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Brochu P, Ménard J, Haddad S. Cardiopulmonary parameters and organ blood flows for workers expressed in terms of VO2 for use in physiologically based toxicokinetic modeling. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:307-335. [PMID: 34991435 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.2006845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Minute ventilation rates (VE), alveolar ventilation rates (VA), cardiac outputs (Q), liver blood flow (LBF) and kidneys blood flows (KBF) for physiologically based toxicokinetic modeling and occupational health risk assessment in active workers have apparently not been determined. Minute energy expenditure rates (E) and oxygen consumption rates (VO2) in workers during exertions and their aggregate daytime activities are obtained by using open-circuit wearable devices for indirect calorimetry measurements and the doubly labeled water method respectively. Hundreds of E (in kcal/min) and VO2 (in L of O2/min) were previously reported for workers. The oxygen uptake factors of 0.2059 ± 0.0019 and 0.2057 ± 0.0018 L of O2/kcal during postprandial and fasting phases respectively enabled conversion of E into VO2. Equations determined in this study based upon more than 25 000 published measurements enable the calculation of 15 parameters in the same worker only by using the VO2 reflecting workload. These parameters, notably VE, VA, VE/VO2 VA/Q, Q, LBF and KBF were found to be interrelated. Altering one of these changes the order of magnitude of the others. Q, LBF and KBF decrease when supine adults at rest switch to an upright position. This effect of gravity diminished when VO2 increased. The fall in LBF and KBF during exertion might enhance muscle blood flow as reported previously. Taken together these equations and data may improve the accuracy of physiologically based toxicokinetic modeling as well as occupational health assessment studies in active workers exposed to xenobiotics.List of main abbreviations: AVOD: arterioveinous oxygen content difference.BMI: body mass index (in kg/m2).BSA: body surface area (in m2).BTPS: body temperature and saturated with water vapor.Bw: body weight (in kg).E: minute energy expenditure rate (in kcal/min).FGE: organ blood flow factor for the gravitational effect on blood circulation.H: oxygen uptake factor, volume of oxygen (at STPD) consumed to produce 1 kcal of energy expended.KBF: kidneys blood flow (in ml/min).LBF: liver blood flow (in ml/min).PBF: liver or kidneys blood flows expressed in terms of percentages (in %) of Qsup C values: namely PBF = (LBF or KBF/Qsup C) x 100.Q: cardiac output (in L/min or ml/min).Qsup C: cardiac output for the cohort of males or females in supination (in ml/min).STPD: standard temperature and pressure, dry air.sup: values measured when adults are in the supine position.up: values measured when adults are in the upright position.VDphys: physiological dead space at BTPS (in L).VT: tidal volume at BTPS (in L).VA: alveolar ventilation rate at BTPS (in L/min).VA/Q: ventilation-perfusion ratio (unitless).VE: minute ventilation rate at BTPS (in L/min).VO2: oxygen consumption rate (i.e. the oxygen uptake) at STPD (in L/min).VQ: ventilatory equivalent for VO2 (VE at BTPS /VO2 at STPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Brochu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, ESPUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jessie Ménard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, ESPUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Public Health Research (CReSP), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sami Haddad
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, ESPUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Public Health Research (CReSP), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Raghuveer G, Hartz J, Lubans DR, Takken T, Wiltz JL, Mietus-Snyder M, Perak AM, Baker-Smith C, Pietris N, Edwards NM. Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Youth: An Important Marker of Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020; 142:e101-e118. [PMID: 32686505 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) refers to the capacity of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen to skeletal muscle mitochondria for energy production needed during physical activity. CRF is an important marker of physical and mental health and academic achievement in youth. However, only 40% of US youth are currently believed to have healthy CRF. In this statement, we review the physiological principles that determine CRF, the tools that are available to assess CRF, the modifiable and nonmodifiable factors influencing CRF, the association of CRF with markers of health in otherwise healthy youth, and the temporal trends in CRF both in the United States and internationally. Development of a cost-effective CRF measurement process that could readily be incorporated into office visits and in field settings to screen all youth periodically could help identify those at increased risk.
