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Preclinical models of atherosclerosis. The future of Hybrid PET/MR technology for the early detection of vulnerable plaque. Expert Rev Mol Med 2016; 18:e6. [PMID: 27056676 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in developed countries. The aetiology is currently multifactorial, thus making them very difficult to prevent. Preclinical models of atherothrombotic diseases, including vulnerable plaque-associated complications, are now providing significant insights into pathologies like atherosclerosis, and in combination with the most recent advances in new non-invasive imaging technologies, they have become essential tools to evaluate new therapeutic strategies, with which can forecast and prevent plaque rupture. Positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography imaging is currently used for plaque visualisation in clinical and pre-clinical cardiovascular research, albeit with significant limitations. However, the combination of PET and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies is still the best option available today, as combined PET/MRI scans provide simultaneous data acquisition together with high quality anatomical information, sensitivity and lower radiation exposure for the patient. The coming years may represent a new era for the implementation of PET/MRI in clinical practice, but first, clinically efficient attenuation correction algorithms and research towards multimodal reagents and safety issues should be validated at the preclinical level.
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Nicholls SJ, Andrews J, Moon KW. Exploring the natural history of atherosclerosis with intravascular ultrasound. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 5:295-306. [PMID: 17338673 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.5.2.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intravascular ultrasound has emerged as the preferred imaging modality for the characterization of atherosclerotic plaque within the coronary arteries. Ultrasonic imaging reveals the presence of more extensive atheroma than suggested by conventional angiography in patients with coronary artery disease. The ability to precisely quantify atheroma volume in an arterial segment at different time points provides the unique opportunity to investigate the factors that influence the natural history of atheroma progression. Accordingly, serial intravascular ultrasound has been incorporated into a number of clinical trials that have evaluated the impact of medical therapies that modify established risk factors and novel pathological targets. This article will review the increasing role of imaging modalities in the assessment of atherosclerosis and factors that influence its natural history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Nicholls
- Cleveland Clinic, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mail Code JJ65, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland OH, USA.
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Miyata R, Hiraiwa K, Cheng JC, Bai N, Vincent R, Francis GA, Sin DD, Van Eeden SF. Statins attenuate the development of atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction induced by exposure to urban particulate matter (PM10). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:1-11. [PMID: 23756175 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient air particulate matter (particles less than 10μm or PM10) has been shown to be an independent risk factor for the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) have well-established anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of statins on the adverse functional and morphological changes in blood vessels induced by PM10. New Zealand White rabbits fed with a high fat diet were subjected to balloon injury to their abdominal aorta followed by PM10/saline exposure for 4weeks±lovastatin (5mg/kg/day) treatment. PM10 exposure accelerated balloon catheter induced plaque formation and increased intimal macrophages and lipid accumulation while lovastatin attenuated these changes and promoted smooth muscle cell recruitment into plaques. PM10 impaired vascular acetylcholine (Ach) responses and increased vasoconstriction induced by phenylephrine as assessed by wire myograph. Supplementation of nitric oxide improved the impaired Ach responses. PM10 increased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in blood vessels and increased the plasma levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1). Incubation with specific inhibitors for iNOS, COX-2 or ET-1 in the myograph chambers significantly improved the impaired vascular function. Lovastatin decreased the expression of these mediators in atherosclerotic lesions and improved endothelial dysfunction. However, lovastatin was unable to reduce blood lipid levels to the baseline level in rabbits exposed to PM10. Taken together, statins protect against PM10-induced cardiovascular disease by reducing atherosclerosis and improving endothelial function via their anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Miyata
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Choi JH, Rho MC, Lee SW, Choi JN, Kim K, Song GY, Kim YK. Bavachin and isobavachalcone, acyl-coenzyme A: Cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors from Psoralea corylifolia. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:1419-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-2126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brahmkshatriya PS, Jani MH, Chhabria MT. Recent developments in the treatment of atherosclerosis. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 21:1-15. [PMID: 16570499 DOI: 10.1080/14756360500337634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most frequent causes of cardiac arrest. The major cause of this disease is high concentrations of lipid in the blood. Medicinal agents so far have been quite successful in the management of hyperlipidemia. Among the several widely used drugs, (fibrates, statins and niacin) statins are the most frequently prescribed in many forms of hyperlipidemia. Recently, statins have been found to produce serious toxicities, which are rare but can be potentially harmful and are noise concern for the immediate need to develop some new chemical entities in this category. This review is primarily concerned with recent developments in atherosclerotic drug discovery including novel inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, cholesterol absorption inhibitors and antioxidants. The review also focuses on possible future targets including gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathik S Brahmkshatriya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad - 380009, Gujarat, India.
