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Luo J, Wang PC, Meng FQ, Yang XY, Zhang YB, Zu S, Cui FH, Mk Ng R, Li ZJ. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with somatoform disorders: A pilot preliminary randomized controlled trial. Psychother Res 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38590020 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2024.2335520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and objective: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for somatoform disorders (SFDs) is understudied in China. Western findings may not be applicable to Chinese culture. This preliminary study evaluated the efficacy of CBT for patients in China, relative to treatment-as-usual (TAU). Methods: Seventy patients with SFDs randomly received either combined CBT and TAU (CBT + TAU), or TAU alone between January 2018 to May 2019. The CBT + TAU group received 12 weekly individual 50-minute CBT sessions. Participants were blindly assessed at 4 timepoints (baseline, week 6, end of treatment: week 12; 12 weeks post-treatment: week 24) using the following outcome measures: SQSS (Self-screening Questionnaire for Somatic Symptoms); PHQ-15 (Patient-Health-Questionnaire-15) and the WI (Whiteley Index); GAD-7 (General Anxiety Disorder-7); HAMD-17 (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17); Family Burden Interview Schedule (FBIS); Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS); and the Short Form of Quality-of-Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q-SF). The primary endpoint was the difference between the SQSS total score at week 24 and the baseline. A mixed model for repeated measures was used to analyze inter- and intra-group changes from the baseline. Results: At week 24, The least-squares mean (LSM) change of the total score on the SQSS was -18.87 points and -9.69 points, respectively in the CBT + TAU group and in the TAU group (LSM difference, -9.18 points; 95% confidence interval, -15.72 to -2.64; P = 0.0068). At week 24, the LSM changes from baseline in the WI, HAMD, PHQ15, FBIS and SDS total scores were significantly different between the two groups, however, there was no significant difference in the Q-LES-Q-SF. The SQSS of group effect sizes were 0.63 at 24 weeks. The dropout rates of the CBT + TAU and TAU groups were comparable (22.9% and 19.3%). Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that CBT may be helpful for improving the symptoms of patients with SFDs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Chong Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan-Qiang Meng
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Yun Yang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bo Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Zu
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Huan Cui
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Roger Mk Ng
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Alpha Clinic of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Jiang Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Law S, Andermann L, Chow W, Luo XW, Wang X. Experiences of Family Burden in Caring for the Severely Mentally Ill in a Foreign Land: A Qualitative Study of Chinese Immigrant Families in Toronto, Canada. Transcult Psychiatry 2021; 58:745-758. [PMID: 33757329 PMCID: PMC8673937 DOI: 10.1177/13634615211000552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a relative dearth of qualitative studies on the actual experiences of families caring for members suffering from serious mental illness, and even less is known about disadvantaged ethnic minority immigrant families. This explorative qualitative study examines the burden experienced by 15 family members of Chinese immigrant background in Toronto, Canada. Six common themes emerged from the study: 1) significant worries about not being able to take care of ill members in the future; 2) on-going strain and changed family life; 3) pervasive social stigma, discrimination and lack of resources; 4) general appreciation of Canadian health and welfare systems and opportunities; 5) cultural factors and beliefs uniquely shape families' support and caring commitment; and 6) families find various ways to cope and help themselves. Opportunities for improved care delivery based on these understandings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Law
- Community Mental Health Services, Mount Sinai
Hospital, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto,
Canada
| | - Lisa Andermann
- Community Mental Health Services, Mount Sinai
Hospital, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto,
Canada
| | - Wendy Chow
- Community Mental Health Services, Mount Sinai
Hospital, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto,
Canada
| | - Xing Wei Luo
- Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya
Hospital of Central South University, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya
Hospital of Central South University, P.R. China
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Yu W, Chen J, Sun S, Liu P, Ouyang L, Hu J. The reciprocal associations between caregiver burden, and mental health in primary caregivers of cancer patients: A longitudinal study: Family functioning, caregiver burden, and mental health Wenjun Yu et al. Psychooncology 2021; 30:892-900. [PMID: 33686757 DOI: 10.1002/pon.5667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The vital role played by primary caregivers in caring for cancer patients is well-recognized, but the caregiver burden and impact on family functioning to caregivers' mental health is poorly understood. This study examined the prospective and reciprocal relationships between family functioning, caregiver burden, and mental health. We aimed to determine whether inferior family functioning and heavy caregiver burden act as risk factors for mental health, as consequences of mental health, or both. METHODS Participants were 187 primary caregivers of cancer patients. They completed questionnaires with standardized measures assessing family functioning, caregiver burden, and mental health. A quantitative longitudinal design and a cross-lag model were used to test the reciprocal relationships between variables at three time points with 6-month intervals during the first year of early-stage cancer diagnosis and treatment. RESULTS Family functioning did not predict participants' future mental health, but their mental health state predicted future caregiver burden and family functioning. Caregiver burden also predicted participants' future mental health. There was a dynamic reciprocal relationship between caregiver burden and mental health over time. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study emphasize the adverse effects of caregiver burden and may contribute to shedding light on the distinct mechanisms that underlie the relationships between caregiver burden, family functioning, and mental health. Our findings indicate the necessity of developing interventions to reduce the burden of caregiving and to facilitate family functioning. They will provide direction for family-centered nursing to meet primary caregivers' mental health needs in the care of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yu
- College of Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
| | - Shiyan Sun
- College of Education, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
| | - Peiwen Liu
- Affiliated Hospital, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
| | - Longqiang Ouyang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jize Hu
