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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Early identification of atherosclerosis and at-risk lesions plays a critical role in reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease. While invasive coronary angiography serves as the gold standard for diagnosing coronary artery disease, non-invasive imaging techniques provide visualization of both anatomical and functional atherosclerotic processes prior to clinical presentation. The development of cardiac positron emission tomography (PET) has greatly enhanced our capability to diagnose and treat patients with early stages of atherosclerosis. Cardiac PET is a powerful, versatile non-invasive diagnostic tool with utility in the identification of high-risk plaques, myocardial perfusion defects, and viable myocardial tissue. Cardiac PET allows for comparisons of myocardial function both at time of rest and stress, providing accurate assessments of both myocardial perfusion and viability. Furthermore, novel PET techniques with unique radiotracers yield clinically relevant data on high-risk plaques in active progressive atherosclerosis. While PET exercise stress tests were previously difficult to perform given short radiotracer half-life, the development of the novel radiotracer Flurpiridaz F-18 provides a promising future for PET exercise stress imaging. In addition, hybrid imaging with computed tomography angiography (CTA) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) provides integration of cardiac function and structure. In this review article, we discuss the principles of cardiac PET, the clinical applications of PET in diagnosing and prognosticating patients at risk for future cardiovascular events, compare PET with other non-invasive cardiac imaging modalities, and discuss future applications of PET in CVD evaluation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Salata
- Weill Cornell Medicine, 520 E 70th Street, M-507, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Parmanand Singh
- Department of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 520 E 70th Street Starr Pavilion, 4th Floor, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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2
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Sareen N, Ananthasubramaniam K. Left main coronary artery disease: A review of the spectrum of noninvasive diagnostic modalities. J Nucl Cardiol 2016; 23:1411-1429. [PMID: 26487011 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-015-0152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Medically managed significant left main (LM) stem disease has been considered a determinant of increased cardiac mortality approaching 50% at 3-year follow-up. Despite the clinical significance of LM disease, studies comparing the various diagnostic modalities, especially noninvasive, are sparse. Clinicians, particularly imagers, should be aware of the strengths and weaknesses of existing modalities to diagnose LM disease as integrating many clues (history, symptoms, electrocardiogram, and stress hemodynamics are essential to suspect this diagnosis and proceed to the next step). Here we review the existing data on the current role of electrocardiography, nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging (single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography), stress echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in diagnostic evaluation of LM disease. Wherever applicable we have extended our discussion to multivessel coronary artery disease encompassing scenarios where LMS can present as LM equivalent with or without extensive multivessel coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishtha Sareen
- Department of Cardiology, St. Joseph Mercy Oakland Hospital, Pontiac, MI, USA
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3
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Hatayama N, Inubushi M, Naito M, Hirai S, Jin YN, Tsuji AB, Seki K, Itoh M, Saga T, Li XK. Functional evaluation of rat hearts transplanted after preservation in a high-pressure gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide and oxygen. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32120. [PMID: 27562456 PMCID: PMC4999799 DOI: 10.1038/srep32120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently succeeded in resuscitating an extracted rat heart following 24–48 hours of preservation in a high-pressure gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and oxygen (O2). This study aimed to examine the function of rat hearts transplanted after being preserved in the high-pressure CO and O2 gas mixture. The hearts of donor rats were preserved in a chamber filled with CO and O2 under high pressure for 24 h (CO24h) or 48 h at 4 °C. For the positive control (PC) group, hearts immediately extracted from donor rats were used for transplantation. The preserved hearts were transplanted into recipient rats by heterotopic cervical heart transplantation. CO toxicity does not affect the grafts or the recipients. Light microscopy and [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography revealed that there were no significant differences in the size of the myocardial infarction or apoptosis of myocardial cells in post-transplant hearts between the PC and CO24h groups. Furthermore, at 100 days after the transplantation, the heart rate, weight and histological staining of the post-transplanted hearts did not differ significantly between the PC and CO24h groups. These results indicate that the function of rat hearts is well preserved after 24 hours of high-pressure preservation in a CO and O2 gas mixture. Therefore, high-pressure preservation in a gas mixture can be a useful method for organ preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Hatayama
