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Paudel S, Paudel CAM, Silwal K. Case Report: Integrative naturopathic approach for the management of sequestered lumbar disc herniation with neurological impairments: a case series with two year follow up. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1367683. [PMID: 38882553 PMCID: PMC11176481 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1367683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumbar Disc Herniation (LDH) is a common condition, and contemporary pain research emphasizes the importance of adopting a comprehensive biopsychosocial perspective in pain treatment for positive clinical outcomes. Integrated Naturopathy and Yoga (INY) is a non-invasive medical system that takes a holistic and patient-centric approach to healing diseases. However, there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of INY, particularly in managing Sequestered LDH. We present two cases of patients experiencing radicular low back pain, lower limb weakness, and neuro-claudication who opted for conservative naturopathic management with INY. Following the INY treatments, both patients reported gradual relief from lower back pain, radicular pain, and neurological deficits. These findings are significant and contribute valuable evidence, suggesting that INY could be a viable therapeutic approach for managing sequestered LDH. This represents the first report on a non-invasive method for resolving sequestered LDH by utilizing INY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Paudel
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Spark International Health Resort, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Chethana A M Paudel
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Spark International Health Resort, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Karishma Silwal
- Department of Integrative Medicine, Spark International Health Resort, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Naturopathy, Sant Hirdaram Medical College of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences, Bhopal, India
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Zeng Z, Qin J, Guo L, Hirai T, Gui Z, Liu T, Su C, Yu D, Yan M. Prediction and Mechanisms of Spontaneous Resorption in Lumbar Disc Herniation: Narrative Review. Spine Surg Relat Res 2024; 8:235-242. [PMID: 38868799 PMCID: PMC11165499 DOI: 10.22603/ssrr.2023-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The major symptoms of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) are low back pain, radiative lower extremity pain, and lower limb movement disorder. Patients with LDH suffer from great distress in their daily life accompanied by severe economic hardship and difficulty in self-care, with an increasing tendency in the aging population. PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for relevant studies of spontaneous resorption or regression in LDH after conservative treatment and for other potential studies, which included those from inception to June 30, 2023. The objective of this narrative review is to summarize previous literatures about spontaneous resorption in LDH and to discuss the mechanisms and influencing factors in order to assess the probability of spontaneous resorption by conservative treatment. Spontaneous resorption without surgical treatment is influenced by the types and sizes of the LDH, inflammatory responses, and therapeutic factors. If the lumbar disc herniated tissue comprises a higher percentage of cartilage or modic changes have been shown on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), resorption in LDH is prevented. The bull's eye sign on enhanced MRI, which is a ring enhancement around a protruding disc, is a vital indicator for easy reabsorption. In addition, the type of extrusion and sequestration in LDH could forecast the higher feasibility of natural reabsorption. Moreover, the higher the proportion of protrusion on the intervertebral disc tissue within the spinal canal, the greater the likelihood of reabsorption. Therefore, which illustrates the feasibility of conservative treatments for LDH. Nonsurgical management of LDH with clinical symptoms is recommended by the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Takashi Hirai
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spine Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhiheng Gui
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spine Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spine Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chen Su
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spine Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiyang Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spine Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mengmeng Yan
- Department of Orthopaedic and Spine Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Li Y, Dai C, Wu B, Yang L, Yan X, Liu T, Chen J, Zheng Z, Peng B. Intervertebral disc injury triggers neurogenic inflammation of adjacent healthy discs. Spine J 2024:S1529-9430(24)00162-1. [PMID: 38608821 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Intervertebral disc degeneration is common and may play an important role in low back pain, but it is not well-understood. Previous studies have shown that the outer layer of the annulus fibrosus of a healthy disc is innervated by nociceptive nerve fibers. In the process of disc degeneration, it can grow into the inner annulus fibrosus or nucleus pulposus and release neuropeptides. Disc degeneration is associated with inflammation that produces inflammatory factors and potentiates nociceptor sensitization. Subsequently neurogenic inflammation is induced by neuropeptide release from activated primary afferent terminals. Because the innervation of a lumbar disc comes from multi-segmental dorsal root ganglion neurons, does neurogenic inflammation in a degenerative disc initiate neurogenic inflammation in neighboring healthy discs by antidromic activity? PURPOSE This study was based on animal experiments in Sprague-Dawley rats to investigate the role of neurogenic inflammation in adjacent healthy disc degeneration induced by disc injury. STUDY DESIGN This was an experimental study. METHODS Seventy-five 12-week-old, male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to 3 groups (sham group, disc injury group and disc injury+TrkA antagonist group). The disc injury group was punctured in the tail disc between the eighth and ninth coccygeal vertebrae (Co8-9) to establish an animal model of tail intervertebral disc degeneration. The sham group underwent only skin puncture and the disc injury+TrkA antagonist group was intraperitoneally injected with GW441756 two days before disc puncture. The outcome measure included quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Disc injury induced an increase in aggrecan, NGF, TrkA, CGRP, SP, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA levels in the injured (Co8-9) and adjacent discs (Co7-8), which reached a peak on day 1, then gradually decreased, and returned to normal on day 14. After intraperitoneal injection of GW441756 prior to puncture, the mRNA levels of the above indicators were down-regulated in Co7-8 and Co8-9 intervertebral discs on the 1st and 7th days. The protein content of the above indicators in Co7-8 and Co8-9 intervertebral discs showed roughly the same trend as mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS Degeneration of one disc can induce neurogenic inflammation of adjacent healthy discs in a rat model. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This model supports a key role of neurogenic inflammation in disc degeneration, and may play a role in the experience of low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Medical Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, 69 Yongding Road, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chen Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Medical Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, 69 Yongding Road, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Medical Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, 69 Yongding Road, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Orthopeadics, Featured Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, 220 Chenglin Road, Dongli District, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xiujie Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Medical Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, 69 Yongding Road, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Tanghua Liu
- Algology Institute of Sino-US Zhongguancun Precision Medicine Academy, 45 Beiwa Road, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, 21 South Silver Spring Road, Qingyuan, P.R. China
| | - Zhaomin Zheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan No. 2 Road, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Pain Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang West Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Baogan Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Medical Center, General Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, 69 Yongding Road, Beijing, P.R. China.
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Sima S, Lapkin S, Diwan AD. In subjects with chronic low back pain, does neuropathia exclusively correlated to neuronal compression? A correlation study of PainDETECT questionnaire and corresponding MRI and X-ray findings. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024; 33:1465-1473. [PMID: 38300298 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-024-08156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the complex nature of low back pain (LBP) is crucial for effective management. The PainDETECT questionnaire is a tool that distinguishes between neuropathic (NeP), nociceptive (NoP), and ambiguous pain. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between pain classification and lumbar intervertebral degenerative parameters obtained from imaging. METHODS A cohort study was conducted involving 279 patients, aged 18 years and above, who completed PainDETECT questionnaires and underwent lumbar MRI and/or X-ray scans. RESULTS The study included 102 patients with NoP, 78 with ambiguous pain, and 99 with NeP. The NeP group had lower mean age (58.21 vs. 53.63, p < 0.05) and higher mean numerical rating scale score (7.9 vs. 5.9, p < 0.001) compared to the NoP group. A negative correlation was found between PainDETECT scores and pelvic incidence (τ = - 0.177, p = 0.043). The NeP group exhibited significantly higher severity of foraminal stenosis (U = 18.962, p = 0.002), spinal stenosis (U = 14.481, p = 0.005), and Pfirrmann grade (U = 14.221, p = 0.028) compared to the NoP group. A higher proportion of NeP patients had intervertebral disk bulge (96% vs. 78% vs. 78%, p = 0.002) and high-intensity zones (51% vs. 41% vs. 19%, p < 0.001) compared to those with NoP and ambiguous pain. CONCLUSION NeP, as determined by the PainDETECT questionnaire, is associated with more severe neural compression, increased presence of discogenic disease and inflammatory disk severity, and decreased pelvic incidence. This pioneering study establishes a connection between pathological findings and pain categorization, providing clinicians with valuable guidance for formulating tailored management plans and reducing the need for unnecessary pharmacotherapy, imaging, and non-targeted surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stone Sima
- Spine Labs, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
| | - Samuel Lapkin
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, QLD, 4225, Australia.
| | - Ashish D Diwan
- Spine Labs, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
- Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
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Chen L, Jiang C, Xu Q, Jin J, A S, Wang X, Li X, Hu Y, Sun H, Lu X, Duan S, Gao Z, Wang W, Wang Y. Biphasic release of betamethasone from an injectable HA hydrogel implant for alleviating lumbar disc herniation induced sciatica. Acta Biomater 2024; 176:173-189. [PMID: 38244658 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Epidural steroid injection (ESI) is a common therapeutic approach for managing sciatica caused by lumbar disc herniation (LDH). However, the short duration of therapeutic efficacy and the need for repeated injections pose challenges in LDH treatment. The development of a controlled delivery system capable of prolonging the effectiveness of ESI and reducing the frequency of injections, is highly significant in LDH clinical practice. In this study, we utilized a thiol-ene click chemistry to create a series of injectable hyaluronic acid (HA) based release systems loaded with diphasic betamethasone, including betamethasone dipropionate (BD) and betamethasone 21-phosphate disodium (BP) (BD/BP@HA). BD/BP@HA hydrogel implants demonstrated biocompatibility and biodegradability to matched neuronal tissues, avoiding artificial compression following injection. The sustained release of betamethasone from BD/BP@HA hydrogels effectively inhibited both acute and chronic neuroinflammation by suppressing the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway. In a mouse model of LDH, the epidural administration of BD/BP@HA efficiently alleviated LDH-induced sciatica for at least 10 days by inhibiting the activation of macrophages and microglia in dorsal root ganglion and spinal dorsal horn, respectively. The newly developed HA hydrogels represent a valuable platform for achieving sustained drug release. Additionally, we provide a simple paradigm for fabricating BD/BP@HA for epidural injection, demonstrating greater and sustained efficiency in alleviating LDH-induced sciatica compared to traditional ESI and displaying potentials for clinical translation. This system has the potential to revolutionize drug delivery for co-delivery of both soluble and insoluble drugs, thereby making a significant impact in the pharmaceutical industry. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a common degenerative disorder leading to sciatica and spine surgery. Although epidural steroid injection (ESI) is routinely used to alleviate sciatica, the efficacy is short and repeated injections are required. There remains challenging to prolong the efficacy of ESI. Herein, an injectable hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel implant by crosslinking acrylated-modified HA (HA-A) with thiol-modified HA (HA-SH) was designed to achieve a biphasic release of betamethasone. The hydrogel showed biocompatibility and biodegradability to match neuronal tissues. Notably, compared to traditional ESI, the hydrogel better alleviated sciatica in vivo by synergistically inhibiting the neuroinflammation in central and peripheral nervous systems. We anticipate the injectable HA hydrogel implant has the potential for clinical translation in treating LDH-induced sciatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunhao Chen
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qian Xu
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin D04V1W8, Ireland; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jiale Jin
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Sigen A
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; The Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin D04V1W8, Ireland
| | - Xi Wang
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin D04V1W8, Ireland
| | - Xiaolin Li
- The Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin D04V1W8, Ireland
| | - Yaling Hu
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Huankun Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xuan Lu
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shumin Duan
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhihua Gao
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Wenxin Wang
- Research and Clinical Translation Center of Gene Medicine and Tissue Engineering, School of Public Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, China; The Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin D04V1W8, Ireland.