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Beaumont A, Oxborough D, George K, Rowland TW, Sculthorpe N, Lord R, Unnithan VB. Superior cardiac mechanics without structural adaptations in pre-adolescent soccer players. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 27:1494-1501. [PMID: 31779474 DOI: 10.1177/2047487319890177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to evaluate left ventricular structure, function and mechanics, in highly-trained, pre-adolescent soccer players compared with age- and sex-matched controls. DESIGN The study design was a prospective, cross-sectional comparison of left ventricular structure, function and mechanics. METHODS Twenty-two male soccer players from two professional youth soccer academies (age: 12.0 ± 0.3 years) and 22 recreationally active controls (age: 11.7 ± 0.3 years) were recruited. Two-dimensional conventional and speckle tracking echocardiography were used to quantify left ventricular structure, function and peak/temporal values for left ventricular strain and twist, respectively. RESULTS End-diastolic volume index was larger in soccer players (51 ± 8 mm/(m2)1.5 vs. 45 ± 6 mm/(m2)1.5; p = 0.007) and concentricity was lower in soccer players (4.3 ± 0.7 g/(mL)0.667 vs. 4.9 ± 1.0 g/(mL)0.667; p = 0.017), without differences in mean wall thickness between groups (6.0 ± 0.4 mm vs. 6.1 ± 0.5 mm; p = 0.754). Peak circumferential strain at the base (-22.2% ± 2.5% vs. -20.5% ± 2.5%; p = 0.029) and papillary muscle levels (-20.1% ± 1.5% vs. -18.3% ± 2.5%; p = 0.007) were greater in soccer players. Peak left ventricular twist was larger in soccer players (16.92° ± 7.55° vs. 12.34° ± 4.99°; p = 0.035) and longitudinal early diastolic strain rate was greater in soccer players (2.22 ± 0.40 s-1 vs. 2.02 ± 0.46 s-1; p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS Highly-trained soccer players demonstrated augmented cardiac mechanics with greater circumferential strains, twist and faster diastolic lengthening in the absence of differences in wall thickness between soccer players and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Oxborough
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Keith George
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Thomas W Rowland
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK
| | - Nicholas Sculthorpe
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK
| | - Rachel Lord
- Cardiff Centre for Exercise and Health, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK
| | - Viswanath B Unnithan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, UK
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McClean G, Riding NR, Ardern CL, Farooq A, Pieles GE, Watt V, Adamuz C, George KP, Oxborough D, Wilson MG. Electrical and structural adaptations of the paediatric athlete’s heart: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2017; 52:230. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AimTo describe the electrocardiographic (ECG) and echocardiographic manifestations of the paediatric athlete’s heart, and examine the impact of age, race and sex on cardiac remodelling responses to competitive sport.DesignSystematic review with meta-analysis.Data sourcesSix electronic databases were searched to May 2016: MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus.Inclusion criteria(1) Male and/or female competitive athletes, (2) participants aged 6–18 years, (3) original research article published in English language.ResultsData from 14 278 athletes and 1668 non-athletes were included for qualitative (43 articles) and quantitative synthesis (40 articles). Paediatric athletes demonstrated a greater prevalence of training-related and training-unrelated ECG changes than non-athletes. Athletes ≥14 years were 15.8 times more likely to have inferolateral T-wave inversion than athletes <14 years. Paediatric black athletes had significantly more training-related and training-unrelated ECG changes than Caucasian athletes. Age was a positive predictor of left ventricular (LV) internal diameter during diastole, interventricular septum thickness during diastole, relative wall thickness and LV mass. When age was accounted for, these parameters remained significantly larger in athletes than non-athletes. Paediatric black athletes presented larger posterior wall thickness during diastole (PWTd) than Caucasian athletes. Paediatric male athletes also presented larger PWTd than females.ConclusionsThe paediatric athlete’s heart undergoes significant remodelling both before and during ‘maturational years’. Paediatric athletes have a greater prevalence of training related and training-unrelated ECG changes than non-athletes, with age, race and sex mediating factors on cardiac electrical and LV structural remodelling.
