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Badr Y, Tariq U, Al-Shargie F, Babiloni F, Al Mughairbi F, Al-Nashash H. A review on evaluating mental stress by deep learning using EEG signals. Neural Comput Appl 2024; 36:12629-12654. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-024-09809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
AbstractMental stress is a common problem that affects individuals all over the world. Stress reduces human functionality during routine work and may lead to severe health defects. Early detection of stress is important for preventing diseases and other negative health-related consequences of stress. Several neuroimaging techniques have been utilized to assess mental stress, however, due to its ease of use, robustness, and non-invasiveness, electroencephalography (EEG) is commonly used. This paper aims to fill a knowledge gap by reviewing the different EEG-related deep learning algorithms with a focus on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTMs) for the evaluation of mental stress. The review focuses on data representation, individual deep neural network model architectures, hybrid models, and results amongst others. The contributions of the paper address important issues such as data representation and model architectures. Out of all reviewed papers, 67% used CNN, 9% LSTM, and 24% hybrid models. Based on the reviewed literature, we found that dataset size and different representations contributed to the performance of the proposed networks. Raw EEG data produced classification accuracy around 62% while using spectral and topographical representation produced up to 88%. Nevertheless, the roles of generalizability across different deep learning models and individual differences remain key areas of inquiry. The review encourages the exploration of innovative avenues, such as EEG data image representations concurrently with graph convolutional neural networks (GCN), to mitigate the impact of inter-subject variability. This novel approach not only allows us to harmonize structural nuances within the data but also facilitates the integration of temporal dynamics, thereby enabling a more comprehensive assessment of mental stress levels.
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Morelli V, Heizelman RJ. Monitoring Social Determinants of Health Assessing Patients and Communities. Prim Care 2023; 50:527-547. [PMID: 37866829 DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Because of the devastating health effects of social determinants of health (SDoH), it is important for the primary care provider to assess and monitor these types of stressors. This can be done via surveys, geomapping, or various biomarkers. To date, however, each of these methods is fraught with obstacles. There are currently are no validated "best" SDoH screening tools for use in clinical practice. Nor is geomapping, a perfect solution. Although mapping can collect location specific factors, it does not account for the fact that patients may live in one area, work in another and travel frequently to a third.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Morelli
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, 3rd Floor, Old Hospital Building, 1005 Dr. D. B. Todd, Jr., Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA.
| | - Robert Joseph Heizelman
- Department of Family Medicine, Medical Informatics, University of Michigan, 3rd Floor, Old Hospital Building, 1005 Dr. D. B. Todd, Jr., Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA
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Juvinao-Quintero DL, Larrabure-Torrealva GT, Sanchez SE, Kirschbaum C, Williams MA, Gelaye B. Maternal hair cortisol concentrations and its association with increased insulin resistance in midpregnancy. Ann Epidemiol 2023; 81:14-23.e8. [PMID: 36841381 PMCID: PMC10204096 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Stress and elevated maternal glycemia have negative effects on pregnancy. We evaluated the association of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC), a marker of chronic stress, with insulin resistance and gestational diabetes (GDM). METHODS In total, 527 women from Lima, Peru, provided a hair sample in the second trimester of their pregnancy to measure HCC using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Each 6 cm of hair captured HCC in early (T1=1-12 weeks) and midpregnancy (T2 = 13-24 weeks). GDM diagnosis was conducted in midpregnancy. Multivariable regression models adjusted for putative risk factorsincluding maternal sociodemographic factors, diabetes history, and hair characteristics, were used to estimate the association of HCC with GDM and various glycemic traits. RESULTS GDM was diagnosed in 122 (23%) women. Mean HCC across pregnancy was T1 = 3.7 (±3.4) pg/mg and T2 = 4.8 (±3.4) pg/mg. HCC was associated with increased log-transformed units of fasting insulin (T1 = 0.15 [0.03, 0.27], T2 = 0.17 [0.04, 0.30]), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (T1 = 0.14 [0.01, 0.26], T2 = 0.17 [0.03, 0.30]), and homeostasis model assessment for β-cell function (T1 = 0.20 [0.05, 0.34], T2 = 0.20 [0.04, 0.36]), but not with GDM (T1 = 0.95 [0.63, 1.40], T2 = 1.11 [0.74, 1.67]). CONCLUSIONS Elevated maternal HCC was associated with abnormal insulin homeostasis in pregnancy. Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, as reflected by high HCC, may also contribute to insulin resistance syndrome in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria T Larrabure-Torrealva
- Departamento Académico de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú; Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Lima, Perú
| | - Sixto E Sanchez
- Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Instituto de Investigación, Lima, Perú; Asociación Civil PROESA, Lima, Perú
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michelle A Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Bizu Gelaye
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; The Chester M. Pierce, M.D. Division of Global Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Center for Bioethics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Witt S, Seehagen S, Zmyj N. Stress affects the prediction of others' behavior. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283782. [PMID: 37053204 PMCID: PMC10101452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting behavior of other people is vital for successful social interactions. We tested whether a stress-induced cortisol increase affects healthy young men's prediction of another individual's behavior. Forty-two participants were randomly assigned to a stress or to a control condition. Afterwards, they participated in a modified false-belief task that not only tests false-belief understanding but also the tendency to predict another person's future behavior based on his former behavior. Subjective ratings and salivary cortisol concentrations revealed a successful stress induction. Stress did not affect participants' attribution of false beliefs but it increased the probability to predict that a protagonist would act according to his former behavior. Recognizing that stress fosters the interpretation of others' behavior following their former behavior and not their current goals extends previous research showing that stress fosters our own habitual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Witt
- Institute of Psychology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabine Seehagen
- Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Norbert Zmyj
- Institute of Psychology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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Chu L, Liu S, Wu Y, Yang J, Qiao S, Zhou Y, Deng H, Li X, Shen Z. Hair levels of steroid, endocannabinoid, and the ratio biomarkers predict viral suppression among people living with HIV/AIDS in China. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 535:143-152. [PMID: 36041548 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predicting viral suppression early is crucial to improving treatment outcomes among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) in clinics. Viral suppression is affected by stress, making stress indicators a potential predictive factor. Most of previous studies used the self-report questionnaire as stress indicators, but there were great drawbacks due to its subjective. In contrast, end products of neuroendocrine systems such as hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes and endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) that involved in regulating stress as objective stress indicators are urgently needed to predict viral suppression. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether neuroendocrine indictors can strongly predict viral suppression among PLWH in China. METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited 1198 PLWH on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Guangxi, China. The concentrations of steroids (i.e., cortisol, cortisone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone and progesterone) and endocannabinoids (i.e., N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine and 1-arachidonyl glycerol) in hair were quantitated using the LC-APCI+-MS/MS method. To screen biomarkers that were used to predict viral suppression, association between hair biomarkers and viral suppression was examined by Mann-Whitney U test and partial correlation analyses. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and binary logistic regression based on the optimal classification threshold determined with ROC curves were used to estimate the prediction effects of the screened biomarkers on viral suppression (HIV-1 RNA < 200 copies/mL). RESULTS Hair levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine (AEA), and the cortisol to DHEA ratio exhibited significant intergroup differences (ps < 0.05) and were correlated with HIV viral load (ps < 0.05). Hair DHEA concentrations strongly predicted viral suppression, showing good classification performance (area under the ROC curve = 0.651, p < 0.01) and strong predictive utility (adjusted odd ratio = 2.324, 95 % confidence interval = 1.211-4.899, p < 0.05) with an optimal threshold of 10.5 pg/mg. A hair AEA concentration of 2.4 pg/mg was the optimal threshold for predicting viral suppression based on good classification performance (area under the ROC curve = 0.598, p < 0.05) and predictive power (adjusted odd ratio = 2.124, 95 % confidence interval = 1.045-4.244, p < 0.05). In hair levels of cortisol to DHEA, viral suppression was observed to be highly predictive, with a threshold of 10.5 pg/mg being optimal for classification (area under the ROC curve = 0.624, p < 0.05) and prediction (adjusted odd ratio = 0.421, 95 % confidence interval = 0.201-0.785, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Hair levels of DHEA, and AEA and the cortisol to DHEA ratio were screened and verified to have significant predictive power with optimal thresholds for predicting viral suppression in a large-scale cohort. The data may provide new insights into predictors of successful virological outcomes and inform public health intervention and clinical practice to assist PLWH in achieving and sustaining viral suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxi Chu
- Department of Brain and Learning Science, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210096, China; Institute of Child Development and Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shuaifeng Liu
- Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530028, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Brain and Learning Science, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210096, China; Institute of Child Development and Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Institute of Child Development and Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shan Qiao
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality (CHQ), Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Yuejiao Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530028, China
| | - Huihua Deng
- Department of Brain and Learning Science, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Southeast University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210096, China; Institute of Child Development and Education, Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality (CHQ), Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Zhiyong Shen
- Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530028, China.