| | - Yue Wang
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Ratajczak M, Waszak M, Śliwicka E, Wendt M, Skrypnik D, Zieliński J, Krutki P. In search of biomarkers for low back pain: can traction therapy effectiveness be prognosed by surface electromyography or blood parameters? Front Physiol 2023; 14:1290409. [PMID: 38143914 PMCID: PMC10739392 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1290409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Lumbar traction therapy is a common method to reduce low back pain (LBP) but is not always effective. The search for biomarkers that would prognose the effectiveness of LBP management is one priority for improving patients' quality of life. Objectives: 1) To determine the phenotype of patients benefiting most from lumbar traction therapy. 2) To correlate systemic and electromyographic biomarkers with pain and pain-related disability. Methods: Data on muscle bioelectrical activity (surface electromyography [SEMG]) in the flexion-extension task, the concentrations of twelve systemic biochemical factors, LBP intensity (Visual Analog Scale), the Oswestry Disability Index, and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) were collected before and 72 h after 20 sessions of lumbar traction therapy. Patients were divided into responders and nonresponders based on the criterion of a 50% reduction in maximal pain. Results: The responders had lower maximal muscle bioactivity in the extension phase on the left side (p < 0.01) and higher flexion-extension ratios on both sides of the body in the SEMG (left: p < 0.05; right: p < 0.01), and higher adipsin, interleukin-2, interleukin-4, and interleukin-10 concentrations (p < 0.05) than nonresponders. Patients with higher interleukin-4 concentrations before therapy achieved greater reductions in maximal pain in the sitting position, bioelectrical muscle activity in flexion, and flexion-relaxation ratio on the left side of the body. Changes in adipsin and interleukin-4 concentrations correlated with changes in LBP intensity (r = 0.68; r = -0.77). Changes in stem cell growth factor and interleukin-17A correlated with changes in RMDQ (R = 0.53) and bioelectrical muscle activity in extension (left: R = -0.67; right: R = -0.76), respectively. Conclusion: Responders to traction therapy had SEMG indices of less favorable muscle activity in the flexion-extension task and elevated indices of inflammation before the study. For the first time, interleukin-4 was indicated as a potential biomarker for prognosing post-therapy changes in pain intensity and muscle activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Ratajczak
- Department of Medical Biology, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Waszak
- Department of Medical Biology, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Śliwicka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Wendt
- Department of Medical Biology, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Damian Skrypnik
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Krutki
- Department of Medical Biology, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
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Shnayder NA, Ashhotov AV, Trefilova VV, Novitsky MA, Medvedev GV, Petrova MM, Narodova EA, Kaskaeva DS, Chumakova GA, Garganeeva NP, Lareva NV, Al-Zamil M, Asadullin AR, Nasyrova RF. High-Tech Methods of Cytokine Imbalance Correction in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13333. [PMID: 37686139 PMCID: PMC10487844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An important mechanism for the development of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is an imbalance between anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therapeutic and non-therapeutic approaches for cytokine imbalance correction in IDD either do not give the expected result, or give a short period of time. This explains the relevance of high-tech medical care, which is part of specialized care and includes the use of new resource-intensive methods of treatment with proven effectiveness. The aim of the review is to update knowledge about new high-tech methods based on cytokine imbalance correction in IDD. It demonstrates promise of new approaches to IDD management in patients resistant to previously used therapies, including: cell therapy (stem cell implantation, implantation of autologous cultured cells, and tissue engineering); genetic technologies (gene modifications, microRNA, and molecular inducers of IDD); technologies for influencing the inflammatory cascade in intervertebral discs mediated by abnormal activation of inflammasomes; senolytics; exosomal therapy; and other factors (hypoxia-induced factors; lysyl oxidase; corticostatin; etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Shnayder
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, Shared Core Facilities, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.V.A.); (V.V.T.)
- Shared Core Facilities “Molecular and Cell Technologies”, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (M.M.P.); (E.A.N.); (D.S.K.)
| | - Azamat V. Ashhotov
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, Shared Core Facilities, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.V.A.); (V.V.T.)
| | - Vera V. Trefilova
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, Shared Core Facilities, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.V.A.); (V.V.T.)
- Department of Neurology, Hospital for War Veterans, 193079 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Maxim A. Novitsky
- Department of Neurology, Hospital for War Veterans, 193079 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - German V. Medvedev
- R.R. Vreden National Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics, 195427 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Marina M. Petrova
- Shared Core Facilities “Molecular and Cell Technologies”, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (M.M.P.); (E.A.N.); (D.S.K.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Narodova
- Shared Core Facilities “Molecular and Cell Technologies”, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (M.M.P.); (E.A.N.); (D.S.K.)
| | - Daria S. Kaskaeva
- Shared Core Facilities “Molecular and Cell Technologies”, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia; (M.M.P.); (E.A.N.); (D.S.K.)
| | - Galina A. Chumakova
- Department of Therapy and General Medical Practice with a Course of Postgraduate Professional Education, Altai State Medical University, 656038 Barnaul, Russia;
| | - Natalia P. Garganeeva
- Department of General Medical Practice and Outpatient Therapy, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Natalia V. Lareva
- Department of Therapy of Faculty of Postgraduate Education, Chita State Medical Academy, 672000 Chita, Russia;
| | - Mustafa Al-Zamil
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Continuing Medical Education, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Azat R. Asadullin
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Bashkir State Medical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia;
| | - Regina F. Nasyrova
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, Shared Core Facilities, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.V.A.); (V.V.T.)
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry, Samara State Medical University, 443016 Samara, Russia
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8
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Lin SS, Ueng SWN, Chong KY, Chan YS, Tsai TT, Yuan LJ, Liu SJ, Yang CY, Hsiao HY, Hsueh YJ, Chen CA, Niu CC. Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Intervention on the Degenerated Intervertebral Disc: From Molecular Mechanisms to Animal Models. Cells 2023; 12:2111. [PMID: 37626921 PMCID: PMC10453512 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) 107 expression is downregulated but Wnt3a protein and β-catenin are upregulated in degenerated intervertebral disc (IVD). We investigated mir-107/Wnt3a-β-catenin signaling in vitro and in vivo following hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) intervention. Our results showed 96 miRNAs were upregulated and 66 downregulated in degenerated nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) following HBO treatment. The 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the Wnt3a mRNA contained the "seed-matched-sequence" for miR-107. MiR-107 was upregulated and a marked suppression of Wnt3a was observed simultaneously in degenerated NPCs following HBO intervention. Knockdown of miR-107 upregulated Wnt3a expression in hyperoxic cells. HBO downregulated the protein expression of Wnt3a, phosphorylated LRP6, and cyclin D1. There was decreased TOP flash activity following HBO intervention, whereas the FOP flash activity was not affected. HBO decreased the nuclear translocation of β-catenin and decreased the secretion of MMP-3 and -9 in degenerated NPCs. Moreover, rabbit serum KS levels and the stained area for Wnt3a and β-catenin in repaired cartilage tended to be lower in the HBO group. We observed that HBO inhibits Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling-related pathways by upregulating miR-107 expression in degenerated NPCs. HBO may play a protective role against IVD degeneration and could be used as a future therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Shu Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (S.-S.L.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-T.T.); (C.-Y.Y.); (C.-A.C.)
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Medical Research Laboratory, Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Steve W. N. Ueng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (S.-S.L.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-T.T.); (C.-Y.Y.); (C.-A.C.)
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Medical Research Laboratory, Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Kowit-Yu Chong
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Medical Research Laboratory, Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sheng Chan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (S.-S.L.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-T.T.); (C.-Y.Y.); (C.-A.C.)
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Medical Research Laboratory, Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Tsung-Ting Tsai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (S.-S.L.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-T.T.); (C.-Y.Y.); (C.-A.C.)
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Medical Research Laboratory, Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Jen Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jung Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Chuen-Yung Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (S.-S.L.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-T.T.); (C.-Y.Y.); (C.-A.C.)
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Medical Research Laboratory, Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Yi Hsiao
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-Y.H.); (Y.-J.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Hsueh
- Center for Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-Y.H.); (Y.-J.H.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chung-An Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (S.-S.L.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-T.T.); (C.-Y.Y.); (C.-A.C.)
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Medical Research Laboratory, Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Chien Niu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (S.-S.L.); (Y.-S.C.); (T.-T.T.); (C.-Y.Y.); (C.-A.C.)
