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Jahansouz C, Kumer SC, Ellenbogen M, Brayman KL. Evolution of β-Cell Replacement Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus: Pancreas Transplantation. Diabetes Technol Ther 2011; 13:395-418. [PMID: 21299398 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2010.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 23.6 million people in the United States are affected. Of these individuals, 5-10% have been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (TIDM), an autoimmune disease. Although it often appears in childhood, T1DM may manifest at any age. The effects of T1DM can be devastating, as the disease often leads to significant secondary complications, morbidity, and decreased quality of life. Since the late 1960s, surgical treatment for diabetes mellitus has continued to evolve and has become a viable alternative to chronic insulin administration. In this review, the historical evolution, current status, graft efficacy, benefits, and complications of pancreas transplantation are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Jahansouz
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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Marcelli-Tourvieille S, Hubert T, Pattou F, Vantyghem MC. Acute insulin response (AIR): review of protocols and clinical interest in islet transplantation. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2006; 32:295-303. [PMID: 16977256 DOI: 10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Various stimuli have been used in clinical practice to test islet function, including intravenous glucose, arginine--both at basal glucose levels and with the hyperglycaemic clamp, tolbutamide, glucagon and glucagon-like peptide 1. The subsequent first phase insulin response (also termed acute insulin response or AIR) to intravenous glucose or arginine has been quantified in a variety of ways, from the mean serum insulin measured at multiple times after glucose injection to the mean value above baseline of serum insulin at 2 to 10 min. The purpose of this study was to review the different protocols of AIR calculation and their pitfalls, and to assess the results of AIR in the islet transplantation field. By investigating the first phase of insulin secretion, AIR provides both a qualitative and a quantitative approach to insulin secretion. In islet transplantation, post-glucose AIR (AIRg) may predict graft survival while post-arginine AIR (AIRa) may be better correlated with engrafted beta cell mass, despite these facts need to be confirmed. AIRa also limits intravenous hyperglycaemia glucotoxicity. In conclusion, AIR could help to predict the need for a second or third islet injection in islet transplantation. These specific indications, however, need to be confirmed by future studies and completed by other approaches such as insulin sensitivity studies and in vivo morphological assessment of islet mass.
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Kuczynski LB, Spadella CT, Padovanni CR. Efeitos da ligadura do ducto pancreático e da secção ductal com livre drenagem de secreções para o peritônio sobre as funções endócrina e exócrina do pâncreas: estudo clínico e laboratorial em coelhos. Acta Cir Bras 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502004000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As ressecções pancreáticas seguidas de anastomoses acompanham-se de altas taxas de morbidade, que incluem: surtos de pancreatite e, principalmente, fístulas digestivas. Nos transplantes pancreáticos a drenagem da parte exócrina do enxerto para o intestino ou para a bexiga, além das peculiaridades técnicas, também não é isenta de diversas complicações. Visando evitar ou atenuar tais conseqüências e simplificar a técnica cirúrgica, têm sido usadas outras abordagens para o tratamento ductal do coto/enxerto pancreático, tais como: drenagem livre de secreções para o peritônio, com o ducto pancreático aberto, ligadura ductal e oclusão do ducto com polímeros sintéticos. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo visa avaliar clínica e laboratorialmente as funções endócrina e exócrina do pâncreas de coelhos com o ducto aberto e ligado. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas 150 operações, divididas em 3 grupos: N - manipulação/controle (n=50), A - grupo aberto (n=50), e L - ligado (n=50). Os momentos de observação foram pré-operatório, dia 0 (dia da operação) e pós-operatório (observação e sacrifício): 7 dias, 14 dias, 28 dias, 90 dias e 180 dias. Os parâmetros analisados foram: estado geral, atividade, controles do peso corporal, ingestão hídrica, ingestão alimentar e dosagens da amilase sangüínea, glicemia, glicose urinária e insulina plasmática. RESULTADOS: Todos os grupos tiveram evolução clínica similar, com bom estado geral, ganho ponderal progressivo e valores normais da ingestão hídrica e ingestão alimentar. Exceto uma significativa elevação da amilase sangüínea nas primeiras 24-48h para os 2 grupos com interferência ductal, não houve qualquer alteração dos níveis basais da glicemia, glicosúria e insulinemia entre os 3 grupos experimentais, em todos os momentos de observação. CONCLUSÃO: À exceção da amilase sangüínea, cujos níveis basais foram significativamente elevados no 1º e 2º dias de pós-operatório, as duas modalidades técnicas de abordagem da secreção exócrina do pâncreas, utilizadas em coelhos, não determinaram quaisquer alterações clínicas, bem como dos níveis basais de glicose sangüínea, glicose urinária e insulina plasmática, durante 6 meses de seguimento.