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Kaur RJ, Deshpande S, Pinsker JE, Gilliam WP, McCrady-Spitzer S, Zaniletti I, Desjardins D, Church MM, Doyle III FJ, Kremers WK, Dassau E, Kudva YC. Outpatient Randomized Crossover Automated Insulin Delivery Versus Conventional Therapy with Induced Stress Challenges. Diabetes Technol Ther 2022; 24:338-349. [PMID: 35049354 PMCID: PMC9271334 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2021.0436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems have not been evaluated in the context of psychological and pharmacological stress in type 1 diabetes. Our objective was to determine glycemic control and insulin use with Zone Model Predictive Control (zone-MPC) AID system enhanced for states of persistent hyperglycemia versus sensor-augmented pump (SAP) during outpatient use, including in-clinic induced stress. Materials and Methods: Randomized, crossover, 2-week trial of zone-MPC AID versus SAP in 14 adults with type 1 diabetes. In each arm, each participant was studied in-clinic with psychological stress induction (Trier Social Stress Test [TSST] and Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Test [SECPT]), followed by pharmacological stress induction with oral hydrocortisone (total four sessions per participant). The main outcomes were 2-week continuous glucose monitor percent time in range (TIR) 70-180 mg/dL, and glucose and insulin outcomes during and overnight following stress induction. Results: During psychological stress, AID decreased glycemic variability percentage by 13.4% (P = 0.009). During pharmacological stress, including the following overnight, there were no differences in glucose outcomes and total insulin between AID and physician-assisted SAP. However, with AID total user-requested insulin was lower by 6.9 U (P = 0.01) for pharmacological stress. Stress induction was validated by changes in heart rate and salivary cortisol levels. During the 2-week AID use, TIR was 74.4% (vs. SAP 63.1%, P = 0.001) and overnight TIR was 78.3% (vs. SAP 63.1%, P = 0.004). There were no adverse events. Conclusions: Zone-MPC AID can reduce glycemic variability and the need for user-requested insulin during pharmacological stress and can improve overall glycemic outcomes. Clinical Trial Identifier NCT04142229.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Jeet Kaur
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sunil Deshpande
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | | | | | - Shelly McCrady-Spitzer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Isabella Zaniletti
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Donna Desjardins
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mei Mei Church
- Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Francis J. Doyle III
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Walter K. Kremers
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eyal Dassau
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Yogish C. Kudva
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Address correspondence to: Yogish C. Kudva, MBBS, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester MN 55902, USA
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7
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Liu D, Li Z, Hou Z, Bao H, Luan X, Zhang P, Liang X, Gong S, Tian Y, Zhang D, She W, Yang F, Chen S, Nathan JR, Jiang G. Ecological relationships among habitat type, food nutrients, parasites and hormones in wild boar
Sus scrofa
during winter. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wlb3.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqi Liu
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry Univ. Harbin China
| | - Zhaoyue Li
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry Univ. Harbin China
| | - Zhijun Hou
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry Univ. Harbin China
| | - Heng Bao
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry Univ. Harbin China
| | - Xue Luan
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry Univ. Harbin China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry Univ. Harbin China
| | - Xin Liang
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry Univ. Harbin China
| | - Shuang Gong
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry Univ. Harbin China
| | - Yumiao Tian
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry Univ. Harbin China
| | - Da Zhang
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry Univ. Harbin China
| | - Wen She
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry Univ. Harbin China
| | - Feifei Yang
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry Univ. Harbin China
| | - Shiyu Chen
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry Univ. Harbin China
| | - James Roberts Nathan
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry Univ. Harbin China
| | - Guangshun Jiang
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry Univ. Harbin China
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Nagel R, Kaiser S, Stainfield C, Toscani C, Fox‐Clarke C, Paijmans AJ, Costa Castro C, Vendrami DLJ, Forcada J, Hoffman JI. Low heritability and high phenotypic plasticity of salivary cortisol in response to environmental heterogeneity in a wild pinniped. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8757. [PMID: 35356576 PMCID: PMC8956859 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals are unique in how they interact with and respond to their environment. Correspondingly, unpredictable challenges or environmental stressors often produce an individualized response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its downstream effector cortisol. We used a fully crossed, repeated measures design to investigate the factors shaping individual variation in baseline cortisol in Antarctic fur seal pups and their mothers. Saliva samples were collected from focal individuals at two breeding colonies, one with low and the other with high density, during two consecutive years of contrasting food availability. Mothers and pups were sampled concurrently at birth and shortly before weaning, while pups were additionally sampled every 20 days. We found that heritability was low for baseline cortisol, while within-individual repeatability and among-individual variability were high. A substantial proportion of the variation in baseline cortisol could be explained in pups and mothers by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors including sex, weight, day, season, and colony of birth. Our findings provide detailed insights into the individualization of endocrine phenotypes and their genetic and environmental drivers in a wild pinniped. Furthermore, the strong associations between cortisol and life history traits that we report in fur seals could have important implications for understanding the population dynamics of species impacted by environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Nagel
- Department of Animal BehaviourBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Sylvia Kaiser
- Department of Behavioural BiologyUniversity of MünsterMünsterGermany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joseph I. Hoffman
- Department of Animal BehaviourBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
- British Antarctic SurveyCambridgeUK
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Mateos-Olivares M, Sobas E, Puertas-Neyra K, Peralta-Ramírez M, Gonzalez-Pérez R, Martín-Vallejo J, García-Vazquez C, Coco R, Pastor J, Pastor-Idoate S, Usategui-Martín R. Hair cortisol level as a molecular biomarker in retinitis pigmentosa patients. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chawla S, Beretoulis S, Deere A, Radenkovic D. The Window Matters: A Systematic Review of Time Restricted Eating Strategies in Relation to Cortisol and Melatonin Secretion. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082525. [PMID: 34444685 PMCID: PMC8399962 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-Restricted Eating is an eating pattern based on the circadian rhythm which limits daily food intake (usually to ≤12 h/day), unique in that no overt restriction is imposed on the quality, nor quantity, of food intake. This paper aimed to examine the effects of two patterns of TRE, traditional TRE, and Ramadan fasting, on two markers of circadian rhythm, cortisol and melatonin. PubMed and Web of Science were searched up to December 2020 for studies examining the effects of time restricted eating on cortisol and melatonin. Fourteen studies met our inclusion criteria. All Ramadan papers found statistically significant decrease in melatonin (p < 0.05) during Ramadan. Two out of the three Ramadan papers noted an abolishing of the circadian rhythm of cortisol (p < 0.05). The non-Ramadan TRE papers did not examine melatonin, and cortisol changes were mixed. In studies comparing TRE to control diets, Stratton et al. found increased cortisol levels in the non-TRE fasting group (p = 0.0018) and McAllister et al. noted no difference. Dinner-skipping resulted in significantly reduced evening cortisol and non-significantly raised morning cortisol. Conversely, breakfast skipping resulted in significantly reduced morning cortisol. This blunting indicates a dysfunctional HPA axis, and may be associated with poor cardio-metabolic outcomes. There is a paucity of research examining the effects of TRE on cortisol and melatonin. The contrasting effect of dinner and breakfast-skipping should be further examined to ascertain whether timing the feeding window indeed has an impact on circadian rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Chawla
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK;
| | - Spyridon Beretoulis
- HOOKE London owned by Health Longevity Optimisation Ltd., London EC1V 3QJ, UK; (S.B.); (A.D.)
| | - Aaron Deere
- HOOKE London owned by Health Longevity Optimisation Ltd., London EC1V 3QJ, UK; (S.B.); (A.D.)
| | - Dina Radenkovic
- HOOKE London owned by Health Longevity Optimisation Ltd., London EC1V 3QJ, UK; (S.B.); (A.D.)
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
- Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Correspondence:
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11
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Rovnaghi CR, Rigdon J, Roué JM, Ruiz MO, Carrion VG, Anand KJS. Longitudinal Trajectories of Hair Cortisol: Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysfunction in Early Childhood. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:740343. [PMID: 34708011 PMCID: PMC8544285 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.740343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine if longitudinal trajectories of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) measured at two or three yearly time points can identify 1-3 year old children at risk for altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis function due to early life stress (ELS). HCC was measured (N = 575) in 265 children using a validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hair was sampled in Clinic Visits (CV) centered at years 1, 2, and 3 (n = 45); 1 and 2 (n = 98); 1 and 3 (n = 27); 2 and 3 (n = 95). Log-transformed HCC values were partitioned using latent class mixed models (LCMM) to minimize the Bayesian Information Criterion. Multivariable linear mixed effects models for ln-HCC as a function of fixed effects for age in months and random effects for participants (to account for repeated measures) were generated to identify the factors associated with class membership. Children in Class 1 (n = 69; 9% Black) evidenced declining ln-HCC across early childhood, whereas Class 2 members (n = 196; 43% Black) showed mixed trajectories. LCMM with only Class 2 members revealed Class 2A (n = 17, 82% Black) with sustained high ln-HCC and Class 2B (n = 179, 40% Blacks) with mixed ln-HCC profiles. Another LCMM limited to only Class 2B members revealed Class 2B1 (n = 65, 57% Black) with declining ln-HCC values (at higher ranges than Class 1), and Class 2B2 (n = 113, 30% Black) with sustained high ln-HCC values. Class 1 may represent hair cortisol trajectories associated with adaptive HPA-axis profiles, whereas 2A, 2B1, and 2B2 may represent allostatic load with dysregulated profiles of HPA-axis function in response to varying exposures to ELS. Sequential longitudinal hair cortisol measurements revealed the allostatic load associated with ELS and the potential for developing maladaptive or dysregulated HPA-axis function in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia R Rovnaghi
- Pain/Stress Neurobiology Lab, Maternal and Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Joseph Rigdon
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jean-Michel Roué
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France.,Laboratory LIEN, University of Brest, Brest, France.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Monica O Ruiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Victor G Carrion
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kanwaljeet J S Anand
- Pain/Stress Neurobiology Lab, Maternal and Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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12
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Watermeyer T, Robb C, Gregory S, Udeh-Momoh C. Therapeutic implications of hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal-axis modulation in Alzheimer's disease: A narrative review of pharmacological and lifestyle interventions. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 60:100877. [PMID: 33045258 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
With disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) still elusive, the search for alternative intervention strategies has intensified. Growing evidence suggests that dysfunction in hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal-axis (HPAA) activity may contribute to the development of AD pathology. The HPAA, may therefore offer a novel target for therapeutic action. This review summarises and critically evaluates animal and human studies investigating the effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention on HPAA modulation alongside cognitive performance. The interventions discussed include glucocorticoid receptor antagonists and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors as well as lifestyle treatments such as physical activity, diet, sleep and contemplative practices. Pharmacological HPAA modulators improve pathology and cognitive deficit in animal AD models, but human pharmacological trials are yet to provide definitive support for such benefits. Lifestyle interventions may offer promising strategies for HPAA modification and cognitive health, but several methodological caveats across these studies were identified. Directions for future research in AD studies are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamlyn Watermeyer
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK; Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Catherine Robb
- Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sarah Gregory
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chinedu Udeh-Momoh
- Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK; Translational Health Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
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13