- School of Psychology, ShenZhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Mowbray O, Campbell R, Lee M, Fatehi M, Disney L. A Systematic Review of Psychosocial-Based Outcomes in Peer-Support Services. JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE-BASED SOCIAL WORK (2019) 2021; 18:155-180. [PMID: 32893743 DOI: 10.1080/26408066.2020.1805385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: In determining whether peer support interventions are effective, an examination of the measures used to assess outcomes is essential. Prior reviews often do not account for validly and reliability of measures used in studies, which may lead to conflicting conclusions. Method: Explicit criteria to identify articles of psychosocial based outcomes in peer support services was used. Outcome measures were categorized along broad dimensions, examined for validity and reliability and reviewed for major findings. Results: Thirteen domains of psychosocial based outcomes emerged. Most domains had at least one outcome measure that was valid and reliable. Articles that included valid and reliable outcomes suggests peer support services may be associated with multiple domains. Conclusion: From an examination of the validity and reliability of measures used to evaluate peer support services, a stronger evidence base for services is established. Future directions for both social work research and practice are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orion Mowbray
- School of Social Work, University of Georgia Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Rosalyn Campbell
- School of Social Work, University of Georgia Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Megan Lee
- School of Social Work, University of Georgia Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mariam Fatehi
- School of Social Work, University of Georgia Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lindsey Disney
- School of Social Welfare, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
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Mehra A, Parveen S, Kumar K, Grover S. A comparative study of caregiver burden and stigma among the caregivers of patients with dementia and schizophrenia. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jgmh.jgmh_10_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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A Randomised Controlled Trial of a Caregiver-Facilitated Problem-Solving Based Self-Learning Program for Family Carers of People with Early Psychosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249343. [PMID: 33327452 PMCID: PMC7764939 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Facilitated self-help and problem-solving strategies can empower and support family carers to cope with caregiving for people with severe mental illnesses. This single-blind multi-site randomised controlled trial examined the effects of a five-month family-facilitated problem-solving based self-learning program (PBSP in addition to usual care), versus a family psychoeducation group program and usual psychiatric care only in recent-onset psychosis, with a six-month follow-up. In each of three study sites (integrated community centres for mental wellness), 114 people with early psychosis (≤5 years illness onset) and their family carers were randomly selected and allocated to one of three study groups (n = 38). Caregiving burden (primary outcome) and patients' and carers' health conditions were assessed at recruitment, and one-month and six-months post-intervention. Overall, 106 (94.7%) participants completed the assigned intervention and ≥1 post-test. Generalised estimating equations and subsequent contrast tests indicated that the PBSP participants showed significantly greater improvements in carers' burden, caregiving experiences and problem-solving ability, and patients' psychotic symptoms, recovery, and duration of re-hospitalisations over the six-month follow-up, compared with the other two groups (moderate to large effect size, η2 = 0.12-0.24). Family-assisted problem-solving based self-learning programs were found to be effective to improve both psychotic patients' and their carers' psychosocial health over a medium term, thus reducing patients' risk of relapse.
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Yu Y, Li TX, Li YL, Qiu D, Xi SJ, Xiao SY, Tebes JK. A cross-sectional study on spouse and parent differences in caregiving experiences of people living with schizophrenia in rural China. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:226. [PMID: 32398050 PMCID: PMC7216408 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting evidence exists on whether parent or spouse caregivers experience better outcomes when caring for family members with schizophrenia. The current study aims to examine relative caregiving experiences and impacts of spouse and parent caregivers for people living with schizophrenia (PLS) in China. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 264 community-dwelling primary family caregivers of PLS. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect information on family caregiving activities; negative caregiving impacts including objective and subjective burden, and caregiver psychological distress such as depression and anxiety; positive caregiving impacts including caregiving rewarding feelings, and family functioning for spouse and parent caregivers. RESULTS Both types of caregivers report engaging in similar caregiving activities and report comparable levels of objective burden. However, parent caregivers report significantly higher subjective burden than spouse caregivers (b = 7.94, 95%CI:2.08, 13.80, P < 0.01), which is also reflected in significantly higher depression (b = 3.88, 95%CI:1.35, 6.41, P < 0.01) and anxiety (b = 2.53, 95%CI: 0.22, 4.84, P < 0.05), and lower family functioning (b = - 1.71, 95%CI: - 2.73, - 0.49, P < 0.01). Despite these differences, both groups of caregivers report comparable rewarding feelings about caregiving. CONCLUSIONS Our findings have implications for family caregivers globally, but especially for countries that adhere to Confucian cultural values and provide guidance for future family intervention programs. Such programs may do well to incorporate cultural values and beliefs in understanding caregiving and kinship family dynamics so as to support family caregivers, and in particular, the specific vulnerabilities of parent caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yu
- grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hospital Evaluation Office, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, Hunan 410008 China ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Division of Prevention and Community Research, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Tong-xin Li
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Upper Mayuanlin Road 238, Changsha, Hunan 410008 China
| | - Yi-lu Li
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Upper Mayuanlin Road 238, Changsha, Hunan 410008 China
| | - Dan Qiu
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Upper Mayuanlin Road 238, Changsha, Hunan 410008 China
| | - Shi-jun Xi
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Upper Mayuanlin Road 238, Changsha, Hunan 410008 China
| | - Shui-yuan Xiao
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Mental Health Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Jacob Kraemer Tebes
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Division of Prevention and Community Research, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
