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Fernandez I, Martin-Garrido A, Zhou DW, Clempus RE, Seidel-Rogol B, Valdivia A, Lassègue B, García AJ, Griendling KK, San Martin A. Hic-5 Mediates TGFβ-Induced Adhesion in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by a Nox4-Dependent Mechanism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1198-206. [PMID: 25814672 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.305185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Focal adhesions (FAs) link the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix and as such play important roles in growth, migration, and contractile properties of vascular smooth muscle cells. Recently, it has been shown that downregulation of Nox4, a transforming growth factor (TGF) β-inducible, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-producing enzyme, affects the number of FAs. However, the effectors downstream of Nox4 that mediate FA regulation are unknown. The FA resident protein H2O2-inducible clone (Hic)-5 is H2O2 and TGFβ inducible, and a binding partner of the heat shock protein (Hsp) 27. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanism, by which Hic-5 and Hsp27 participate in TGFβ-induced, Nox4-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell adhesion and migration. APPROACH AND RESULTS Through a combination of molecular biology and biochemistry techniques, we found that TGFβ, by a Nox4-dependent mechanism, induces the expression and interaction of Hic-5 and Hsp27, which is essential for Hic-5 localization to FAs. Importantly, we found that Hic-5 expression is required for the TGFβ-mediated increase in FA number, adhesive forces and migration. Mechanistically, Nox4 downregulation impedes Smad (small body size and mothers against decapentaplegic) signaling by TGFβ, and Hsp27 and Hic-5 upregulation by TGFβ is blocked in small body size and mothers against decapentaplegic 4-deficient cells. CONCLUSIONS Hic-5 and Hsp27 are effectors of Nox4 required for TGFβ-stimulated FA formation, adhesion strength and migration in vascular smooth muscle cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Fernandez
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (I.F., A.M.-G., R.E.C., B.S.-R., A.V., B.L., K.K.G., A.S.M.); and Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (D.W.Z., A.J.G.)
| | - Abel Martin-Garrido
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (I.F., A.M.-G., R.E.C., B.S.-R., A.V., B.L., K.K.G., A.S.M.); and Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (D.W.Z., A.J.G.)
| | - Dennis W Zhou
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (I.F., A.M.-G., R.E.C., B.S.-R., A.V., B.L., K.K.G., A.S.M.); and Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (D.W.Z., A.J.G.)
| | - Roza E Clempus
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (I.F., A.M.-G., R.E.C., B.S.-R., A.V., B.L., K.K.G., A.S.M.); and Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (D.W.Z., A.J.G.)
| | - Bonnie Seidel-Rogol
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (I.F., A.M.-G., R.E.C., B.S.-R., A.V., B.L., K.K.G., A.S.M.); and Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (D.W.Z., A.J.G.)
| | - Alejandra Valdivia
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (I.F., A.M.-G., R.E.C., B.S.-R., A.V., B.L., K.K.G., A.S.M.); and Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (D.W.Z., A.J.G.)
| | - Bernard Lassègue
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (I.F., A.M.-G., R.E.C., B.S.-R., A.V., B.L., K.K.G., A.S.M.); and Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (D.W.Z., A.J.G.)
| | - Andrés J García
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (I.F., A.M.-G., R.E.C., B.S.-R., A.V., B.L., K.K.G., A.S.M.); and Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (D.W.Z., A.J.G.)
| | - Kathy K Griendling
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (I.F., A.M.-G., R.E.C., B.S.-R., A.V., B.L., K.K.G., A.S.M.); and Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (D.W.Z., A.J.G.).
| | - Alejandra San Martin
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA (I.F., A.M.-G., R.E.C., B.S.-R., A.V., B.L., K.K.G., A.S.M.); and Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (D.W.Z., A.J.G.)