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Lopez M, Ruiz MO, Rovnaghi CR, Tam GKY, Hiscox J, Gotlib IH, Barr DA, Carrion VG, Anand KJS. The social ecology of childhood and early life adversity. Pediatr Res 2021; 89:353-367. [PMID: 33462396 PMCID: PMC7897233 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An increasing prevalence of early childhood adversity has reached epidemic proportions, creating a public health crisis. Rather than focusing only on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) as the main lens for understanding early childhood experiences, detailed assessments of a child's social ecology are required to assess "early life adversity." These should also include the role of positive experiences, social relationships, and resilience-promoting factors. Comprehensive assessments of a child's physical and social ecology not only require parent/caregiver surveys and clinical observations, but also include measurements of the child's physiology using biomarkers. We identify cortisol as a stress biomarker and posit that hair cortisol concentrations represent a summative and chronological record of children's exposure to adverse experiences and other contextual stressors. Future research should use a social-ecological approach to investigate the robust interactions among adverse conditions, protective factors, genetic and epigenetic influences, environmental exposures, and social policy, within the context of a child's developmental stages. These contribute to their physical health, psychiatric conditions, cognitive/executive, social, and psychological functions, lifestyle choices, and socioeconomic outcomes. Such studies must inform preventive measures, therapeutic interventions, advocacy efforts, social policy changes, and public awareness campaigns to address early life adversities and their enduring effects on human potential. IMPACT: Current research does not support the practice of using ACEs as the main lens for understanding early childhood experiences. The social ecology of early childhood provides a contextual framework for evaluating the long-term health consequences of early life adversity. Comprehensive assessments reinforced with physiological measures and/or selected biomarkers, such as hair cortisol concentrations to assess early life stress, may provide critical insights into the relationships between early adversity, stress axis regulation, and subsequent health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Lopez
- Pain/Stress Neurobiology Lab, Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Monica O. Ruiz
- Pain/Stress Neurobiology Lab, Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Cynthia R. Rovnaghi
- Pain/Stress Neurobiology Lab, Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Grace K-Y. Tam
- Pain/Stress Neurobiology Lab, Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Jitka Hiscox
- Pain/Stress Neurobiology Lab, Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine,Department of Civil Engineering, Stanford School of Engineering, Stanford, CA
| | - Ian H. Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University School of Humanities & Sciences, Stanford, CA
| | - Donald A. Barr
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA,Stanford University Graduate School of Education, Stanford, CA
| | - Victor G. Carrion
- Department of Psychiatry (Child and Adolescent Psychiatry), Clinical & Translational Neurosciences Incubator, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Kanwaljeet J. S. Anand
- Pain/Stress Neurobiology Lab, Maternal & Child Health Research Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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14
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Psychological stress and cortisol during pregnancy: An ecological momentary assessment (EMA)-Based within- and between-person analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 121:104848. [PMID: 32927180 PMCID: PMC7895320 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the linkage between psychological stress and cortisol is believed to mediate the association of stress with health outcomes, several studies have been unable to demonstrate this association. We suggest this inability may be a consequence of limitations in the measurement approach and/or reliance on analytic strategies that focus on associations across, rather than within individuals. The link between psychological stress and cortisol is of particular interest in the context of pregnancy and fetal development. Using an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) design, we examined the association between psychological stress and cortisol at the between- and the within-person level. METHODS 152 participants completed a 4-day long EMA protocol serially in early, mid and late pregnancy to provide momentary stress appraisals (average of 150 measures/subject) and saliva samples (average of 55 samples/subject) for quantification of cortisol. The association between stress and cortisol was estimated using linear mixed models. RESULTS After accounting for the effects of key determinants of variation in cortisol, momentary stress was significantly and positively associated with cortisol at the within-person level (B = .030, p = .031), but not at the between-person level. No association was evident for traditional retrospective measures of stress with cortisol at either the between- or the within-person level. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the value of EMA methods and linear mixed-modeling approaches in linking maternal psychological and physiological states across pregnancy. These findings may have important implications for the development of personalized risk identification and "just-in-time" intervention strategies to optimize maternal and child health.
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15
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Differential associations of parental harshness and parental disengagement with overall cortisol output at 15 years: Implications for adolescent mental health. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 34:129-146. [PMID: 33070808 PMCID: PMC8053724 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420000954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Psychosocial stress in childhood and adolescence is linked to stress system dysregulation, although few studies have examined the relative impacts of parental harshness and parental disengagement. This study prospectively tested whether parental harshness and disengagement show differential associations with overall cortisol output in adolescence. Associations between overall cortisol output and adolescent mental health problems were tested concurrently. Adolescents from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) provided hair samples for cortisol assay at 15 years (N = 171). Caregivers reported on parental harshness and disengagement experiences at 1, 3, 5, 9, and 15 years, and adolescents reported at 15 years. Both parent and adolescent reported depressive and anxiety symptoms and antisocial behaviors at 15. Greater parental harshness from 1-15 years, and harshness reported at 15 years in particular, was associated with higher overall cortisol output at 15. Greater parental disengagement from 1-15 years, and disengagement at 1 year specifically, was associated with lower cortisol output. There were no significant associations between cortisol output and depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, or antisocial behaviors. These results suggest that the unique variances of parental harshness and disengagement may have opposing associations with cortisol output at 15 years, with unclear implications for adolescent mental health.
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16
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Khoury JE, Bosquet Enlow M, Patwa MC, Lyons-Ruth K. Hair cortisol in pregnancy interacts with maternal depressive symptoms to predict maternal disrupted interaction with her infant at 4 months. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:768-782. [PMID: 32037544 PMCID: PMC7415595 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Disrupted maternal interaction in early infancy is associated with maladaptive child outcomes. Thus, identifying early risk factors for disrupted interaction is an important challenge. Research suggests that maternal depressive symptoms and maternal cortisol dysregulation are associated with disrupted maternal interaction, but both factors have rarely been considered together as independent or interactive predictors of disrupted interaction. In a sample of 51 women, hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) and depressive symptoms were assessed during pregnancy, and depressive symptoms were assessed again at 4-month postpartum. Maternal disrupted interaction was assessed during the Still-Face Paradigm at 4 months. Results indicated that HCC and depressive symptoms interacted to predict both maternal withdrawing and inappropriate/intrusive interaction. Withdrawing interaction was associated with high levels of HCC in pregnancy in the context of high depressive symptoms at 4 months; inappropriate/intrusive interaction was associated with high levels of HCC in the context of low depressive symptoms. Thus, high HCC potentiated both forms of disrupted interaction. Results raised questions about the meaning of very low reported depressive symptoms, and underscored the importance of chronic stress physiology and maternal depressed mood as risk factors for distinct forms of maternal disrupted interaction, both of which are deleterious for infant development.
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17
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Chmelíková E, Bolechová P, Chaloupková H, Svobodová I, Jovičić M, Sedmíková M. Salivary cortisol as a marker of acute stress in dogs: a review. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 72:106428. [PMID: 32213439 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Public interest in the welfare of domestic dogs has increased in recent years. Dogs under human care should experience as little stress as possible, and as such it is necessary to measure and quantify their levels of stress. Stress parameters that can be measured noninvasively may help to identify the poor welfare of animals. This review aimed to determine whether and under what conditions the hormone cortisol in dog saliva can be used as a noninvasive acute stress marker. The use of salivary cortisol as a stress marker has some disadvantages, which can lead to data misinterpretations. A key factor is the standardized method of sampling and subsequent processing before analysis. In addition, possible circadian alternation and individual variability of cortisol hormone levels should be consistently considered during the preparation of the experimental scheme, statistical data processing and final interpretation of the results. Because of the complex nature of the stress response, the observation of salivary cortisol should be supplemented with behavioral observations, but it should be noted that behavioral stress symptoms may not always be positively correlated with stress hormone production. Besides behavioral observations, it is advisable to supplement the measurement of cortisol by other salivary stress markers of sympathetic-adrenal-medullary and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathways. This comprehensive assessment of the stress impact on the individual will enable one to characterize the level and type of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chmelíková
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - P Bolechová
- Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - H Chaloupková
- Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - I Svobodová
- Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - M Jovičić
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - M Sedmíková
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
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18
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Paludo AC, Cook CJ, Owen JA, Woodman T, Irwin J, Crewther BT. The impact of menstrual-cycle phase on basal and exercise-induced hormones, mood, anxiety and exercise performance in physically active women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:461-467. [PMID: 32550714 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10844-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of menstrual cycle phase on perceptual responses and exercise performance is still unclear in the literature. Therefore, this study investigated salivary estradiol (sal-E<inf>2</inf>) and cortisol (sal-C) concentrations, mood, anxiety and exercise (aerobic, anaerobic) performance in physically-active women across two menstrual-cycle phases. METHODS Twelve women (mean age 24.9±4.3 years) were assessed in the early follicular (early-FP) and mid luteal (mid-LP) phase of their menstrual cycle. In each phase, participants were tested for both aerobic (i.e. VO<inf>2max</inf>) and anaerobic (i.e. peak power, average power and Fatigue Index) performance. Basal and exercise-induced changes in sal-E<inf>2</inf> and sal-C concentrations, self-appraised mood and anxiety were assessed. RESULTS We observed a significant increase in basal (pre-exercise) sal-E<inf>2</inf> concentration from early-FP to mid-LP (P≤0.05), coupled with a significant increase in VO<inf>2max</inf> in early-FP (39.9±7.8 mL/kg/min) versus mid-LP (36.9±7.8 mL/kg/min). Depression also decreased with aerobic exercise, but only in the early-FP. No other significant menstrual-phase differences in exercise performance, emotional state or hormonal change scores were identified. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that physically-active women may experience a natural rise in estradiol concentration, as they transition from the early-FP to mid-LP. In the present study, this was accompanied by a small reduction in VO<inf>2max</inf>. An exercise (aerobic)-related decline in depression also emerged in the early-FP. Most of the exercise performance, emotional state and hormonal measures did not exhibit any menstrual phase-related difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Paludo
- Department of Physical Education, Midwest State University of Paraná, Guarapuava, Brazil -
| | - Christian J Cook
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.,School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.,Hamlyn Center for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Julian A Owen
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Tim Woodman
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Jennifer Irwin
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Blair T Crewther
- Institute of Sport - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Sugaya N, Izawa S, Ogawa N, Shirotsuki K, Nomura S. Association between hair cortisol and diurnal basal cortisol levels: A 30-day validation study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 116:104650. [PMID: 32276241 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to validate the association between hair cortisol and 30-day integrated salivary cortisol levels. Additionally, the intra-individual stability of the hair cortisol and the association between hair cortisol and salivary cortisol in several time domains were systematically explored. Twenty-four adults (15 men and 9 women, mean age: 22.7 ± 2.8 years) were asked to collect three saliva samples per day for 30 days, immediately after awakening (time 1), 30 min after awakening (time 2), and at bedtime (time 3). The hair sample was taken from the posterior vertex as close as possible to the scalp at the end of the 30-day study period. The area under the curve based on times 1 and 3 showed that cortisol levels in the 1 cm hair segment closest to the scalp were moderately correlated with the 30-day salivary cortisol levels (r = 0.41, p = 0.047). However, this correlation was not observed for the cortisol awakening response, diurnal slope, or other metrics in different time domains. The mean salivary cortisol at time 3 was significantly correlated with hair cortisol (r = 0.42, p = 0.041). Intra-individual stability of the hair cortisol was maintained for at least 4 months. Hair cortisol may reflect basal cortisol levels more substantially over longer periods (longer than 1 month and for at least 4 month), thus reflecting longitudinal cortisol production, rather than the day-to-day temporal cortisol response. Salivary cortisol is an ideal metric for short-term or day-to-day stress response. Researchers should select suitable metrics, such as hair cortisol for basal level (or trait) or salivary cortisol for response (or state), depending on the study objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagisa Sugaya
- Unit of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Izawa
- Occupational Stress Research Group, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 6-21-1 Nagao, Tama-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 214-8585, Japan.
| | - Namiko Ogawa
- Advanced Research Center for Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Shirotsuki
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Musashino University, 3-3-3 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8181, Japan.
| | - Shusaku Nomura
- Faculty of Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan.
