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Acklin MW. Excursions in Rorschachlandia: Surveying the scientific and philosophical landscape of Hermann Rorschach's Psychodiagnostics. JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2023; 59:148-170. [PMID: 36511395 DOI: 10.1002/jhbs.22235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This article examines the milieu of Hermann Rorschach's Psychodiagnostics (1921/2021) under development between 1911 and his death in 1922 and explores new evidence about the direction Rorschach's test might have taken after publication of Psychodiagnostics. This includes direct and indirect influences from turn of the century continental philosophy and science and innovative colleagues in the Swiss psychiatric and psychoanalytic societies. The availability of newly translated scholarship, including the correspondence between Ludwig Binswanger and Hermann Rorschach following the 1921 publication of Psychodiagnostics, Binswanger's posthumous 1923 commentary in the International Journal of Psychoanalysis, and recent new translation of Psychodiagnostics, permits a fresh appraisal of the milieu and foundations of Rorschach's development. Understanding these sources and influences opens new vistas in reappraising the nature of Rorschach's "test theory" which Rorschach considered undeveloped at the time of his death. This paper presents new evidence that, under the influence of Rorschach's close colleague, Ludwig Binswanger, the Geisteswissenschaften and phenomenology might have figured prominently in future developments. The paper concludes that Rorschach, preoccupied with considerations of kinesthetic subjectivity in his innovative conceptualization of human movement responses, was a nascent phenomenologist whose untimely death cut short further developments in his theory of the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin W Acklin
- Department of Psychiatry, John A. Burns Medical School & Independent Practice, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Corneille JS, Luke D. Spontaneous Spiritual Awakenings: Phenomenology, Altered States, Individual Differences, and Well-Being. Front Psychol 2021; 12:720579. [PMID: 34489825 PMCID: PMC8417526 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous Spiritual Awakenings (SSAs) are subjective experiences characterised by a sudden sense of direct contact, union, or complete nondual merging (experience of oneness) with a perceived ultimate reality, the universe, "God," or the divine. These profound transformative experiences have scarcely been researched, despite extensive anecdotal evidence suggesting their potential to catalyse drastic, long-term, and often positive shifts in perception, world-view, and well-being. The aims of this study were to investigate the phenomenological variances of these experiences, including the potential differences between SSAs and Spontaneous Kundalini Awakenings (SKAs), a subset of awakening experiences that the authors postulate may produce a higher likelihood of both physical and negative effects; to explore how these experiences compare to other altered states of consciousness (ASCs), including those mediated by certain psychedelic substances; and understand their impact on well-being. Personality trait absorption and temporal lobe lability (TLL) were assessed as predictors of Spontaneous Spiritual and Kundalini Awakenings (SSA/SKAs). A mixed within and between-participants self-report survey design was adopted. A total of 152 participants reporting their most powerful SSA/SKAs completed questionnaires measuring nondual, kundalini, and mystical experience, as well as depth of ASC, and trait absorption and TLL. Spontaneous Kundalini Awakenings were found to be significantly more physical, but not significantly more negative than SSAs, and overall, both sets of experiences were perceived to be overwhelmingly more positive than negative, even in cases where the experience was initially challenging. The phenomenological distribution of SSA/SKAs was similar to other measured ASCs although greater in magnitude, and appeared most similar in distribution and in magnitude to drug-induced ASCs, particularly classic psychedelics DMT and psilocybin. Temporal lobe lability and trait absorption were found to predict the SSA/SKA experience. The limitations and implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Sophie Corneille
- Centre for Mental Health, School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Luke
- Centre for Mental Health, School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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A Deep-Dream Virtual Reality Platform for Studying Altered Perceptual Phenomenology. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15982. [PMID: 29167538 PMCID: PMC5700081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered states of consciousness, such as psychotic or pharmacologically-induced hallucinations, provide a unique opportunity to examine the mechanisms underlying conscious perception. However, the phenomenological properties of these states are difficult to isolate experimentally from other, more general physiological and cognitive effects of psychoactive substances or psychopathological conditions. Thus, simulating phenomenological aspects of altered states in the absence of these other more general effects provides an important experimental tool for consciousness science and psychiatry. Here we describe such a tool, which we call the Hallucination Machine. It comprises a novel combination of two powerful technologies: deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) and panoramic videos of natural scenes, viewed immersively through a head-mounted display (panoramic VR). By doing this, we are able to simulate visual hallucinatory experiences in a biologically plausible and ecologically valid way. Two experiments illustrate potential applications of the Hallucination Machine. First, we show that the system induces visual phenomenology qualitatively similar to classical psychedelics. In a second experiment, we find that simulated hallucinations do not evoke the temporal distortion commonly associated with altered states. Overall, the Hallucination Machine offers a valuable new technique for simulating altered phenomenology without directly altering the underlying neurophysiology.