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Pileggi A, Ricordi C, Alessiani M, Inverardi L. Factors influencing Islet of Langerhans graft function and monitoring. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 310:3-16. [PMID: 11485749 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(01)00503-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of islet of Langerhans represents a viable therapeutic option for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Dramatic progress has been recently reported with the introduction of a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen that improved success rate, namely, insulin independence for 1 year or more, from 8% to 100%. The fate of islet grafts is determined by many concurrent phenomena, some of which are common to organ grafts (i.e. rejection), while others are unique to nonvascularized cell transplants, including transplant cell mass and viability, as well as nonspecific inflammation at the site of implant. Moreover, islet grafts lack clinical markers of early rejection, making it difficult to recognize imminent rejection and to implement intervention with graft-saving immunosuppressive regimens. In the present review, we will address the problems influencing islet graft success and the monitoring of islet cell graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pileggi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Cell Transplantation Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Abstract
AIMS This review examines the status of vascularized pancreas transplantation as a treatment for Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS The world literature, with a particular emphasis on data from the International Pancreas Transplant Registry (IPTR), is reviewed and interpreted particularly for clinical indications and outcome. RESULTS Over 9000 cases of vascularized pancreas transplant (VPT) have been registered, with insulin dependence approaching 82% at 1 year with 94% patient survival. The majority of transplants are simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) transplants, with far fewer pancreas after kidney (PAK) or pancreas transplants alone (PTA). The success rates differ between the procedures but are generally improving as technical advances, improvements in immunosupression and greater experience are gained. The most obvious advantage is an improved quality of life (QoL) but there are risks associated with the procedure and with the immunosuppression. There is some evidence coming to light of a very slow beneficial effect on microvascular complications. CONCLUSIONS VPT is an attractive option to offer Type 1 DM patients who need or already have a renal allograft. Patients have to decide between the increased surgical risk and the risks of long-term immunosuppression and the benefits of improved QoL. In the absense of end-stage renal failure (ESRF) there is no justification for PTA, except where the diabetes itself poses a greater risk to life than the transplantation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A White
- Department of Surgery, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, UK
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Secchi A, Martinenghi S, Castoldi R, Giudici D, Di Carlo V, Pozza G. Effects of pancreas transplantation on quality of life in type I diabetic patients undergoing kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:339-42. [PMID: 9532068 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(97)01296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Secchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University of Milan, Italy
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Kendall DM, Robertson RP. Pancreas and islet transplantation. Challenges for the twenty-first century. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1997; 26:611-30. [PMID: 9314018 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews both pancreas and islet transplantation in detail. The history of each procedure, the effects of these therapies on glucose metabolism, glucose counterregulation, and islet cell secretory function, as well as the challenges that result from each procedure are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Kendall