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Chien WT, Chow KM, Chong YY, Bressington D, Choi KC, Chan CWH. The Role of Five Facets of Mindfulness in a Mindfulness-Based Psychoeducation Intervention for People With Recent-Onset Psychosis on Mental and Psychosocial Health Outcomes. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:177. [PMID: 32218747 PMCID: PMC7078358 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to examine how five facets of mindfulness may be associated with the changes in psychotic patients' health outcomes after participating in a mindfulness-based psychoeducation group (MBPEG) program. Methods: Longitudinal follow-up data from two pragmatic randomized controlled trials of MBPEG for psychotic patients were used for this study. A total of 124 patients who completed the MBPEG program were included in this analysis. Patient outcomes (psychotic symptoms, functioning, insight into illness/treatment, subjective recovery) and five facets of mindfulness were assessed at baseline and six, 12 and 24 months post-intervention. Areas under the curve of individual outcomes in repeated-measures were computed using trapezoidal method, rescaled to the original possible range of the underlying variable and used for correlation and regression analyses. Results: All mean scores of the five facets increased across time and were significantly correlated with the improvements in all patient outcomes (p-values ranged from <0.001 to <0.05), except "non-judging" facet and symptom severity. Regression analyses revealed that only "observing" and "acting with awareness" were significantly associated with positive changes across all outcomes (increase in adjusted R 2 ranged from 5.9% to 24.2%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Two facets of mindfulness, "observing" and "acting with awareness," were related to positive outcomes of psychotic patients after participating in the MBPEG. More efforts in addressing these two facets of mindfulness can be considered to increase the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions in psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Tong Chien
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Ming Chow
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yuen Yu Chong
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Daniel Bressington
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kai Chow Choi
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Carmen Wing Han Chan
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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Yu W, Chen J, Hu J, Hu J. Relationship between Mental Health and Burden among Primary Caregivers of Outpatients with Schizophrenia. FAMILY PROCESS 2019; 58:370-383. [PMID: 29363737 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is growing recognition that caring for a patient with schizophrenia often results in high levels of perceived burden and poorer overall mental health for caregivers. A quantitative cross-sectional design and standardized instruments were used to collect data from 355 primary caregivers of adults in outpatient care with schizophrenia in China. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the association between caregiver burden and mental health among primary caregivers and whether this association is influenced by personality, coping style, and family functioning, based on a diathesis-stress perspective. Goodness-of-fit indices (χ2 /df = 1.406, GFI = 0.919, CFI = 0.957, etc.) confirmed that the modified model fit the data well. In line with the diathesis-stress model, and with this study's hypotheses, we found that caregiver burden was significantly related to mental health outcomes directly. The final model showed that personality traits, coping style, and family function influenced the relationship between caregiver burden and mental health. The neuroticism personality traits have a direct effect on caregiver burden and family functioning in this sample. Coping style had a direct effect on the caregiver burden, and family functioning had a direct effect on the caregiver burden. Our final model about primary caregivers can be applied clinically to predict mental health outcomes from caregiver burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yu
- School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, GuangZhou, China
- College of Education, JingGangShan University, Ji'An, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Education Center of Master of Social Work, JingGangShan University, Ji'An, China
| | - Jize Hu
- College of Psychology and Sociology, ShenZhen University, ShenZhen, China
| | - JingChu Hu
- School of Psychology and Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, GuangZhou, China
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Yu Y, Liu ZW, Zhou W, Zhao M, Tang BW, Xiao SY. Determining a cutoff score for the family burden interview schedule using three statistical methods. BMC Med Res Methodol 2019; 19:93. [PMID: 31068131 PMCID: PMC6505248 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-019-0734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While it is widely acknowledged that family burden can be ameliorated with effective psycho-social interventions, how to measure family burden and define a valid cutoff to identify family caregivers in need of such interventions remains a key question. The purpose of the present study was to determine a statistically valid cutoff score for the Family Burden Interview Schedule (FBIS), using the cutoff scores of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) as the reference. Methods The FBIS, PHQ-9, and GAD-7 were administered to a representative community sample of 327 family caregivers of schizophrenia patients. A FBIS cutoff score was determined using three different statistical methods: tree-based modeling, K-means clustering technique and linear regression. Contingency analysis was conducted to compare the FBIS cutoff with depression and anxiety scale scores. Results Findings proposed a cutoff score of 23 for the FBIS, with sensitivity being 76% for PHQ-9 and 74% for GAD-7, specificity being 68% for PHQ-9 and 67% for GAD-7. Conclusion This cutoff score would enable health care providers to assess family caregivers at risk and provide necessary interventions to improve their quality of life. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12874-019-0734-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yu
- Hospital Evaluation Office, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zi-Wei Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Renmin Middle Road 139, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Hospital Administration Institute, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Social medicine and health management department, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Upper Mayuanlin Road 238, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Bing-Wei Tang
- Social medicine and health management department, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Upper Mayuanlin Road 238, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shui-Yuan Xiao