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Chiribau CB, Cheng L, Cucoranu IC, Yu YS, Clempus RE, Sorescu D. FOXO3A regulates peroxiredoxin III expression in human cardiac fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:8211-7. [PMID: 18195003 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710610200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cardiac fibroblasts are protected from oxidative stress triggered by inflammation after myocardial injury (Li, P. F., Dietz, R., and von Harsdorf, R. (1999) FEBS Lett. 448, 206-210) by expressing potent antioxidant defenses such as superoxide dismutases, catalases, glutathione-peroxidases, and peroxiredoxins. Recently the transcription factor FOXO3A has been shown to increase resistance to oxidative stress by up-regulation of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase and peroxisomal catalase (Kops, G. J., Dansen, T. B., Polderman, P. E., Saarloos, I., Wirtz, K. W., Coffer, P. J., Huang, T. T., Bos, J. L., Medema, R. H., and Burgering, B. M. (2002) Nature 419, 316-321; Nemoto, S., and Finkel, T. (2002) Science 295, 2450-2452). We hypothesized that FOXO3A also regulates the expression of Prx III, the mitochondrial peroxiredoxin, in human cardiac fibroblasts. We found that depletion of FOXO3A leads to a dramatic reduction of Prx III mRNA and protein in serum-deprived human cardiac fibroblasts. These data suggest that endogenous FOXO3A is necessary for base-line expression of Prx III. Next, we identified two putative FOXO3A DNA binding sites in Prx III promoter at -267 and -244 nucleotides relative to the start codon. We demonstrated that both sequences are required for binding of endogenous FOXO3A to the Prx III promoter by performing electromobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Inhibition of endogenous FOXO3A by insulin growth factor 1 prevented binding of FOXO3A to Prx III promoter. In contrast, overexpression of FOXO3A increased Prx III promoter activity. Furthermore, depletion of Prx III was associated with enhanced apoptosis and oxidative stress after serum deprivation. We conclude that FOXO3A mediates Prx III expression, and this may play a critical role in the resistance to oxidative stress in cardiac fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calin B Chiribau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Widder JD, Guzik TJ, Mueller CFH, Clempus RE, Schmidt HHHW, Dikalov SI, Griendling KK, Jones DP, Harrison DG. Role of the multidrug resistance protein-1 in hypertension and vascular dysfunction caused by angiotensin II. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:762-8. [PMID: 17272743 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000259298.11129.a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human endothelial cells use the multidrug resistance protein-1 (MRP1) to export glutathione disulfide (GSSG). This can promotes thiol loss during states of increased glutathione oxidation. We investigated how MRP1 modulates blood pressure and vascular function during angiotensin II-induced hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS Angiotensin II-induced hypertension altered vascular glutathione flux by increasing GSSG export and decreasing vascular levels of glutathione in wild-type (FVB) but not in MRP1-/- mice. Aortic endothelium-dependent vasodilatation was reduced in FVB after angiotensin II infusion, but unchanged in MRP1-/- mice. Aortic superoxide (O2*-) production and expression of several NADPH oxidase subunits were increased by angiotensin II in FVB. These effects were markedly blunted in MRP1-/- vessels. The increase in O2*- production in FVB vessels caused by angiotensin II was largely inhibited by L-NAME, suggesting eNOS uncoupling. Accordingly, aortic tetrahydrobiopterin and levels of NO were decreased by angiotensin II in FVB but were unchanged in MRP1-/-. Finally, the hypertension caused by angiotensin II was markedly blunted in MRP1-/- mice (137+/-4 versus 158+/-6 mm Hg). CONCLUSION MRP1 plays a crucial role in the genesis of multiple vascular abnormalities that accompany hypertension and its presence is essential for the hypertensive response to angiotensin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian D Widder
- Emory University, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and the Atlanta Veterans Administration Hospital, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Clempus RE, Sorescu D, Dikalova AE, Pounkova L, Jo P, Sorescu GP, Schmidt HHH, Lassègue B, Griendling KK. Nox4 is required for maintenance of the differentiated vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:42-8. [PMID: 17082491 PMCID: PMC1868577 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000251500.94478.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanisms responsible for maintaining the differentiated phenotype of adult vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are incompletely understood. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in VSMC differentiation, but the responsible sources are unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of Nox1 and Nox4-derived ROS in this process. METHODS AND RESULTS Primary VSMCs were used to study the relationship between Nox homologues and differentiation markers such as smooth muscle alpha-actin (SM alpha-actin), smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC), heavy caldesmon, and calponin. We found that Nox4 and differentiation marker genes were downregulated from passage 1 to passage 6 to 12, whereas Nox1 was gradually upregulated. Nox4 co-localized with SM alpha-actin-based stress fibers in differentiated VSMC, and moved into focal adhesions in de-differentiated cells. siRNA against nox4 reduced NADPH-driven superoxide production in serum-deprived VSMCs and downregulated SM-alpha actin, SM-MHC, and calponin, as well as SM-alpha actin stress fibers. Nox1 depletion did not decrease these parameters. CONCLUSIONS Nox4-derived ROS are critical to the maintenance of the differentiated phenotype of VSMCs. These findings highlight the importance of identifying the specific source of ROS involved in particular cellular functions when designing therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza E Clempus
