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Andreeva GF, Gorbunov VM. Hostility, Anger, Psycho-emotional Factors and Cardiovascular Disease. RATIONAL PHARMACOTHERAPY IN CARDIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.20996/1819-6446-2022-04-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The review presents the main aspects of the relationship between psychoemotional factors, hostility, anger and cardiovascular diseases. The first chapter describes the main historical stages in the study of this problem, starting from the Middle Ages and ending with fundamental research of the 19-20 centuries. In the second part, the authors demonstrated that hostility/anger are a risk factor for the CVD development and affect the prognosis and course of CVD (hypertension, ischemic heart disease, various cardiac arrhythmias, etc.). In the third chapter, there were studies that found that high rates of hostility/ anger reduced the effectiveness of cardiovascular therapy. In the fourth part, there are the main correlation mechanisms of negative emotions, hostility/anger and the cardiovascular system, carried out through the relationships with the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, autonomic nervous system, platelet activation, with the changes in the risk factors characteristics etc. In the final chapter, the authors suggested prospects for further study of the problem, probably associated with the assessment of behavioral interventions, pharmacological or complex effects on the severity of hostility/anger to reduce CVD mortality in individuals with high rates of hostility / anger.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. F. Andreeva
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
| | - V. M. Gorbunov
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine
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Starnino L, Busque L, Tardif JC, D’Antono B. Psychological Profiles in the Prediction of Leukocyte Telomere Length in Healthy Individuals. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165482. [PMID: 27788238 PMCID: PMC5082938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shorter telomere length (TL) may signal premature cellular aging and increased risk for disease. While depression and psychosocial stress have been associated with shorter telomeres, other psychological risk factors for cardiovascular disease have received less attention. PURPOSE To evaluate the association between TL and psychological risk factors (symptoms of anxiety and depression, hostility and defensiveness traits) for heart disease, and to examine whether chronological age and sex moderate the associations observed. METHODS 132 healthy men and women (Mage = 45.34 years) completed the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory II, The Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale. Relative TL was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of total genomic DNA samples. A series of hierarchical linear regressions were performed controlling for pertinent covariates. RESULTS Shorter TL was observed among individuals high in defensiveness (β = -.221) and depressive symptoms (β = -.213), as well as in those with less hostility (β =.256) and anxiety (β =.220)(all Ps<.05). Psychological variables explained 19% of the variance over and above that explained by covariates (age, sex, exercise, alcohol consumption, systemic inflammation, and 24-hr mean arterial pressure). Age moderated the relation between TL and defensiveness (β =.179, p =.03). Sex did not influence any of the relations. CONCLUSIONS Telomere length is associated with psychological burden though the direction of effect differs depending on the psychological variables under study. Further research is needed to determine the reasons for and implications of these seemingly contradictory findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisia Starnino
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lambert Busque
- Research Center, Hematology Division, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Bianca D’Antono
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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Eleni K, Charalabos P, Efstathios M, Vassilios R, Eleftheria A, Fotis M, George P, Nikolaos Z. Dipping status and hostility in newly diagnosed essential hypertension. Int J Psychiatry Med 2012; 42:181-94. [PMID: 22409096 DOI: 10.2190/pm.42.2.f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM Personality traits, including hostility, play an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease. Moreover, abnormalities in blood pressure circadian pattern, such as a lack of nocturnal BP fall, are related with target organ damage and increased cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of hostility and its dimensions on dipping status, in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. METHODS The study population consisted of 114 newly diagnosed untreated essential hypertensives. All participants underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in order to assess dipping status. Hostility was assessed by Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ). The study population was divided in terms of dipping status in two groups, "dippers" and "non-dippers." RESULTS The statistical analysis revealed that dippers presented significantly higher score of extrapunitiveness (13.2 +/- 4.9 vs 11.4 +/- 3.9, p = 0.032), as well as significantly higher score of the dimension "urge to act out hostility (AH)" (4 +/- 3 vs 3 +/- 2, p = 0.025) compared to non-dippers. Multivariate regression analysis revealed extrapunitiveness as the only independent predictor of dipping status. The odds ratio (OR) for dipping status associated with each point increase in extrapunitiveness was 0.912 (95% CI: 0.832-0.992; p = 0.048). CONCLUSION The present findings may suggest that hostility and its features affect the circadian variation of blood pressure in hypertensive patients, providing a promising objective for future investigations linking psychological factors and dipping status in essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koroboki Eleni
- Hypertensive Center, Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Greece.