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute-city, Aichi Pref., 480-1195, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inubushi
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Munekazu Naito
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute-city, Aichi Pref., 480-1195, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hirai
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yong-Nan Jin
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi B Tsuji
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Itoh
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Saga
- Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Cai Z, Mason NS, Anderson CJ, Edwards WB. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of an 18 F-labeled oleic acid analog for PET imaging of fatty acid uptake and metabolism. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:108-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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5
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A meta-analysis comparing SPECT with PET for the assessment of myocardial viability in patients with coronary artery disease. Nucl Med Commun 2014; 35:947-54. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Azhdarinia A, Ghosh S. Nuclear Imaging with Nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014. [DOI: 10.1201/b17246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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7
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Zheng J. Assessment of myocardial oxygenation with MRI. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2013; 3:67-72. [PMID: 23630653 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2013.03.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Hybrid image visualization tool for 3D integration of CT coronary anatomy and quantitative myocardial perfusion PET. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2012; 8:221-32. [PMID: 22752392 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-012-0777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multimodal cardiac imaging by CTA and quantitative PET enables acquisition of patient-specific coronary anatomy and absolute myocardial perfusion at rest and during stress. In the clinical setting, integration of this information is performed visually or using coronary arteries distribution models. We developed a new tool for CTA and quantitative PET integrated 3D visualization, exploiting XML and DICOM clinical standards. METHODS The hybrid image tool (HIT) developed in the present study included four main modules: (1) volumetric registration for spatial matching of CTA and PET data sets, (2) an interface to PET quantitative analysis software, (3) a derived DICOM generator able to build DICOM data set from quantitative polar maps, and (4) a 3D visualization tool of integrated anatomical and quantitative flow information. The four modules incorporated in the HIT tool communicate by defined standard XML files: XML-transformation and XML MIST standards. RESULTS The HIT tool implements a 3D representation of CTA showing real coronary anatomy fused to PET-derived quantitative myocardial blood flow distribution. The technique was validated on 16 data sets from EVINCI study population. The validation of the method confirmed the high matching between "original" and derived data sets as well as the accuracy of the registration procedure. CONCLUSIONS Three-dimensional integration of patient- specific coronary artery anatomy provided by CTA and quantitative myocardial blood flow obtained from PET imaging can improve cardiac disease assessment. The HIT tool introduced in this paper may represent a significant advancement in the clinical use of this multimodal approach.
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Acipimox-enhanced ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for characterizing and predicting early remodeling in the rat infarct model. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 28:1407-15. [PMID: 22116590 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-011-9983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The rat myocardial infarction (MI) model is widely used to study left ventricular (LV) remodeling. In this study, acipimox-enhanced (18)F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) gated-positron emission tomography (PET) was assessed for characterizing and predicting early remodeling in the rat infarct model. Nineteen Wistar rats had surgical occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and 7 were sham-operated. PET was scheduled 48 h and 2 weeks later for quantifying MI area and LV function. Segments with <50% of FDG uptake had histological evidence of MI (74 ± 9% decrease in parietal thickness, fibrosis development). At 48 h, MI area was large (>35% of LV) in 6 rats, moderate (15-35% of LV) in 8 rats, limited (<15% of LV) in 5 rats and absent in the 7 sham rats. LV remodeling, assessed through the 2 weeks increase in end-diastolic volume, increased between rats with limited, moderate and large MI (+72 ± 25, +109 ± 56, +190 ± 69 μl, respectively, P = 0.007). This 3-groups classification allowed predicting 44% of the 2 weeks increase in end-diastolic volume, and additional 34% were predicted by heart rate at 48 h. The acipimox-enhanced FDG gated-PET technique provides efficient characterization and prediction of early remodeling in the rat infarct model.