- Mental Health Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Chien WT, Bressington D, Chan SWC. A Randomized Controlled Trial on Mutual Support Group Intervention for Families of People With Recent-Onset Psychosis: A Four-Year Follow-Up. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:710. [PMID: 30618880 PMCID: PMC6305581 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Recent research in Western countries has indicated that family interventions in schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders can reduce patient relapse and improve medication compliance. Few studies have addressed Chinese and Asian populations. This study tested the long-term effects of a 9-month family-led mutual support group for Chinese people with schizophrenia in Hong Kong, compared with psycho-education and standard psychiatric care. Methods: A randomized controlled trial of Chinese families of patients with recent-onset psychosis (≤5 years of illness) was conducted between August 2012 and January 2017, with a 4-year follow-up. Two hundred and one Chinese families of adult outpatients with recent-onset psychosis were randomly selected from the computerized patient lists and randomly assigned to either mutual support, psycho-education, or standard care group (n = 70 per group). Family caregivers were mainly the parent, spouse, or child of the patients. Mutual support and psycho-education group consisted of 16 two-hour group sessions and patients participated in three sessions. The standard care group and the two treatment groups received the routine psychiatric outpatient care. Results: Patients and families in the mutual support group reported consistently greater improvements in overall functioning [family functioning, F (2, 203) = 8.13, p = 0.003; patient functioning, F (2, 203) = 6.01, p = 0.008] and reductions in duration of hospitalizations [F (2, 203) = 6.51, p = 0.005] over the 4-year follow-up. There were not any significant increases of medication dosages or service use by both the family support and psycho-education groups over time. Conclusions: The peer-led family support group can be an effective psychosocial intervention in early psychosis indicating long-term benefits on both patient and family functioning and re-hospitalizations. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT00940394: https://register.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Tong Chien
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Daniel Bressington
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Sally W. C. Chan
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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12
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Tang B, Yu Y, Liu Z, Lin M, Chen Y, Zhao M, Xiao S. Factor analyses of the Chinese Zarit Burden Interview among caregivers of patients with schizophrenia in a rural Chinese community. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e015621. [PMID: 28965090 PMCID: PMC5640094 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the factor structure of the Chinese version of the 22-item Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) among family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia in China. METHODS Using one-stage cluster-sampling design, 324 primary caregivers of patients with schizophrenia in Ningxiang County, Hunan Province, China, completed the Zarit Burden Interview face-to-face. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was first performed based on existing models to check model fit. Owing to an unsatisfactory result of CFA, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was then conducted to explore a new factor structure, and a subsequent CFA was run to examine its model fit. RESULTS The CFA results showed that none of the existing models fit the data reasonably well. The EFA results suggested five dimensions: negative emotion (10 items), interpersonal relationship (4 items), time demand (3 items), patient's dependence (2 items) and self-accusation and guilt (2 items). The following CFA confirmed the five-factor solution in this study, and the goodness-of-fit for this model fell within the acceptable range. The overall internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.88, and the internal consistency coefficients of individual dimensions were 0.68 to 0.84. CONCLUSION This study supported a 22-item ZBI scale, with a five-factor structure when applied to Chinese caregivers of patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei Tang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hospital Evaluation Office, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziwei Liu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meijuan Lin
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuiyuan Xiao
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Abstract
We aim to assess the level of family burden of schizophrenia patients and identify its predicting factors in a rural community sample of China. A sample of 327 primary caregivers was recruited through a one-stage cluster sampling in Ningxiang County of Hunan province, China. Family burden was assessed using the Family Burden Interview Schedule (FBIS) of Pai and Kapur. Our results showed that the mean score of FBIS was 23.62±9.76 (range, 0–48), with over half (52%) caregivers reported their family burden being moderate and severe. Among the six domains of family burden, financial burden (76%) was the commonest burden, while disruption of family interactions (37%) was the least mentioned. A multivariate analysis of family burden revealed that patient being admitted for over 3 times, caregiver being female, having a middle school education, and with additional dependents, as well as higher care network function were positive predictors of family burden, while higher patient function and family function, and increasing patient age were negative predictors of family burden. Intervention to decrease family burden may be best served by improving family function and exploring alternative care model instead of hospitalization.
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Impact of product originality and supply chain structure on market share in the pharmaceutical industry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND HEALTHCARE MARKETING 2017. [DOI: 10.1108/ijphm-01-2016-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of supply chain structure on market share and the differences between supply chain structures and market shares of companies in terms of product originality in the pharmaceutical industry.
Design/methodology/approach
In the design of this research, survey methodology was selected to collect the data. Convenience sampling technique and, as data collection instrument, a questionnaire including dichotomous scales were utilized.
Findings
Obtained results showed that supply chain structures of pharmaceutical companies in Turkey have a significant impact on their market shares. Other results indicate that there are significant differences between both supply chain structures and market shares in terms of product originality.
Research limitations/implications
There are three limitations, namely, the study focused on only one sector, convenience sampling method was used in conjunction with Pareto approach and the study encompasses Turkey only.
Practical implications
Practitioners will benefit from this study through conceptualizing the impact of supply chain structure on market share and the relationships between these both and product originality in terms of creating competitive advantage.
Originality/value
The importance of this study lies on the investigation of supply chain structure with its impact on market share from supply chain management perspective and on the combination of the relationships between these both constructs and product originality as from management perspective in the pharmaceutical industry as first time.