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Silva G, Andersen LB, Aires L, Mota J, Oliveira J, Ribeiro JC. Associations between sports participation, levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in childrenand adolescents. J Sports Sci 2013; 31:1359-67. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.781666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Silva
- a Faculty of Sports , University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure , Porto , Portugal
| | - Lars Bo Andersen
- b Institute of Sports Sciences and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Luisa Aires
- a Faculty of Sports , University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure , Porto , Portugal
| | - Jorge Mota
- a Faculty of Sports , University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure , Porto , Portugal
| | - Jose Oliveira
- a Faculty of Sports , University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure , Porto , Portugal
| | - José Carlos Ribeiro
- a Faculty of Sports , University of Porto, Research Centre in Physical Activity Health and Leisure , Porto , Portugal
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McNarry M, Jones A. The influence of training status on the aerobic and anaerobic responses to exercise in children: A review. Eur J Sport Sci 2012; 14 Suppl 1:S57-68. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2011.643316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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McNarry MA, Welsman JR, Jones AM. Influence of training and maturity status on the cardiopulmonary responses to ramp incremental cycle and upper body exercise in girls. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:375-81. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00988.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that the potential for training to alter the physiological responses to exercise in children is related to a “maturational threshold”. To address this, we investigated the interaction of swim-training status and maturity on cardiovascular and metabolic responses to lower and upper body exercise. Twenty-one prepubertal [Pre: 11 trained (T), 10 untrained (UT)], 30 pubertal (Pub: 14 T, 16 UT), and 18 postpubertal (Post: 8 T, 10 UT) girls completed ramp incremental exercise on a cycle and an upper body ergometer. In addition to pulmonary gas exchange measurements, stroke volume and cardiac output were estimated by thoracic bioelectrical impedance, and muscle oxygenation status was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy. All T girls had a higher peak O2 uptake during cycle (Pre: T 49 ± 5 vs. UT 40 ± 4; Pub: T 46 ± 5 vs. UT 36 ± 4; Post: T 48 ± 5 vs. UT 39 ± 8 ml·kg−1·min−1; all P < 0.05) and upper body exercise (Pre: T 37 ± 6 vs. UT 32 ± 5; Pub: T 36 ± 5 vs. UT 28 ± 5; Post: T 39 ± 3 vs. UT 28 ± 7 ml·kg−1·min−1; all P < 0.05). T girls also had a higher peak cardiac output during both modalities, and this reached significance in Pub (cycle: T 21 ± 3 vs. UT 18 ± 3; upper body: T 20 ± 4 vs. UT 15 ± 4 l/min; all P < 0.05) and Post girls (cycle: T 21 ± 4 vs. UT 17 ± 2; upper body: T 22 ± 3 vs. UT 18 ± 2 l/min; all P < 0.05). None of the measured pulmonary, cardiovascular, or metabolic parameters interacted with maturity, and the magnitude of the difference between T and UT girls was similar, irrespective of maturity stage. These results challenge the notion that differences in training status in young people are only evident once a maturational threshold has been exceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melitta A. McNarry
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne R. Welsman
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Jones
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Rodríguez-Marroyo JA, Pernía R, Cejuela R, García-López J, Llopis J, Villa JG. Exercise Intensity and Load During Different Races in Youth and Junior Cyclists. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:511-9. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181bf4426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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BAGGISH AARONL, YARED KIBAR, WEINER RORYB, WANG FRANCIS, DEMES ROBERT, PICARD MICHAELH, HAGERMAN FREDRICK, WOOD MALISSAJ. Differences in Cardiac Parameters among Elite Rowers and Subelite Rowers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:1215-20. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181c81604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nottin S, Nguyen LD, Terbah M, Obert P. Left ventricular function in endurance-trained children by tissue Doppler imaging. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36:1507-13. [PMID: 15354031 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000139900.67704.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In children and adults, endurance training increases resting stroke volume, mainly as a result of an increase in left ventricular (LV) filling. PURPOSE To evaluate whether the LV morphologic and functional alterations responsible for this increase in cardiac filling are similar in children and young adults. METHODS Standard echocardiography (LV morphology and function) and tissue Doppler imaging (LV relaxation properties) were assessed in 10 adult cyclists, 13 age-matched sedentary controls, 12 boy cyclists, and 11 untrained boys. RESULTS In our endurance-trained adults, LV morphological adaptations included increase in LV internal diameters, wall thickness, and mass. However, effects associated with training on LV morphology were different in children because no true cardiac hypertrophy was observed in our child cyclists compared with age-matched nonactive boys. Effects related training on LV systolic and diastolic function assessed by TDI were similar in boys and men. The LV diastolic function was improved in trained subjects (i.e., increased transmitral early to late filling velocities) as a result of an increase in LV relaxation properties. However, LV filling pressures, estimated from TDI, were similar in trained individuals compared with age-matched controls. CONCLUSION In both children and adults, an increase in LV relaxation properties and normal LV filling pressures in endurance-trained subjects might be taken as additional indicators for a physiologic or "normal" hypertrophy. However, further investigations are needed to evaluate whether the specific LV morphological adaptation observed in trained-children reflects a blunted trained-induced cardiac hypertrophy before puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Nottin
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise, Faculty of Sciences, Avignon, France.