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE A theranostic system integrates some form of diagnostic testing to determine the presence of a molecular target for which a specific drug is intended. Molecular imaging serves this diagnostic function and provides powerful means for noninvasively detecting disease. We briefly review the paradigms rooted in nuclear medicine and highlight recent advances in this field. We also explore how nanometer-sized complexes, called nanomedicines, present an excellent theranostic platform applicable to both drug discovery and clinical use. CONCLUSION For imagers, molecular theranostics represents a powerful emerging platform that intimately couples targeted therapeatic entities with noninvasive imaging that yields information on the presence of defined molecular targets before, during, and after cognate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Y Lee
- Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine Division, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6565 Fannin St, MB1-066, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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11
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Myocardial Oxygenation Imaging: New Methods for Ischemia Detection. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-010-9063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lau AZ, Chen AP, Ghugre NR, Ramanan V, Lam WW, Connelly KA, Wright GA, Cunningham CH. Rapid multislice imaging of hyperpolarized 13C pyruvate and bicarbonate in the heart. Magn Reson Med 2011; 64:1323-31. [PMID: 20574989 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.22525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization of spins via dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has been explored as a method to non-invasively study real-time metabolic processes occurring in vivo using (13)C-labeled substrates. Recently, hyperpolarized (13)C pyruvate has been used to characterize in vivo cardiac metabolism in the rat and pig. Conventional 3D spectroscopic imaging methods require in excess of 100 excitations, making it challenging to acquire a full cardiac-gated, breath-held, whole-heart volume. In this article, the development of a rapid multislice cardiac-gated spiral (13)C imaging pulse sequence consisting of a large flip-angle spectral-spatial excitation RF pulse combined with a single-shot spiral k-space trajectory for rapid imaging of cardiac metabolism is described. This sequence permits whole-heart coverage (6 slices, 8.8-mm in-plane resolution) in any plane, allowing imaging of the metabolites of interest, [1-(13)C] pyruvate, [1-(13)C] lactate, and (13)C bicarbonate, within a single breathhold. Pyruvate and bicarbonate cardiac volumes were acquired, while lactate images were not acquired due to low lactate levels in the animal model studied. The sequence was demonstrated with phantom experiments and in vivo testing in a pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Z Lau
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Beanlands RSB, Youssef G. Diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease: PET is superior to SPECT: Pro. J Nucl Cardiol 2010; 17:683-95. [PMID: 20589487 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-010-9253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rob S B Beanlands
- Molecular Function and Imaging Program and the National Cardiac PET Centre, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada.
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Ferreira CL, Marques FL, Okamoto MR, Otake AH, Sugai Y, Mikata Y, Storr T, Bowen M, Yano S, Adam MJ, Chammas R, Orvig C. Cationic technetium and rhenium complexes with pendant carbohydrates. Appl Radiat Isot 2010; 68:1087-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Anderson CJ, Bulte JWM, Chen K, Chen X, Khaw BA, Shokeen M, Wooley KL, VanBrocklin HF. Design of targeted cardiovascular molecular imaging probes. J Nucl Med 2010; 51 Suppl 1:3S-17S. [PMID: 20395345 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.068130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging relies on the development of sensitive and specific probes coupled with imaging hardware and software to provide information about the molecular status of a disease and its response to therapy, which are important aspects of disease management. As genomic and proteomic information from a variety of cardiovascular diseases becomes available, new cellular and molecular targets will provide an imaging readout of fundamental disease processes. A review of the development and application of several cardiovascular probes is presented here. Strategies for labeling cells with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles enable monitoring of the delivery of stem cell therapies. Small molecules and biologics (e.g., proteins and antibodies) with high affinity and specificity for cell surface receptors or cellular proteins as well as enzyme substrates or inhibitors may be labeled with single-photon-emitting or positron-emitting isotopes for nuclear molecular imaging applications. Labeling of bispecific antibodies with single-photon-emitting isotopes coupled with a pretargeting strategy may be used to enhance signal accumulation in small lesions. Emerging nanomaterials will provide platforms that have various sizes and structures and that may be used to develop multimeric, multimodal molecular imaging agents to probe one or more targets simultaneously. These platforms may be chemically manipulated to afford molecules with specific targeting and clearance properties. These examples of molecular imaging probes are characteristic of the multidisciplinary nature of the extraction of advanced biochemical information that will enhance diagnostic evaluation and drug development and predict clinical outcomes, fulfilling the promise of personalized medicine and improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Anderson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Wehrl HF, Sauter AW, Judenhofer MS, Pichler BJ. Combined PET/MR Imaging — Technology and Applications. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2010; 9:5-20. [DOI: 10.1177/153303461000900102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of PET and MR in one imaging device has certain advantages over conventional imaging modalities. These include: no additional radiation dose from the MR, superior soft tissue contrast and a multitude of tracers for PET. Certain technical challenges exist when designing a PET/MR system. On the one hand these stem from the presence of the strong MR magnetic field and the addition of PET components to the MR system. Different approaches are presented to overcome these technical obstacles ranging from long optical fibers to systems that use semiconductor light detectors for photon counting. The applications of combined PET/MR are profound in the field of oncology and allow imaging of the four main processes in cancer formation: apoptosis resistance, angiogenesis, proliferation and metastasis. PET/MR has also many clinical and research applications in neurology and cardiology. Alternative techniques such as image fusion, hyperpolarized imaging, 17 O imaging and whole body diffusion are discussed in respect to their relevance regarding PET/MR. Simultaneous multifunctional and anatomical imaging using PET/MR has a great potential to impact biomedical imaging in research and clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. F. Wehrl
- University of Tuebingen, Laboratory for Preclinical Imaging and Imaging Technology of the Werner Siemens-Foundation, Roentgenweg 13, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - A. W. Sauter
- University of Tuebingen, Laboratory for Preclinical Imaging and Imaging Technology of the Werner Siemens-Foundation, Roentgenweg 13, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- University of Tuebingen, Department for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - M. S. Judenhofer
- University of Tuebingen, Laboratory for Preclinical Imaging and Imaging Technology of the Werner Siemens-Foundation, Roentgenweg 13, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - B. J. Pichler
- University of Tuebingen, Laboratory for Preclinical Imaging and Imaging Technology of the Werner Siemens-Foundation, Roentgenweg 13, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Zhang JM, Ke YH, Hao JJ, Xia H, Wu ZJ, Tu X, Wang T, Wu B, Zhu X, Zhu H. [Effects of extract of Bulbus Allii Caespitosi on cardiocyte viability of swines with myocardial reperfusion injury evaluated by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 7:947-51. [PMID: 19828105 DOI: 10.3736/jcim20091007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of extract of Bulbus Allii Caespitosi on cardiocyte viability of swines with myocardial reperfusion injury by analyzing the 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) position emission tomography (PET) imaging. METHODS Twenty-four swines were randomly divided into sham-operated group, untreated group, trimethazine group and extract of Bulbus Allii Caespitosi group. Myocardial reperfusion injury was induced by plugging the anterior descending coronary artery of swine with sacculus. Bulbus Allii Caespitosi or trimetazidine was given twice daily for 28 days. Then myocardial perfusion was detected with (18)F-FDG PET/CT and the radioactivity distribution was evaluated. RESULTS Compared with the untreated group, Bulbus Allii Caespitosi and trimetazidine could improve the activity of myocardial cells after myocardial infarction (P<0.01), and there were no significant differences between Bulbus Allii Caespitosi and trimetazidine (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Bulbus Allii Caespitosi can improve myocardial metabolism after ischemia and reperfusion in swines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-mei Zhang
- Key Research Institute of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
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Lim HS, Yoon MH, Tahk SJ, Yang HM, Choi BJ, Choi SY, Sheen SS, Hwang GS, Kang SJ, Shin JH. Usefulness of the index of microcirculatory resistance for invasively assessing myocardial viability immediately after primary angioplasty for anterior myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2009; 30:2854-60. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Ferreira CL, Lapi S, Steele J, Green DE, Ruth TJ, Adam MJ, Orvig C. 55Cobalt complexes with pendant carbohydrates as potential PET imaging agents. Appl Radiat Isot 2007; 65:1303-8. [PMID: 17666190 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bis-ligand cobalt(II) complexes of four 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone ligands with pendant carbohydrates were synthesized and examined for their potential as radiopharmaceuticals. Non-radioactive complexes were prepared on the macroscopic scale and characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, IR and UV/visible spectroscopy. Facile radiolabeling produced the 55Co complexes in high radiochemical yields (>95%). Identification of the radiolabeled compounds was accomplished by HPLC comparison with the corresponding non-radioactive complexes.