- Emory University, Division of Cardiology, 1639 Pierce Dr, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to function as important signaling molecules in the cardiovascular system. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contain several sources of ROS, among which the NADPH oxidases are predominant. In VSMCs, ROS mediate many pathophysiological processes, such as growth, migration, apoptosis and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, as well as physiological processes, such as differentiation, by direct and indirect effects at multiple signaling levels. Therefore, it becomes critical to understand the different roles ROS play in the physiology and pathophysiology of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza E. Clempus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, 319 WMB, 1639 Pierce Dr. Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Kathy K. Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, 319 WMB, 1639 Pierce Dr. Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
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Rouhanizadeh M, Hwang J, Clempus RE, Marcu L, Lassègue B, Sevanian A, Hsiai TK. Oxidized-1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine induces vascular endothelial superoxide production: implication of NADPH oxidase. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 39:1512-22. [PMID: 16274886 PMCID: PMC2672101 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by vascular cells. It is unknown if specific oxidized components in these LDL particles such as oxidized-1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (ox-PAPC) can stimulate ROS production. Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) were incubated with ox-PAPC (50 microg/ml). At 4 h, ox-PAPC significantly enhanced the rate of O2- production. Pretreatment of BAEC in glucose-free Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium plus 10 mM 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG), the latter being an antimetabolite that blocks NADPH production by the pentose shunt, significantly reduced the rate of O2- production. The intensity of NAD(P)H autofluorescence decreased by 28 +/- 12% in BAEC incubated with ox-PAPC compared to untreated cells, with a further decrease in the presence of 2-DOG. Ox-PAPC also increased Nox4 mRNA expression by 2.4-fold +/- 0.1 while pretreatment of BAEC with the small interfering RNA (siNox4) attenuated Nox4 RNA expression. Ox-PAPC further reduced the level of glutathione while pretreatment with apocynin (100 microM) restored the GSH level (control = 22.54 +/- 0.23, GSH = 18.06 +/- 0.98, apocynin = 22.55 +/- 0.60, ox-PAPC + apocynin = 21.17 +/- 0.36 nmol/10(6) cells). Treatment with ox-PAPC also increased MMP-2 mRNA expression accompanied by a 1.5-fold increase in MMP-2 activity. Ox-PAPC induced vascular endothelial OO2-(.) production that appears to be mediated largely by NADPH oxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Rouhanizadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1451, USA
| | - Juliana Hwang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Toxicology and the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Laura Marcu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1451, USA
| | | | - Alex Sevanian
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Toxicology and the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tzung K. Hsiai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1451, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Toxicology and the Atherosclerosis Research Unit, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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Polikandriotis JA, Rupnow HL, Elms SC, Clempus RE, Campbell DJ, Sutliff RL, Brown LAS, Guidot DM, Hart CM. Chronic ethanol ingestion increases superoxide production and NADPH oxidase expression in the lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 34:314-9. [PMID: 16284359 PMCID: PMC2644196 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2005-0320oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse increases the incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome and causes oxidative stress and cellular dysfunction in the lung. The mechanisms of ethanol (EtOH)-induced oxidative stress in the lung remain to be defined. Chronic alcohol ingestion has been associated with increased renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity. Therefore, the current study investigated the ability of lisinopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, to modulate oxidative stress in the lung after chronic EtOH ingestion in a well-established rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed liquid diets containing EtOH (36% of calories) or maltose-dextrin as an isocaloric substitution for EtOH (Control) for 6 wk. Selected animals were also treated with lisinopril (3 mg/liter) for 6 wk. Chronic EtOH ingestion increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid glutathione disulfide levels and superoxide formation in lung parenchyma. These effects of EtOH were attenuated by lisinopril treatment. Chronic EtOH ingestion failed to increase ACE expression or angiotensin II levels in lung homogenates, but increased angiotensinogen, angiotensin II type 1 and type 2 receptor levels, and ACE activity. Chronic EtOH ingestion also increased the levels of the NADPH oxidase subunit, gp91phox, an effect that was attenuated by lisinopril, but had no effect on lung p22phox or p47phox levels. These findings suggest that EtOH-mediated RAS activation plays an important role in pulmonary oxidative stress and provide new insights into mechanisms by which EtOH causes oxidative stress in the lung and potential strategies of lung protection through ACE inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Polikandriotis
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta VA and Emory University Medical Center, Atlanta VAMC (151-P), 1670 Clairmont Rd., Decatur, GA 30033, USA.