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Medical Research Laboratory, Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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9
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Chen L, Lu X, Jin Q, Gao Z, Wang Y. Sensory innervation of the lumbar 5/6 intervertebral disk in mice. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1084209. [PMID: 37077575 PMCID: PMC10106599 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1084209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionOver the years, most back pain-related biological studies focused on the pathogenesis of disk degeneration. It is known that nerve distributions at the outer layer of the annulus fibrosus (AF) may be an important contributor to back pain symptoms. However, the types and origins of sensory nerve terminals in the mouse lumbar disks have not been widely studied. Using disk microinjection and nerve retrograde tracing methods, the current study aimed to characterize the nerve types and neuropathway of the lumbar 5/6 (L5/6) disk in mice.MethodsUsing an anterior peritoneal approach, the L5/6 disk of adult C57BL/6 mice (males, 8–12 weeks) disk microinjection was performed. Fluorogold (FG) was injected into the L5/6 disk using the Hamilton syringe with a homemade glass needle driven by a pressure microinjector. The lumbar spine and bilateral thoracic 13 (Th13) to L6 DRGs were harvested at 10 days after injection. The number of FG+ neurons among different levels was counted and analyzed. Different nerve markers, including anti-neurofilament 160/200 (NF160/200), anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), anti-parvalbumin (PV), and anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), were used to identify different types of nerve terminals in AF and their origins in DRG neurons.ResultsThere were at least three types of nerve terminals at the outer layer of L5/6 AF in mice, including NF160/200+ (indicating Aβ fibers), CGRP+ (Aδ and C fibers), and PV+ (proprioceptive fibers). No TH+ fibers (sympathetic nerve fibers and some C-low threshold mechanoreceptors) were noticed in either. Using retrograde tracing methods, we found that nerve terminals in the L5/6 disk were multi-segmentally from Th13-L6 DRGs, with L1 and L5 predominately. An immunofluorescence analysis revealed that FG+ neurons in DRGs were co-localized with NF160/200, CGRP, and PV, but not TH.ConclusionIntervertebral disks were innervated by multiple types of nerve fibers in mice, including Aβ, Aδ, C, and proprioceptive fibers. No sympathetic nerve fibers were found in AF. The nerve network of the L5/6 disk in mice was multi-segmentally innervated by the Th13-L6 DRGs (mainly L1 and L5 DRGs). Our results may serve as a reference for preclinical studies of discogenic pain in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunhao Chen
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Lu
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianjun Jin
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The MOE Frontier Research Center of Brain and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yue Wang
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10
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Kim WK, Shin JS, Lee J, Koh W, Ha IH, Park HJ, Lee SK, Hong JY. Effects of the administration of Shinbaro 2 in a rat lumbar disk herniation model. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1044724. [PMID: 36970511 PMCID: PMC10036394 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1044724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The current standard for the pharmacological management of lumbar disk herniation (LDH), involving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, muscle relaxants, and opioid analgesics, often carries a risk of adverse events. The search for alternative therapeutic options remains a vital objective, given the high prevalence of LDH and the critical impact on the quality of life. Shinbaro 2 is a clinically effective herbal acupuncture against inflammation and various musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, we explored whether Shinbaro 2 exerts protective effects in an LDH rat model. The results showed that Shinbaro 2 suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, disk degeneration-related factors, matrix metalloproteinase-1,−3,−9, and ADAMTS-5 in LDH rats. Shinbaro 2 administration reinstated a behavioral activity to a normal level in the windmill test. The results indicated that Shinbaro 2 administration restored spinal cord morphology and functions in the LDH model. Therefore, Shinbaro 2 exerted a protective effect in LDH via actions on inflammatory responses and disk degeneration, indicating that future research is warranted to assess the action mechanisms further and validate its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Shik Shin
- Jaseng Hospital of Korean Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Lee
- Jaseng Hospital of Korean Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonil Koh
- Jaseng Hospital of Korean Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hyuk Ha
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundations, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyen Joo Park
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Sang Kook Lee
| | - Jin Young Hong
- Jaseng Spine and Joint Research Institute, Jaseng Medical Foundations, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Jin Young Hong
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11
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Sun J, Wang W, Hu X, Zhang X, Zhu C, Hu J, Ma R. Local delivery of gaseous signaling molecules for orthopedic disease therapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:58. [PMID: 36810201 PMCID: PMC9942085 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, a proliferation of research has used nanoparticles to deliver gaseous signaling molecules for medical purposes. The discovery and revelation of the role of gaseous signaling molecules have been accompanied by nanoparticle therapies for their local delivery. While most of them have been applied in oncology, recent advances have demonstrated their considerable potential in diagnosing and treating orthopedic diseases. Three of the currently recognized gaseous signaling molecules, nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), are highlighted in this review along with their distinctive biological functions and roles in orthopedic diseases. Moreover, this review summarizes the progress in therapeutic development over the past ten years with a deeper discussion of unresolved issues and potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Sun
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui China
| | - Xianli Hu
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui China
| | - Xianzuo Zhang
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001 Anhui China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Jinming Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Ruixiang Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
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12
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Hornung AL, Baker JD, Mallow GM, Sayari AJ, Albert HB, Tkachev A, An HS, Samartzis D. Resorption of Lumbar Disk Herniation: Mechanisms, Clinical Predictors, and Future Directions. JBJS Rev 2023; 11:01874474-202301000-00001. [PMID: 36722839 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.22.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resorption after lumbar disk herniation is a common yet unpredictable finding. It is hypothesized that nearly 70% of lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) undergo the resorption to a significant degree after acute herniation, which has led to nonoperative management before surgical planning. METHODS This narrative review on the literature from 4 databases (MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, and Cochrane) examines historical and recent advancements related to disk resorption. Studies were appraised for their description of the predictive factor (e.g., imaging or morphologic factors), pathophysiology, and treatment recommendations. OBSERVATIONS We reviewed 68 articles considering the possibility of resorption of lumbar HNP. Recent literature has proposed various mechanisms (inflammation and neovascularization, dehydration, and mechanical traction) of lumbar disk resorption; however, consensus has yet to be established. Current factors that increase the likelihood of resorption include the initial size of the herniation, sequestration, percentage of rim enhancement on initial gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), composition of inflammatory mediators, and involvement of the posterior longitudinal ligament. CONCLUSION Heterogeneity in imaging and morphologic factors has led to uncertainty in the identification of which lumbar herniations will resorb. Current factors that increase the likelihood of disk resorption include the initial size of the herniation, sequestration, percentage of rim enhancement on initial MRI, composition of cellular and inflammatory mediators present, and involvement of the posterior longitudinal ligament. This review article highlights the role of disk resorption after herniation without surgical intervention and questions the role of traditional noninflammatory medications after acute herniation. Further research is warranted to refine the ideal patient profile for disk resorption to ultimately avoid unnecessary treatment, thus individualizing patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James D Baker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
| | - G Michael Mallow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
| | - Arash J Sayari
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
| | | | - Alexander Tkachev
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
| | - Howard S An
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
| | - Dino Samartzis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago
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13
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Bermudez-Lekerika P, Crump KB, Tseranidou S, Nüesch A, Kanelis E, Alminnawi A, Baumgartner L, Muñoz-Moya E, Compte R, Gualdi F, Alexopoulos LG, Geris L, Wuertz-Kozak K, Le Maitre CL, Noailly J, Gantenbein B. Immuno-Modulatory Effects of Intervertebral Disc Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:924692. [PMID: 35846355 PMCID: PMC9277224 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.924692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Low back pain is a highly prevalent, chronic, and costly medical condition predominantly triggered by intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). IDD is often caused by structural and biochemical changes in intervertebral discs (IVD) that prompt a pathologic shift from an anabolic to catabolic state, affecting extracellular matrix (ECM) production, enzyme generation, cytokine and chemokine production, neurotrophic and angiogenic factor production. The IVD is an immune-privileged organ. However, during degeneration immune cells and inflammatory factors can infiltrate through defects in the cartilage endplate and annulus fibrosus fissures, further accelerating the catabolic environment. Remarkably, though, catabolic ECM disruption also occurs in the absence of immune cell infiltration, largely due to native disc cell production of catabolic enzymes and cytokines. An unbalanced metabolism could be induced by many different factors, including a harsh microenvironment, biomechanical cues, genetics, and infection. The complex, multifactorial nature of IDD brings the challenge of identifying key factors which initiate the degenerative cascade, eventually leading to back pain. These factors are often investigated through methods including animal models, 3D cell culture, bioreactors, and computational models. However, the crosstalk between the IVD, immune system, and shifted metabolism is frequently misconstrued, often with the assumption that the presence of cytokines and chemokines is synonymous to inflammation or an immune response, which is not true for the intact disc. Therefore, this review will tackle immunomodulatory and IVD cell roles in IDD, clarifying the differences between cellular involvements and implications for therapeutic development and assessing models used to explore inflammatory or catabolic IVD environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bermudez-Lekerika
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics and Mechanobiology, Bone and Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katherine B Crump
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics and Mechanobiology, Bone and Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Nüesch
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Exarchos Kanelis
- ProtATonce Ltd., Athens, Greece.,School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Ahmad Alminnawi
- GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Roger Compte
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Gualdi
- Institut Hospital Del Mar D'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonidas G Alexopoulos
- ProtATonce Ltd., Athens, Greece.,School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Liesbet Geris
- GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Biomechanics Research Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, United States.,Spine Center, Schön Klinik München Harlaching Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute of the Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg (Austria), Munich, Germany
| | - Christine L Le Maitre
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Benjamin Gantenbein
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics and Mechanobiology, Bone and Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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14
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The duration of chronic low back pain is associated with acute postoperative pain intensity in lumbar fusion surgery: a prospective observational study. BMC Anesthesiol 2022; 22:129. [PMID: 35488208 PMCID: PMC9052452 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-022-01674-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-existing chronic pain has been associated with severe postoperative pain. In this study, we sought to prospectively analyse the association between the duration of chronic low back pain and the intensity of acute postoperative pain after lumbar fusion surgery. METHODS A total of 330 patients who underwent lumbar fusion surgery were divided into three groups (chronic low back pain less than 1 year, one to 5 years, and more than 5 years) based on the duration of chronic pain. On the first postoperative day, the maximum pain scores of each patient were recorded during the day and at night. Bivariate correlation and logistic regression were performed to identify relationships between acute postoperative pain and related variables (age, sex, smoking history, body mass index, operation history, duration of surgery, level of preoperative pain, aetiology of back pain, Self-rating Anxiety Scale, Self-rating Depression Scale, FRAIL scale, and duration of chronic low back pain). If the postoperative pain score was > 3 when the patient reported was at rest, the patients were treated with postoperative intravenous self-controlled analgesia or rescue analgesics if necessary. RESULTS There was an association between severe acute postoperative pain and the duration of chronic low back pain. In terms of VAS day, multivariable logistic regression showed the duration of chronic low back pain was not statistically significant (OR = 2.48, 95% CI: 0.900 to 6.828, p = 0.0789). The result is uncertain because the confidence interval included the null after controlling for SAS, SDS, BMI, and aetiology of back pain. In terms of VAS night, patients with a duration of chronic low back pain of more than 5 years were more likely having moderate to severe acute postoperative pain (VAS > 3) compared to patients with a duration of chronic low back pain less than 1 year (OR = 3.546, 95% CI: 1.405 to 8.95, p = 0.0074). Hospital stay, the pain score on the day of discharge and the pain score after 3 months displayed no significant difference among the three groups (P > 0.05). However, the need for postoperative rescue analgesics was different among the three groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The longer the duration of chronic pain was, the higher the incidence of moderate to severe acute postoperative pain was and the greater the amount of analgesics required after surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registration Center ( http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx , clinical trial number: ChiECRCT20200165, date of registration: July 6, 2020).
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15
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Impact of Microenvironmental Changes during Degeneration on Intervertebral Disc Progenitor Cells: A Comparison with Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9040148. [PMID: 35447707 PMCID: PMC9025850 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration occurs with natural ageing and is linked to low back pain, a common disease. As an avascular tissue, the microenvironment inside the IVD is harsh. During degeneration, the condition becomes even more compromised, presenting a significant challenge to the survival and function of the resident cells, as well as to any regeneration attempts using cell implantation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proposed as a candidate stem cell tool for IVD regeneration. Recently, endogenous IVD progenitor cells have been identified inside the IVD, highlighting their potential for self-repair. IVD progenitor cells have properties similar to MSCs, with minor differences in potency and surface marker expression. Currently, it is unclear how IVD progenitor cells react to microenvironmental factors and in what ways they possibly behave differently to MSCs. Here, we first summarized the microenvironmental factors presented in the IVD and their changes during degeneration. Then, we analyzed the available studies on the responses of IVD progenitor cells and MSCs to these factors, and made comparisons between these two types of cells, when possible, in an attempt to achieve a clear understanding of the characteristics of IVD progenitor cells when compared to MSCs; as well as, to provide possible clues to cell fate after implantation, which may facilitate future manipulation and design of IVD regeneration studies.
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16
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Abstract
In all levels of disc herniations the absolute surgical indications include deteriorating neurological deficits with myelopathy or cauda equina syndrome. However, this review summarized the relative indications for surgery in each level. In cervical disc herniation (CDH), the indications for surgery consist of six months of persisting symptoms, not responding to conservative treatment. However, high-quality studies are lacking, and a randomized controlled trial is now underway to clarify the indications. In thoracic disc herniation (TDH), the indications for surgery comprise failure of conservative measures and/or worsening neurological symptoms. Moreover, giant calcified thoracic disc herniations or myelopathy signs on magnetic resonance imaging, even in the absence of neurological symptoms, may benefit from surgical treatment as a preventive measure. In lumbar disc herniation (LDH), the indications for surgery include imaging confirmation of LDH, consistent with clinical findings, and failure to improve after six weeks of conservative care.
Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2021;6:526-530. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.210020
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Weng Yoon
- Spinal Surgery Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.,Centre for Spinal Surgery, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan Koch
- Centre for Spinal Surgery, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
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17
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Geng J, Wang L, Li Q, Huang P, Liu Y, Blake GM, Tian W, Cheng X. The Association of Lumbar Disc Herniation with Lumbar Volumetric Bone Mineral Density in a Cross-Sectional Chinese Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11060938. [PMID: 34073839 PMCID: PMC8225064 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the effect of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation (LDH) on lumbar bone mineral density (BMD), and few previous studies have used quantitative computed tomography (QCT) to assess whether the staging of LDH correlates with lumbar vertebral trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (Trab.vBMD). To explore the relationship between lumbar Trab.vBMD and LDH, seven hundred and fifty-four healthy participants aged 20–60 years were enrolled in the study from an ongoing study on the degeneration of the spine and knee between June 2014 and 2017. QCT was used to measure L2–4 Trab.vBMD and lumbar spine magnetic resonance images (MRI) were performed to assess the incidence of disc herniation. After 9 exclusions, a total of 322 men and 423 women remained. The men and women were divided into younger (age 20–39 years) and older (age 40–60 years) groups and further into those without LDH, with a single LDH segment, and with ≥2 segments. Covariance analysis was used to adjust for the effects of age, BMI, waistline, and hipline on the relationship between Trab.vBMD and LDH. Forty-one younger men (25.0%) and 59 older men (37.3%) had at least one LDH segment. Amongst the women, the numbers were 46 (22.5%) and 80 (36.4%), respectively. Although there were differences in the characteristics data between men and women, the difference in Trab.vBMD between those without LDH and those with single and ≥2 segments was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). These results remained not statistically significant after further adjusting for covariates (p > 0.05). No associations between lumbar disc herniation and vertebral trabecular volumetric bone mineral density were observed in either men or women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Geng
- School of Medical Technology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712083, China;
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China; (L.W.); (Q.L.); (P.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China; (L.W.); (Q.L.); (P.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China; (L.W.); (Q.L.); (P.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Pengju Huang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China; (L.W.); (Q.L.); (P.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yandong Liu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China; (L.W.); (Q.L.); (P.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Glen M. Blake
- Osteoporosis Research Unit, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China;
| | - Xiaoguang Cheng
- School of Medical Technology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712083, China;
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China; (L.W.); (Q.L.); (P.H.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Jacobsen T, Hernandez P, Chahine N. Inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 protects against inflammation-induced mechanobiological alterations to intervertebral disc cells. Eur Cell Mater 2021; 41:576-591. [PMID: 34013512 PMCID: PMC8329983 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v041a37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is associated with elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines implicated in disease aetiology and matrix degradation. Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) has been shown to participate in the inflammatory responses of the nucleus pulposus (NP) and its levels are upregulated in disc degeneration. Activation of TLR4 in NP cells leads to significant, persistent changes in cell biophysical properties, including hydraulic permeability and osmotically active water content, as well as alterations to the actin cytoskeleton. The study hypothesis was that inflammation-induced changes to cellular biomechanical properties and actin cytoskeleton of NP cells could be prevented by inhibiting TLR4 signalling. Isolated NP cells from bovine discs were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the best studied TLR4 agonist, with or without treatment with the TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242. Cellular volume regulation responses to step osmotic loading were measured and the transient volume-response was captured by time-lapse microscopy. Volume-responses were analysed using mixture theory framework to investigate hydraulic permeability and osmotically active intracellular water content. Hydraulic permeability and cell radius were significantly increased with LPS treatment and these changes were blocked in cells treated with TAK-242. LPS-induced remodelling of cortical actin and IL-6 upregulation were also mitigated by TAK-242 treatment. These findings indicated that TLR4 signalling participated in NP cell biophysical regulation and may be an important target for mitigating altered cell responses observed in IVD inflammation and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.D. Jacobsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University,
New York, NY
| | - P.A. Hernandez
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX
| | - N.O. Chahine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University,
New York, NY,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University, New
York, NY,Address for correspondence: Nadeen
Chahine, 650 W 168th St, William Black Building, 14th
Floor Room 14-1408E, New York, NY 10032, USA. Telephone number: +1 2123051515,
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19
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Prospects for the Personalized Multimodal Therapy Approach to Pain Management via Action on NO and NOS. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092431. [PMID: 33921984 PMCID: PMC8122598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain syndromes are an important medical problem generated by various molecular, genetic, and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Back pain, neuropathic pain, and posttraumatic pain are the most important pathological processes associated with chronic pain in adults. Standard approaches to the treatment of them do not solve the problem of pain chronicity. This is the reason for the search for new personalized strategies for the prevention and treatment of chronic pain. The nitric oxide (NO) system can play one of the key roles in the development of peripheral pain and its chronicity. The purpose of the study is to review publications devoted to changes in the NO system in patients with peripheral chronical pain syndromes. We have carried out a search for the articles published in e-Library, PubMed, Oxford Press, Clinical Case, Springer, Elsevier, and Google Scholar databases. The search was carried out using keywords and their combinations. The role of NO and NO synthases (NOS) isoforms in peripheral pain development and chronicity was demonstrated primarily from animal models to humans. The most studied is the neuronal NOS (nNOS). The role of inducible NOS (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) is still under investigation. Associative genetic studies have shown that single nucleotide variants (SNVs) of NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3 genes encoding nNOS, iNOS, and eNOS may be associated with acute and chronic peripheral pain. Prospects for the use of NOS inhibitors to modulate the effect of drugs used to treat peripheral pain syndrome are discussed. Associative genetic studies of SNVs NOS1, NOS2, and NOS3 genes are important for understanding genetic predictors of peripheral pain chronicity and development of new personalized pharmacotherapy strategies.
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20
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Cosamalón-Gan I, Cosamalón-Gan T, Mattos-Piaggio G, Villar-Suárez V, García-Cosamalón J, Vega-Álvarez JA. Inflammation in the intervertebral disc herniation. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2021; 32:21-35. [PMID: 32169419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucir.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Up until fairly recently, it was thought that sciatic pain in the lumbar herniated disc was caused by compression on the nerve root. However, the lumbar herniated disc shows mixed pictures which are difficult to explain by simple mechanical compromise. In recent years various immunology, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology studies have shown that the herniated tissue is not an inert material, but rather it Is biologically very active with the capability of expressing a series of inflammatory mediators: cytokines such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, interleuquin-8 and tumor necrosis factor being the ones which stand out. The inflammation is not only induced by the chemical irritation of the bioactive substances released by the nucleus pulposus but also by an autoimmune response against itself. Thus, in addition to the mechanical factor, the biomechanical mediation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of sciatic pain and of radiculopathy. Through a review of a wide range of literature, we researched the cellular molecular mediators involved in this inflammatory process around the lumbar herniated disc and its involvement in sciatic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Cosamalón-Gan
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, España
| | - Tatiana Cosamalón-Gan
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, España
| | | | | | | | - José Antonio Vega-Álvarez
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, España
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21
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Mern DS, Walsen T, Beierfuß A, Thomé C. Animal models of regenerative medicine for biological treatment approaches of degenerative disc diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 246:483-512. [PMID: 33175609 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220969123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is a painful, chronic and progressive disease, which is characterized by inflammation, structural and biological deterioration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) tissues. DDD is specified as cell-, age-, and genetic-dependent degenerative process that can be accelerated by environmental factors. It is one of the major causes of chronic back pain and disability affecting millions of people globally. Current treatment options, such as physical rehabilitation, pain management, and surgical intervention, can provide only temporary pain relief. Different animal models have been used to study the process of IVD degeneration and develop therapeutic options that may restore the structure and function of degenerative discs. Several research works have depicted considerable progress in understanding the biological basis of disc degeneration and the therapeutic potentials of cell transplantation, gene therapy, applications of supporting biomaterials and bioactive factors, or a combination thereof. Since animal models play increasingly significant roles in treatment approaches of DDD, we conducted an electronic database search on Medline through June 2020 to identify, compare, and discuss publications regarding biological therapeutic approaches of DDD that based on intradiscal treatment strategies. We provide an up-to-date overview of biological treatment strategies in animal models including mouse, rat, rabbit, porcine, bovine, ovine, caprine, canine, and primate models. Although no animal model could profoundly reproduce the clinical conditions in humans; animal models have played important roles in specifying our knowledge about the pathophysiology of DDD. They are crucial for developing new therapy approaches for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanja Walsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Anja Beierfuß
- Laboratory Animal Facility, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Claudius Thomé
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
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22
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Bioactive lipids in intervertebral disc degeneration and its therapeutic implications. Biosci Rep 2020; 39:BSR20192117. [PMID: 31533969 PMCID: PMC6822496 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is not uncommon. It is estimated that approximately >60% of individuals above the age of 40 years suffer from IVD degeneration. Shan et al. showed that hyperglycemia can enhance apoptosis of anulus fibrosis cells in a JNK pathway and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway dependent fashion. Recent studies showed that IVD degeneration could be an inflammatory condition characterized by increased production of matrix metalloproteinases, TNF-α, nitric oxide, IL-6, IL-17, IL-9, and prostaglandin E2, and decreased formation of anti-inflammatory molecules such as lipoxin A4. This imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules seem to activate JNK pathway and p38 MAPK pathway to induce apoptosis of anulus fibrosis and nucleus pulposus cells. The activation of production of PGE2 (due to activation of COX-2 pathway) seems to be dependent on p38/c-Fos and JNK/c-Jun activation in an AP-1-dependent manner. These results imply that suppressing pro-inflammatory events in the disc by either augmenting anti-inflammatory events or suppressing production of pro-inflammatory molecules or both may form a logical step in the prevention and management of IVD degeneration.
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23
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Wang L, Gu Y, Zhao H, Chen R, Chen W, Qi H, Gao W. Dioscin Attenuates Interleukin 1β (IL-1β)-Induced Catabolism and Apoptosis via Modulating the Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB) Signaling in Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e923386. [PMID: 32841225 PMCID: PMC7466834 DOI: 10.12659/msm.923386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nucleus pulposus (NP) cell dysfunction and apoptosis contribute to disc degeneration. Dioscin, a natural steroid saponin, has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antioxidative effects in various diseases. However, little is known about the roles of dioscin in intervertebral disc degeneration. Material/Methods To evaluate the roles of dioscin in disc degeneration and its specific mechanism, human NP cells were incubated with IL-1β and various concentrations of dioscin. Cell viability, extracellular matrix protein expression, catabolic factors, degree of apoptosis, inflammatory factors, and related signaling pathways were evaluated by western blotting, fluorescence immunostaining, TUNEL staining, and reverse transcription PCR. Results Dioscin inhibited IL-1β-activated apoptotic signaling and catabolic activity in NP cells. Dioscin suppressed TLR4/NF-0κB signaling, and attenuated the level of inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α) in IL-1β-stimulated human NP cells. Conclusions Our work provides the first evidence that dioscin attenuates IL-1β-activated inflammation and catabolic activity in human NP cells through inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, indicating that dioscin is a new potential candidate for clinical therapy to attenuate disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China (mainland)
| | - Yuntao Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China (mainland)
| | - Hai Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China (mainland)
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China (mainland)
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China (mainland)
| | - Hao Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China (mainland)
| | - Weisong Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China (mainland)
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24
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Cambria E, Arlt MJE, Wandel S, Krupkova O, Hitzl W, Passini FS, Hausmann ON, Snedeker JG, Ferguson SJ, Wuertz-Kozak K. TRPV4 Inhibition and CRISPR-Cas9 Knockout Reduce Inflammation Induced by Hyperphysiological Stretching in Human Annulus Fibrosus Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071736. [PMID: 32708074 PMCID: PMC7407144 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading and inflammation interact to cause degenerative disc disease and low back pain (LBP). However, the underlying mechanosensing and mechanotransductive pathways are poorly understood. This results in untargeted pharmacological treatments that do not take the mechanical aspect of LBP into account. We investigated the role of the mechanosensitive ion channel TRPV4 in stretch-induced inflammation in human annulus fibrosus (AF) cells. The cells were cyclically stretched to 20% hyperphysiological strain. TRPV4 was either inhibited with the selective TRPV4 antagonist GSK2193874 or knocked out (KO) via CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. The gene expression, inflammatory mediator release and MAPK pathway activation were analyzed. Hyperphysiological cyclic stretching significantly increased the IL6, IL8, and COX2 mRNA, PGE2 release, and activated p38 MAPK. The TRPV4 pharmacological inhibition significantly attenuated these effects. TRPV4 KO further prevented the stretch-induced upregulation of IL8 mRNA and reduced IL6 and IL8 release, thus supporting the inhibition data. We provide novel evidence that TRPV4 transduces hyperphysiological mechanical signals into inflammatory responses in human AF cells, possibly via p38. Additionally, we show for the first time the successful gene editing of human AF cells via CRISPR-Cas9. The pharmacological inhibition or CRISPR-based targeting of TRPV4 may constitute a potential therapeutic strategy to tackle discogenic LBP in patients with AF injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cambria
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.J.E.A.); (S.W.); (O.K.); (F.S.P.); (J.G.S.); (S.J.F.); (K.W.-K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-446332901
| | - Matthias J. E. Arlt
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.J.E.A.); (S.W.); (O.K.); (F.S.P.); (J.G.S.); (S.J.F.); (K.W.-K.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Wandel
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.J.E.A.); (S.W.); (O.K.); (F.S.P.); (J.G.S.); (S.J.F.); (K.W.-K.)