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Woo SI, Tahk SJ, Yoon MH, Choi SY, Choi BJ, Lim HS, Yang HM, Hwang GS, Shin JH, Kang SJ, Choi UJ, Hwang JW, Seo GW, Kim JW, Park JS. Correlation between Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction, the Myocardial Perfusion Grade and the Myocardial Viability Indices after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Korean Circ J 2007. [DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2007.37.11.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ill Woo
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung-Jea Tahk
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Myeong-Ho Yoon
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - So-Yeon Choi
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Byoung-Joo Choi
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hong-Seok Lim
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Mo Yang
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Gyo-Seung Hwang
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Joon-Han Shin
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Kang
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Un Jung Choi
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jung-Won Hwang
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Gyeong-Woo Seo
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin-Sun Park
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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Lim HS, Tahk SJ, Yoon MH, Woo SI, Choi WJ, Hwang JW, Li DH, Seo KW, Park JS, Kim JW, Kang SJ, Choi BJ, Choi SY, Hwang GS, Shin JH. A Novel Index of Microcirculatory Resistance for Invasively Assessing Myocardial Viability after Primary Angioplasty for Treating Acute Myocardial Infarction: Comparison with FDG-PET Imaging. Korean Circ J 2007. [DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2007.37.7.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Seok Lim
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seung-Jea Tahk
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Myeong-Ho Yoon
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Soung-Iil Woo
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Woon-Jung Choi
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jung-Won Hwang
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Dong-Hao Li
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Woo Seo
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin-Sun Park
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Kang
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Byoung-Joo Choi
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - So-Yeon Choi
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Gyo-Seung Hwang
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Joon-Han Shin
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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23
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Rendl G, Altenberger J, Pirich C. Cardiac Imaging in Acute Coronary Syndromes and Acute Myocardial Infarction ? An Update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1617-0830.2006.00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ferreira CL, Ewart CB, Bayly SR, Patrick BO, Steele J, Adam MJ, Orvig C. Glucosamine Conjugates of Tricarbonylcyclopentadienyl Rhenium(I) and Technetium(I) Cores. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:6979-87. [PMID: 16903757 DOI: 10.1021/ic0605672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To obtain a 99mTc glucose conjugate for imaging, double-ligand transfer (DLT) and related reactions were examined for the preparation of CpM(CO)3 (Cp = cyclopentadienyl; M = Re, Tc) complexes with pendant carbohydrates at Cp. Tricarbonyl{N-(1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose)cyclopentadienyl carboxamide}rhenium(I) (1a) and tricarbonyl{N-(2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose)cyclopentadienyl carboxamide}rhenium(I) (2a) were prepared. The compounds were fully characterized by mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. Full assignment of the NMR spectra verified the pendant nature of the glucosamine moieties in the solution state and that 2a exists as both anomers. The solid-state structure of 2a was determined by X-ray crystallography, again confirming the pendant nature of the glucosamine, but differing from the solution state in that the beta anomer crystallized preferentially (93%). Compound 2a was determined to be a high-affinity competitive inhibitor (Ki = 330 +/- 70 microM) of the glucose metabolism enzyme hexokinase, demonstrating that it retains certain biological activity. The 99mTc analogues 1b and 2b were prepared in moderate radiochemical yields by means of the single-ligand transfer (SLT) route, which is more pertinent to radiopharmaceutical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Ferreira