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Obert P, Mandigouts S, Nottin S, Vinet A, N'Guyen LD, Lecoq AM. Cardiovascular responses to endurance training in children: effect of gender. Eur J Clin Invest 2003; 33:199-208. [PMID: 12641537 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2003.01118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to determine in healthy children the effect of a well-controlled endurance training programme on cardiac function at maximal exercise and to define whether gender affects the training-induced cardiovascular response. The contribution of factors potentially involved in those adaptations such as cardiac dimensions and diastolic and systolic function was also investigated. METHODS Thirty-five l0-11-year-old children took part in this study: 19 children (10 girls and nine boys) were assigned to participate in a 13-week endurance training programme (3 x 1 h week-1, intensity: > 80% HR max), and 16 (seven girls and nine boys) served as a control group. A resting echocardiographic evaluation and a maximal upright cycle test, including measurement of stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (Q) and blood pressure, were performed in all children before and after the study period. RESULTS The training programme led to a rise in maximal O2 uptake (VO2max), brought about however, only by an increase in SVmax in both genders. Moreover, the boys increased their VO2max to a greater extent than the girls (boys: +15%; girls: +8%) only because of a higher SVmax improvement (boys: +15%; girls: +11%). No alterations were noticed in the SV pattern from rest to maximal exercise, indicating that the increase in SVrest was a key factor in the improvement of SVmax and thus VO2max. Regarding resting echocardiographic data, an increase in the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, concomitant with an improvement in diastolic function, was observed after training and constituted an essential element in the rise in VO2max after training in these children. Moreover, during maximal exercise, a decrease in systemic vascular resistances, probably indicating peripheral cardiovascular adaptive changes, might also play an important role in the increase in VO2max. CONCLUSION Whatever gender, aerobic training increases VO2max in children, mediated by an improvement in SVmax only. Similar mechanisms, including loading conditions and cardiac morphology, seem to be involved in both genders in order to explain such an improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Obert
- Laboratoire de Physiologie des Adaptations Cardiovasculaires à l'Exercice, Faculté des Sciences, Département STAPS, Avignon, France.
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Nottin S, Vinet A, Stecken F, N'Guyen LD, Ounissi F, Lecoq AM, Obert P. Central and peripheral cardiovascular adaptations to exercise in endurance-trained children. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2002; 175:85-92. [PMID: 12028128 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2002.00975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stroke volume (SV) response to exercise depends on changes in cardiac filling, intrinsic myocardial contractility and left ventricular afterload. The aim of the present study was to identify whether these variables are influenced by endurance training in pre-pubertal children during a maximal cycle test. SV, cardiac output (Doppler echocardiography), left ventricular dimensions (time-movement echocardiography) as well as arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistances were assessed in 10 child cyclists (VO2max: 58.5 +/- 4.4 mL min-1 kg-1) and 13 untrained children (UTC) (VO2max: 45.9 +/- 6.7 mL min-1 kg-1). All variables were measured at the end of the resting period, during the final minute of each workload and during the last minute of the progressive maximal aerobic test. At rest and during exercise, stroke index was significantly higher in the child cyclists than in UTC. However, the SV patterns were strictly similar for both groups. Moreover, the patterns of diastolic and systolic left ventricular dimensions, and the pattern of systemic vascular resistance of the child cyclists mimicked those of the UTC. SV patterns, as well as their underlying mechanisms, were not altered by endurance training in children. This result implied that the higher maximal SV obtained in child cyclists depended on factors influencing resting SV, such as cardiac hypertrophy, augmented myocardium relaxation properties or expanded blood volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nottin
- Laboratoire de Physiologie des Adaptations Cardiovasculaires à l'Exercice, Faculté des Sciences, Département STAPS, Avignon, France
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Rowland T, Unnithan V, Fernhall B, Baynard T, Lange C. Left ventricular response to dynamic exercise in young cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34:637-42. [PMID: 11932572 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200204000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare cardiac physiological and dimensional responses to exercise in highly trained young male cyclists (mean age 13.7 +/- 1.0 yr) with those of nontrained boys. METHODS Ventricular systolic and diastolic dimensions were measured by two-dimensional echocardiography, and stroke volume was estimated by Doppler echocardiography during a progressive maximal upright cycle test. RESULTS At rest, the cyclists demonstrated larger left ventricular dimensions relative to body size than the nonathletes. Maximal stroke index and cardiac index were significantly greater in the cyclists. The pattern of stroke volume response to exercise was similar in the two groups, with an early rise and then plateau to exhaustion. Left ventricular diastolic dimension increased slightly at onset of exercise and then gradually declined as workload increased in both groups. CONCLUSION Factors responsible for the greater maximal stroke volume in young endurance athletes involve those variables that contribute to resting left ventricular diastolic filling (preload).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rowland
- Department of Pediatrics, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
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ROWLAND THOMAS, UNNITHAN VISWANATH, FERNHALL BO, BAYNARD TRACY, LANGE CLAUDIA. Left ventricular response to dynamic exercise in young cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-200204000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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