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20
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Kornelsen E, Buchan MC, Gonzalez A, Ferro MA. Hair Cortisol Concentration and Mental Disorder in Children With Chronic Physical Illness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 3:2470547019875116. [PMID: 32440601 PMCID: PMC7219865 DOI: 10.1177/2470547019875116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background To examine changes in hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) in children with
chronic physical illness and identify patterns of association between HCC
and mental comorbidity. Methods A sample of 50 children aged 6 to 16 years were recruited within six months
of being diagnosed with a chronic physical illness. Data were collected via
hair samples, structured interviews, and behavioral checklists. Results There was no change in HCC over six months. Baseline HCC was associated with
internalizing—odds ratio (OR) = 1.29 (90% confidence interval (CI):
1.01–1.66)—and externalizing disorders—OR = 1.32 (90% CI: 1.07–1.64).
Externalizing disorder at six months was associated with elevated
baseline—OR = 1.25 (90% CI: 1.02–1.53)—and six-month HCC—OR = 1.25 (90% CI:
1.02–1.54). Associations between HCC and mental disorder weakened over time,
and for internalizing disorders, changed direction (i.e., inverse
association), albeit not significantly. Conclusion Results provide preliminary evidence that physiological stress, measured
using HCC, may be implicated in the relationship between physical and mental
illness, and these associations align with attenuated stress responses over
time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kornelsen
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - M Claire Buchan
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A Ferro
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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21
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Ferro MA, Gonzalez A. Hair cortisol concentration mediates the association between parent and child psychopathology. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 114:104613. [PMID: 32088544 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parent and child mental health are strongly associated and this association may be transmitted via disruption to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in children. This study examined the potential mediating role of hair cortisol concentration (HCC) in the association between parent psychopathology and child mental disorder. Data come from 100 children diagnosed with a mental disorder [major depression (66 %), generalized anxiety (58 %), attention-deficit hyperactivity (33 %), oppositional defiant (35 %)] and their parents. Parent psychopathology was measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Child mental disorder was measured using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and hair samples were assayed using high-sensitivity ELISA for cortisol extraction. Sex-specific path models were specified to estimate mediating effects (αβ). Children were, on average, 14.4 (SD 2.3) years of age and 70 % were girls. Adjusting for child age, parent sex, and family income, HCC mediated the association between symptoms of parent psychopathology and major depression and attention-deficit hyperactivity in all children (αβ ranging -0.07 to 0.19; 38-46 % effect mediated). Mediating effects for generalized anxiety and opposition defiant were evident for boys only (αβ ranging -0.26 to 0.14; 31-38 % effect mediated). Evidence suggests HCC partially mediates the association between parent psychopathology and child mental disorder, and for generalized anxiety and oppositional defiant, this effect is specific to boys. Family inventions to reduce child stress may be effective in buffering the consequences of parent psychopathology. Further research that considers sex effects is needed to clarify how HCC conditions risk for mental disorder in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Ferro
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Canada.
| | - Andrea Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Canada
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22
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Russ KA, Holochwost SJ, Perkins SM, Stegenga K, Jacob SA, Delgado D, Henley AK, Haase JE, Robb SL. Cortisol as an Acute Stress Biomarker in Young Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Patients/Caregivers: Active Music Engagement Protocol. J Altern Complement Med 2020; 26:424-434. [PMID: 32073877 PMCID: PMC7232696 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2019.0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Primary aims of the proposed protocol are to determine the feasibility/acceptability of the active music engagement intervention protocol during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and clinical feasibility/acceptability of the biological sample collection schedule. Design: The authors propose a single-case, alternating treatment design to compare levels of child and caregiver cortisol in blood and saliva collected on alternating days, when the dyad receives and does not receive AME sessions. Included are the scientific rationale for this design and detailed intervention and sample collection schedules based on transplant type. Setting/Location: Pediatric inpatient HSCT unit. Subjects: Eligible participants are dyads of children 3–8 years old, hospitalized for HSCT, and their caregiver. Children with malignant and nonmalignant conditions will be eligible, regardless of transplant type. Intervention: AME intervention is delivered by a board-certified music therapist who tailors music-based play experiences to encourage active engagement in, and independent use of, music play to manage the inter-related emotional distress experienced by children and their caregivers during HSCT. Dyads will receive two 45-min AME sessions each week during hospitalization. Outcome Measures: Eight collections of blood (child) and saliva (child/caregiver) will be performed for cortisol measurement. The authors will also collect self-report and caregiver proxy measures for dyad emotional distress, quality of life, and family function. At study conclusion, qualitative caregiver interviews will be conducted. Results: Planned analyses will be descriptive and evaluate the feasibility of participant recruitment, cortisol collection, planned evaluations, and AME delivery. Analysis of qualitative interviews will be used to gain an understanding about the ease/burden of biological sample collection and any perceived benefit of AME. Conclusions: Behavioral intervention studies examining biological mechanisms of action in pediatric transplant populations are rare. Findings will provide important information about the feasibility/acceptability of collecting cortisol samples during a high-intensity treatment and advance understanding about the use of active music interventions to mitigate child/caregiver distress during the transplant period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Russ
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Susan M Perkins
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Seethal A Jacob
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David Delgado
- Astellas Pharma Global Development, Northbrook, IL, USA
| | | | - Joan E Haase
- Indiana University School of Nursing, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sheri L Robb
- Indiana University School of Nursing, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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23
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Hammond TT, Blackwood PE, Shablin SA, Richards-Zawacki CL. Relationships between glucocorticoids and infection with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in three amphibian species. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 285:113269. [PMID: 31493395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is often hypothesized that organisms exposed to environmental change may experience physiological stress, which could reduce individual quality and make them more susceptible to disease. Amphibians are amongst the most threatened taxa, particularly in the context of disease, but relatively few studies explore links between stress and disease in amphibian species. Here, we use the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and amphibians as an example to explore relationships between disease and glucocorticoids (GCs), metabolic hormones that comprise one important component of the stress response. While previous work is limited, it has largely identified positive relationships between GCs and Bd-infection. However, the causality remains unclear and few studies have integrated both baseline (GC release that is related to standard, physiological functioning) and stress-induced (GC release in response to an acute stressor) measures of GCs. Here, we examine salivary corticosterone before and after exposure to a stressor, in both field and captive settings. We present results for Bd-infected and uninfected individuals of three amphibian species with differential susceptibilities to this pathogen (Rana catesbeiana, R. clamitans, and R. sylvatica). We hypothesized that prior to stress, baseline GCs would be higher in Bd-infected animals, particularly in more Bd-susceptible species. We also expected that after exposure to a stressor, stress-induced GCs would be lower in Bd-infected animals. These species exhibited significant interspecific differences in baseline and stress induced corticosterone, though other variables like sex, body size, and day of year were usually not predictive of corticosterone. In contrast to most previous work, we found no relationships between Bd and corticosterone for two species (R. catesbeiana and R. clamitans), and in the least Bd-tolerant species (R. sylvatica) animals exhibited context-dependent differences in relationships between Bd infection and corticosterone: Bd-positive R. sylvatica had significantly lower baseline and stress-induced corticosterone, with this pattern being stronger in the field than in captivity. These results were surprising, as past work in other species has more often found elevated GCs in Bd-positive animals, a pattern that aligns with well-documented relationships between chronically high GCs, reduced individual quality, and immunosuppression. This work highlights the potential relevance of GCs to disease susceptibility in the context of amphibian declines, while underscoring the importance of characterizing these relationships in diverse contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talisin T Hammond
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 105 Clapp Hall, 5th Ave at Ruskin Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Rd., Escondido, CA 92027, USA.