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Luzi L, Hering BJ, Socci C, Raptis G, Battezzati A, Terruzzi I, Falqui L, Brandhorst H, Brandhorst D, Regalia E, Brambilla E, Secchi A, Perseghin G, Maffi P, Bianchi E, Mazzaferro V, Gennari L, Di Carlo V, Federlin K, Pozza G, Bretzel RG. Metabolic effects of successful intraportal islet transplantation in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:2611-8. [PMID: 8647955 PMCID: PMC507348 DOI: 10.1172/jci118710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intraportal injection of human pancreatic islets has been indicated as a possible alternative to the pancreas transplant in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Aim of the present work was to study the effect of intraportal injection of purified human islets on: (a) the basal hepatic glucose production; (b) the whole body glucose homeostasis and insulin action; and (c) the regulation of insulin secretion in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients bearing a kidney transplant. 15 recipients of purified islets from cadaver donors (intraportal injection) were studied by means of the infusion of labeled glucose to quantify the hepatic glucose production. Islet transplanted patients were subdivided in two groups based on graft function and underwent: (a) a 120-min euglycemic insulin infusion (1 mU/kg/min) to assess insulin action; (b) a 120-min glucose infusion (+75 mg/di) to study the pattern of insulin secretion. Seven patients with chronic uveitis on the same immunosuppressive therapy as grafted patients, twelve healthy volunteers, and seven insulin-dependent diabetic patients with combined pancreas and kidney transplantation were also studied as control groups. Islet transplanted patients have: (a) a higher basal hepatic glucose production (HGP: 5.1 +/- 1.4 mg/kg/ min; P < 0.05 with respect to all other groups) if without graft function, and a normal HGP (2.4 +/- 0.2 mg/kg/min) with a functioning graft; (b) a defective tissue glucose disposal (3.9 +/- 0.5 mg/kg/min in patients without islet function and 5.3 +/- 0.4 mg/kg/min in patients with islet function) with respect to normals (P < 0.01 for both comparisons); (c) a blunted first phase insulin peak and a similar second phase secretion with respect to controls. In conclusion, in spite of the persistence of an abnormal pattern of insulin secretion, successful intraportal islet graft normalizes the basal HGP and improves total tissue glucose disposal in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Luzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Raphael Scientific Institute, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Secchi A, Caldara R, Caumo A, Monti LD, Bonfatti D, Di Carlo V, Pozza G. Cephalic-phase insulin and glucagon release in normal subjects and in patients receiving pancreas transplantation. Metabolism 1995; 44:1153-8. [PMID: 7666788 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(95)90008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the cephalic phase of insulin release is still present in patients submitted to simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplantation. Subjects were five kidney-pancreas-transplanted patients (group P) and five control (group C). The experimental protocol lasted 30 minutes, and blood samples were collected at 1-minute intervals. After a 20-minute period of steady-state fasting (premeal period), subjects received a palatable standard meal (pizza). Samples were collected over the subsequent 10 minutes (meal period). No evidence of an increase in serum free insulin, serum C-peptide, and plasma glucagon during food ingestion was observed in group P whereas the test was effective in eliciting cephalic-phase insulin and glucagon release in group C. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide and somatostatin did not show any variation during the test in both groups. In conclusion, the absence of cephalic-phase insulin and glucagon release in group P could be explained by denervation of the grafted pancreas. This early alteration could contribute to the impairment in glucose tolerance frequently observed in successfully pancreas-transplanted patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Secchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Luzi L, Battezzati A, Perseghin G, Bianchi E, Terruzzi I, Spotti D, Vergani S, Secchi A, La Rocca E, Ferrari G. Combined pancreas and kidney transplantation normalizes protein metabolism in insulin-dependent diabetic-uremic patients. J Clin Invest 1994; 93:1948-58. [PMID: 