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Roussel JR, Bachelor A. Altered State and Phenomenology of Consciousness in Schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2190/qutk-q833-69xh-fg4q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study sought: 1) to determine whether schizophrenia represents an altered state of consciousness; and 2) to identify the unique phenomenology of the psychotic state using a multidimensional, quantitative assessment system. Fourteen schizophrenic patients, 19 psychiatric non-psychotic patients, and 29 undergraduate students completed the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory, that assesses 10 major and 14 associated minor dimensions of consciousness. As hypothesized, compared to the ordinary state of consciousness the psychotic experience was found to represent an altered state associated, however, only with the differential organization of the putative minor components of consciousness. In addition, the psychiatric non-psychotic state was also found to represent an altered state, compared to ordinary consciousness, that was specifically associated with the major components of consciousness. The phenomenology of the psychotic experience was characterized by expected differences relative to the ordinary state, involving more altered awareness and experience (perceptual changes and unusual meanings), greater negative affect (anger, sadness, fear), and diminished volitional control and rationality, as well as greater arousal and decreased attention. The phenomenology of the psychiatric non-psychotic state proved highly similar to that of psychosis. Results highlight the importance of multidimensional mapping in studying the functioning of consciousness in schizophrenia and of controlling for other pathologies.
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Parnas J, Henriksen MG. Mysticism and schizophrenia: A phenomenological exploration of the structure of consciousness in the schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Conscious Cogn 2016; 43:75-88. [PMID: 27258928 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mysticism and schizophrenia are different categories of human existence and experience. Nonetheless, they exhibit important phenomenological affinities, which, however, remain largely unaddressed. In this study, we explore structural analogies between key features of mysticism and major clinical-phenomenological aspects of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders-i.e. attitudes, the nature of experience, and the 'other', mystical or psychotic reality. Not only do these features gravitate around the issue of the basic dimensions of consciousness, they crucially seem to implicate and presuppose a specific alteration of the very structure of consciousness. This finding has bearings for the understanding of consciousness and its psychopathological distortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Parnas
- Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Psychiatric Center Glostrup/Hvidovre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Mads Gram Henriksen
- Center for Subjectivity Research, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Psychiatric Center Glostrup/Hvidovre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.
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Bhargav H, Jagannathan A, Raghuram N, Srinivasan TM, Gangadhar BN. Schizophrenia Patient or Spiritually Advanced Personality? A Qualitative Case Analysis. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2015; 54:1901-1918. [PMID: 25543321 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-014-9994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of spiritual experience are similar in form and content to symptoms of psychosis. Both spiritually advanced people and patients suffering from psychopathology experience alterations in their sense of 'self.' Psychotic experiences originate from derangement of the personality, whereas spiritual experiences involve systematic thinning out of the selfish ego, allowing individual consciousness to merge into universal consciousness. Documented instances and case studies suggest possible confusion between the spiritually advanced and schizophrenia patients. Clinical practice contains no clear guidelines on how to distinguish them. Here we use a case presentation to help tabulate clinically useful points distinguishing spiritually advanced persons from schizophrenia patients. A 34-year-old unmarried male reported to our clinic with four main complaints: lack of sense of self since childhood; repeated thoughts questioning whether he existed or not; social withdrawal; and inability to continue in any occupation. Qualitative case analysis and discussions using descriptions from ancient texts and modern psychology led to the diagnosis of schizophrenia rather than spiritual advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Bhargav
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA) University, No. 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, Bangalore, 560019, Karnataka, India,