| | - Paradyse E Blackwood
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 105 Clapp Hall, 5th Ave at Ruskin Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Samantha A Shablin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 105 Clapp Hall, 5th Ave at Ruskin Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Corinne L Richards-Zawacki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 105 Clapp Hall, 5th Ave at Ruskin Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Song X, Cui W, Peng Z, Zhao L, Yu X, Li T, Cui L, Ma X. An initial exploration of hair cortisol responses to antidepressants in unmedicated patients with depression. J Int Med Res 2019; 48:300060519889431. [PMID: 31849246 PMCID: PMC7604987 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519889431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Major depressive disorder is associated with abnormal functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Studies using hair cortisol to measure the effect of antidepressants on the HPA axis are lacking. The aim of this study was to explore the long-term effects of antidepressants on hair cortisol concentration (HCC). METHODS Participants were 42 patients and 36 healthy individuals. The patients took antidepressants for 4 weeks. Patient HCC was measured pre-treatment and post-treatment. The HCC of healthy controls was also measured. RESULTS Patient post-treatment HCC (mean ± standard deviation: 34.40 ± 32.57 pmol/mg) was significantly higher than patient pre-treatment HCC (17.42 ± 12.40 pmol/mg) and healthy control HCC (10.22 ± 7.99 pmol/mg). No significant correlation was found between Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores and HCC at pre-treatment or post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS Hair cortisol concentration analysis could be used to monitor the dynamics of the effects of antidepressants on the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Song
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Clinical Psychology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, P. R. China
| | - Wei Cui
- Mental Health Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Zugui Peng
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Liansheng Zhao
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xuezhu Yu
- Mental Health Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Cui
- Mental Health Center of Hebei Province, Baoding, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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Ferro MA, Lipman EL, Van Lieshout RJ, Gorter JW, Shanahan L, Boyle M, Georgiades K, Timmons B. Multimorbidity in Children and Youth Across the Life-course (MY LIFE): protocol of a Canadian prospective study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e034544. [PMID: 31685517 PMCID: PMC6859408 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multimorbidity, the co-occurrence of a chronic physical condition and mental disorder, affects a substantial number of children and youth and can lead to compromised quality of life, hardship for families, and an increased burden on the healthcare system. We are conducting a study to document the course of mental disorder in children and youth diagnosed with a chronic physical condition; identify predictors of child and youth multimorbidity; examine whether the effects of these predictors are moderated by relevant psychosocial and biological factors; explore potential inflammatory and stress biomarkers that mediate the onset of child and youth multimorbidity; and, assess whether multimorbidity in children and youth alters patterns of mental health service use. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Multimorbidity in Children and Youth Across the Life-course (MY LIFE) is a prospective study. Two hundred and fifty children and youth aged 2-16 years diagnosed with a chronic physical condition along with one parent will be recruited from the outpatient clinics at a paediatric tertiary care centre. Data will be collected using a multi-informant, multimethod design at four time-points (at recruitment, and at 6, 12 and 24 months postrecruitment). Parents will provide reports for all children/youth. In addition, youth ≥10 years will self-report. Mental disorder will be assessed using structured interviews. On completion of data collection, participant-reported data will be linked to provincial health records to identify mental health services use. Multilevel analyses (survival, proportional hazard, structural equation modelling) will be used to address MY LIFE objectives. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the University of Waterloo Human Research Ethics Board and the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board. Findings will be disseminated to key stakeholders using a number of outlets (peer-reviewed publications and conferences, lay informational pamphlets, social media).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Ferro
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ellen L Lipman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan J Van Lieshout
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan Willem Gorter
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lilly Shanahan
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Boyle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathy Georgiades
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Timmons
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Shapero BG, Curley EE, Black CL, Alloy LB. The interactive association of proximal life stress and cumulative HPA axis functioning with depressive symptoms. Depress Anxiety 2019; 36:1089-1101. [PMID: 31614065 DOI: 10.1002/da.22957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is consistently implicated in depression. Using a vulnerability-stress framework, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may be one factor affecting the stress-depression association. However, the interactive influence of recent life stress and HPA axis functioning on depressive symptoms remains unclear. It is particularly important to understand the synergistic association during adolescence, as this is a developmental period associated with a high risk for depression. METHODS A community sample of 58 adolescents (67% female, 59% Caucasian; mean age, 15.07 years) participated. Adolescents completed a well-validated measure of depressive symptoms and a structured life events interview to assess recent life stress. Hair cortisol concentration was obtained to measure cumulative exposure to HPA axis functioning. RESULTS Recent life stress and cumulative HPA axis exposure measured through hair cortisol were directly associated with higher depressive symptoms. Further, cumulative HPA axis exposure moderated the relationship between recent life stress and depressive symptoms. The recent life stress-depression association occurred for adolescents who experienced average and high, but not low, levels of cumulative HPA axis exposure. CONCLUSIONS The current study builds on prior work and finds both a direct and interactive association of recent life stress and cumulative HPA axis functioning with depressive symptoms during adolescence. Identifying youth who experience high levels of HPA axis exposure is important to prevent the onset of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin G Shapero
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erin E Curley
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chelsea L Black
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren B Alloy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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27
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Burmester V, Gibson EL, Butler G, Bailey A, Terry P. Oxytocin reduces post-stress sweet snack intake in women without attenuating salivary cortisol. Physiol Behav 2019; 212:112704. [PMID: 31628930 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal oxytocin produces anorectic effects on snack intake in men when tested in the absence of deprivation-induced hunger, but its effects on food intake in women without eating disorders have not been reported. Oxytocin may reduce food intake by reducing stress eating, since it inhibits ACTH release. The present study adopted a double-blind, repeated measures and fully concealed crossover protocol in which 38 women self-administered 24 IU of oxytocin or placebo intranasally, ate lunch, and underwent two consecutive stress tests. Snack intake was assessed 15-20 min after lunch, via a sham taste test. Salivary cortisol was measured throughout the test period every 15 min. Oxytocin significantly reduced sweet fatty snack intake independently of any effect on salivary cortisol, which declined over time at a similar rate after either drug or placebo. Ratings of sweet taste were slightly reduced by oxytocin, but only in self-reported stress eaters. These results differ from previous studies with men that found an effect of oxytocin on postprandial cortisol levels. However, previous research assayed the less active form of plasma cortisol and did not control for protein intake, which can drive elevated cortisol. The finding that oxytocin reduces snack intake in females after acute stress has important implications for appetite regulation and its treatment in obese people and in those with eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Burmester
- Department of Psychology, School of Law, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
| | - E L Gibson
- Department of Psychology, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK
| | - G Butler
- Department of Psychology, School of Law, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
| | - A Bailey
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - P Terry
- Department of Psychology, School of Law, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK.
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Jackson JG. The Cortisol Awakening Response: A Feasibility Study Investigating the Use of the Area Under the Curve With Respect to Increase as an Effective Objective Measure of Tinnitus Distress. Am J Audiol 2019; 28:583-596. [PMID: 31318575 DOI: 10.1044/2019_aja-18-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tinnitus is a chronic medical condition that can result in distress, concentration difficulties, and clinical depression. An effective, objective measure of tinnitus distress does not currently exist. Endocrinal studies into the condition have been few, with those investigating the cortisol awakening response limited in scope. It was hypothesized that distressed individuals with tinnitus would awaken and be unable to effectively prepare for the day ahead due to a blunted cortisol response. Method Twenty individuals with varying tinnitus distress were compared with a control group (n = 10) in a pilot study, which measured salivary cortisol concentrations on awakening. Multiple exclusion variables were applied. Results In line with previous studies, total cortisol volume (as measured by area under the curve) was not found to be significantly different in the most distressed individuals with tinnitus, F(2, 26) = 0.254, p = .777ns. However, a separate measure of changing cortisol levels-the area under the curve with respect to increase (or AUCi)-was found to be significantly less robust in those individuals reporting the most severe tinnitus distress, F(2, 26) = 7.671, p = .002. This indicates that fewer resources would be available to cope with the demands of the day ahead. Additionally, the AUCi correlated negatively with tinnitus distress later the same day. Conclusions Relationships between proposed objective and self-reported components of self-reported tinnitus distress are considered, with some aspects of tinnitus distress more closely related to physiological mechanisms than others. It is suggested that, with further research, the cortisol awakening response (AUCi) may be put forward as a credible objective biomarker of tinnitus distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- James George Jackson
- Psychology, Sociology and Criminology Group, School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Horsforth, United Kingdom
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29
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Khoury JE, Bosquet Enlow M, Plamondon A, Lyons-Ruth K. The association between adversity and hair cortisol levels in humans: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 103:104-117. [PMID: 30682626 PMCID: PMC6450779 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adverse life events are associated with a constellation of negative health outcomes. Theory and research suggest that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis acts as one mechanism connecting adverse experiences with negative health outcomes. However, this relation is complicated by the potential for adversity to be associated with both hyperactivity and hypoactivity of the HPA axis, as assessed in both animal and human studies. Over the past decade, methodological advances have enabled the sampling of cortisol stored in hair, which provides a marker of HPA axis activity over a several-month period. The present meta-analysis included 28 studies to assess the strength and direction of the relation between adverse experiences and hair cortisol levels. Analyses were conducted using multilevel modeling (MLM) to quantify the magnitude of effects and mixture modeling to identify distinct subgroups of studies. Results of MLM analyses indicated that the overall effect size was small but significant d = 0.213, 95% CI [0.034, 0.397]. There was also significant between-study variance (τ = 0.155, 95% CI [0.065, 0.367]). Mixture modeling to identify distinct classes of studies based on effect size and direction resulted in a 2-class model: The first class included four studies with an overall negative and moderate effect size (d = -0.478, 95% CI [-0.639, -0.318]), and the second class included the remaining 24 studies with an overall positive and significant, albeit small, effect size (d = 0.141, 95% CI [0.084, 0.199]). Moderator analyses indicated that the strength and direction of the association between adversity and hair cortisol were moderated by features of the adversity exposure (e.g., type of adversity, timing of adversity), characteristics of the samples (e.g., clinical status, racial distribution), and features of the publication (e.g., publication type, geographic region of study). The findings refine our understanding of the long-term impact of adversity on dysregulation of the HPA axis, particularly as reflected in hair cortisol measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Khoury
- Harvard Medical School, Cambridge Hospital 1035 Cambridge Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141 United States.
| | | | - André Plamondon
- Université Laval, University of Toronto (Status Only) Canada
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Cortisol levels before and after cognitive behavioural therapy in patients with eating disorders reporting childhood abuse: A follow-up study. Psychiatry Res 2019; 275:269-275. [PMID: 30952070 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of eating disorders (EDs) is complex and still not well understood. Biological, psychological and environmental factors (e.g. childhood abuse) have all been considered to be involved in the onset and the persistence of EDs. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a relevant biological factor capable of influencing the onset and the course of EDs and not many information are available about the impact of a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on cortisol changes in EDs. The HPA-axis functioning has been evaluated before and after CBT in a group of patients with Anorexia Nervosa (n = 34) and Bulimia Nervosa (n = 35) according to the presence/absence of a history of sexual/physical abuse. At baseline, only patients reporting childhood abuse showed lower morning cortisol levels as compared with other patients of the same diagnostic group and Healthy Controls. After CBT, a variation of cortisol levels has been found only in patients without abuse, suggesting a role of childhood adversities in the persistence of HPA-axis alterations in Eating Disorders.