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López-Farré AJ, Sacristán D, Zamorano-León JJ, San-Martín N, Macaya C. Inhibition of Acyl-CoA Cholesterol Acyltransferase by F12511 (Eflucimibe): Could it be a New Antiatherosclerotic Therapeutic? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 26:65-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2007.00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Choi JH, Rho MC, Lee SW, Kwon OE, Park HR, Kang JY, Lee SH, Lee HS, Bae KH, Kim YK. Glabrol, an acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor from licorice roots. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 110:563-6. [PMID: 17123760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) esterifies free cholesterol in the liver and the intestine. It has relations with production of lipoproteins and accumulation of cholesteryl esters of the atheroma. Therefore, ACAT inhibitors may act as antihypercholesterolemic and antiatherosclerotic agents. One isoprenyl flavonoid was isolated from ethanol extract of licorice roots. On the basis of spectral evidences, the compound was identified as glabrol (1). Compound 1 inhibited rat liver microsomal ACAT activity with an IC(50) value of 24.6 microM and decreased cholesteryl ester formation with an IC(50) value of 26.0 microM in HepG2 cells. In addition, 1 showed a non-competitive type of inhibition against ACAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Choi
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Eoun-dong, Yusong-gu, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
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Ikenoya M, Yoshinaka Y, Kobayashi H, Kawamine K, Shibuya K, Sato F, Sawanobori K, Watanabe T, Miyazaki A. A selective ACAT-1 inhibitor, K-604, suppresses fatty streak lesions in fat-fed hamsters without affecting plasma cholesterol levels. Atherosclerosis 2007; 191:290-7. [PMID: 16820149 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol O-acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1), a major ACAT isozyme in macrophages, plays an essential role in foam cell formation in atherosclerotic lesions. However, whether pharmacological inhibition of macrophage ACAT-1 causes exacerbation or suppression of atherosclerosis is controversial. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed and characterized a novel ACAT inhibitor, K-604. The IC(50) values of K-604 for human ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 were 0.45 and 102.85 micromol/L, respectively, indicating that K-604 is 229-fold more selective for ACAT-1. Kinetic analysis indicated that the inhibition was competitive with respect to oleoyl-coenzyme A with a K(i) value of 0.378 micromol/L. Exposure of human monocyte-derived macrophages to K-604 inhibited cholesterol esterification with IC(50) of 68.0 nmol/L. Furthermore, cholesterol efflux from THP-1 macrophages to HDL(3) or apolipoprotein A-I was enhanced by K-604. Interestingly, administration of K-604 to F1B hamsters on a high-fat diet at a dose of >or=1mg/kg suppressed fatty streak lesions without affecting plasma cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS K-604, a potent and selective inhibitor of ACAT-1, suppressed the development of atherosclerosis in an animal model without affecting plasma cholesterol levels, providing direct evidence that pharmacological inhibition of ACAT-1 in the arterial walls leads to suppression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Ikenoya
- Tokyo New Research Laboratories I, Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Company Ltd., 2-17-43 Noguchicho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0022, Japan.