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Chien WT, Thompson DR, Lubman DI, McCann TV. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Clinician-Supported Problem-Solving Bibliotherapy for Family Caregivers of People With First-Episode Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:1457-1466. [PMID: 27147450 PMCID: PMC5049531 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Family interventions for first-episode psychosis (FEP) are an integral component of treatment, with positive effects mainly on patients' mental state and relapse rate. However, comparatively little attention has been paid to the effects of family interventions on caregivers' stress coping and well-being, especially in non-Western countries. We aimed to test the effects of a 5-month clinician-supported problem-solving bibliotherapy (CSPSB) for Chinese family caregivers of people with FEP in improving family burden and carers' problem-solving and caregiving experience, and in reducing psychotic symptoms and duration of re-hospitalizations, compared with those only received usual outpatient family support (UOFS). A randomized controlled trial was conducted across 2 early psychosis clinics in Hong Kong, where there might be inadequate usual family support services for FEP patients. A total of 116 caregivers were randomly selected, and after baseline measurement, randomly assigned to the CSPSB or UOFS. They were also assessed at 1-week and 6- and 12-month post-intervention. Intention-to-treat analyses were applied and indicated that the CSPSB group reported significantly greater improvements in family burden and caregiving experience, and reductions in severity of psychotic symptoms and duration of re-hospitalizations, than the UOFS group at 6- and 12-month follow-up. CSPSB produces moderate long-term benefits to caregivers and FEP patients, and is a low-cost adjunct to UOFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Tong Chien
- School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong;
| | - David R. Thompson
- Centre for the Heart and Mind, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia;,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dan I. Lubman
- Turning Point, Eastern Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Terence V. McCann
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Discipline of Nursing, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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The effectiveness of manual-guided, problem-solving-based self-learning programme for family caregivers of people with recent-onset psychosis: A randomised controlled trial with 6-month follow-up. Int J Nurs Stud 2016; 59:141-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chien WT, Lam CKK, Ng BFL. Predictors of levels of functioning among Chinese people with severe mental illness: a 12-month prospective cohort study. J Clin Nurs 2015; 24:1860-73. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Tong Chien
- School of Nursing; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Claire K K Lam
- School of Nursing; Faculty of Health & Social Sciences; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bacon F L Ng
- Chinese Medicine Department; Hospital Authority Hong Kong; Lok Fu Hong Kong SAR, China
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Grover S, Chakrabarti S, Ghormode D, Dutt A, Kate N, Kulhara P. Clinicians' versus caregivers' ratings of burden in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2014; 60:330-6. [PMID: 23788439 DOI: 10.1177/0020764013488708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only a few studies have evaluated the similarities and differences between clinicians' and caregivers' rating of burden of caring for a person with chronic mental illness. AIM To compare clinician-rated and caregiver-rated burden in a population of patients with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, using two different scales to measure caregiver burden. METHODOLOGY Caregivers of patients with schizophrenia (n = 65) or bipolar disorder (n = 57) completed the Hindi version of the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire (Hindi-IEQ) by themselves. Clinicians rated the burden on the Family Burden Interview Schedule (FBI) based on semi-structured interview with the same caregivers. RESULTS Both total objective and subjective burden on the FBI (clinician ratings) demonstrated significant positive correlations with the total Hindi-IEQ (caregiver ratings) scores. Most areas of burden on the FBI correlated positively with the tension and the worrying-urging II subscales, as well as the total Hindi-IEQ scores. According to clinicians, a significantly higher percentage of caregivers of patients with schizophrenia were experiencing a moderate to severe degree of subjective burden; objective burden in this group was also significantly higher in the domains of effect on the mental health of caregivers. Contrastingly, caregivers of patients with bipolar disorder judged burden to be higher in this group than schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS There were many areas of agreement as well as some significant discrepancies between clinicians' and caregivers' assessment of burden in this population of patients. This suggests that a comprehensive evaluation of burden should include assessments by both clinicians and caregivers of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subho Chakrabarti
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepak Ghormode
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alakananda Dutt
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Natasha Kate
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Parmanand Kulhara
- Department of Psychiatry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
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Tay KCP, Seow CCD, Xiao C, Lee HMJ, Chiu HFK, Chan SWC. Structured interviews examining the burden, coping, self-efficacy, and quality of life among family caregivers of persons with dementia in Singapore. DEMENTIA 2014; 15:204-20. [PMID: 24535819 DOI: 10.1177/1471301214522047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a global health issue and the effects on caregivers are substantial. The study aimed to examine the associations of burden, coping, self-efficacy with quality of life among family caregivers of persons with dementia in Singapore. Structured interviews were conducted in a convenience sample of 84 family caregivers caring and seeking clinical care for the persons with dementia in an outpatient clinic of a public hospital in Singapore. The outcome measures included the Family Burden Interview Schedule, Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation Scale, General Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale, and World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale - Brief Version. In general, significant correlations were observed between the quality of life scores with coping strategy and family burden scores, but not between the coping strategy and family burden scores. Compared to demographic factors such as caregiver age and household income, psychosocial factors including family burden, coping strategies, and self-efficacy demonstrated greater association with quality of life in the participants. However, the dynamics of these associations will change with an increasing population of persons with dementia, decreasing nuclear family size, and predicted changes in family living arrangements for the persons with dementia in future. As such, it necessitates continuous study examining the needs and concerns of family caregivers and the relevance of ongoing interventions specific to caregivers of persons with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Chai Peter Tay