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Tossios P, Müller-Ehmsen J, Schmidt M, Scheid C, Ünal N, Moka D, Schwinger RHG, Mehlhorn U. No evidence of myocardial restoration following transplantation of mononuclear bone marrow cells in coronary bypass grafting surgery patients based upon cardiac SPECT and 18F-PET. BMC Med Imaging 2006; 6:7. [PMID: 16842625 PMCID: PMC1534013 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2342-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We tested the hypothesis, that intramyocardial injection of mononuclear bone marrow cells combined with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery improves tissue viability or function in infarct regions with non-viable myocardium as assessed by nuclear imaging techniques. Methods Thus far, 7 patients (60 ± 10 [SD] years) undergoing elective CABG surgery after a myocardial infarction were included in this study. Prior to sternotomy, bone marrow was harvested by sternal puncture. Mononuclear bone marrow cells were isolated by gradient centrifugation and resuspended in 2 ml volume of Hank's buffered salt solution. At the end of CABG surgery 10 injections of 0.2 ml each were applied to the core area and borderzones of the infarct. Global and regional perfusion and viability were evaluated by ECG-gated 99mTc-tetrofosmin myocardial single-photon emission computed tomograph (SPECT) imaging and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in all study patients < 6 days before and 3 months after the intervention. Results Non-viable segments indicating transmural defects were identified in 5 patients. Two patients were found to have non-transmural defects before surgery. Concomitant surgical revascularisation and bone marrow cell injection was performed in all patients without major complications. The median total injected mononuclear cell number was 7.0 × 107 (range: 0.8–20.4). At 3 months 99mTc-tetrofosmin SPECT and 18F-FDG-PET scanning showed in 5 patients (transmural defect n = 4; non-transmural defect n = 1) no change in myocardial viability and in two patients (transmural defect n = 1, non-transmural defect n = 1) enhanced myocardial viability by 75%. Overall, global and regional LV ejection fraction was not significantly increased after surgery compared with the preoperative value. Conclusion In CABG surgery patients with non-viable segments the concurrent use of intramyocardial cell transfer did not show any clear improvement in tissue viability or function by means of non-invasive bioimaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paschalis Tossios
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Kliniken Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Buerkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Schmidt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christof Scheid
- Department of Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nermin Ünal
- Department of Cardiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Detlef Moka
- Department of Hematology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Mehlhorn
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany
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Shirasaki H, Nakano A, Uzui H, Yonekura Y, Okazawa H, Ueda T, Lee JD. Comparative assessment of18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET and99mTc-tetrofosmin SPECT for the prediction of functional recovery in patients with reperfused acute myocardial infarction. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006; 33:879-86. [PMID: 16586079 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-006-0071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although preserved glucose metabolism is considered to be a marker of myocardial viability in the chronic stage, it has not been fully elucidated whether this is also true with regard to reperfused acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of(99m)Tc-tetrofosmin SPECT and(18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET for the prediction of functional recovery in reperfused AMI. METHODS The study population comprised 28 patients. Both tetrofosmin SPECT and FDG PET were performed in all 28 patients at ca. 2 weeks and in 23 at 6 months. The tetrofosmin and FDG findings in infarct-related segments were compared with the regional wall motion score assessed by left ventriculography over 6 months to determine the predictive value for functional recovery. RESULTS Of 120 infarct-related segments, 83 had preserved flow (tetrofosmin uptake >/=50%) and 81 had preserved glucose metabolism (FDG uptake >/=40%). The sensitivity and specificity of tetrofosmin SPECT for the prediction of functional recovery tended to be superior to those of FDG PET (90.0% and 72.5% vs 85.0% and 67.5%, respectively). Thirteen segments with preserved flow and decreased glucose metabolism demonstrated marked recovery of contractile function from 2.5+/-1.0 to 1.4+/-1.4 (p<0.01), with restoration of glucose metabolism at 6 months. In contrast, 11 segments with decreased flow and preserved glucose metabolism demonstrated incomplete functional improvement from 3.0+/-0.8 to 2.2+/-1.2. CONCLUSION In the subacute phase, preserved myocardial blood flow is more reliable than glucose metabolism in predicting functional recovery in reperfused myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Shirasaki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Shimoaizuki,, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
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27