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MacDonald DA, Friedman HL, Brewczynski J, Holland D, Salagame KKK, Mohan KK, Gubrij ZO, Cheong HW. Spirituality as a scientific construct: testing its universality across cultures and languages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117701. [PMID: 25734921 PMCID: PMC4348483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Using data obtained from 4004 participants across eight countries (Canada, India, Japan, Korea, Poland, Slovakia, Uganda, and the U.S.), the factorial reliability, validity and structural/measurement invariance of a 30-item version of Expressions of Spirituality Inventory (ESI-R) was evaluated. The ESI-R measures a five factor model of spirituality developed through the conjoint factor analysis of several extant measures of spiritual constructs. Exploratory factor analyses of pooled data provided evidence that the five ESI-R factors are reliable. Confirmatory analyses comparing four and five factor models revealed that the five dimensional model demonstrates superior goodness-of-fit with all cultural samples and suggest that the ESI-R may be viewed as structurally invariant. Measurement invariance, however, was not supported as manifested in significant differences in item and dimension scores and in significantly poorer fit when factor loadings were constrained to equality across all samples. Exploratory analyses with a second adjective measure of spirituality using American, Indian, and Ugandan samples identified three replicable factors which correlated with ESI-R dimensions in a manner supportive of convergent validity. The paper concludes with a discussion of the meaning of the findings and directions needed for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacek Brewczynski
- Veteran Affairs and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Daniel Holland
- The Neurobehavior Center of Minnesota, Edina, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kiran Kumar K. Salagame
- University of Mysore and Indian Council of Social Sciences Research, New Delhi, Manasagangotri, Mysore, India
| | - K. Krishna Mohan
- Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda and Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Hye Wook Cheong
- Dongwoo Fine-Chem Co., Ltd. Mental Health Center, Pyeong Taek-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, South Korea
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Kohls N, Sauer S, Offenbächer M, Giordano J. Spirituality: an overlooked predictor of placebo effects? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:1838-48. [PMID: 21576141 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Empirical findings have identified spirituality as a potential health resource. Whereas older research has associated such effects with the social component of religion, newer conceptualizations propose that spiritual experiences and the intrapersonal effects that are facilitated by regular spiritual practice might be pivotal to understanding potential salutogenesis. Ongoing studies suggest that spiritual experiences and practices involve a variety of neural systems that may facilitate neural 'top-down' effects that are comparable if not identical to those engaged in placebo responses. As meaningfulness seems to be both a hallmark of spirituality and placebo reactions, it may be regarded as an overarching psychological concept that is important to engaging and facilitating psychophysiological mechanisms that are involved in health-related effects. Empirical evidence suggests that spirituality may under certain conditions be a predictor of placebo response and effects. Assessment of patients' spirituality and making use of various resources to accommodate patients' spiritual needs reflect our most current understanding of the physiological, psychological and socio-cultural aspects of spirituality, and may also increase the likelihood of eliciting self-healing processes. We advocate the position that a research agenda addressing responses and effects of both placebo and spirituality could therefore be (i) synergistic, (ii) valuable to each phenomenon on its own, and (iii) contributory to an extended placebo paradigm that is centred around the concept of meaningfulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Kohls
- Generation Research Program, Human Science Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Prof.-Max-Lange-Platz 11, 83646 Bad Tölz, Germany.
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Cohen SJ. Measurement of negativity bias in personal narratives using corpus-based emotion dictionaries. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2011; 40:119-135. [PMID: 20972887 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-010-9158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a novel methodology for the measurement of negativity bias using positive and negative dictionaries of emotion words applied to autobiographical narratives. At odds with the cognitive theory of mood dysregulation, previous text-analytical studies have failed to find significant correlation between emotion dictionaries and negative affectivity or dysphoria. In the present study, an a priori list dictionary of emotion words was refined based on the actual use of these words in personal narratives collected from close to 500 college students. Half of the corpus was used to construct, via concordance analysis, the grammatical structures associated with the words in their emotional sense. The second half of the corpus served as a validation corpus. The resulting dictionary ignores words that are not used in their intended emotional sense, including negated emotions, homophones, frozen idioms etc. Correlations of the resulting corpus-based negative and positive emotion dictionaries with self-report measures of negative affectivity were in the expected direction, and were statistically significant, with medium effect size. The potential use of these dictionaries as implicit measures of negativity bias and in the analysis of psychotherapy transcripts is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuki J Cohen
- Psychology Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, 445 W 59th St. rm #2402, New York, NY 10019, USA.