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Burazeri G, Kark JD. Hostility and acute coronary syndrome in a transitional post-communist Muslim country: a population-based study in Tirana, Albania. Eur J Public Health 2010; 21:469-76. [PMID: 20123686 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckp238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to assess: (i) the association of hostility with socio-demographic, psychosocial and coronary risk factors and (ii) the association of hostility with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in post-communist secular though predominantly Muslim Albania. METHODS In a population-based case-control study conducted in Tirana in 2003-06, 464 non-fatal sequential ACS patients (368 men, 96 women, 87% response) and a population-sampled control group (n = 684; 449 men, 235 women, 65.5% response) provided data on Cynical Distrust, a measure of hostility. The correlates of hostility in the population sample were assessed using the general linear model and the association of hostility with ACS in the case-control comparison by multivariable-adjusted logistic regression. RESULTS In the population-based sample, hostility was related to age (inversely in men), social position, social mobility, relative income (all inverse in both sexes) and emigration of close family. In the case-control comparison, there was a strong graded relationship of hostility with ACS, independent of socio-demographic characteristics and conventional coronary risk factors, including lifestyle/behavioural factors [odds ratio (OR) = 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.18-1.34 in men, and OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.05-1.32 in women per unit score of hostility and OR = 5.3, 95% CI = 3.3-8.6 in men and OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.1-8.6 in women for upper versus lower tertiles]. CONCLUSION This may be the first report from post-communist countries of Eastern and Southeastern Europe or from a Muslim population on the hostility trait in a population-representative sample. Hostility was independently associated with ACS. This requires confirmation, in particular, to exclude the possibility of reverse causality. Hostility may represent an informative risk factor in transitional populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genc Burazeri
- Department of International Health, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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Lévesque K, Moskowitz DS, Tardif JC, Dupuis G, D'antono B. Physiological stress responses in defensive individuals: age and sex matter. Psychophysiology 2010; 47:332-41. [PMID: 20070571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The association between defensiveness and physiological responses to stress were evaluated in 81 healthy working men and 118 women, aged 20 to 64 years (M=41; SD=11.45). Participants underwent laboratory testing during which they were exposed to interpersonal stressors. Heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure (BP), and salivary cortisol were measured. Defensiveness was evaluated using the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. In women, higher defensiveness was associated with greater BP and HR reactivity to stress (p<.05). In older men, lower defensiveness was associated with increased systolic BP reactivity to stress (p<.02), delayed HRV recovery (p<.02), and greater salivary cortisol levels (p<.02). In conclusion, greater defensiveness was associated with increased reactivity to stress in women whereas in older men, lower defensiveness was associated with elevated cardiovascular, autonomic, and endocrine responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Lévesque
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Lévesque K, Bureau S, Moskowitz DS, Tardif JC, Lavoie J, Dupuis G, D'Antono B. Defensiveness and metabolic syndrome: impact of sex and age. Biol Psychol 2008; 80:354-60. [PMID: 19150480 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The association between defensiveness and metabolic burden, as well as the moderating effects of sex and age were evaluated in 199 healthy working men (N=81) and women (N=118), aged 20-64 years (M=41; S.D.=11.45). Defensiveness (Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale) and parameters of metabolic syndrome (MS; waist circumference, HDL, triglycerides, glucose, 24h ambulatory blood pressure) were obtained. In men, defensiveness was inversely related to MS burden (Beta=-.288; p=.001), as well as to individual measures of SBP, DBP, glucose and waist circumference (p<.05). In older women, high defensiveness was associated with a greater MS burden (p=.050) and glucose level (p=.005) while the reverse was true in younger women (p=.012). In conclusion, defensiveness was associated with a worse metabolic profile in older women but may be protective for men and younger women. Understanding the pathophysiological processes underlying these associations could elucidate sex and age differences and inform prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Lévesque
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H1T 1C8