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Psychology, Singapore Management University, Singapore
| | | | - Chunxiang Xiao
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Health System, Singapore
| | | | - Helen F K Chiu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sally Wai-Chi Chan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Health System, Singapore
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Caregiver burden and its determinants among family members of patients with chronic viral hepatitis in Shanghai, China: a community-based survey. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:82. [PMID: 24521097 PMCID: PMC3927630 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In China, caregivers of chronic viral hepatitis patients experience considerable burdens, stress and disruption of their own well-being and social activities. Measurement of the effect on caregivers is an under-researched area. The Family Burden Interview Schedule (FBIS) was primarily devised for the caregivers of schizophrenia patients, and the adverse effect of the disease was similar to the effect of chronic viral hepatitis on family caregivers. In this study, we prospectively evaluated the psychometric properties of FBIS in the field of chronic viral hepatitis and used it to determine the factors affecting the caregiver burden on the family members of chronic viral hepatitis patients in Shanghai, China. Methods A representative sample of patients (n = 1478) and caregivers (n = 1478) was randomly obtained through a multi-stage cluster sampling in Shanghai, China. Reliability and validity tests were used to verify the psychometric properties of the instrument. The two-level random intercept model was applied to determine the factors of the caregiver burden between the household and the community level. Results Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.90 for the overall instrument with statistical significance. Factor analysis suggested a three-factor model for the FBIS and confirmed that the adjusted unidimensional model and the second-order multidimensional model had better fit statistics. The average score of the caregiver burden in Shanghai was 12.62 ± 10.74, and financial burden constituted the major effect. The two-level random intercept model demonstrated that the risk factors were hospitalisation (β 1.69, 95%CI 0.48 to 2.90), elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels (β 1.05, 95%CI 0.15 to 1.95), HCV infection (β 4.49, 95%CI 1.22 to 7.77), and acceptance of the hepatitis B vaccine (β 2.20, 95%CI 0.56 to 3.85), whereas the protective factors were no consumption of alcohol (β -2.69, 95%CI −5.19 to −0.19), average monthly costs for patients less than or equal to 100 US dollars (β -2.96, 95%CI −5.83 to −0.09), and good health status of family caregivers (β -9.91, 95%CI −12.76 to −7.05). Conclusions FBIS can accurately measure the caregiver burden for chronic hepatitis. Targeting interventions toward the conditions associated with the caregiver burden is of great importance.
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Chien WT, Chan SW. The effectiveness of mutual support group intervention for Chinese families of people with schizophrenia: A randomised controlled trial with 24-month follow-up. Int J Nurs Stud 2013; 50:1326-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lasebikan VO, Ayinde OO. Family Burden in Caregivers of Schizophrenia Patients: Prevalence and Socio-demographic Correlates. Indian J Psychol Med 2013; 35:60-6. [PMID: 23833344 PMCID: PMC3701362 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7176.112205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to determine the prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of caregiver's burden in schizophrenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A dyad of 368 schizophrenia patients and their caregivers were interviewed. Caregiver's burden was assessed using the Yoruba-version of the FBIS and GHQ-12. RESULTS Mean age of patients was 29.7 SD (8.6) years. Of the 368 caregivers, 81.5% were parents, mean age was 58.1 years (SD 19.6). Total mean objective FBIS score was 22.69 (6.21), 324 (85.3%) reported total objective burden and 310 (84.2%), subjective burden. There were significant differential demographic associations with caregivers' burden. CONCLUSION Caregivers of schizophrenia patients experience enormous burden and are potential "high risk group" for mental disorders. Thus, they require comprehensive intervention in order to reduce the growing incidence of chronic enduring diseases including mental disorders.
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Chien WT, Yeung FKK, Chan AHL. Perceived Stigma of Patients with Severe Mental Illness in Hong Kong: Relationships with Patients’ Psychosocial Conditions and Attitudes of Family Caregivers and Health Professionals. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2012; 41:237-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10488-012-0463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lasebikan VO. Validation of Yoruba Version of Family Burden Interview Schedule (Y-FBIS) on Caregivers of Schizophrenia Patients. ISRN PSYCHIATRY 2012; 2012:165179. [PMID: 23738196 PMCID: PMC3658491 DOI: 10.5402/2012/165179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To validate the Yoruba version of Family Burden Interview Schedule (Y-FBIS) for assessing the burden on caregivers of persons with schizophrenia. Methods. Three hundred and sixty-eight dyads of persons with schizophrenia and their caregivers were recruited from a psychiatric outpatient clinic. The (Y-FBIS) and the Yoruba version of the GHQ-12 (Y-GHQ-12) were applied to the caregivers. Patients' level of social functioning was assessed using the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. Results. All (368) caregivers were used for tests of internal consistency, 180 for interrater reliability, and another 180 for test-retest reliability. Internal consistency of the Y-FBIS was demonstrated by a significant Cronbach α of between 0.62 and 0.82 for each item. Concurrent validity of the Y-FBIS was illustrated by its significant positive correlation with Y-GHQ-12 (r = 0.633
, P < 0.01). Split-half reliability was 0.849. Intraclass correlation coefficient for the total score of Y-FBIS was 0.849 at 95% confidence interval. Test-retest reliability of individual scales ranged from 0.780 to 0.874 and was 0.830 for total objective scale score. Convergent validity was shown by the significant positive correlation (r = 0.83) between the objective burden score and subjective burden score of Y-FBIS. ROC curve area was 0.981. Conclusion. The Y-FBIS is a valid, reliable, and sensitive instrument for assessing the burden on caregivers of persons with schizophrenia in Nigeria.