| | - Olga Krupkova
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.J.E.A.); (S.W.); (O.K.); (F.S.P.); (J.G.S.); (S.J.F.); (K.W.-K.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Spine Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Hitzl
- Research Office (Biostatistics), Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fabian S. Passini
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.J.E.A.); (S.W.); (O.K.); (F.S.P.); (J.G.S.); (S.J.F.); (K.W.-K.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver N. Hausmann
- Neuro- and Spine Center, Hirslanden Klinik St. Anna, 6006 Lucerne, Switzerland;
- Medical Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jess G. Snedeker
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.J.E.A.); (S.W.); (O.K.); (F.S.P.); (J.G.S.); (S.J.F.); (K.W.-K.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephen J. Ferguson
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.J.E.A.); (S.W.); (O.K.); (F.S.P.); (J.G.S.); (S.J.F.); (K.W.-K.)
| | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.J.E.A.); (S.W.); (O.K.); (F.S.P.); (J.G.S.); (S.J.F.); (K.W.-K.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
- Spine Center, Schön Klinik München Harlaching, Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute of the Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg (Austria), 81547 Munich, Germany
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25
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Ha NTT, Vuong NL, Lua TT, Nguyen TTM, Nghia DT, Nga HTV, Anh PTV, Truc TT, Dung DV. Vietnamese herbal medicine (TD0019) in the treatment of cervical radiculopathy: A double-blind phase-2 randomized controlled trial. Eur J Integr Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2020.101060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Vo N, Couch B, Lee J, Sowa G, Kang J, Rebecca S. Actions of Prostaglandins on Human Nucleus Pulposus Metabolism Inferred by Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibition of Cytokine Activated Cells. Neurospine 2020; 17:60-68. [PMID: 32252155 PMCID: PMC7136088 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2040050.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low back pain is frequently treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but little is known about intervertebral disc metabolism of the prostaglandins that are diminished by these drugs. Hence, this study aimed at delineating prostaglandin actions in cytokine activated disc cells by comparing the response of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells to the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β with and without cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibition. METHODS NP cells cultured in alginate beads were activated with IL-1β ± the COX-2 inhibitor Sc-58125. Media harvested from cultured cells were analyzed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2α), IL-6, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay and nitric oxide by Griess Reaction. Gene expression along with proteoglycan, collagen, and total protein synthesis were also measured. RESULTS IL-1β increased culture media PGE2 and PGF2α, but decreased proteoglycan and collagen syntheses as well as mRNA expression of the matrix genes aggrecan, versican, collagen I, and collagen II. COX-2 inhibition partially rescued proteoglycan and collagen syntheses and collagen I mRNA, but decreased collagen II mRNA IL-1β activated NP cells. COX-2 inhibition initially enhanced and subsequently reduced IL-1β induced inducible nitric oxide synthase, without altering medium nitrite. IL-1β induction of MMP-3 mRNA was increased by COX-2 inhibition at 24 and 48 hours. CONCLUSION COX-2 inhibition alters the response of NP cells to IL-1β, suggesting IL-1β action on disc cells is mediated at least in part through COX-2 and its prostaglandins. COX-2 inhibition produces minimal effects on several key catabolic mediators, with the exception of MMP-3. Blocking COX-2 might be beneficial for maintaining disc matrix since it provides an overall rescue of IL-1 induced loss of matrix protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Vo
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brandon Couch
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joon Lee
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Sowa
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James Kang
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Studer Rebecca
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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27
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Manvati MKS, Khan J, Verma N, Dhar PK. Association of miR-760 with cancer: An overview. Gene 2020; 747:144648. [PMID: 32251703 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules of around 22 nucleotides in length. They are crucially involved in the post transcriptional regulation and thus play a significant role in the modulation of different diseases. Several studies have suggested that miRNA expression is dysregulated in various cancers through different mechanisms and the dysregulated miRNA in return affects different cancer hallmarks including cell proliferation, cell death suppression, metastasis and angiogenesis. Compilation of the available miRNA data can be a stimulator for proper understanding of the correlation between the miRNA expression and cancer progression. In this review, we have focussed on the role of miR-760 in the progression of different cancer. MicroRNA-760 (miR-760) has been found to be down regulated in various cancers, thus it can be utilized as a possible prognostic marker for cancer detection. Here, we have tried to fill a gap regarding the role of miR-760 in relation to cervical cancer also. Moreover, unravelling the role of miR-760 in different cancers will enlighten the researchers with proper understanding of biology of miR-760 in regulation of different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juveria Khan
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Neeraj Verma
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pawan K Dhar
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi 110067, India.
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28
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Jin H, Wang Q, Wu J, Han X, Qian T, Zhang Z, Wang J, Pan X, Wu A, Wang X. Baicalein Inhibits the IL-1β-Induced Inflammatory Response in Nucleus Pulposus Cells and Attenuates Disc Degeneration In vivo. Inflammation 2019; 42:1032-1044. [PMID: 30729381 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-00965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is widely considered one of the main causes of low back pain, which is a chronic progressive disease closely related to inflammation and degeneration of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. Baicalein is a natural bioactive compound with anti-inflammatory effects in different diseases, including inhibition of the inflammatory response in chondrocytes, whose morphology and avascular supply are similar to those of NP cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that baicalein may have a therapeutic effect on IDD by suppressing the inflammatory response. In vitro, NP cells were pretreated with baicalein for 2 h and then incubated with IL-1β for 24 h. We found that baicalein not only inhibited the overexpression of inflammatory cytokine production, including NO, PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-6, but also suppressed the expression of COX-2 and iNOS. The IL-1β-induced overexpression of MMP13 and ADAMTS5 and degradation of aggrecan and type II collagen were reversed by baicalein in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, we found that baicalein suppressed the IL-1β-induced activation of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Moreover, an in vivo study demonstrated that baicalein treatment could ameliorate IDD in a puncture-induced rat model. Thus, baicalein has great value as a potential therapeutic agent for IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianwei Wu
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuyao Han
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianchen Qian
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zengjie Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianle Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangxiang Pan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthpaedics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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29
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Chan AK, Tang X, Mummaneni NV, Coughlin D, Liebenberg E, Ouyang A, Dudli S, Lauricella M, Zhang N, Waldorff EI, Ryaby JT, Lotz JC. Pulsed electromagnetic fields reduce acute inflammation in the injured rat-tail intervertebral disc. JOR Spine 2019; 2:e1069. [PMID: 31891118 PMCID: PMC6920683 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines are recognized contributors to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and discogenic pain. We have recently reported the anti-inflammatory effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) on IVD cells in vitro. Whether these potentially therapeutic effects are sufficiently potent to influence disc health in vivo has not been demonstrated. We report here the effect of PEMF on acute inflammation arising from a rat-tail IVD injury model. Disc degeneration was induced by percutaneously stabbing the Co6-7, Co7-8, and Co8-9 levels using a 20-gauge needle. Seventy-two (72) rats were divided into three groups: sham control, needle stab, needle stab+PEMF. Treated rats were exposed to PEMF immediately following surgery and for either 4 or 7 days (4 hr/d). Stab and PEMF effects were evaluated by measuring inflammatory cytokine gene expression (RT-PCR) and protein levels (ELISA assay), anabolic and catabolic gene expression (RT-PCR), and histologic changes. We observed in untreated animals that at day 7 after injury, inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and IL-1β) were significantly increased at both gene and protein levels (P < .05). Similarly, catabolic factors (MMP [metalloproteinases]-2, MMP-13 and the transcriptional factor NF-kβ gene expression) were significantly increased (P < .05). At day 7, PEMF treatment significantly inhibited inflammatory cytokine gene and protein expression induced by needle stab injury (P < .05). At day 4, PEMF downregulated FGF-1 and upregulated MMP-2 compared to the stab-only group. These data demonstrate that previously reported anti-inflammatory effects of PEMF on disc cells carry over to the in vivo situation, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits. Though we observed an inhibitory effect of PEMF on acute inflammatory cytokine expression, a consistent effect was not observed for acute changes in disc histology and anabolic and catabolic factor expression. Therefore, these findings should be further investigated in studies of longer duration following needle-stab injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K. Chan
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Xinyan Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Nikhil V. Mummaneni
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Dezba Coughlin
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Ellen Liebenberg
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Annie Ouyang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Stefan Dudli
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Michael Lauricella
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey C. Lotz
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCalifornia
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Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Reduce Interleukin-6 Expression in Intervertebral Disc Cells Via Nuclear Factor-κβ and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase p38 Pathways. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2019; 44:E1290-E1297. [PMID: 31689248 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This is an in vitro study of bovine disc cells exposed to pulsed electromagnetic fields. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) effects on the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression is mediated by two known inflammation regulators, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κβ) and phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 (p38-MAPK) signaling pathways SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA.: Inflammatory cytokines play a dominant role in the pathogenesis of disc degeneration. Increasing evidence showed that PEMF, a noninvasive biophysical stimulation, can have physiologically beneficial effects on inflammation and tissue repair. Our previous research shows that PEMF treatment can reduce IL-6 expression by intervertebral disc cells. However, the underlying mechanisms of PEMF action are yet to be uncovered. METHODS Intervertebral disc nuclear pulposus cells were challenged with interleukin-1α (IL-1α) (for mimicking inflammatory microenvironment) and treated with PEMF simultaneously up to 4 hours. Cells were then collected for NF-κβ and phosphorylated p38-MAPK protein detection with Western blot. Additionally, the RelA (p65) subunit of NF-κβ was examined with immunostaining for assessment of NF-κβ activation. RESULTS As expected, Western blot results showed that both NF-κβ and phosphorylated p38 expression were significantly increased by IL-1α treatment. This induction was significantly inhibited to control condition levels by PEMF treatment. Immunostaining demonstrated similar trends, that PEMF treatment reduced the NF-κβ activation induced by IL-1α exposure. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that the previously-reported inhibitory effect of PEMF treatment on disc inflammation is mediated by NF-κβ and phosphorylated p38-MAPK signaling pathways. These results further establish PEMFs anti-inflammatory activity, and may inform potential future clinical uses for management of inflammation associated with disc degeneration. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Involvement of the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome in the anti-inflammatory effect of the antidepressant clomipramine. J Affect Disord 2019; 254:15-25. [PMID: 31082627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression has recently been referred to as a neuroimmune disease because it is characterized by inflammatory changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Studies have demonstrated that microglial activation plays a crucial role in releasing inflammatory cytokines in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby contributing to depression, the mechanism underlying which remains unclear. METHODS First, we examined microglial activation and inflammatory changes in C57BL/6 male mice injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 mg/kg), which leads to depressive behaviors in mice that were attenuated by the antidepressant clomipramine. Second, we utilized a BV2 cell line and primary microglial cultures to determine the inflammatory response in vitro, and the effects of clomipramine exerted on the inflammatory response using real-time polymerase chain reaction and ELISA. Third, we utilized NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3) knock-out (KO) mice to prove that NLRP3 is involved in the effects of clomipramine. RESULTS The results showed that LPS injection induced depressive-like behaviors in mice, as assessed using several behavioral tests including body weight, and forced swimming and tail suspension tests. The LPS-induced expression of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha could be downregulated by clomipramine pre-treatment both in vivo and in vitro. The inhibitory effect of clomipramine on the LPS-induced increase in cytokines was found at both the protein and gene levels. Clomipramine significantly reduced the LPS-induced increase in NLRP3 gene expression in BV2 cells. Furthermore, we utilized NLRP3 KO mice to explore whether NLPP3 was involved in this process and found that clomipramine treatment inhibits the LPS-induced increased expression of IL-1β. CONCLUSION These results imply that clomipramine could attenuate depressive behaviors and neuroinflammation induced by LPS via partial regulation of NLRP3.