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Mommersteeg PMC, Vermetten E, Kavelaars A, Geuze E, Heijnen CJ. Hostility is related to clusters of T-cell cytokines and chemokines in healthy men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33:1041-50. [PMID: 18640786 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hostility is a risk factor for adverse health outcomes as diverse as cardiovascular disease and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cytokines have been suggested to mediate this relationship. We investigated whether in healthy men a relation existed between hostility and T-cell mitogen-induced cytokines and chemokines. Male Dutch military personnel (n=304) were included before deployment. Eleven cytokines and chemokines were measured in supernatants of T-cell mitogen-stimulated whole blood cultures by multiplex immunoassay. Factor analysis was used to identify clusters of cytokines and chemokines. In a regression analysis hostility was related to the cytokine/chemokine clusters, and the potential risk factors age, BMI, smoking, drinking, previous deployment, early life trauma and depression. Explorative factor analysis showed four functional clusters; a pro-inflammatory factor (IL-2, TNFalpha, IFNgamma), an anti-inflammatory factor (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10), IL-6/chemokine factor (IL-6, MCP-1, RANTES, IP-10), and MIF. Hostility was significantly related to decreased IL-6/chemokine secretion and increased pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. There was an inverse relation between age and hostility scores. Early life trauma and depression were positively and independently related to hostility as well. This study represents a novel way of investigating the relation between cytokines and psychological characteristics. Cytokines/chemokines clustered into functional factors, which were related to hostility in healthy males. Moreover this relation appeared to be independent of reported depression and early trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M C Mommersteeg
- Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, KC03.068.0, Lundlaan 6, 3584EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Beresnevaité M, Taylor GJ, Bagby RM. Assessing alexithymia and type A behavior in coronary heart disease patients: a multimethod approach. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2007; 76:186-92. [PMID: 17426418 DOI: 10.1159/000099846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing emphasis on using multiple methods to assess personality constructs in psychosomatic research, previous investigations of relations between alexithymia and type A behavior (TAB) have been limited by the use of single methods of measurement and almost no attempt to assess subcomponents of TAB. The aims of this study were to (1) evaluate levels of agreement between structured interview assessments of alexithymia, TAB, hostility, and time urgency and well-established self-report measures of these constructs, and (2) explore relations between alexithymia and TAB and its subcomponents in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS 62 CHD patients were investigated 6 weeks after coronary angioplasty. Alexithymia was assessed with the Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research (DCPR) and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). TAB was assessed with the DCPR and the Short Form of the Jenkins Activity Survey Type A scale (JAS-SF). Time urgency was assessed with the DCPR and the Speed/Impatience scale of the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS-S), and hostility was assessed with the DCPR and the Hostility subscale of the Revised Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-HOS). RESULTS The DCPR classifications showed reasonably high levels of agreement with the TAS-20 and JAS-SF classifications of alexithymia and TAB, but lower levels of agreement in identifying patients with high hostility on the SCL-HOS and high time urgency on the JAS-S. Alexithymia measured by both the DCPR and the TAS-20 was unrelated to both self-report and structured interview measures of TAB, hostility, and time urgency. CONCLUSIONS The DCPR is a suitable screening instrument for assessing alexithymia and TAB, although the two constructs are unrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Beresnevaité
- Laboratory of Clinical Cardiology, Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention, Institute of Cardiology, Kaunas Medical University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Puttonen S, Kivimäki M, Elovainio M, Pulkki-Råback L, Koivu M, Rontu R, Lehtimäki T. Serotonin receptor genes 5HT1A and 5HT2A modify the relation between childhood temperament and adulthood hostility. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2007; 7:46-52. [PMID: 17504248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2007.00324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We examined a modifying role of 5HT1A and 5HT2A receptors in the relation between childhood difficult temperament and adulthood hostility in 729 subjects derived from a population-based sample. Subjects were 3-12 years when their childhood temperaments consisting of hyperactivity, low sociability and negative emotionality (i.e. the difficult temperament), were assessed by their mothers. Their adulthood hostility comprising anger, cynicism and paranoia, was measured twice, 17 and 21 years later. It was found that the 5HT1A and 5HT2A receptors were not related to childhood temperament or to adult hostility, but they modified the association between childhood hyperactivity and adult hostility in men. Male carriers of T/T genotype of 5HTR2A who were rated hyperactive by their mothers expressed a high level of hostility, especially that of cynicism, in adulthood. For men with other genetic variants, such an association was not seen. This finding was consistent across the two follow-ups 4 years apart. Further research is needed to clarify whether mother-related hyperactivity adequately describes the temperament of the child or is a reflection of mother's hostile child-rearing attitudes.