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Scharf SM, Maimon N, Simon-Tuval T, Bernhard-Scharf BJ, Reuveni H, Tarasiuk A. Sleep quality predicts quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2010; 6:1-12. [PMID: 21311688 PMCID: PMC3034286 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s15666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients may suffer from poor sleep and health-related quality of life. We hypothesized that disturbed sleep in COPD is correlated with quality of life. Methods In 180 patients with COPD (forced expired volume in 1 second [FEV1] 47.6 ± 15.2% predicted, 77.8% male, aged 65.9 ± 11.7 years), we administered general (Health Utilities Index 3) and disease-specific (St George’s Respiratory) questionnaires and an index of disturbed sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index). Results Overall scores indicated poor general (Health Utilities Index 3: 0.52 ± 0.38), disease- specific (St George’s: 57.0 ± 21.3) quality of life and poor sleep quality (Pittsburgh 11.0 ± 5.4). Sleep time correlated with the number of respiratory and anxiety symptoms reported at night. Seventy-seven percent of the patients had Pittsburg scores >5, and the median Pittsburgh score was 12. On multivariate regression, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was an independent predictor of both the Health Utilities Index 3 and the St George’s scores, accounting for 3% and 5%, respectively, of the scores. Only approximately 25% of the patients demonstrated excessive sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale >9). Conclusions Most patients with COPD suffer disturbed sleep. Sleep quality was correlated with general and disease-specific quality of life. Only a minority of COPD patients complain of being sleepy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Scharf
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Further validation of the Chinese version of the Level of Expressed Emotion Scale for research and clinical use. Int J Nurs Stud 2010; 47:190-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chan SWC, Yip B, Tso S, Cheng BS, Tam W. Evaluation of a psychoeducation program for Chinese clients with schizophrenia and their family caregivers. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2009; 75:67-76. [PMID: 18963721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2008.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of a psychoeducation program for Chinese clients with schizophrenia and their family caregivers. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted. Seventy-three clients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and their caregivers (n=73) were recruited and randomized into a study (n=36) and control group (n=37). Ten psychoeducation sessions were provided to the study group. The outcomes were measured at the baseline, immediately after (post-1), six months (post-2), and 12 months after the intervention (post-3). RESULTS There were significant treatment effects across time for all client outcomes: adherence to medication (p<0.01), mental status (p<0.01), and insight into illness (p<0.01). However, no significant differences were found between groups at the post-3 measures for all client outcomes. For the caregivers, significant group differences were only detected in self-efficacy at the post-1 (p=0.007) and post-2 (p<0.001) measures, the level of satisfaction at the post-1 (p=0.033) and post-2 (p<0.021) measures, and the perception of family burden at the post-2 measures (p=0.043). CONCLUSION A psychoeducation intervention had positive effects on Chinese clients and their caregivers. However, these effects might not be sustained 12 months after the intervention. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS To substantiate its effects, psychoeducation should be an ongoing intervention, with its outcomes constantly evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Wai-Chi Chan
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Whalen KJ, Buchholz SW. The reliability, validity and feasibility of tools used to screen for caregiver burden: a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-2009-213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Whalen KJ, Buchholz SW. The reliability, validity and feasibility of tools used to screen for caregiver burden: a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 7:1373-1430. [PMID: 27820461 DOI: 10.11124/01938924-200907320-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The overall objective of this review is to quantitatively measure the psychometric properties and the feasibility of caregiver burden screening tools. The more specific objectives were to determine the reliability, validity as well as feasibility of tools that are used to screen for caregiver burden and strain. INCLUSION CRITERIA This review considered international quantitative research papers that addressed the psychometric properties and feasibility of caregiver burden screening tools. SEARCH STRATEGY The search strategy aimed to find both published and unpublished studies from 1980-2007 published only in the English language. An initial limited search of MEDLINE and CINAHL was undertaken followed by analysis of the text words contained in the title and abstract and the index terms used to describe the article. A second search identified keywords and index terms across major databases. Third, the reference list of identified reports and articles was searched for additional studies. METHODOLOGICAL QUALITY Each paper was assessed by two independent reviewers for methodological quality prior to inclusion in the review using an appropriate critical appraisal instrument from the Joanna Briggs Institutes' System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review (SUMARI) package. LIMITATIONS Because burden is a multidimensional construct defined internationally with a multitude of other terms, only those studies whose title, abstract or keywords contained the search terminology developed for this review were identified for retrieval. RESULTS The construct of caregiver burden is not standardized, and many terms are used to describe burden. A caregiver is also identified as a carer. Instruments exist in multiple languages and have been tested in multiple populations. A total of 112 papers, experimental and non-experimental in nature, were included in the review. The majority of papers were non-experimental studies that tested or used a caregiver burden screening tool. Because of the nature of these papers, a meta-analysis of the results was not possible. Instead a table is used to depict the 74 caregiver burden screening tools that meet the psychometric and feasibility standards of this review. The Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), in particular the 22-item version, has been examined the most throughout the literature. In addition to its sound psychometric properties, the ZBI has been widely used across languages and cultures. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH The significant amount of research that has already been done on psychometric testing of caregiver burden tools has provided a solid foundation for additional research. Although some tools have been well tested, many tools have published limited psychometric properties and feasibility data. The clinician needs to be aware of this and may need to team up with a researcher to obtain additional research data on their specific population before using a minimally tested caregiver burden screening tool. Because caregiver burden is multidimensional and many different terms are used to describe burden, both the clinician and researcher need to be precise in their selection of the appropriate tool for their work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Whalen
- 1. School of Nursing, Purdue University, Calumet Hammond Indiana, USA