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Stute P, Anker M, Hollenstein L, von Wolff M, Bitterlich N, Meissner F, Poethig D. Measuring chronic stress exposure incorporating the active and healthy ageing (AHA) concept within the cross-sectional Bern cohort study 2014 (BeCS-14). Biopsychosoc Med 2019; 13:2. [PMID: 30805024 PMCID: PMC6371589 DOI: 10.1186/s13030-019-0143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to represent chronic stress exposure by a complex generic Active and Healthy (AHA) diagnostic assessment tool incorporating ICF. This is a single-centre, cross-sectional, observational, non-interventional, non-randomized trial in University based women's hospital, division of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine. All participants followed a standardized, holistic battery of biopsychosocial assessments consisting of bio-functional status (BFS), bio-functional age (BFA) and the questionnaire for chronic stress exposure (TICS). 624 non-pediatric, non-geriatric subjects were recruited in the BeCS-14 cohort. The mean difference between chronological age and BFA was 7.8 ± 8.0 year equivalents. The mean stress level score assessed by SSCS was 13.2 with 45.4% being exposed to above average stress intensity. 22 BFS items (14 objective, 7 subjective) significantly correlated with chronic stress exposure (TICS-SSCS). The constructed sum score composed of SOC_L9 and complaint questionnaire (physical and emotional wellbeing) represented chronic stress exposure best (pearson-correlation value 0.564, p < 0.0001). Higher chronic stress exposure was associated with bio-functional pro-aging (less vitality) in both sexes. In conclusion, chronic stress is accepted as a major risk factor for developing non-communicable diseases (NCD). Our ICF compatible, complex, generic BFS/BFA assessment tool reflects chronic stress exposure and may be applied in various health care settings, e.g., in health promotion and prevention of NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Stute
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inselspital Bern, Effingerstrasse 102, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marion Anker
- Departement of Visceral and General Surgery, Spital Thun STS, Thun, AG Switzerland
| | - Laura Hollenstein
- Departement of Internal Medicine, Spital Oberengadin, Samedan, Switzerland
| | - Michael von Wolff
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inselspital Bern, Effingerstrasse 102, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Dagmar Poethig
- European Association on Vitality and Active Aging eVAA e.V, Leipzig, Germany
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Salivary testosterone concentration, anxiety, perceived performance and ratings of perceived exertion in basketball players during semi-final and final matches. Physiol Behav 2019; 198:102-107. [PMID: 30365978 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of playing semi-final (SFM) and final (FM) matches on salivary testosterone (T) concentration, anxiety, session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) and perceived performance (PP) in elite male youth basketball players. Data from 25 players who participated ≥15 min in 6 assessed matches consisting of SFM (n = 3; 1 match for each age-category [U15, U16, and U17]), and FM (n = 3; 1 match for each age-category) were retained for analysis. Saliva sampling was conducted before and after the matches. Video recordings of the matches were conducted to assess the players match involvement (technical and tactical actions). Anxiety (CSAI-2) was assessed before pre-match saliva sampling, and session-RPE and PP were assessed post-matches. A significant increase in T from pre-to-post matches (SFM and FM; F = 24.40, p < .001) was observed, with no effect for condition (F = 1.70, p = .20) or interaction (F = 0.006, p = .93). No significant correlation between changes in salivary T (pre-to-post matches) and match involvement was observed (p > .05). However, a higher anxiety, session-RPE and PP were observed for FM (p < .05). The results of the present study suggest that while rising T in winners might be considered to be a hormonal response to support the expression of high-status signs, regardless of the playoff round (SFM or FM), the T and perceptual responses may be explained based on psychological aspects associated with the environment rather than by the technical demands or player's involvement in the match.
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Kinoshita M, Iwata S, Okamura H, Tsuda K, Saikusa M, Harada E, Yamashita Y, Saitoh S, Iwata O. Feeding-Induced Cortisol Response in Newborn Infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:4450-4455. [PMID: 30085188 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Understanding the biological rhythms and stress response in sick newborns is important to minimize the negative effects of intensive care. Salivary cortisol has been used as a noninvasive surrogate marker of adrenal function; however, understanding of its control variables is insufficient. OBJECTIVE To investigate the presence of feeding-induced cortisol response and its control variables in newborns. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Fifty-three newborn infants, who were between 30 and 40 weeks' corrected age and were on 3-hourly regular oral/enteral feeding, were recruited between January 2013 and June 2014. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Saliva samples were collected before and 1 hour after regular feeding. Dependence of cortisol levels (adjusted for postnatal age) and their feeding-related elevation on clinical variables was assessed by using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Higher cortisol levels were associated with corrected age ≥37 weeks and saliva samples collected after feeding (both P < 0.001). Oral feeding was associated with a greater feeding-induced cortisol response compared with exclusive enteral feeding (P = 0.034), whereas a prolonged feeding duration (≥30 minutes) was associated with a reduced cortisol response compared with brief feeding (<30 minutes) (P < 0.001). Gestational age, corrected age, antenatal/postnatal glucocorticoids, type of milk, and daily feeding volume had no effect on cortisol response. CONCLUSIONS Feeding-induced cortisol response was observed in newborns. The cortisol response was more prominent following oral feeding and was reduced with prolonged feeding. Future studies may investigate whether feeding-induced cortisol response plays a role in the acquisition of adrenal ultradian and diurnal rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kinoshita
- Centre for Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Iwata
- Center for Human Development and Family Science, Department of Neonatology and Pediatrics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Okamura
- Centre for Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kennosuke Tsuda
- Center for Human Development and Family Science, Department of Neonatology and Pediatrics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mamoru Saikusa
- Centre for Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eimei Harada
- Centre for Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yushiro Yamashita
- Centre for Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Center for Human Development and Family Science, Department of Neonatology and Pediatrics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Osuke Iwata
- Centre for Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Human Development and Family Science, Department of Neonatology and Pediatrics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
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Adedeji TG, Fasanmade A, Olapade-Olaopa E. Multigenerational effects of dietary macronutrient intake on the metabolic phenotype of male Wistar rats. Nutrition 2018; 58:125-133. [PMID: 30391691 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gene-nutrient interactions are implicated in metabolic phenotypes like metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of diet-induced metabolic phenotypes in rats and investigate the effects of these phenotypes in three successive generations. METHODS Three generations of rats were fed on different diets and mated. Blood glucose, adiposity, lipid profile, insulin, adipocytokines, ghrelin, and corticosterone concentrations were determined in F0, F1, and F2 generations using standard methods. RESULTS In comparison with control across generations, glucose (32%), triacylglycerols (52%), and insulin (10%) were significantly elevated in the high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats; total cholesterol was higher in HFD and high-carbohydrate diet (HCD)-fed groups; whereas high density lipoprotein was higher in the HFD rats but lower in the HPD rats. Adipocytokines were significantly higher in the HCD and HFD groups but lower in the high-protein diet group, whereas ghrelin only declined in HFD rats. CONCLUSION This study revealed that different dietary macronutrients induced distinctive metabolic phenotypes, which had variable effects in different generations.
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Garcia-Leon MA, Peralta-Ramirez MI, Arco-Garcia L, Romero-Gonzalez B, Caparros-Gonzalez RA, Saez-Sanz N, Santos-Ruiz AM, Montero-Lopez E, Gonzalez A, Gonzalez-Perez R. Hair cortisol concentrations in a Spanish sample of healthy adults. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204807. [PMID: 30265722 PMCID: PMC6161874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair cortisol concentration (HCC), as a novel promising method to retrospectively measure hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, is being increasingly studied. We tested the relationships between HCC and a range of possible confounding variables in a Spanish sample of healthy adults and pregnant women. METHODS The number of healthy adults who participated in the study was 529, being 270 males and 259 females, with a combined mean age of 37.88 years (SD = 15.66). Additionally, a separate sample of 62 pregnant women was also recruited with a mean age of 32.95 (SD = 3.67), and in the first trimester of pregnancy. Each participant was interviewed before the study to obtain sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, and a hair sample was taken from the posterior vertex of the head, cut as close to the scalp as possible. Assuming the average growth rate of head hair is 1 cm per month, a 3-cm segment was analysed, in order to measure the cortisol concentrations from a three-month period. For the pregnant women, hair samples for each trimester of pregnancy were analysed. RESULTS The mean hair cortisol concentration was 127.91 (111.52) pg/mg for the general sample. The variables of age, education, employment status, use of hair dyes, use of oral contraceptives, and physical exercise had a significant relation to HCC. When adjusted for further variables, only education and physical exercise remained statistically significant. When including the use of oral contraceptives and only with respect to females, only physical exercise remains statistically significant. For the subsample of pregnant woman, the mean hair cortisol concentration was 334.51 (409.77) pg/mg for the first trimester, 302.18 (270.24) pg/mg for the second trimester, and 331.31 (295.46) pg/mg for the third trimester of pregnancy. None of the assessed confounding variables (age, body mass index, previous miscarriages, employment status, hair dyes, dependent children and physical exercise), except education level, was related to HCC. CONCLUSIONS In this sample of healthy Spaniards, results suggested an association between HCC and physical exercise and educational level. In pregnant women, the prevalence of HCC was higher than in non-pregnant woman, and was related to educational level. This study emphasises the need to determine the relationship between HCC and confounders such as sociodemographic and lifestyle variables in the general population and specific groups formed by individuals such as pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Garcia-Leon
- School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Peralta-Ramirez
- School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
| | | | - Borja Romero-Gonzalez
- School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael A. Caparros-Gonzalez
- School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
| | - Noelia Saez-Sanz
- School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Maria Santos-Ruiz
- Health Psychology, School of Science Health, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Eva Montero-Lopez
- School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), Granada, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Gonzalez-Perez
- Department of Pharmacology, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Hammond TT, Au ZA, Hartman AC, Richards-Zawacki CL. Assay validation and interspecific comparison of salivary glucocorticoids in three amphibian species. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 6:coy055. [PMID: 30279992 PMCID: PMC6158758 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians are one of the most threatened groups of species, facing stressors ranging from habitat degradation and pollution to disease and overexploitation. Stress hormones (glucocorticoids, GCs) provide one quantitative metric of stress, and developing non-invasive methods for measuring GCs in amphibians would clarify how diverse environmental stressors impact individual health in this taxonomic group. Saliva is an advantageous matrix for quantifying GCs, as it is sampled less invasively than plasma while still detecting both baseline and acute elevation of GCs within a short timeframe. Little work has employed this method in amphibian species, and it has never been pharmacologically and biologically validated. Here, we conduct analytical, pharmacological and biological validation experiments for measuring salivary corticosterone in three amphibian species: the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), the green frog (Rana clamitans) and the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens). These species are faced with a broad range of environmental challenges, and in part of its range R. pipiens populations are currently in decline. In addition to demonstrating that this method can be reliably used in multiple amphibian species, we present an examination of intrinsic biological factors (sex, body condition) that may contribute to GC secretion, and a demonstration that saliva can be collected from free-living animals in the field to quantify corticosterone. Our findings suggest that saliva may be useful for less invasively quantifying GCs in many amphibian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talisin T Hammond