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Caliskan T, Sirin DY, Karaarslan N, Yilmaz I, Ozbek H, Akyuva Y, Kaplan N, Kaya YE, Simsek AT, Guzelant AY, Ates O. Effects of etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor receptor fusion protein, on primary cell cultures prepared from intact human intervertebral disc tissue. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:69-76. [PMID: 31258639 PMCID: PMC6566078 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of etanercept (ETA), a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor, on human cell cultures prepared from intact intervertebral disc tissue. ETA is used as a treatment for cases of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, axial spondyloarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis accompanied by moderate or severe joint pain. ETA was applied to primary cell cultures [annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus (NP) from intact intervertebral disc tissue]. Cell cultures without ETA treatment served as the control group. Morphological and quantitative molecular analyses of the two groups were performed. The number of viable cells and cell proliferation decreased in the ETA-treated cultures as compared with those in the control group. Furthermore, in the treatment group, the chondroadherin gene, an NP-specific marker, was not expressed after 24 h. By contrast, the cartilage oligo matrix protein was expressed 24, 48 and 72 h post-ETA treatment, while its expression was significantly lower than that in the control group. In addition, the expression of interleukin-1β, as well as matrix metallopeptidase-7 and −19, was markedly decreased. Overall, the cell proliferation and gene expression in the ETA-treated cells were significantly different from those in the control group (P<0.05). These results suggest that the treatment duration and dosage of TNF inhibitors, which are used to suppress active inflammation, should be considered in the clinical setting. These biological agents may delay the healing of intervertebral disc tissue damage by slowing cell proliferation and altering gene expression via anabolic and catabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tezcan Caliskan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Namik Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Duygu Yasar Sirin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Numan Karaarslan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Namik Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | - Hanefi Ozbek
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Medipol University School of Medicine, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | - Yener Akyuva
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul 34433, Turkey
| | - Necati Kaplan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Corlu Reyap Hospital, Istanbul Rumeli University, Tekirdag 59680, Turkey
| | - Yasin Emre Kaya
- Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Abant Izzet Basal University School of Medicine, Bolu 14000, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Talha Simsek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Namik Kemal University School of Medicine, Tekirdag 59100, Turkey
| | - Aliye Yildirim Guzelant
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Corlu Reyap Hospital, Istanbul Rumeli University, Tekirdag 59680, Turkey
| | - Ozkan Ates
- Department of Neurosurgery, Esencan Hospital, Istanbul Esenyurt University, Istanbul 34570, Turkey
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Mo S, Liu C, Chen L, Ma Y, Liang T, Xue J, Zeng H, Zhan X. KEGG-expressed genes and pathways in intervertebral disc degeneration: Protocol for a systematic review and data mining. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15796. [PMID: 31124977 PMCID: PMC6571259 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs and genes play significant roles in the etiology and pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). This study aimed to identify aberrantly expressed miRNAs, genes, and pathways in IDD through a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis.Data of miRNAs expression microarrays (GSE63492) and genes microarrays (GSE23130) were obtained from GEO database. Similarly, aberrantly expressed miRNAs and genes were obtained using GEO2R. In addition, functional and enrichment analyses of selected miRNAs and genes were performed using the DAVID database. Meanwhile, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using STRING, and then visualized in Cytoscape.A total of 98 upregulated miRNAs were identified. They were enriched in biological processes of response to organelle, ion binding, cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process, biosynthetic process, small molecule metabolic process, cellular protein modification process, catabolic process, molecular function, neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway, and protein complex. In addition, 1405 high expression protein genes were detected. It indicated enrichment in biological processes, such as translational initiation, nonsense-mediated decay, viral transcription, cell-cell adhesion, rRNA processing, translation, RP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, regulation of mRNA stability, and mRNA splicing via spliceosome and extracellular matrix organization. In addition, pathway analysis exhibited the common enrichment in focal adhesion, Hippo signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interaction, Wnt signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, endocytosis, proteoglycans in cancer, and so on. The top 10 central genes of PPI network were POTEE, PPP2CA, RPL17, HSP90AA1, POTEF, RPL13A, ACTB, RPL18, RPS24, and HSPA1A.In conclusion, our research proposed abnormally expressed miRNAs, genes, and pathways in IDD through bioinformatics methods, which may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of IDD. Thus, the Hub gene involving POTEE, PPP2CA, RPL17, HSP90AA1, POTEF, RPL13A, ACTB, RPL18, RPS24, and HSPA1A may be biomarkers for accurate diagnosis and treatment of IDD in the future.
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Niu CC, Lin SS, Yuan LJ, Lu ML, Ueng SWN, Yang CY, Tsai TT, Lai PL. Upregulation of miR-107 expression following hyperbaric oxygen treatment suppresses HMGB1/RAGE signaling in degenerated human nucleus pulposus cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:42. [PMID: 30704538 PMCID: PMC6357369 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-1830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The expression of both high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is upregulated in degenerated discs. HMGB1 is known to function as a coupling factor between hypoxia and inflammation in arthritis, and this inflammatory response is modulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), with miR-107 expression downregulated during hypoxia. In this study, we investigated the regulation of the miR-107/HMGB1/RAGE pathway in degenerated nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) after hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment. Methods NPCs were separated from human degenerated intervertebral disc tissues. The control cells were maintained in 5% CO2/95% air, and the hyperoxic cells were exposed to 100% O2 at 2.5 atmospheres absolute. MiRNA expression profiling was performed via microarray and confirmed by real-time PCR, and miRNA target genes were identified using bioinformatics and luciferase reporter assays. The cellular protein and mRNA levels of HMGB1, RAGE, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were assessed, and the phosphorylation of MAPK (p38MAPK, ERK, and JNK) was evaluated. Additionally, cytosolic and nuclear fractions of the IκBα and NF-κB p65 proteins were analyzed, and secreted HMGB1 and metalloprotease (MMP) levels in the conditioned media were quantified. Results Using microarray analyses, 96 miRNAs were identified as upregulated and 66 downregulated following HBO treatment. Based on these results, miR-107 was selected for further investigation. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that the 3′ untranslated region of the HMGB1 mRNA contained the “seed-matched-sequence” for hsa-miR-107, which was validated via dual-luciferase reporter assays. MiR-107 was markedly induced by HBO, and simultaneous suppression of HMGB1 was observed in NPCs. Knockdown of miR-107 resulted in upregulation of HMGB1 expression in HBO-treated cells, and HBO treatment downregulated the mRNA and protein levels of HMGB1, RAGE, and iNOS and the secretion of HMGB1. In addition, HBO treatment upregulated the protein levels of cytosolic IκBα and decreased the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in NPCs. Moreover, HBO treatment downregulated the phosphorylation of p38MAPK, ERK, and JNK and significantly decreased the secretion of MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13. Conclusions HBO inhibits pathways related to HMGB1/RAGE signaling via upregulation of miR-107 expression in degenerated human NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chien Niu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu-Hsing Street 333, Taoyuan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Song-Shu Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu-Hsing Street 333, Taoyuan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jen Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ling Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Steve W N Ueng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu-Hsing Street 333, Taoyuan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Yung Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu-Hsing Street 333, Taoyuan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ting Tsai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu-Hsing Street 333, Taoyuan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Po-Liang Lai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No 5, Fu-Hsing Street 333, Taoyuan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Choi J, Ha DH, Kwon S, Jung Y, Yu J, Kim M, Min K. Needle Entry Angle to Prevent Carotid Sheath Injury for Fluoroscopy-Guided Cervical Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection. Ann Rehabil Med 2018; 42:814-821. [PMID: 30613074 PMCID: PMC6325316 DOI: 10.5535/arm.2018.42.6.814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To suggest rotation angles of fluoroscopy that can bypass the carotid sheath according to vertebral levels for cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI). METHODS Patients who underwent cervical spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from January 2009 to October 2017 were analyzed. In axial sections of cervical spine MRI, three angles to the vertical line (α, angle not to insult carotid sheath; β, angle for the conventional TFESI; γ, angle not to penetrate carotid artery) were measured. RESULTS Alpha (α) angles tended to increase for upper cervical levels (53.3° in C6-7, 65.2° in C5-6, 75.3° in C4-5, 82.3° in C3-4). Beta (β) angles for conventional TFESI showed a constant value of 45° to 47° (47.5° in C6-7, 47.4° in C5-6, 45.7° in C4-5, 45.0° in C3-4). Gamma (γ) angles increased at higher cervical levels as did α angles (25.2° in C6-7, 33.6° in C5-6, 43.0° in C4-5, 56.2° in C3-4). CONCLUSION The risk of causing injury by penetrating major vessels in the carotid sheath tends to increase at upper cervical levels. Therefore, prior to cervical TFESI, measuring the angle is necessary to avoid carotid vessels in the axial section of CT or MRI, thus contributing to a safer procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Choi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Doo Hoe Ha
- Department of Radiology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Shinyoung Kwon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Youngsu Jung
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Junghoon Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - MinYoung Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Min
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
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Cunha C, Silva AJ, Pereira P, Vaz R, Gonçalves RM, Barbosa MA. The inflammatory response in the regression of lumbar disc herniation. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:251. [PMID: 30400975 PMCID: PMC6235196 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is highly associated with inflammation in the context of low back pain. Currently, inflammation is associated with adverse symptoms related to the stimulation of nerve fibers that may lead to pain. However, inflammation has also been indicated as the main factor responsible for LDH regression. This apparent controversy places inflammation as a good prognostic indicator of spontaneous regression of LDH. This review addresses the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in LDH regression, including matrix remodeling and neovascularization, in the scope of the clinical decision on conservative versus surgical intervention. Based on the evidence, a special focus on the inflammatory response in the LDH context is given, particularly in the monocyte/macrophage role. The phenomenon of spontaneous regression of LDH, extensively reported in the literature, is therefore analyzed here under the perspective of the modulatory role of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cunha
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana J. Silva
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pereira
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Neurosciences Center, CUF Porto Hospital, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Vaz
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Neurosciences Center, CUF Porto Hospital, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel M. Gonçalves
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário A. Barbosa
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Gua Sha attenuates thermal hyperalgesia and decreases proinflammatory cytokine expression in serum in rats with lumbar disc herniation induced by autologous nucleus pulposus. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(18)30908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Short Link N promotes disc repair in a rabbit model of disc degeneration. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:201. [PMID: 30157962 PMCID: PMC6116458 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1625-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) is characterized by proteolytic degradation of the extracellular matrix, and its repair requires the production of an extracellular matrix with a high proteoglycan-to-collagen ratio characteristic of a nucleus pulposus (NP)-like phenotype in vivo. At the moment, there is no medical treatment to reverse or even retard disc degeneration. The purpose of the present study was to determine if a low dose of short link N (sLN), a recently discovered fragment of the link N peptide, could behave in a manner similar to that of link N in restoring the proteoglycan content and proteoglycan-to-collagen ratio of the disc in a rabbit model of IVD degeneration, as an indication of its potential therapeutic benefit in reversing disc degeneration. Methods Adolescent New Zealand white rabbits received an annular puncture with an 18-gauge needle into two noncontiguous discs to induce disc degeneration. Two weeks later, either saline (10 μL) or sLN (25 μg in 10 μL saline) was injected into the center of the NP. The sLN concentration was empirically chosen at a lower molar concentration equivalent to half that of link N (100 μg in 10 μL). The effect on radiographic, biochemical and histologic changes were evaluated. Results Following needle puncture, disc height decreased by about 25–30% within 2 weeks and maintained this loss for the duration of the 12-week study; a single 25-μg sLN injection at 2 weeks partially restored this loss in disc height. sLN injection led to an increase in glycosaminoglycans (GAG) content 12 weeks post-injection in both the NP and annulus fibrosus (AF). There was a trend towards maintaining control disc collagen-content with sLN supplementation and the GAG-to-collagen ratio in the NP was increased when compared to the saline group. Conclusions When administered to the degenerative disc in vivo, sLN injection leads to an increase in proteoglycan content and a trend towards maintaining control disc collagen content in both the NP and AF. This is similar to link N when it is administered to the degenerative disc. Thus, pharmacologically, sLN supplementation could be a novel therapeutic approach for treating disc degeneration.
