(-)(2) in piglets equipped with a closed window. Exposure of the cerebral cortex to a xanthine oxidase O(-)(2) generating system (OX) reversed NMDA (10(-8), 10(-6) M) dilation to vasoconstriction but such impairment was partially prevented by the PTK inhibitor, genistein, the MAPK (ERK isoform) inhibitor, U0126, and the MAPK (p38 isoform) inhibitor, SB203580 (9+/-1 and 15+/-1 vs. -1+/-1 and -1+/-1 vs. 5+/-1 and 9+/-1% for sham control, OX and OX in the presence of genistein, respectively). However, the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, prevented NMDA dilator impairment significantly less than the ERK MAPK inhibitor, U0126. Similar results were obtained for glutamate. These data show that PTK and MAPK activation by the presence of O(-)(2) contributes to the impairment of NMDA dilation. Furthermore, these data indicate a differential role for ERK and p38 MAPK activation in impairment of NMDA dilation by O(-)(2) in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaji Philip
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Ross J, Armstead WM. Differential role of PTK and ERK MAPK in superoxide impairment of K(ATP) and K(Ca) channel cerebrovasodilation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285:R149-54. [PMID: 12793995 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00003.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously, superoxide (O2 -) has been observed to impair pial artery dilation (PAD) to activators of the ATP-sensitive (KATP) and calcium-sensitive (KCa) K+ channels. This study tested the hypothesis that activation of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) and the ERK isoform of MAPK by O2 - contribute to impairment of KATP and KCa channel PAD. Exposure of the cerebral cortex to a xanthine oxidase O2 --generating system (OX) blunted PAD to cromakalim, a KATP agonist, but preadministration of genistein, a PTK antagonist, or U-0126, an ERK MAPK inhibitor, almost completely prevented such impairment (11 +/- 1 and 22 +/- 1 vs. 3 +/- 1 and 7 +/- 1 vs. 10 +/- 1 and 16 +/- 2% for cromakalim with 10-8 and 10-6 M PAD during control, OX, and OX + genistein conditions). In contrast, neither genistein nor U-0126 robustly protected PAD to NS-1619, a KCa agonist, after OX exposure (11 +/- 1 and 18 +/- 2 vs. 1 +/- 1 and 2 +/- 1 vs. 4 +/- 1 and 6 +/- 1% for 10-8 and 10-6 M NS-1619 during control, OX, and OX + genistein conditions). These data show that PTK and ERK MAPK activation contribute to O2 --induced KATP and KCa channel PAD impairment and suggest a differential greater role for PTK and ERK MAPK in KATP vs. KCa channel PAD impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ross
- Dept. of Anesthesia, Univ. of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Shin HK, Lee JH, Kim CD, Kim YK, Hong JY, Hong KW. Prevention of impairment of cerebral blood flow autoregulation during acute stage of subarachnoid hemorrhage by gene transfer of Cu/Zn SOD-1 to cerebral vessels. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2003; 23:111-20. [PMID: 12500096 DOI: 10.1097/01.wcb.0000036561.60552.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study determined whether gene transfer of human copper/zinc superoxide dismutase-1 (Cu/Zn SOD-1) prevented the autoregulatory impairment of CBF induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). After application of recombinant adenovirus (100 microL of 1 x 10(10) pfu/mL, intracisternally) encoding human Cu/Zn SOD-1 3 days before experiments, Cu/Zn SOD-1 activity significantly increased in association with increase in Cu/Zn SOD-1 mRNA and protein expression in the cerebral vasculature of both sham-operated and SAH rats as determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, and SAH-induced increase in superoxide anion was markedly reduced in accordance with increased nitric oxide production. In line with these findings, rats that received human Cu/Zn SOD-1 therapy showed the prominent restoration of blunted vasodilation of the pial artery in response to calcitonin gene-related peptide and levcromakalim, and the recovery of impaired autoregulatory vasodilation in response to acute hypotension, thereby leading to significant restoration of CBF autoregulation. These results provide a rational basis for application of Cu/Zn SOD-1 gene therapy for protection of the impairment of autoregulatory CBF during the acute stage of SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Kyoung Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Research Institute of Genetic Engineering, Pusan National University, Seo-Gu, Busan, South Korea
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