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Fertuck EA, Bucci W, Blatt SJ, Ford RQ. Verbal Representation and Therapeutic Change in Anaclitic and Introjective Inpatients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1037/0033-3204.41.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
To test the hypothesis that flat affect in schizophrenia involves a motor-expressive deficiency, but not an emotional deficiency, we compared the acoustic properties of speech that are used to express emotion with the emotional content of the words. DSM-III-R schizophrenic patients were divided into flat (N=20) and non-flat affect (N=26) groups on the basis of rating-scale scores. Twenty normal subjects also were included. Subjects were recorded on audio tape as they described a happy and a sad experience for about 10 min. The recordings were analyzed acoustically for fluency and for two types of prosody: inflection and emphasis. Words from transcriptions of the recordings were sorted by content analysis software into psychologically meaningful categories; we compared 'pleasure' and 'distress' word categories. Patients with flat affect spoke with less inflection, and were less fluent. However, they were similar to the other groups in the rate at which they used 'pleasure' words to describe happy experiences and 'distress' words to describe sad experiences. The behavioral deficiency in flat affect appears to be restricted to reduced activity in communicative motor channels. Other aspects of emotion processing seem intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alpert
- Department of Psychiatry, HN 323, New York University Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Mete L, Schnurr PP, Rosenberg SD, Oxman TE, Doganer I, Sorias S. Language content and schizophrenia in acute phase Turkish patients. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1993; 28:275-80. [PMID: 8134877 DOI: 10.1007/bf00795907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to replicate and extend, in a Turkish sample, previous investigations of speech content in English-speaking schizophrenics. Computer content analytic procedures, which quantify thematic emphases in the subjects' free speech, have been shown to differentiate schizophrenic patients from other acutely ill psychiatric patients and from normal controls. We repeated the speech sampling procedure with hospitalized psychiatric patients in Turkey, and analyzed their responses using content analysis procedures with a translation of the dictionary or language classification system used in the original studies of English-speaking patients in the United States. Eighty subjects were included in the study: 20 schizophrenics, 20 depressives, 20 manics and 20 healthy controls. There were ten females and ten males in each group. After being diagnosed separately by two clinicians using the Turkish version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID), each subject's free speech was tape-recorded in a standardized session. The speech content of Turkish patients with schizophrenia exhibited considerable similarity to that previously observed in American subjects, but there were certain dissimilarities that appeared to reflect the impact of culture on the manifestations of the schizophrenic disorder. The phenomenological differences between the three psychiatric syndromes compared were also reflected in the results of the content analysis. The most dissimilar syndromes were mania and depression whereas the most similar were mania and schizophrenia. The particular word categories emphasized by specific groups also appeared to be consistent with the effects of their psychiatric disorders.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mete
- Department of Psychiatry, Eqi Universitesi, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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Schnurr PP, Rosenberg SD, Oxman TE. Issues in the Comparison of Techniques for Eliciting Source Material in Computerized Content Analysis. J Pers Assess 1993; 61:237-42. [PMID: 16370820 DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa6102_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Zeldow and McAdams (1993) recently presented artifactual explanations for our data showing dissimilarity between the content of speech elicited by the Thematic Apperception Test (Murray, 1943) and free speech tasks (Schnurr, Rosenberg, & Oxman, 1992). In particular, they alleged that our findings resulted from a lack of psychological meaning in our content categories and in the free speech task. We cite empirical and theoretical support to refute this allegation and provide additional analyses of our data that are consistent with our earlier suggestion that text samples elicited under different conditions may not be interchangeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Schnurr
- National Center for PTSD, VA Medical and Regional Office Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA
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Drake RE, Alterman AI, Rosenberg SR. Detection of substance use disorders in severely mentally ill patients. Community Ment Health J 1993; 29:175-92; discussion 193-4. [PMID: 8500289 DOI: 10.1007/bf00756343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Severe mental illness is frequently complicated by substance use disorder. Approximately half of the severely mentally ill patients treated in acute care psychiatric settings have abused one or more of these substances. Despite the high rate of comorbidity, substance use disorders are generally not detected in acute care psychiatric settings, leading to incorrect diagnoses and ineffective treatments. The reasons for nondetection are complex, and research is needed to refine instruments and procedures for the detection of substance abuse in the severely mentally ill population. Nevertheless, clinicians can make better use of existing techniques of multimodal assessment to increase significantly the rate of accurate detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Drake
- New Hampshire-Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center
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Schnurr PP, Rosenberg SD, Oxman TE. Comparison of TAT and Free Speech Techniques for Eliciting Source Material in Computerized Content Analysis. J Pers Assess 1992; 58:311-25. [PMID: 16370867 DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5802_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We compared the free speech samples and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) responses of 95 community-residing volunteers by using the General Inquirer content analysis computer program and the Harvard III Psychosociological Dictionary (Stone, Dunphy, Smith, & Ogitvie, 1966). Comparability was assessed by computing mean differences and correlations among techniques. The techniques were evaluated by assessing the ability of data derived from each to predict individual differences in developmental level, gender, depressive symptomatology, and personality. Results show highly discriminable profiles and low reliability among techniques. TAT data were superior in predicting individual, differences. We suggest that structured techniques like the TAT are preferable to standard free speech instructions for eliciting data in content analytic studies and discuss the possibility of computerized content analysis as a method of scoring the TAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Schnurr
- National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Medical and Regional Office Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA
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