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Rupnow HL, Clempus RE, Greindling KK, Brown LS, Guidot DM, Hart CM. 333 EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ETHANOL INGESTION ON NADPH OXIDASE EXPRESSION IN THE LUNG IN VIVO. J Investig Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1136/jim-52-suppl1-886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hilenski LL, Clempus RE, Quinn MT, Lambeth JD, Griendling KK. Distinct subcellular localizations of Nox1 and Nox4 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 24:677-83. [PMID: 14670934 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000112024.13727.2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reactive oxygen species (ROS) that act as signaling molecules in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and contribute to growth, hypertrophy, and migration in atherogenesis are produced by multi-subunit NAD(P)H oxidases. Nox1 and Nox4, two homologues to the phagocytic NAD(P)H subunit gp91phox, both generate ROS in VSMC but differ in their response to growth factors. We hypothesize that the opposing functions of Nox1 and Nox4 are reflected in their differential subcellular locations. METHODS AND RESULTS We used immunofluorescence to visualize the NAD(P)H subunits Nox1, Nox4, and p22phox in cultured rat and human VSMC. Optical sectioning using confocal microscopy showed that Nox1 is co-localized with caveolin in punctate patches on the surface and along the cellular margins, whereas Nox4 is co-localized with vinculin in focal adhesions. These immunocytochemical distributions are supported by membrane fractionation experiments. Interestingly, p22phox, a membrane subunit that interacts with the Nox proteins, is found in surface labeling and in focal adhesions in patterns similar to Nox1 and Nox4, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The differential roles of Nox1 and Nox4 in VSMC may be correlated with their differential compartmentalization in specific signaling domains in the membrane and focal adhesions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Caveolae/enzymology
- Caveolin 1
- Caveolins/analysis
- Cell Division
- Cell Fractionation
- Cells, Cultured/enzymology
- Cells, Cultured/ultrastructure
- Cellular Senescence
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Focal Adhesions/enzymology
- Humans
- Macromolecular Substances
- Male
- Membrane Transport Proteins/analysis
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/ultrastructure
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/analysis
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/physiology
- NADPH Dehydrogenase/analysis
- NADPH Oxidase 1
- NADPH Oxidase 4
- NADPH Oxidases/analysis
- NADPH Oxidases/physiology
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Phosphoproteins/analysis
- Protein Subunits
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Vinculin/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Lula L Hilenski
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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10
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Abstract
The importance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vascular physiology and pathology is becoming increasingly evident. All cell types in the vascular wall produce ROS derived from superoxide-generating protein complexes similar to the leukocyte NADPH oxidase. Specific features of the vascular enzymes include constitutive and inducible activities, substrate specificity, and intracellular superoxide production. Most phagocyte enzyme subunits are found in vascular cells, including the catalytic gp91phox (aka, nox2), which was the earliest member of the newly discovered nox family. However, smooth muscle frequently expresses nox1 rather than gp91phox, and nox4 is additionally present in all cell types. In cell culture, agonists increase ROS production by activating multiple signals, including protein kinase C and Rac, and by upregulating oxidase subunits. The oxidases are also upregulated in vascular disease and are involved in the development of atherosclerosis and a significant part of angiotensin II-induced hypertension, possibly via nox1 and nox4. Likewise, enhanced vascular oxidase activity is associated with diabetes. Therefore, members of this enzyme family appear to be important in vascular biology and disease and constitute promising targets for future therapeutic interventions.
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Sorescu D, Weiss D, Lassègue B, Clempus RE, Szöcs K, Sorescu GP, Valppu L, Quinn MT, Lambeth JD, Vega JD, Taylor WR, Griendling KK. Superoxide production and expression of nox family proteins in human atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002; 105:1429-35. [PMID: 11914250 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000012917.74432.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NAD(P)H oxidases are important sources of superoxide in the vasculature, the activity of which is associated with risk factors for human atherosclerosis. This study was designed to investigate the localization of superoxide production and the expression of the Nox family of NAD(P)H oxidase proteins (gp91phox, Nox1, and Nox4) in nonatherosclerotic and atherosclerotic human coronary arteries. METHODS AND RESULTS In coronary artery segments from explanted human hearts, we examined intracellular superoxide production with dihydroethidium. In nonatherosclerotic coronary arteries, superoxide was present homogenously throughout the intima, media, and adventitia. In atherosclerotic arteries, there was an additional intense area of superoxide in the plaque shoulder, which is rich in macrophages and alpha-actin-positive cells. p22phox colocalized with gp91phox mainly in macrophages, whereas Nox4 was found only in nonphagocytic vascular cells. Expression of gp91phox and p22phox mRNA was associated with the severity of atherosclerosis. gp91phox correlated with the plaque macrophage content, whereas Nox4 correlated with the content of alpha-actin-positive cells. Nox1 expression was low both in human coronary arteries and isolated vascular cells. CONCLUSIONS Several Nox proteins, including gp91phox and Nox4, may contribute to increased intracellular oxidative stress in human coronary atherosclerosis in a cell-specific manner and thus may be involved in the genesis and progression of human coronary atherosclerotic disease.
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MESH Headings
- Arteriosclerosis/metabolism
- Arteriosclerosis/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronary Artery Disease/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/pathology
- Coronary Vessels/chemistry
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Heart Failure/metabolism
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Transport Proteins
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/biosynthesis
- NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases/genetics
- NADPH Dehydrogenase/genetics
- NADPH Dehydrogenase/metabolism
- NADPH Oxidase 2
- NADPH Oxidase 4
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Superoxides/analysis
- Superoxides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sorescu
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga 30322, USA
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