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Zamorano-León JJ, Fernández-Sánchez R, López Farré AJ, Lapuente-Tiana L, Alonso-Orgaz S, Sacristán D, Junquera D, Delhon A, Conesa A, Mateos-Cáceres PJ, Macaya C. Direct Effect of F12511, A Systemic Inhibitor of Acyl-CoA Cholesterol Acyltransferase on Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006; 48:128-34. [PMID: 17031267 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000246263.67515.6a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
F12511(S)-2',3',5'-trimethyl-4'-hydroxy-alpha-dodecylthio-alpha-phenylacetanilide (F12511) is a new Acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor that not only reduces the plasma cholesterol levels but also has anti-atherosclerotic actions in animals models. The study's aim was to analyze if F12511 may directly modify the ability of tumor necrosis factor--alpha (TNF-alpha)-incubated bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) to express endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein and inflammatory-related proteins such as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) and CD40 ligand (CD40L). The addition of increasing concentrations of F12511 (10 to 10 mol/L) failed to modify the level of eNOS protein expressed in control BAEC. TNF-alpha (10 ng/mL) reduced the expression of eNOS protein. In TNF-alpha--incubated BAEC, F12511 protected eNOS expression in a concentration-dependent manner. TNF-alpha stimulated the expression of both CD40L and PECAM in cultured BAEC. F12511 (10 mol/L) failed to modify the expression of CD40L and PECAM in control and TNF-alpha-incubated BAEC. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction showed a marked expression of the ACAT-2 isoform and absent of expression of the ACAT-1 isoform in BAEC. The presence of ACAT-2 isoform in BAEC was further confirmed by Western blot. F12511 failed to modify the expression of the proinflammatory associated proteins PECAM and CD40L in the endothelium but protected eNOS expression in the endothelial cells exposed to inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Zamorano-León
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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Nicholls SJ, Sipahi I, Schoenhagen P, Wisniewski L, Churchill T, Crowe T, Goormastic M, Wolski K, Tuzcu EM, Nissen SE. Intravascular ultrasound assessment of novel antiatherosclerotic therapies: rationale and design of the Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase Intravascular Atherosclerosis Treatment Evaluation (ACTIVATE) Study. Am Heart J 2006; 152:67-74. [PMID: 16824833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2005.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibiting the enzyme acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) has beneficial effects on foam cell formation and therefore has the potential to favorably influence the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. The aim of this study is to determine whether ACAT inhibition, when added to usual medical care, reduces atheroma progression in subjects with coronary artery disease. METHODS Five hundred thirty-four subjects with established coronary artery disease on angiography were randomized to receive the experimental ACAT inhibitor, pactimibe, 100 mg daily or matching placebo for 18 months. The primary efficacy parameter will be the nominal change in percent atheroma volume determined by analysis of pullback intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) images of matched coronary artery segments acquired at baseline and 18-month follow-up. In addition, the effect of pactimibe on plasma lipids and inflammatory markers and the incidence of clinical cardiovascular events will also be assessed. CONCLUSION Serial IVUS has emerged as a sensitive imaging modality to assess the impact that novel antiatherosclerotic strategies have on the arterial wall. In this study, IVUS will be used to assess whether ACAT inhibition modifies progression of atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Nicholls
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Leon C, Hill JS, Wasan KM. Potential role of acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol transferase (ACAT) Inhibitors as hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerosis drugs. Pharm Res 2005; 22:1578-88. [PMID: 16180116 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-6306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol transferase (ACAT) is an integral membrane protein localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. ACAT catalyzes the formation of cholesteryl esters from cholesterol and fatty acyl coenzyme A. The cholesteryl esters are stored as cytoplasmic lipid droplets inside the cell. This process is very important to the organism as high cholesterol levels have been associated with cardiovascular disease. In mammals, two ACAT genes have been identified, ACAT1 and ACAT2. ACAT1 is ubiquitous and is responsible for cholesteryl ester formation in brain, adrenal glands, macrophages, and kidneys. ACAT2 is expressed in the liver and intestine. The inhibition of ACAT activity has been associated with decreased plasma cholesterol levels by suppressing cholesterol absorption and by diminishing the assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins such as very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). ACAT inhibition also prevents the conversion of macrophages into foam cells in the arterial walls, a critical event in the development of atherosclerosis. This review paper will focus on the role of ACAT in cholesterol metabolism, in particular as a target to develop novel therapeutic agents to control hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Leon