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Tan J, Kejriwal N, Vasudevan A, Maria PLS, Alvarez JM. Coronary Bypass Surgery for Patients with Chronic Poor Preoperative Left Ventricular Function (EF<30%): 5-year Follow-up. Heart Lung Circ 2006; 15:130-6. [PMID: 16574536 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Revised: 03/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal therapy for patients with coronary artery disease and chronic poor left ventricular function, given the absence of randomized trials, is unclear. Although coronary surgery has been performed in such patients for 25 years, it is perceived as high risk and unproven long-term benefit, especially if thallium scanning fails to demonstrate large areas of viability. We report the results of coronary surgery in these patients. METHODS Retrospective analysis by a standardized patient questionnaire, of 107 such consecutive patients offered coronary surgery. RESULTS Mean follow-up was 3.3 years (range, 0.5-5.5); average patient age was 64.4+/-1 years. Preoperative thallium scans were performed solely on 31 patients with none or mild angina, of which 10 (32%) demonstrated large areas of viable myocardium. Perioperative mortality was 1.9%. On multivariate analysis, factors predictive of increased perioperative death were recent myocardial infarction (p<0.001) and nonelective surgery (p<0.001). Kaplan-Meier 5-year survival and freedom from major adverse cardiac events were 72.3 and 82.3%, respectively. In 21 patients, with preoperative nil-to-mild angina and nil-to-small areas of myocardial viability, thallium scanning failed to predict a successful outcome. CONCLUSION Offering coronary surgery to these patients irrespective of thallium testing is safe and effective in the medium term. Early surgery is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Tan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Verdun Street, Perth, WA 6010, Australia
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28
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Strauer BE, Brehm M, Zeus T, Bartsch T, Schannwell C, Antke C, Sorg RV, Kögler G, Wernet P, Müller HW, Köstering M. Regeneration of Human Infarcted Heart Muscle by Intracoronary Autologous Bone Marrow Cell Transplantation in Chronic Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46:1651-8. [PMID: 16256864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2004] [Revised: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stem cell therapy may be useful in chronic myocardial infarction (MI); this is conceivable, but not yet demonstrated in humans. BACKGROUND After acute MI, bone marrow-derived cells improve cardiac function. METHODS We treated 18 consecutive patients with chronic MI (5 months to 8.5 years old) by the intracoronary transplantation of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells and compared them with a representative control group without cell therapy. RESULTS After three months, in the transplantation group, infarct size was reduced by 30% and global left ventricular ejection fraction (+15%) and infarction wall movement velocity (+57%) increased significantly, whereas in the control group no significant changes were observed in infarct size, left ventricular ejection fraction, or wall movement velocity of infarcted area. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty alone had no effect on left ventricular function. After bone marrow cell transplantation, there was an improvement of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max, +11%) and of regional 18F-fluor-desoxy-glucose uptake into infarct tissue (+15%). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that functional and metabolic regeneration of infarcted and chronically avital tissue can be realized in humans by bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo E Strauer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Itoh T, Wakahara S, Nakano T, Suzuki K, Kobayashi K, Inoue O. Effects of anesthesia upon 18F-FDG uptake in rhesus monkey brains. Ann Nucl Med 2005; 19:373-7. [PMID: 16164193 DOI: 10.1007/bf03027401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) in the monkey brain were monitored, and comparisons were made between the conscious state and when under ketamine and pentobarbital anesthesia. Rhesus monkeys were intravenously injected with 18F-FDG and followed by 60 min of PET scanning. In the conscious state, the 18F-FDG concentration reached a plateau 5 min after intravenous injection. Under ketamine anesthesia, the 18F-FDG concentration gradually increased with time in all monitored regions. At 60 min after injection, the concentration in the striatum was about 3.2 times greater than that in the conscious state, and about 4.5 times greater in the cerebral cortex. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, the 18F-FDG concentration in the occipital cortex was slightly lower. These findings demonstrate that 18F-FDG concentration in the monkey brain is significantly affected by anesthesia. The results also imply the existence of a short-term regulation mechanism for hexokinase activity in intact monkey brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Itoh