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 105 Clapp Hall, 5th Ave. at Ruskin Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zoe A Au
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 105 Clapp Hall, 5th Ave. at Ruskin Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Allison C Hartman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 105 Clapp Hall, 5th Ave. at Ruskin Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Corinne L Richards-Zawacki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 105 Clapp Hall, 5th Ave. at Ruskin Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Son MJ, Im HJ, Ku B, Lee JH, Jung SY, Kim YE, Lee SB, Kim JY, Son CG. An Herbal Drug, Gongjin-dan, Ameliorates Acute Fatigue Caused by Short-Term Sleep-Deprivation: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Clinical Trial. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:479. [PMID: 29867485 PMCID: PMC5958722 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction:Gongjin-dan (GJD) is an herbal drug commonly used in Korea and China to combat fatigue, but there are only few clinical studies on its effectiveness and experimental studies on its mechanism of action, and no randomized controlled trial of GJD on the efficacy and mechanism of action has been reported. Here, we performed an exploratory study to evaluate both questions regarding GJD use in humans. Methods: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial was conducted in the Republic of Korea. Healthy male participants were recruited and randomly allocated to groups receiving GJD-placebo or placebo-GJD in sequence. Fatigue was artificially induced by sleep deprivation for 2 nights. The primary outcome was a change in serum cortisol level; levels of biomarkers for stress hormones as well as oxidative stress and immunologic factors were also assessed, and questionnaires on fatigue and sleep quality were conducted. Results: Twelve and 11 participants were assigned to the GJD-placebo and placebo-GJD groups, respectively. Of all 23 participants, depending on crossover design, we analyzed a total of 20 participants for GJD, and 21 for placebo. An increase in serum cortisol appeared to be attenuated by GJD administration (p = 0.25), but the effect was not statistically significant; a similar pattern was observed in salivary cortisol levels (p = 0.14). Overall, GJD showed a tendency to reduce fatigue according to the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI, p = 0.07) and the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS, p = 0.13) questionnaires. BFI and FSS scores in the first stage (before the crossover), however, were significantly improved (BFI, p = 0.02; FSS, p = 0.05) after GJD treatment (relative to placebo). GJD also seemed to improve sleep quality as assessed by the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (p = 0.06), with a significant improvement specifically in the condition "Getting To Sleep" (p = 0.02). Five participants experienced minor adverse events, but no adverse events were specific to the GJD administration period. Conclusions: This trial produced the first clinical evidence that GJD might have anti-fatigue properties, especially under sleep deprivation; however, the investigation of cortisol-mediated mechanisms requires further larger-scale studies in the future. TRIAL REGISTRATION World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform KCT0001681 (http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=KCT0001681).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ju Son
- Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hwi-Jin Im
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Boncho Ku
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Korean Medicine Life Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - So Young Jung
- Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Mibyeong Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sung Bae Lee
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jun Young Kim
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Krol KM, Monakhov M, Lai PS, Ebstein RP, Heinrichs M, Grossmann T. Genetic Variation in the Maternal Oxytocin System Affects Cortisol Responsiveness to Breastfeeding in Infants and Mothers. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-018-0090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Arruda AFSD, Aoki MS, Paludo AC, Drago G, Moreira A. Competition stage influences perceived performance but does not affect rating of perceived exertion and salivary neuro-endocrine-immune markers in elite young basketball players. Physiol Behav 2018; 188:151-156. [PMID: 29425971 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of competition stage on the salivary concentration of testosterone (T), cortisol (C), alpha-amylase (sAA), and IL-1ß cytokine, perceived performance (PP) and session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) in elite youth basketball players (age, 15.8 ± 0.8 yrs.; stature, 190.9 ± 7.9 cm; body mass, 90.0 ± 16.9 kg) from two age-categories (U16; n = 7; U17; n = 7). Two winning playoff matches (FM; playing for the championship; 1 for each age-category) and two winning regular stage matches (RM; 1 for each age category, played against opponents ranked 2nd place), were assessed in the current study. Saliva samples were collected before and after each match and analyzed by ELISA; PP and session-RPE were assessed after each match. The results from the two-way ANOVA (condition; FM and RM) with repeated measures (pre-and post-matches) showed a significant effect for time (increase from pre-to-post matches) in T (F = 7.0, p < .001), C (F = 34.0, p < .001), and sAA (F = 25.0, p < .001), but not for IL-1ß (p > .05). No effect of condition or interaction (FM and RM) was observed on salivary markers. PP was higher for FM, compared to RM (effect size; ES = 0.85), despite no clear difference in session-RPE (ES = 0.22). A higher PP for FM might be associated with the fact that players were no longer concerned about issues linked to social dominance and status threats after FM, but they might be uncertain about their status after RM. Additionally, when playing against a high-level opponent, the players might perceive their opponent as a threat against status stability, regardless of the stage of the competition, which might explain the similar change in salivary neuro-endocrine-immune-related markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Saldanha Aoki
- School of Arts, Sciences, and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Paludo
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Drago
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Moreira
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Ostrander GM, Pipitone RN, Shoup-Knox ML. Interactions between observer and stimuli fertility status: Endocrine and perceptual responses to intrasexual vocal fertility cues. Horm Behav 2018; 98:191-197. [PMID: 29277698 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Both men and women find female voices more attractive at higher fertility times in the menstrual cycle, suggesting the voice is a cue to fertility and/or hormonal status. Preference for fertile females' voices provides males with an obvious reproduction advantage, however the advantage for female listeners is less clear. One possibility is that attention to the fertility status of potential rivals may enable women to enhance their own reproductive strategies through intrasexual competition. If so, the response to having high fertility voices should include hormonal changes that promote competitive behavior. Furthermore, attention and response to such cues should vary as a function of the observer's own fertility, which influences her ability to compete for mates. The current study monitored variation in cortisol and testosterone levels in response to evaluating the attractiveness of voices of other women. All 33 participants completed this task once during ovulation then again during the luteal phase. The voice stimuli were recorded from naturally cycling women at both high and low fertility, and from women using hormonal birth control. We found that listeners rated high fertility voices as more attractive compared to low fertility, with the effect being stronger when listeners were ovulating. Testosterone was elevated following voice ratings suggesting threat detection or the anticipation of competition, but no stress response was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant M Ostrander
- James Madison University, Miller Hall 1120-MSC 7704, 91 E Grace Street, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, United States.
| | - R Nathan Pipitone
- Florida Gulf Coast University, Department of Psychology, 10501 FGCU Blvd., South, Fort Myers, FL 33965, United States.
| | - Melanie L Shoup-Knox
- James Madison University, Miller Hall 1120-MSC 7704, 91 E Grace Street, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, United States.
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Rudolph KD, Troop-Gordon W, Modi HH, Granger DA. An exploratory analysis of the joint contribution of HPA axis activation and motivation to early adolescent depressive symptoms. Dev Psychobiol 2018; 60:303-316. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haina H. Modi
- University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois
| | - Douglas A. Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research; University of California; Irvine California
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; School of Nursing, and Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore Maryland
- Department of Psychology and Salivary Bioscience Laboratory; University of Nebraska at Lincoln; Lincoln Nebraska
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Simultaneous measurement of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase: Application and recommendations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:657-677. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Montero-López E, Santos-Ruiz A, González R, Navarrete-Navarrete N, Ortego-Centeno N, Martínez-Augustín O, Rodríguez-Blázquez M, Peralta-Ramírez MI. Analyses of hair and salivary cortisol for evaluating hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation in patients with autoimmune disease. Stress 2017; 20:541-548. [PMID: 28853298 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1369524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have shown that patients with autoimmune disease present a hypoactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), controversial results have been described. Our objective was to study HPA axis activity in women with autoimmune disease compared to healthy women. Therefore, we analyzed salivary cortisol over the course of a day, and hair cortisol concentrations from the three preceding months, from 65 women divided into two groups: healthy women (n = 30), with a mean age of 44.70 ± 11.65 years; and women with autoimmune disease (n = 35), with a mean age of 48.26 ± 9.04 years. The latter group comprises women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and systemic sclerosis (SSc). Perceived stress and psychopathological symptomatology were also evaluated. Autoimmune disease group scored higher on the somatization subscale SCL-90-R and lower on the anxiety subscale than the control group. Regarding HPA axis activation, the area under curve for cortisol levels during the day was higher for the autoimmune disease group. In addition, higher cortisol levels in hair were found in the group with autoimmune disease. Our findings show greater short and long-term HPA axis activity in women with autoimmune disease than in healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Montero-López
- a Department of Clinical Psychology , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Ana Santos-Ruiz
- b Department of Health Psychology, School of Health Sciences , University of Alicante , Alicante , Spain
| | - Raquel González
- c Department of Pharmacology, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Nuria Navarrete-Navarrete
- d Systemic Autoimmune Disease Unit, Internal Medicine Service , Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital , Granada , Spain
| | - Norberto Ortego-Centeno
- e Systemic Autoimmune Disease Unit, Internal Medicine Service , San Cecilio Clinical Hospital , Granada , Spain
| | - Olga Martínez-Augustín
- f Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | | | - María Isabel Peralta-Ramírez
- a Department of Clinical Psychology , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
- h Mind , Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC) , Granada , Spain
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Abstract
The daily rhythm of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is regulated by the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid, acts as a secondary messenger between the central clock and the peripheral tissues. Changes in clock time, as seen in shift workers, alters the HPA axis and results in metabolic disturbances associated with ill health. Depression, anorexia nervosa and obstructive sleep apnoea, are associated with cortisol rhythm phase shifts and increased cortisol exposure. Higher nocturnal cortisol exposure is observed in patients with Cushing's syndrome and adrenal incidentalomas with autonomous cortisol secretion and is associated with insulin resistance, and increased cardiovascular risk and mortality. A decrease in cortisol rhythm amplitude is seen in adrenal insufficiency, and despite replacement, patients have an impaired quality of life and increased mortality. Research on cortisol replacement has focused on replacing the cortisol daily rhythm by subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusions and oral modified release hydrocortisone formulations with the aim of improving disease control and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Ross
- Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
| | - Miguel Debono
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK.