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Ainsworth CD, Blake CC, Tamayo A, Beletsky V, Fenster A, Spence JD. 3D Ultrasound Measurement of Change in Carotid Plaque Volume. Stroke 2005; 36:1904-9. [PMID: 16081857 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000178543.19433.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE New therapies are being developed that are antiatherosclerotic but that lack intermediate end points, such as changes in plasma lipids, which can be measured to test efficacy. To study such treatments, it will be necessary to directly measure changes in atherosclerosis. The study was designed to determine sample sizes needed to detect effects of treatment using 3D ultrasound (US) measurement of carotid plaque. METHODS In 38 patients with carotid stenosis >60%, age+/-SD 69.42+/-7.87 years, 15 female, randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to 80 mg atorvastatin daily (n=17) versus placebo (n=21), we measured 3D plaque volume at baseline and after 3 months by disc segmentation of voxels representing carotid artery plaque, after 3D reconstruction of parallel transverse duplex US scans into volumetric 3D data sets. RESULTS There were no significant differences in baseline risk factors. The rate of progression was 16.81+/-74.10 mm3 in patients taking placebo versus regression of -90.25+/-85.12 mm3 in patients taking atorvastatin (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS 3D plaque volume measurement can show large effects of therapy on atherosclerosis in 3 months in sample sizes of approximately 20 patients per group. Sample sizes of 22 per group would be sufficient to show an effect size of 25% that of atorvastatin in 6 months. This technology promises to be very useful in evaluation of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig D Ainsworth
- Stroke Prevention and Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Robarts Research Institute, 1400 Western Rd, London, ON, N6G 2V2, Canada
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Stein O, Stein Y. Lipid transfer proteins (LTP) and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2005; 178:217-30. [PMID: 15694928 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with four lipid transfer proteins (LTP): three are involved in cholesteryl ester (CE) synthesis or transport, the fourth deals with plasma phospholipid (PL) transfer. Experimental models of atherosclerosis, clinical and epidemiological studies provided information as to the relationship of these LTP(s) to atherosclerosis, which is the main focus of this review. Thus, inhibition of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) 1 and 2 decreases cholesterol absorption, plasma cholesterol and aortic cholesterol esterification in the aorta. The discovery that tamoxifen is a potent ACAT inhibitor explained the plasma cholesterol lowering of the drug. The use of ACAT inhibition in humans is under current investigation. As low cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity is connected with high HDL-C, several CETP inhibitors were tried in rabbits, with variable results. A new CETP inhibitor, Torcetrapib, was tested in humans and there was a 50-100% increase in HDL-C. Lecithin cholesterol acyl-transferase (LCAT) influences oxidative stress, which can be lowered by transient LCAT gene transfer in LCAT-/- mice. Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) deficiency reduced apo B production in apo E-/- mice, as well as oxidative stress in four models of mouse atherosclerosis. In conclusion, the ability to increase HDL-C so markedly by inhibitors of CETP introduces us into a new era in prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD).
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Affiliation(s)
- O Stein
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Cancer Research, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Mesplet N, Morin P, Ribet JP. Development of a method for simultaneous determination of eflucimibe and its three major metabolites in rat plasma by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry: a preliminary study. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:297-302. [PMID: 15645487 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of eflucimibe, a powerful acyl-coenzyme A cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor, and its main metabolites, in plasma. The ESI and MS/MS parameters were investigated and optimised for each of the four compounds in the positive ion mode. Plasma samples were deproteinised by precipitation with acetonitrile and directly analysed by HPLC/ESI-MS/MS in less than 4 min. Quantitation was performed in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode for highest sensitivity, selecting the protonated molecules [M+H](+) as precursor ions. The method was demonstrated to be specific and sensitive, and a linear response was observed within a 1-25 ng/mL concentration range. Correlation coefficients (r(2)) greater than 0.9960 were obtained by least-squares regression, and limits of detection down to 0.2 ng/mL were calculated. Therefore, this HPLC/ESI-MS/MS method appears to be an efficient tool, able to provide valuable information for a pharmacological purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Mesplet