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Vella EJ, Friedman BH. Autonomic characteristics of defensive hostility: reactivity and recovery to active and passive stressors. Int J Psychophysiol 2007; 66:95-101. [PMID: 17540470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The autonomic characteristics of hostility and defensiveness were assessed in 55 male undergraduates based on composite Cook Medley Hostility (Chost) and Marlowe Crowne Social Desirability (MC) scores to create 4 groups: Defensive Hostile (DH; high MC, high Chost), High Hostile (HH; low MC, high Chost), Defensive (Def; high MC, low Chost) and Low Hostile (LH; low MC, low Chost). All subjects engaged in a video game (VG) and hand cold pressor (CP) task. Cardiovascular responses in DH subjects were predicted to show enhanced sympathetic alpha and beta-adrenergic activity and the least vagal control compared to others across tasks. DH and LH men showed significant heart rate reactivity to the CP task compared to HH men. LH men showed significant reductions in high frequency power (vagal assessment) to the tasks compared to HH men. Future studies may employ harassment techniques and include the factors of gender and ethnicity in their assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Vella
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 S. Bouquet St., Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
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Bunde J, Suls J. A quantitative analysis of the relationship between the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale and traditional coronary artery disease risk factors. Health Psychol 2006; 25:493-500. [PMID: 16846324 DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.25.4.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One possible explanation for the association between Cook-Medley Hostility Scale (Ho Scale; W. W. Cook & D. M. Medley, 1954) scores and premature coronary artery disease (CAD) morbidity and mortality is that hostile persons also have elevations on CAD risk factors. Meta-analyses with fixed and random-effects models were used to evaluate the relationship between Ho Scale scores and CAD risk factors in the empirical literature. Ho Scale scores were significantly related to body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, insulin resistance, lipid ratio, triglycerides, glucose, socioeconomic status (SES), alcohol consumption, and smoking. Although there was also heterogeneity among study outcomes, the results of conservative random effects models provide confidence in the obtained relationships. On the basis of available evidence, researchers might give attention to obesity, insulin resistance, damaging health behaviors, and SES as potential contributing factors in understanding the association between Ho Scale scores and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Bunde
- Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Spence Labs, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1407, USA
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Papageorgiou C, Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos DB, Kontoangelos K, Chrysohoou C, Papadimitriou GN, Rabavilas AD. Association between hostility and plasma total homocysteine concentrations in a general population sample. Neuropsychobiology 2005; 53:26-32. [PMID: 16319506 DOI: 10.1159/000089918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study focuses on testing the association of hostility with plasma homocysteine levels in a general population sample. METHOD Four hundred and ten healthy adults (200 men and 210 women), participating in a health survey in Greece, had blood samples taken for homocysteine concentrations and also completed a multidimensional hostility questionnaire, assessing direction of hostility ('extra- and intropunitive') as well as total hostility and its ingredients, i.e. urge to act out hostility, criticism of others, delusional hostility, self-criticism and delusional guilt. Multivariate relationship was tested between hostility components and homocysteine, after statistically controlling for potential confounders such as age, gender, educational status, smoking and body mass index. RESULTS Total hostility, delusional guilt as well as extrapunitive direction of hostility were positively related to homocysteine levels. Self-criticism was negatively related to homocysteine. CONCLUSION The study provides further evidence that particular dimensions of hostility are associated with increased plasma homocysteine levels, thus deserving a place within the spectrum of the coronary heart disease risk factors.
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Zhang J, Niaura R, Todaro JF, McCaffery JM, Shen BJ, Spiro A, Ward KD. Suppressed hostility predicted hypertension incidence among middle-aged men: the normative aging study. J Behav Med 2005; 28:443-54. [PMID: 16179978 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-005-9016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study tested whether suppressed hostility predicted incident hypertension (HTN) in initially nonhypertensive men, using prospective data from the Normative Aging Study. Six hundred twenty-seven men who completed the MMPI and participated in a subsequent laboratory assessment were included in the study. The Cook-Medley Hostility scale (Ho), a suppression factor, and other risk factors were used to predict incident HTN over a 3-year period. Logistic regression showed a significant three-way interaction among Ho, suppression, and age in predicting incident HTN. Among middle-aged men (<or=60 years) with higher suppression, a 1-point decrease in the Ho score was associated with an 18% increase in HTN risk. This relationship remained significant after controlling for relevant risk factors. Among older participants, the HoxSuppression interaction was not predictive of HTN incidence. These results provide support for the Suppressed Hostility hypothesis in middle-aged men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University - Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Heinonen K. Childhood roots of adulthood hostility: family factors as predictors of cognitive and affective hostility. Child Dev 2004; 74:1751-68. [PMID: 14669894 DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Childhood predictors of adulthood hostility was examined in a population-based sample of 1,004 children and their parents. Parents' Type A behavior, their life satisfaction, family's socioeconomic level, and maternal reports of children's Type A behavior were obtained for 6-, 9-, and 12-year-old participants. Hostility was self-evaluated by these participants 15 years later. Results revealed that childhood environment in terms of parental Type A behavior and life dissatisfaction as well as children's own Type A behavior predicted their adulthood hostility. The findings identified childhood environments that either promoted or protected against hostility. Results underline the need to consider the conjoint effects of various factors because the same characteristics play different roles in different contexts.
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