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Chien WT, Chan SW. Testing the psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the Level of Expressed Emotion scale. Res Nurs Health 2008; 32:59-70. [DOI: 10.1002/nur.20303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chien WT, Chan SWC, Morrissey J. The perceived burden among Chinese family caregivers of people with schizophrenia. J Clin Nurs 2007; 16:1151-61. [PMID: 17518890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.01501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to examine the level of perceived burden of the Chinese families caring for a relative with schizophrenia and to test its associations with their demographic characteristics, social and family factors and health condition. BACKGROUND Despite the increased demands on family members to provide care for patients with schizophrenia in community care, little is known about the level of family burden among these family caregivers and its relationship with their demographic, social and cultural backgrounds. METHODS This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. A total of 203 family caregivers were recruited from three regional psychiatric outpatient clinics in Hong Kong. They were asked to complete a set of well-validated questionnaires, consisting of the Chinese version of four instruments - Family Burden Interview Schedule, Family Assessment Device, Six-item Social Support Questionnaire and MOS 36-Item Short Form Health Survey and a socio-demographic data sheet. Statistical analyses were conducted to test the differences in mean burden scores between subgroups, the inter-relationships among the mean scores of the scales and socio-demographic variables and the predictors of family burden. RESULTS The families who perceived a higher level of caregiver burden were those who lived in a family with poorer functioning, worse health status and less satisfaction of social support. The caregivers' burden score was positively correlated with their age; conversely, it was negatively correlated with their monthly household income and number of family members living with patient. Social support was the best predictor of caregiver burden. CONCLUSION These findings increase our understanding about the socio-demographic and cultural variables influencing the well being of family caregivers of a relative with schizophrenia. Helping families to maintain and enhance a supportive social network may represent a useful means to reduce family burden in schizophrenia. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE This understanding helps health professionals and researchers to identify different sources and domains of burden from a Chinese cultural perspective and take into account of these factors when planning interventions for family caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Tong Chien
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Chien WT, Chan SWC, Morrissey J. The perceived burden among Chinese family caregivers of people with schizophrenia. J Clin Nurs 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Polit DF, Beck CT. The content validity index: are you sure you know what's being reported? Critique and recommendations. Res Nurs Health 2006; 29:489-97. [PMID: 16977646 DOI: 10.1002/nur.20147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2433] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Scale developers often provide evidence of content validity by computing a content validity index (CVI), using ratings of item relevance by content experts. We analyzed how nurse researchers have defined and calculated the CVI, and found considerable consistency for item-level CVIs (I-CVIs). However, there are two alternative, but unacknowledged, methods of computing the scale-level index (S-CVI). One method requires universal agreement among experts, but a less conservative method averages the item-level CVIs. Using backward inference with a purposive sample of scale development studies, we found that both methods are being used by nurse researchers, although it was not always possible to infer the calculation method. The two approaches can lead to different values, making it risky to draw conclusions about content validity. Scale developers should indicate which method was used to provide readers with interpretable content validity information.
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Chien WT, Chan SWC, Thompson DR. Effects of a mutual support group for families of Chinese people with schizophrenia: 18-month follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 189:41-9. [PMID: 16816305 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.105.008375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family intervention in schizophrenia can reduce patient relapse and improve medication adherence, but few studies on this have involved a Chinese population. AIMS To examine the effects of a mutual support group for Chinese families of people with schizophrenia, compared with psychoeducation and standard care. METHOD Randomised controlled trial in Hong Kong with 96 families of out-patients with schizophrenia, of whom 32 received mutual support, 33 psychoeducation and 31 standard care. The psychoeducation group included patients in all the sessions, the mutual support group did not. Intervention was provided over 6 months, and patient- and family-related psychosocial outcomes were compared over an 18-month follow-up. RESULTS Mutual support consistently produced greater improvement in patient and family functioning and caregiver burden over the intervention and follow-up periods, compared with the other two conditions. The number of readmissions did not decrease significantly, but their duration did. CONCLUSIONS Mutual support for families of Chinese people with schizophrenia can substantially benefit family and patient functioning and caregiver burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Tong Chien
- Nethersole School of Nursing, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 7/F, Esther Lee Building, Chung Chi College, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Schulze B, Rössler W. Caregiver burden in mental illness: review of measurement, findings and interventions in 2004-2005. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2005; 18:684-91. [PMID: 16639098 DOI: 10.1097/01.yco.0000179504.87613.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent evidence on caregiver burden in mental illness. It examines how the field has advanced in terms of measurement, results, and interventions in 2004/2005, and identifies potential for further studies. RECENT FINDINGS Burden has been studied in a much wider spectrum of diagnostic groups and types of caregivers, some brief and practical assessment tools have become available, cultural aspects of burden are better understood, and a high potential for caregiver appraisal to prevent negative consequences of burden has been identified. Recent findings afford a more comprehensive understanding of the caregiving situation and its outcomes, and may find a practical application in devising effective support strategies for family carers, which still seem to be lacking. SUMMARY Substantial progress has been made in the measurement of caregiver burden. In terms of publication quantity, the field is growing rapidly, and international interest in the area is increasing. Improvements in methodological quality are also evident. These new research developments may be taken to reflect an increasing recognition of the contribution of families-away from stigma, shame, and blame. This requires accepting relatives as caregiving experts and as genuine partners in both psychiatric practice and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Schulze
- Public Mental Health Research Division, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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