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (I.C.O.A.), Université d'Orléans, UMR CNRS 6005, BP 6759, 45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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Rival Y, Benéteau N, Chapuis V, Taillandier T, Lestienne F, Dupont-Passelaigue E, Patoiseau JF, Colpaert FC, Junquéro D. Cardiovascular Drugs Inhibit MMP-9 Activity from Human THP-1 Macrophages. DNA Cell Biol 2004; 23:283-92. [PMID: 15169608 DOI: 10.1089/104454904323090912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now recognized that atherosclerosis complications are related to the unstable character of the plaque rather than its volume. Vulnerable plaques often contain a large lipid core, a reduced content of smooth muscle cells, and accumulation of inflammatory cells. Colocalization of macrophages and active matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is likely relevant for atherosclerotic lesion disruption. Nevertheless, MMP activity and regulation by cardiovascular drugs remains poorly defined. In this study, we evaluated the effects of avasimibe, fluvastatin, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ligands on 92-kDa gelatinase B (MMP-9) secretion by human THP-1 macrophages. THP-1 macrophages were treated with compounds for 48 h, and secreted MMP-9 protein was quantified by immunoassay. Avasimibe, fluvastatin, and PPARalpha agonists (fenofibric acid and Wy-14643) significantly reduced, in a concentration-dependent manner, MMP-9 protein (up to 67 +/- 5% for fenofibric acid). In these assays, the PPARgamma selective agonist rosiglitazone displayed a lower efficacy than other compounds. Enzymatic activity of MMP-9 was also decreased by all cardiovascular drugs tested. MMP-9 protein/activity inhibition by cardiovascular drugs was due, at least in part, to a decrease in MMP-9 mRNA. These results show that THP-1 macrophages could be an useful cellular model to investigate effects of compounds on plaque vulnerability through MMP-9 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Rival
- Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Castres Cédex, France.
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Mesplet N, Morin P, Ribet JP. Analysis of eflucimibe and related impurities by highly sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Spence JD, Blake C, Landry A, Fenster A. Measurement of Carotid Plaque and Effect of Vitamin Therapy for Total Homocysteine. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41:1498-504. [PMID: 14656032 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2003.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many new therapies are being developed that are anti-atherosclerotic, but which do not change clinical parameters such as blood pressure or cholesterol. In order to measure the effects of these therapies it will be necessary to measure atherosclerosis. Elevated levels of plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) are associated with increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction. Measurement of the effect of vitamin therapy on atherosclerosis has therefore been used as an example of this approach. METHODS 2-Dimensional measurement of carotid plaque cross-sectional area has been used to measure effects of vitamin therapy in patients whose plaque is progressing despite intensive treatment of traditional risk factors. In clinic patients, addition of vitamin therapy halted progression of atherosclerosis, in samples of 50 patients over 2.5 years. However, in patients randomized to high-dose vs. low-dose vitamins in the Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention trial, no difference in plaque progression was seen between high-dose and low-dose vitamin therapy. New methods have been developed for the measurement of 3-dimensional plaque volume, and for the measurement of plaque surface roughness. RESULTS The accuracy and reliability of the measurement of plaque volume is 95%. This will permit measurement of effects of new anti-atherosclerotic therapies with much smaller sample sizes, in a much shorter time, than previously available methods such as intima-media thickness. CONCLUSION Measurement of atherosclerotic plaque volume and roughness will greatly enhance the study of new anti-atherosclerotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Spence
- Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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Heinonen TM. Acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibition: potential atherosclerosis therapy or springboard for other discoveries? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2002; 11:1519-27. [PMID: 12437499 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.11.11.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential building block without which humans and other animals could not exist. As with most necessities, under certain conditions, excess can sharply tip the scale and lead to an unfavourable outcome. Excess cholesterol is stored as cholesteryl ester through an esterification process regulated in part by acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT). ACAT is found in many tissue types which require the storage of cholesterol. Most notably, for cardiovascular disease ACAT activity is significant in intestinal and hepatic tissue and arterial macrophages. Several ACAT inhibitors have been investigated for their potential to favourably alter serum lipoprotein levels by blocking intestinal absorption, hepatic inhibition and/or slowing the progression of atherosclerosis through a non-lipid arterial inhibition. Recent evaluations of ACAT and ACAT inhibitors have provided some insight into the therapeutic potential and risks of ACAT inhibition as a means of treating atherosclerosis.
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