- Center for Information and Sciences, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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Stanley AWH, Athanasuleas CL, Buckberg GD. Heart Failure Following Anterior Myocardial Infarction: An Indication for Ventricular Restoration, a Surgical Method to Reverse Post-Infarction Remodeling. Heart Fail Rev 2005; 9:241-54. [PMID: 15886971 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-005-6802-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anterior myocardial infarction produces abrupt left ventricular (LV) dysynergy and global systolic dysfunction. Rapid intense neurohumoral activation, infarct expansion, and early ventricular chamber dilatation all contribute to restoring a normal stroke volume despite a persistently depressed ejection fraction. Continued neurohumoral activation provokes late remodeling of the remote non-infarcted myocardium, characterized by an abnormal progressively increasing LV volume/mass ratio that leads to further LV remodeling. Heart failure is a progressive disorder of LV remodeling. Heart failure from post-infarction remodeling is unique because of the persistent non-functioning scar that self- perpetuates abnormal loading conditions and neurohumoral activation. Medical therapy attenuates remodeling and improves survival but does not change the size of the scar. Surgical ventricular restoration to exclude the non-functioning infarct from the ventricular cavity decreases ventricular volumes, increases global ejection fraction, attenuates neurohumoral activation and yields an excellent 5-year survival. Combined medical and surgical therapy is recommended in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred W H Stanley
- Kemp-Carraway Heart Institute and Center for Heart Failure Management, Carraway Methodist Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Rosman J, Hanon S, Shapiro M, Schweitzer P, Van Tosh A. Relation of T-wave inversion in Q-wave acute myocardial infarction to myocardial viability on resting rubidium-82 and 18-fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging. Am J Cardiol 2005; 96:42-4. [PMID: 15979430 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
T-wave inversion in areas of Q-wave myocardial infarction has been advocated as a predictor of myocardial viability. However, the predictive value of this electrocardiographic finding in distinguishing viable from nonviable muscle is not fully defined. Thus, we correlated electrocardiographic Q waves and a measure of T-wave inversion with the results of rubidium-82 (Rb-82) and 18-fluoro-deoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging at rest. We analyzed 35 Q-wave myocardial infarct regions in 25 patients. Nineteen of the 35 (54%) were judged viable by Rb-82/FDG-PET. Using the Novacode T-wave score, T-wave inversion was present in 11 of 19 regions (58%) with viability and 5 of 16 regions (31%) without viability. Thus, neither Q waves nor T-wave inversion can accurately predict myocardial viability in patients with Q-wave myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Rosman
- Beth Israel Medical Center, University Hospital, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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32
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Southworth R, Parry CR, Parkes HG, Medina RA, Garlick PB. Tissue-specific differences in 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose metabolism beyond FDG-6-P: a 19F NMR spectroscopy study in the rat. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2003; 16:494-502. [PMID: 14696007 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
2-Fluoro-[(18)F]-2-deoxy-glucose (FDG) is a positron-emitting analogue of glucose used clinically in positron emission tomography (PET) to assess glucose utilization in diseased and healthy tissue. Originally developed to measure local cerebral glucose utilization rates, it has now found applications in tumour diagnosis and in the study of myocardial glucose uptake. Once taken up into the cell, FDG is phosphorylated to FDG-6-phosphate (FDG-6-P) by hexokinase and was originally believed to be trapped as a terminal metabolite. This 'metabolic trapping' of FDG-6-P forms the basis of the analysis of PET data. In this study, we have used (19)F NMR spectroscopy to investigate FDG metabolism following the injection of a bolus of the glucose tracer into the rat (n=6). Ninety minutes after the (19)FDG injection, the brain, heart, liver and kidneys were removed and the (19)FDG metabolites in each were extracted and quantified. We report that significant metabolism of FDG occurs beyond FDG-6-P in all organs examined and that the extent of this metabolism varies from tissue to tissue (degree of metabolism beyond FDG-6-P, expressed as percentage of total organ FDG content, was brain 45 +/- 3%; heart 29 +/- 2%; liver 22+/-3% and kidney 17 +/- 3%, mean +/- SEM n=6). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the relative accumulation of each metabolite was tissue-dependent and reflected the metabolic and regulatory characteristics of each organ. Such inter-tissue differences may have implications for the mathematical modelling of glucose uptake and phosphorylation using FDG as a glucose tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Southworth
- Radiological Sciences, Guy's Hospital, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Medical School, London SE1 9RT, UK
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