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Propionibacterium acnes Induces Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Promoting iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE 2 Activation via the ROS-Dependent NF- κB Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3692752. [PMID: 30210652 PMCID: PMC6120277 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3692752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is a novel pathogenic factor promoting intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). However, the underlying mechanisms by which P. acnes induces IVDD have been unclear. In this study, we quantified the severity of IVDD, as well as the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2)/prostaglandin (PGE2) in human intervertebral discs (IVDs) infected with P. acnes. Compared with P. acnes-negative IVDs, P. acnes-positive IVDs showed increased iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE2 activity concomitant with more severe IVDD. In order to detect the potential correlation between iNOS/NO expression, COX-2/PGE2 expression, and IVDD, we developed a P. acnes-induced IVDD rat model and found that the upregulation of iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE2 was essential to the occurrence of P. acnes-induced IVDD. This finding was supported by the fact that the inhibition of iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE2 activity ameliorated IVDD significantly, as evidenced by restored aggrecan and collagen II expression both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, we found that P. acnes induced iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE2 expressions via a reactive oxygen species- (ROS-) dependent NF-κB cascade. Furthermore, NADPH oxidase participated in P. acnes-induced ROS, iNOS/NO, and COX-2/PGE2 expressions. Overall, these findings further validated the involvement of P. acnes in the pathology of IVDD and provided evidence that P. acnes-induced iNOS/NO and COX-2/PGE2 activation via the ROS-dependent NF-κB pathway is likely responsible for the pathology of IVDD.
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Aggrecan-like biomimetic proteoglycans (BPGs) composed of natural chondroitin sulfate bristles grafted onto a poly(acrylic acid) core for molecular engineering of the extracellular matrix. Acta Biomater 2018; 75:93-104. [PMID: 29753911 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic proteoglycans (BPGs) were designed to mimic the three-dimensional (3D) bottlebrush architecture of natural extracellular matrix (ECM) proteoglycans, such as aggrecan. BPGs were synthesized by grafting native chondroitin sulfate bristles onto a synthetic poly(acrylic acid) core to form BPGs at a molecular weight of approximately ∼1.6 MDa. The aggrecan mimics were characterized chemically, physically, and structurally, confirming the 3D bottlebrush architecture as well as a level of water uptake, which is greater than that of the natural proteoglycan, aggrecan. Aggrecan mimics were cytocompatible at physiological concentrations. Fluorescently labeled BPGs were injected into the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc ex vivo and were retained in tissue before and after static loading and equilibrium conditioning. BPGs infiltrated the tissue, distributed and integrated with the ECM on a molecular scale, in the absence of a bolus, thus demonstrating a new molecular approach to tissue repair: molecular matrix engineering. Molecular matrix engineering may compliment or offer an acellular alternative to current regenerative medicine strategies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Aggrecan is a natural biomolecule that is essential for connective tissue hydration and mechanics. Aggrecan is composed of negatively charged chondroitin sulfate bristles attached to a protein core in a bottlebrush configuration. With age and degeneration, enzymatic degradation of aggrecan outpaces cellular synthesis resulting in a loss of this important molecule. We demonstrate a novel biomimetic molecule composed of natural chondroitin sulfate bristles grafted onto an enzymatically-resistant synthetic core. Our molecule mimics a 3D architecture and charge density of the natural aggrecan, can be delivered via a simple injection and is retained in tissue after equilibrium conditioning and loading. This novel material can serve as a platform for molecular repair, drug delivery and tissue engineering in regenerative medicine approaches.
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Abstract
Mechanical loading of the intervertebral disc (IVD) initiates cell-mediated remodeling events that contribute to disc degeneration. Cells of the IVD, nucleus pulposus (NP) and anulus fibrosus (AF), will exhibit various responses to different mechanical stimuli which appear to be highly dependent on loading type, magnitude, duration, and anatomic zone of cell origin. Cells of the NP, the innermost region of the disc, exhibit an anabolic response to low-moderate magnitudes of static compression, osmotic pressure, or hydrostatic pressure, while higher magnitudes promote a catabolic response marked by increased protease expression and activity. Cells of the outer AF are responsive to physical forces in a manner that depends on frequency and magnitude, as are cells of the NP, though they experience different forces, deformations, pressure, and osmotic pressure in vivo. Much remains to be understood of the mechanotransduction pathways that regulate IVD cell responses to loading, including responses to specific stimuli and also differences among cell types. There is evidence that cytoskeletal remodeling and receptor-mediated signaling are important mechanotransduction events that can regulate downstream effects like gene expression and posttranslational biosynthesis, all of which may influence phenotype and bioactivity. These and other mechanotransduction events will be regulated by known and to-be-discovered cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions, and depend on composition of extracellular matrix ligands for cell interaction, matrix stiffness, and the phenotype of the cells themselves. Here, we present a review of the current knowledge of the role of mechanical stimuli and the impact upon the cellular response to loading and changes that occur with aging and degeneration of the IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey V Fearing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Paula A Hernandez
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Lori A Setton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nadeen O Chahine
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Mascarinas A, Harrison J, Boachie-Adjei K, Lutz G. Regenerative Treatments for Spinal Conditions. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2018; 27:1003-1017. [PMID: 27788898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A literature review of clinical and translational studies was performed to provide an overview of current concepts on regenerative treatments for spinal conditions, including platelet rich plasma and stem cell treatments to treat low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelie Mascarinas
- Department of Physiatry, Hospital for Special Surgery, 429 East 75th Street, 3rd Floor, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Julian Harrison
- Department of Physiatry, Hospital for Special Surgery, 429 East 75th Street, 3rd Floor, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Kwadwo Boachie-Adjei
- Department of Physiatry, Hospital for Special Surgery, 429 East 75th Street, 3rd Floor, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Gregory Lutz
- Department of Physiatry, Hospital for Special Surgery, 429 East 75th Street, 3rd Floor, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Sheng X, Guo Q, Yu J, Xu Y. Experimental research on the effect of microRNA-21 inhibitor on a rat model of intervertebral disc degeneration. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:67-72. [PMID: 29896228 PMCID: PMC5995058 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is associated with angiogenesis and is the primary cause of disc-associated disease. Several studies have indicated the importance of microRNA (miR)-21 in angiogenesis. Thus, the present study aimed to validate the role and underlying mechanisms of miR-21 in a rat model of intervertebral disc degeneration. A total of 60 specific-pathogen-free Sprague-Dawley rats were used for in vivo experiments. A rat model of intervertebral disc degeneration was established and miR-21 inhibitor (antagomiR-21) was administered. The vertebral pulp and annulus fibrosus were isolated for immunohistochemical analysis of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Lumbar spine proteoglycan content was detected with the phloroglucinol method. Disc cell apoptosis was detected with terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining. It was revealed that antagomiR-21 treatment decreased the expression of HIF-1α and VEGF in the vertebral pulp and annulus fibrosus. Furthermore, antagomiR-21 treatment increased proteoglycan content and inhibited cell apoptosis in lumbar spines from model rats with intervertebral disc degeneration. In conclusion, antagomiR-21 treatment exerted a protective role in a rat model of intervertebral disc degeneration, which may provide the basis for a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of disc-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Sheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Second Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Qingsong Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Junbo Yu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 225001, P.R. China
| | - Youjia Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Second Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
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Lama P, Le Maitre CL, Harding IJ, Dolan P, Adams MA. Nerves and blood vessels in degenerated intervertebral discs are confined to physically disrupted tissue. J Anat 2018; 233:86-97. [PMID: 29708266 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerves and blood vessels are found in the peripheral annulus and endplates of healthy adult intervertebral discs. Degenerative changes can allow these vessels to grow inwards and become associated with discogenic pain, but it is not yet clear how far, and why, they grow in. Previously we have shown that physical disruption of the disc matrix, which is a defining feature of disc degeneration, creates free surfaces which lose proteoglycans and water, and so become physically and chemically conducive to cell migration. We now hypothesise that blood vessels and nerves in degenerated discs are confined to such disrupted tissue. Whole lumbar discs were obtained from 40 patients (aged 37-75 years) undergoing surgery for disc herniation, disc degeneration with spondylolisthesis or adolescent scoliosis ('non-degenerated' controls). Thin (5-μm) sections were stained with H&E and toluidine blue for semi-quantitative assessment of blood vessels, fissures and proteoglycan loss. Ten thick (30-μm) frozen sections from each disc were immunostained for CD31 (an endothelial cell marker), PGP 9.5 and Substance P (general and nociceptive nerve markers, respectively) and examined by confocal microscopy. Volocity image analysis software was used to calculate the cross-sectional area of each labelled structure, and its distance from the nearest free surface (disc periphery or internal fissure). Results showed that nerves and blood vessels were confined to proteoglycan-depleted regions of disrupted annulus. The maximum distance of any blood vessel or nerve from the nearest free surface was 888 and 247 μm, respectively. Blood vessels were greater in number, grew deeper, and occupied more area than nerves. The density of labelled blood vessels and nerves increased significantly with Pfirrmann grade of disc degeneration and with local proteoglycan loss. Analysing multiple thick sections with fluorescent markers on a confocal microscope allows reliable detection of thin filamentous structures, even within a dense matrix. We conclude that, in degenerated and herniated discs, blood vessels and nerves are confined to proteoglycan-depleted regions of disrupted tissue, especially within annulus fissures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly Lama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Patricia Dolan
- Centre for Applied Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael A Adams
- Centre for Applied Anatomy, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Kawaguchi K, Harimaya K, Matsumoto Y, Hayashida M, Okada S, Iida K, Kato G, Tsuchiya K, Doi T, Oda Y, Iwamoto Y, Nakashima Y. Effect of cartilaginous endplates on extruded disc resorption in lumbar disc herniation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195946. [PMID: 29664923 PMCID: PMC5903620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the clinicopathologic features of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) with endplate degeneration and the association between cartilaginous fragments and inflammatory response to the herniated disc. Summary of background data LDH often involves hyaline cartilage fragments pulled from the vertebral endplates. Modic changes are closely associated with LDH that contains hyaline cartilage, and cartilaginous endplates seem to affect resorption of the herniated disc. Methods A total of 78 patients who underwent microscopic discectomy between 9 and 16 weeks after an occurrence of LDH were reviewed. Modic changes, disc degeneration, high-intensity zone, and vertebral corner defect were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Histopathological observations of cartilaginous endplates and inflamed granulation tissue in the herniated disc were made. In cases with inflamed granulation tissue, neovascularization and macrophage infiltration were also evaluated using immunohistochemical analysis. Results Modic changes were observed in approximately one-third of the patients (26 cases: type 1, 7; type 2, 17; and type 3, 2). Cartilaginous endplates were observed in 32 cases (41%) and in the majority of cases with Modic changes compared with cases without Modic changes (65%, p = 0.001). Although inflamed granulation tissue was observed in 60 cases (77%), no significant differences were detected in patient age and the composition of the herniated material. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that fewer CD34-positive capillaries and CD68-positive cells were found in cases with cartilaginous fragments compared with those without cartilaginous fragments (p < 0.001). In addition, a higher immunoreactivity to CD34 and CD68 was found in herniated discs <25% of whose area was occupied by cartilaginous endplates compared with discs whose area was occupied at 25% or more (p < 0.001). Conclusion There is an association between LDH with endplate degeneration and cartilaginous herniation, with Modic type 2 predominating. Furthermore, neovascularization and macrophage infiltration, especially if the amount of cartilage is high, are likely to be less frequent in cartilaginous herniation, leading to failure in the spontaneous remission of clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kawaguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Katsumi Harimaya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Hayashida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Iida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Go Kato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saga-Ken Medical Center, Saga, Japan