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Arruda AFS, Aoki MS, Paludo AC, Moreira A. Salivary steroid response and competitive anxiety in elite basketball players: Effect of opponent level. Physiol Behav 2017; 177:291-296. [PMID: 28527679 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of playing matches against different opponent teams (hard match; HM, medium match; MM, and easy match; EM) on pre-match testosterone concentration (T), pre-to-post match cortisol (C) concentration, and pre-competitive anxiety (CSAI-2 questionnaire) in 20 elite male basketball players. One training session (TS) was also assessed (control condition). Saliva steroids were determined by ELISA. The pre-T concentration was significantly lower for the TS (163±54pmolL-1), compared to the three official matches (EM: 208±82pmolL-1, MM: 213±57pmolL-1, and HM: 218±37pmolL-1) (p<0.05). A significant change in C from pre-to-post was observed for all conditions (TS [5.8±3.7 vs 14.4±9.4ƞmolL-1], EM [10.1±4.9 vs 17.3±10.2ƞmolL-1], MM [13.0±7.4 vs 21.5±8.3ƞmolL-1], and HM [18.9±5.8 vs 31.4±5.3ƞmolL-1] (p<0.05). A higher PRE-C was observed for the HM, compared to TS and EM (p<0.05) and a higher POST-C concentration for the HM was detected, compared to the TS, EM, and MM (p<0.05). A lower anxiety level was observed for the EM (somatic: 15.0±3.7; cognitive: 15.8±4.5 arbitrary units [AU]) compared, to the MM (somatic: 16.4±3.5; cognitive: 17.7±4.0AU) and HM (somatic: 15.8±3.9; cognitive: 18.3±3.9AU) (p<0.05) and a higher self-confidence was observed for the TS (28.9±5.1AU), compared to the HM (26.7±3.0AU) (p<0.05). These results suggest that playing against a high-level opponent may cause a higher psychobiological stress, likely because opponent level may be perceived as threating to the social status in a given hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademir F S Arruda
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S Aoki
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Paludo
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Moreira
- Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Stress-related and basic determinants of hair cortisol in humans: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 77:261-274. [PMID: 28135674 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) is a relatively new strategy to measure long-term cumulative cortisol levels, which is increasingly used in psychoneuroendocrinological research. Here, we conduct a first comprehensive meta-analysis of HCC research based on aggregated data from a total of 124 (sub)samples (66 independent studies; total N=10,289). We seek to answer two central questions: (i) Which covariates and basic features of HCC need to be considered in future research? (ii) What are the main determinants of HCC in terms of chronic stress exposure and mental health? Concerning basic characteristics, our findings identify several covariates to be considered (age, sex, hair washing frequency, hair treatment, oral contraceptive use), confirm a decline of HCC from the first to the second proximal 3cm hair segment, and show positive associations between HCC and short-term salivary cortisol measures. Regarding chronic stress, we show that stress-exposed groups on a whole exhibit 22% increased HCC. This long-term cortisol hypersecretion emerges particularly when stress is still ongoing at the time of study (+43% HCC) but is not present in conditions of past/absent stress (-9% HCC, n.s.). We also report evidence for 17%-reduced HCC in anxiety disorders, such as PTSD. Interestingly, no consistent associations with mood disorders and self-reports of perceived stress, depressiveness or social support are found. However, our findings reveal positive associations of HCC with stress-related anthropometric (body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio) and hemodynamic measures (systolic blood pressure). These meta-analytic results are discussed in the light of their practical implications and important areas for future inquiry are outlined.
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Paradoxical diurnal cortisol changes in neonates suggesting preservation of foetal adrenal rhythms. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35553. [PMID: 27752095 PMCID: PMC5067652 DOI: 10.1038/srep35553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies suggested the presence of foetal adrenal rhythms of cortisol, which are entrained in antiphase to maternal rhythms. In contrast, neonates are thought to have no adrenal rhythm until 2-3 months after birth. To test the hypothesis that a foetal-type adrenal rhythm is preserved after birth, saliva samples were collected from 65 preterm/term infants during hospital stay (30-40 weeks corrected age) at 10:00 and 19:00 h. Cortisol levels were assessed for their diurnal difference and dependence on antenatal/postnatal clinical variables. Cortisol levels were lower during periods 15-28 days and >28 days than ≤5 days of life. Lower cortisol was associated with pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), gestational age <28 weeks, and mechanical ventilation after birth. Higher cortisol was associated with vaginal delivery and non-invasive ventilation support at saliva collection. PIH and non-invasive mechanical ventilation at saliva collection were associated with cortisol levels even after adjustment for postnatal age. Cortisol levels were higher in the evening than in the morning, which was unassociated with gestational and postnatal age. Higher cortisol levels in the evening suggest the preservation of a foetal-type diurnal rhythm. Cortisol levels are associated with intrinsic and extrinsic variables, such as PIH, delivery mode, gestational age, and respiratory conditions.
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Cobb ML, Iskandarani K, Chinchilli VM, Dreschel NA. A systematic review and meta-analysis of salivary cortisol measurement in domestic canines. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 57:31-42. [PMID: 27315597 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Salivary cortisol is widely used as an indicator of stress and welfare in canine research. However, much remains unclear about the basic features of this hormone marker in domestic dogs. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine a reference range for cortisol concentration in the saliva of dogs and examine how canine characteristics, environmental effects and experimental considerations relate to salivary cortisol concentrations. A systematic review of literature databases and conference proceedings from 1992 to 2012 identified 61 peer-reviewed studies using domestic dog salivary cortisol. Researchers were contacted via email, and 31 raw data sets representing a total of 5,153 samples from 1,205 dogs were shared. Meta-analysis provided a cortisol concentration range of 0 to 33.79 μg/dL (mean 0.45 μg/dL, SEM 0.13). Significant effects (P < 0.05) were found for sex and neuter status, age, regular living environment, time in environment before testing, testing environment, owner presence during testing, and collection media. Significant effects were not found for dog breed, body weight, dog type, coat color, assay type, exercise, eating, or use of salivary stimulant. Care should be taken when using cortisol studies for dogs at a group or population level as there is a large amount of intraindividual and interindividual variability and external variables could influence salivary cortisol concentration. This analysis highlights the importance of carefully controlling experimental design to compare samples within and between individual dogs, as well as establishing and using best practices for saliva collection. Caution should be exercised in comparing different studies, as the results could be the reflection of a plethora of factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Cobb
- Anthrozoology Research Group, School of Psychological Sciences, 18 Innovation Walk, Clayton Campus, Monash University, VIC 3800 Australia.
| | - K Iskandarani
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, 90 Hope Drive, Suite 2200, Hershey, PA 17033-0855 USA
| | - V M Chinchilli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, 90 Hope Drive, Suite 2200, Hershey, PA 17033-0855 USA
| | - N A Dreschel
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 324 Henning Building, University Park, PA 16802 USA
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49
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Gao W, Kirschbaum C, Grass J, Stalder T. LC-MS based analysis of endogenous steroid hormones in human hair. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 162:92-9. [PMID: 26718873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of endogenous steroid hormone concentrations in hair is increasingly used as a method for obtaining retrospective information on long-term integrated hormone exposure. Several different analytical procedures have been employed for hair steroid analysis, with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) being recognized as a particularly powerful analytical tool. Several methodological aspects affect the performance of LC-MS systems for hair steroid analysis, including sample preparation and pretreatment, steroid extraction, post-incubation purification, LC methodology, ionization techniques and MS specifications. Here, we critically review the differential value of such protocol variants for hair steroid hormones analysis, focusing on both analytical quality and practical feasibility issues. Our results show that, when methodological challenges are adequately addressed, LC-MS protocols can not only yield excellent sensitivity and specificity but are also characterized by relatively simple sample processing and short run times. This makes LC-MS based hair steroid protocols particularly suitable as a high-quality option for routine application in research contexts requiring the processing of larger numbers of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- TU Dresden, Department of Psychology, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Juliane Grass
- TU Dresden, Department of Psychology, Dresden, Germany
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50
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Son MJ, Im HJ, Kim YE, Ku B, Lee JH, Son CG. Evaluation of the anti-fatigue effects of a traditional herbal drug, Gongjin-dan, under insufficient sleep conditions: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2016; 17:418. [PMID: 27550184 PMCID: PMC4994160 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many herbal medicines are traditionally used as anti-fatigue agents in east Asian countries; however, there is a dearth of clinical evidence supporting the anti-fatigue effects of such medicines and their mechanisms. This study is a feasibility trial to assess the clinical efficacy of Gongjin-dan (GJD) and verify its mechanisms by exploring fatigue outcomes, including endocrine and immunological biomarkers in humans. Methods/Design To investigate the anti-fatigue effects of GJD and the mechanism underlying these effects, a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial was designed. Participants (24 healthy male volunteers) will be hospitalised for 4 days (3 nights), during which acute fatigue and stress conditions will be induced by sleep deprivation, and GJD or a placebo will be administered (twice daily). The primary outcome will be changes in serum cortisol levels, measured in the morning, as an objective biomarker of sleep deprivation-induced fatigue and stress. The secondary outcomes will include: the Fatigue Severity Scale; the Brief Fatigue Inventory, and the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire scores; levels of salivary cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, oxidative stress-related biomarkers, homocysteine, and immunological factors; and heart rate variability. After a washout period of more than 4 weeks, a second treatment phase will commence in which participants who were previously administered the placebo will receive the drug and vice versa, following the same treatment regime as in the first phase. Discussion This study protocol provides a unique opportunity to enhance our understanding of fatigue and the effects of GJD on fatigue in terms of endocrine and immunological mechanisms by validating the study design and determining feasibility. Findings from this trial will help researchers to design a pilot or definitive clinical trial of traditional herbal medicine for chronic fatigue. Trial registration Korean National Clinical Trial Registry CRIS; KCT0001681, registered on 29 October 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ju Son
- Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi-Jin Im
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, 176-9, Daeheung-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 34929, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Mibyeong Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Boncho Ku
- KM Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea. .,Korean Medicine Life Science, University of Science & Technology, Campus of Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseongdae-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, 176-9, Daeheung-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 34929, Republic of Korea.
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