8182126 PMCID: PMC294302 DOI: 10.1172/jci117186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to assess the combined and separate effects of pancreas and kidney transplant on whole-body protein metabolism, 9 insulin-dependent diabetic-uremic patients (IDDUP), 14 patients after combined kidney-pancreas transplantation (KP-Tx), and 6 insulin-dependent diabetic patients with isolated kidney transplant (K-Tx), were studied in the basal postabsorptive state and during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia (study 1). [1-14C]Leucine infusion and indirect calorimetry were utilized to assess leucine metabolism. The subjects were studied again with a combined infusion of insulin and amino acids, given to mimic postprandial amino acid levels (study 2). In the basal state, IDDUP demonstrated with respect to normal subjects (CON): (a) higher free-insulin concentration (17.8 +/- 2.8 vs. 6.8 +/- 1.1 microU/ml, P < 0.01) (107 +/- 17 vs. 41 +/- 7 pM); (b) reduced plasma leucine (92 +/- 9 vs. 124 +/- 2 microM, P < 0.05), branched chain amino acids (BCAA) (297 +/- 34 vs. 416 +/- 10 microM, P < 0.05), endogenous leucine flux (ELF) (28.7 +/- 0.8 vs. 39.5 +/- 0.7 mumol.m-2.min-1, P < 0.01) and nonoxidative leucine disposal (NOLD) (20.7 +/- 0.2 vs. 32.0 +/- 0.7 mumol.m-2. min-1, P < 0.01); (c) similar leucine oxidation (LO) (8.0 +/- 0.1 vs. 7.5 +/- 0.1 mumol.m-2.min-1; P = NS). Both KP-Tx and K-Tx patients showed a complete normalization of plasma leucine (116 +/- 5 and 107 +/- 9 microM), ELF (38.1 +/- 0.1 and 38.5 +/- 0.9 mumol.m-2.min-1), and NOLD (28.3 +/- 0.6 and 31.0 +/- 1.3 mumol.m-2.min-1) (P = NS vs, CON). During hyperinsulinemia (study 1), IDDUP showed a defective decrease of leucine (42% vs. 53%; P < 0.05), BCAA (38% vs. 47%, P < 0.05), ELF (28% vs. 33%, P < 0.05), and LO (0% vs. 32%, P < 0.05) with respect to CON. Isolated kidney transplant reverted the defective inhibition of ELF (34%, P = NS vs. CON) of IDDUP, but not the inhibition of LO (18%, P < 0.05 vs. CON) by insulin. Combined kidney and pancreas transplanation normalized all kinetic parameters of insulin-mediated protein turnover. During combined hyperinsulinemia and hyperaminoacidemia (study 2), IDDUP showed a defective stimulation of NOLD (27.9 +/- 0.7 vs. 36.1 +/- 0.8 mumol.m-2.min-1, P < 0.01 compared to CON), which was normalized by transplantation (44.3 +/- 0.8 mumol.m-2.min-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Luzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Raphael Scientific Institute, University of Milan, Italy
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Robertson RP. Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston: Pancreatic and islet transplantation for diabetes--cures or curiosities? N Engl J Med 1992; 327:1861-8. [PMID: 1448124 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199212243272607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R P Robertson
- Diabetes Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455
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Caldara R, Martin X, Secchi A, Lefrancois N, Touraine JL, Pozza G, Dubernard JM. Metabolic control after kidney and pancreas transplantation: whole series results and effects of segmental duct obstruction versus whole pancreas with bladder diversion technique. Diabetologia 1991; 34 Suppl 1:S51-2. [PMID: 1936695 DOI: 10.1007/bf00587619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
From October 1976 to December 1990 181 pancreatic transplants were performed in our centre on 171 Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Oral glucose tolerance test evaluated 1 year after surgery in 31 subjects showed an impaired glucose tolerance at 120 min (blood glucose 9.5 +/- 0.6 mmol/l). Similar results were obtained in seven patients 3 years after transplantation (blood glucose at 120 min 8.3 +/- 1.08 mmol/l). 24h metabolic profiles performed at the same intervals showed near normal blood glucose levels and good insulin release. Preliminary data concerning a randomized, comparative study between whole pancreas with bladder diversion and segmental pancreas transplantation, showed better metabolic control in the patients who received the whole pancreas, probably due to the greater islet mass grafted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Caldara
- Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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