| | | | - Toshio Doi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukihide Iwamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nakashima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Niu T, Lv C, Yi G, Tang H, Gong C, Niu S. Therapeutic Effect of Medical Ozone on Lumbar Disc Herniation. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:1962-1969. [PMID: 29611536 PMCID: PMC5896688 DOI: 10.12659/msm.903243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of low, medium, and high concentrations of medical ozone on trauma-induced lumbar disc herniation. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 80 patients were included and were grouped into a control group, a low medical ozone (20 μg/ml) group, a medium medical ozone (40 μg/ml) group, and a high medical ozone (60 μg/ml) group. The CT scan and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect IL-6 level, SOD activity, IgM, and IgG levels upon admission and at 6 and 12 months after follow-up. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated for visual analogue scale (VAS) and efficiency rate. RESULTS All patients showed disc retraction at 6- and 12-month follow-up; while patients in the medium medical ozone (40 μg/ml) group showed the greatest disc retraction rate. The IL-6, IgM, IgG, and VAS levels significantly decreased while SOD activity increased among all groups over time (p<0.05). The AUCIL-6, AUCIgG, AUCIgM, and AUCSOD was closest to 1 in the medium medical ozone (40 μg/ml) group compared with other groups (p<0.01), with the highest efficacy at 6 (35%) and 12 (85%) months during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Low concentrations of medical ozone (20 μg/ml and 40 μg/ml) reduced the serum IL-6, IgG, and IgM expression, presenting as analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, while high concentrations of medical ozone (60 μg/ml) increased the serum IL-6, IgG, IgM expression, presenting as pain and pro-inflammatory effects. The medical ozone concentration of 40 μg/ml showed the optimal treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Niu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chaoliang Lv
- Department of Spine Surgery, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Guangkun Yi
- Department of Spine Surgery, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Huamin Tang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Cunji Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jining First People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Shizhen Niu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, P.R. China
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Noorwali H, Grant MP, Epure LM, Madiraju P, Sampen H, Antoniou J, Mwale F. Link N as a therapeutic agent for discogenic pain. JOR Spine 2018; 1:e1008. [PMID: 31463438 PMCID: PMC6686832 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) are the major contributors of sensory axonal sprouting, neural survival, regulation of nociceptive sensory neurons, inflammatory hyperalgesia, and neuropathic pain. Intervertebral disc (IVD) cells constitutively express NTs. Their expression is upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines present in the IVD during degeneration, which can promote peripheral nerve ingrowth and hyperinnervation, leading to discogenic pain. Currently, there are no targeted therapies that decrease hyperinnervation in degenerative disc disease. Link N is a naturally occurring peptide with a high regenerative potential in the IVD. Therefore, the suitability of Link N as a therapeutic peptide for suppressing NTs, which are known modulators and mediators of pain, was investigated. The aim of the present study is to determine the effect of Link N on NTs expression, nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and their cognate receptors TrkA and TrkB as they are directly correlated with symptomatic back pain. Furthermore, the neurotransmitter (substance P) was also evaluated in human annulus fibrosus (AF) cells stimulated with cytokines. Human AF cells isolated from normal IVDs were stimulated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the presence or absence of Link N. NGF release in the media was evaluated by Western blotting. Total RNA was isolated and gene expression was measured using real-time PCR. Gene expression of NGF, BDNF, TrkA, and TrkB significantly decreased in human disc cells stimulated with either IL-1β or TNF-α supplemented with Link N when compared to the cells stimulated only with IL-1β or TNF-α. NGF protein expression was also suppressed in AF cells coincubated with Link N and IL-1β when compared to the cells stimulated only with IL-1β. Link N can suppress the stimulation of NGF, BDNF, and their receptors TrkA and TrkB in AF cells in an inflammatory milieu. Thus, coupled with previous observations, this suggests that administration of Link N has the potential to not only repair the discs in early stages of the disease but also suppress pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Noorwali
- Division of Orthopaedic SurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- SMBD‐Jewish General HospitalLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchMontrealQCCanada
- Division of Orthopaedic SurgeryKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Michael P. Grant
- SMBD‐Jewish General HospitalLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchMontrealQCCanada
| | - Laura M. Epure
- SMBD‐Jewish General HospitalLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchMontrealQCCanada
| | - Padma Madiraju
- SMBD‐Jewish General HospitalLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchMontrealQCCanada
| | - Hee‐Jeong Sampen
- Department of BiochemistryRush University Medical CenterChicagoIllinois
| | - John Antoniou
- Division of Orthopaedic SurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- SMBD‐Jewish General HospitalLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchMontrealQCCanada
| | - Fackson Mwale
- Division of Orthopaedic SurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- SMBD‐Jewish General HospitalLady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchMontrealQCCanada
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Yeh CH, Chen D, Aghdasi B, Xiao L, Ding M, Jin L, Li X. Link protein N-terminal peptide and fullerol promote matrix production and decrease degradation enzymes in rabbit annulus cells. Connect Tissue Res 2018; 59:191-200. [PMID: 28509587 PMCID: PMC5690886 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2017.1330333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intervertebral disc degeneration is a major cause of back pain. Novel therapies for prevention or reversal of disc degeneration are needed. It is desirable for potential therapies to target both inflammation and matrix degeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS The combined regenerative potential of link protein N-terminal peptide (LN) and fullerol on annulus fibrosus (AF) cells was evaluated in a 3D culture model. RESULTS Interleukin-1α (IL-1α)-induced AF cell degeneration was counteracted by fullerol, LN, and fullerol + LN, with the latter having the greatest effect on matrix production as evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and glycosaminoglycan assay. IL-1α-induced increases in pro-inflammatory mediators (interleukin-6 and cyclooxygenase-2) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, -2, -9, and -13) were also counteracted by fullerol and LN. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that LN and fullerol individually, and in combination, promote matrix production and have anti-inflammatory and anti-catabolic effects on AF cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hua Yeh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Centre for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Dennis Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bayan Aghdasi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mengmeng Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Xudong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Cytokine Involvement in Biological Inflammation Related to Degenerative Disorders of the Intervertebral Disk: A Narrative Review. J Chiropr Med 2018; 17:54-62. [PMID: 29628809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this narrative literature review is to discuss the literature regarding the potential role that cytokines play in degenerative disk disease. Methods The inclusion criteria were studies that used inflammatory mediators in advancing disk disease processes. Research studies were limited to the last 3 decades that had free full-text available online in English. Exclusion criteria were review articles and articles pertaining to temporomandibular joints and other joints of the body other than the intervertebral disk. The following databases were searched: PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar through March 13, 2017. Results A total of 82 studies were included in this review. The papers were reviewed for complex mechanisms behind the degenerative cascade, emphasizing the role of proinflammatory cytokines, which may be instrumental in processes of inflammation, neurologic pain, and disk degeneration. Interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α were among the more notable cytokines involved in this cascade. Because monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 stimulates and activates macrophages in the event of infiltration, additional proinflammatory cytokines are released to act on molecules to promote blood and nerve ingrowth, resulting in pain signaling and tissue degradation. Excessive inflammation and/or tissue damage initiates a pathologic imbalance between anabolic and catabolic processes. Conclusions This literature review describes how inflammatory and biochemical changes may trigger disk degeneration. Proinflammatory cytokines stimulate microvascular blood and nerve ingrowth, resulting in pain signaling and tissue degradation. This may sensitize a person to chemical and/or mechanical stimuli, contributing to severe low back pain.
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Tang X, Alliston T, Coughlin D, Miller S, Zhang N, Waldorff EI, Ryaby JT, Lotz JC. Dynamic imaging demonstrates that pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) suppress IL-6 transcription in bovine nucleus pulposus cells. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:778-787. [PMID: 28851112 PMCID: PMC5873378 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines play a dominant role in the pathogenesis of disc degeneration. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) are noninvasive biophysical stimulus that has been used extensively in the orthopaedic field for many years. However, the specific cellular responses and mechanisms involved are still unclear. The objective of this study was to assess the time-dependent PEMF effects on pro-inflammatory factor IL-6 expression in disc nucleus pulposus cells using a novel green fluorescence protein (GFP) reporter system. An MS2-tagged GFP reporter system driven by IL-6 promoter was constructed to visualize PEMF treatment effect on IL-6 transcription in single living cells. IL-6-MS2 reporter-labeled cells were treated with IL-1α to mimic the in situ inflammatory environment of degenerative disc while simultaneously exposed to PEMF continuously for 4 h. Time-lapse imaging was recorded using a confocal microscope to track dynamic IL-6 transcription activity that was demonstrated by GFP. Finally, real-time RT-PCR was performed to confirm the imaging data. Live cell imaging demonstrated that pro-inflammatory factor IL-1α significantly promoted IL-6 transcription over time as compared with DMEM basal medium condition. Imaging and PCR data demonstrated that the inductive effect of IL-1α on IL-6 expression could be significantly inhibited by PEMF treatment in a time-dependent manner (early as 2 h of stimulus initiation). Our data suggest that PEMF may have a role in the clinical management of patients with chronic low back pain. Furthermore, this study shows that the MS2-tagged GFP reporter system is a useful tool for visualizing the dynamic events of mechanobiology in musculoskeletal research. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 35:778-787, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Tamara Alliston
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Dezba Coughlin
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | - Stephanie Miller
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey C. Lotz
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCalifornia
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