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Hypergraph geometry reflects higher-order dynamics in protein interaction networks. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20879. [PMID: 36463292 PMCID: PMC9719542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24584-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein interactions form a complex dynamic molecular system that shapes cell phenotype and function; in this regard, network analysis is a powerful tool for studying the dynamics of cellular processes. Current models of protein interaction networks are limited in that the standard graph model can only represent pairwise relationships. Higher-order interactions are well-characterized in biology, including protein complex formation and feedback or feedforward loops. These higher-order relationships are better represented by a hypergraph as a generalized network model. Here, we present an approach to analyzing dynamic gene expression data using a hypergraph model and quantify network heterogeneity via Forman-Ricci curvature. We observe, on a global level, increased network curvature in pluripotent stem cells and cancer cells. Further, we use local curvature to conduct pathway analysis in a melanoma dataset, finding increased curvature in several oncogenic pathways and decreased curvature in tumor suppressor pathways. We compare this approach to a graph-based model and a differential gene expression approach.
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Yin G, Guo W, Liu H, Huang Z, Chen X. Ki-67 and p53 expression in head and neck mucosal melanoma: A clinicopathologic analysis of predictors of outcome. Ann Diagn Pathol 2021; 54:151789. [PMID: 34304143 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2021.151789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the prognostic value of Ki-67 and p53 in patients with head and neck mucosal melanoma by analyzing the relevant data from previous patients. METHODS Data on Ki-67 and p53 immunohistochemical staining in 128 patients treated in Beijing Tongren Hospital between April 2005 and January 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. The correlation of Ki-67 and p53 expression with general clinical features and survival prognosis was analyzed. RESULTS Median follow-up time was 21 months. There were 66 cases in the group with Ki-67 < 40% and 62 cases in the group with Ki-67 ≥ 40%, with 60 cases in the p53-negative group and 68 cases in the p53-positive group. Of the 128 patients, 67 died and 61 survived. There were 63 patients with distant metastasis and 33 patients with local recurrence. Ki-67 expression was related to distant metastasis but this was not an independent risk factor; however, it was an independent risk factor affecting the survival of patients. The survival time for patients with Ki-67 ≥ 40% was significantly shorter than for patients with Ki-67 < 40%. P53 expression had no significant effect on survival and prognosis. CONCLUSION Ki-67 is related to the disease stage and overall survival of patients with head and neck mucosal melanoma. It may have a guiding significance for the prognosis of patients as those with higher Ki-67 levels had poorer prognosis. However, the incidence rate of this disease is low, and all of the results need to be verified with a larger dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofei Yin
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfei Liu
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Huang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Zhang L, Meng S, Yan B, Chen J, Zhou L, Shan L, Wang Y. Anti-Proliferative, Pro-Apoptotic, Anti-Migrative and Tumor-Inhibitory Effects and Pleiotropic Mechanism of Theaflavin on B16F10 Melanoma Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:1291-1304. [PMID: 33658796 PMCID: PMC7920628 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s286350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Theaflavin (TF) is a primary pigment of tea, exhibiting anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-metastatic activities on cancer cell lines. However, it is unknown whether TF is effective in treating melanoma cells. Methods To determine the effects of TF on melanoma cells, we conducted in vitro assays of cell viability, DAPI staining, wound healing, transwell, and flow cytometry as well as in vivo experiments on B16F10-bearing mouse model. Real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blot (WB) were conducted to explore the molecular actions of TF. Results The cell viability assay showed that TF exerted inhibitory effect on B16F10 cells in a dose-dependent manner from 40 to 400 μg/mL, with IC50 values ranging from 223.8±7.1 to 103.7±7.0 μg/mL. Moreover, TF induced early and late apoptosis and inhibited migration/invasion of B16F10 cells in a dose-dependent manner, indicating its pro-apoptotic and anti-migrative effects. In vivo, TF significantly inhibited B16F10 tumor size in mice model from 40 to 120 mg/kg, which exerted higher effect than that of cisplatin. The molecular data showed that TF significantly up-regulated the mRNA expressions of pro-apoptotic genes (Bax, Casp3, Casp8, c-fos, c-Jun, and c-Myc), up-regulated the protein expressions of apoptosis-related p53 and JNK signaling molecules (ASK1, phosphorylated Chk1/2, cleaved caspase 3, phosphorylated JNK, c-JUN, cleaved PARP, and phosphorylated p53), and down-regulated the protein expressions of proliferation-related MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling molecules (phosphorylated MEK1/2, phosphorylated ERK1/2, phosphorylated PI3K, and phosphorylated AKT) as well as the expressions of MMP2 and MMP9. Conclusion It can be concluded that TB exhibited anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-migrative, and tumor-inhibitory effects on melanoma cells through pleiotropic actions on the above pathways. This study provides new evidence of anti-melanoma efficacy and mechanism of TF, contributing to the development of TF-derived natural products for melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Meng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Letian Shan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Kim JH, Jee BC. Effects of Butylparaben Supplementation on In Vitro Development of Mouse Preantral Follicle. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:1365-1371. [DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00159-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Chen L, Karisma VW, Liu H, Zhong L. MicroRNA-300: A Transcellular Mediator in Exosome Regulates Melanoma Progression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1005. [PMID: 31681565 PMCID: PMC6803498 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a common and high-mortality skin cancer. Oxidative stress and DNA damage caused by ultraviolet light (UV) are major causative factors of melanoma formation. However, the specific molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, 218 dysregulated genes and 104 dysregulated miRNAs in response to UV were screened by analyzing sequencing datasets. Among them, 29 up-regulated miRNAs and 28 down-regulated miRNAs were involved in the melanoma pathway. As the only differential gene in the melanoma pathway, GADD45B severely affects the prognosis of melanoma patients. MiR-300 is the only differentially expressed miRNA that regulates GADD45B. In addition, compared to normal melanocytes, miR-300 was significantly down-regulated in melanoma cells (log FC = −1.63) and exosomes (log FC = −1.34). Among the transcription factors predicted to regulate miR-300, MYC, PPARG, and ZIC2 were significantly up-regulated in melanoma cells, and TP53, JUN, JUNB, FOS, and FOSB interacted with GADD45B. We attempted to reveal the pathogenesis of melanoma and screen new biomarkers by constructing a TF-mRNA-miRNA axis in turn to provide a view for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Bioengineering Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Huawen Liu
- Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Bioengineering Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Zaky AH, Elsers D, Bakry R, Abdelwanis M, Nabih O, Hafez R, Rezk M. Prognostic Value of Accumulative Expression of COX-2 and p53 in Small and Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1183-1190. [PMID: 31187468 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays an important role in carcinogenesis, which catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. P53 is a tumor suppressor gene that contributes to apoptosis and cell cycle control. There is functional interaction between p53 and COX-2, which lead to abrogation of apoptosis and progression of malignancy. To assess the relationship between COX-2, p53 expression and the clinicopathololgic features in SLL and DLBCL. We immunohistochemically examined the expression of COX-2 and p53 in non-neoplastic lymphoid cells, lymph nodal low-grade (50 cases of SLL), intermediate and high-grade lymphomas (100 cases of DLBCL) and their corresponding bone marrow specimens. The expression of COX-2 and p53 was absent in the in non-neoplastic lymphoid cells. In contrast, their expression values increased progressively with the advancing grade of lymphoma (p < 0.001). COX-2 expression was significantly associated with advanced disease stage, high-grade lymphomas, and disease relapse and p53 expression. The p53was detected in 64.5% in patients positive for COX-2. The expressions of COX-2 and p53 proteins, were significantly associated with shorter overall-survival and progression free survival. Here we report up-regulation of COX-2and p53 protein expression in SLL and DLBCL indicating their interactive involvement in the pathogenesis of lymphoma. Our data provide a rationale for further investigation of COX-2 expression in lymphomas for potential prognostic, chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amen H Zaky
- Medical Oncology & Hematology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Asyut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Dalia Elsers
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Asyut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Rania Bakry
- Clinical Pathology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Asyut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Abdelwanis
- Radiotherapy Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Asyut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ola Nabih
- Clinical Oncology Department, Asyut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Rania Hafez
- Internal Medicine, Hematology Unit, Asyut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Rezk
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Asyut University, Assiut, Egypt
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The significance of gene mutations across eight major cancer types. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 781:88-99. [PMID: 31416581 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations occur spontaneously, which can be induced by either chemicals (e.g. benzene) or biological factors (e.g. virus). Not all mutations cause noticeable changes in cellular functions. However, mutation in key cellular genes leads to developmental disorders. It is one of the main ways in which proto-oncogenes can be changed into their oncogenic state. The progressive accumulation of multiple mutations throughout life leads to cancer. In the past few decades, extensive research on cancer biology has discovered many genes and pathways having role in cancer development. In this review, we tried to summarize the current knowledge of mutational effect on different cancer types and its consequences in brief for future reference and guidance of researchers in cancer biology.
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8
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Woo YR, Lim JH, Jeong SW, Cho DH, Park HJ. Analysis of apoptosis-associated molecules Erythroid differentiation regulator 1, bcl-2 and p53 in actinic keratosis after treatment with ingenol mebutate. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:1012-1017. [PMID: 28370377 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Actinic keratosis (AK) is the most common cutaneous premalignant neoplasm precursor of malignant skin tumors. The aberrant apoptotic pathway is thought to be associated with pathogenesis of AK. Ingenol mebutate has been shown to be effective and safe for treatment of AK. However, the effect of ingenol mebutate on apoptosis-related molecules using human skin samples has not been studied well. Erythroid differentiation regulator 1 (Erdr1) was recently reported to play a crucial role in malignant skin cancers like malignant melanoma. The role of Erdr1 in premalignant actinic keratosis (AK) has not been explored. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the expression of apoptosis-associated molecules such as Erdr1, p53 and bcl-2 was affected by the treatment of ingenol mebutate in AK. Nine patients with AK underwent skin biopsy at baseline and 8 weeks after treatment with ingenol mebutate for immunohistochemical evaluation with Erdr1, p53 and bcl-2. In addition, skin samples from five control subjects were retrieved. Upregulation of Erdr1 and a significant decrease in expression of p53 and bcl-2 were observed after treatment with ingenol mebutate. Ingenol mebutate treatment for AK resulted in the modulation of apoptosis-associated molecules with an increase in the expression of Erdr1 and a decrease in the expression of p53 and bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ri Woo
- Department of Dermatology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hong Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo-Won Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Ho Cho
- Institue of Clinical Medical Research, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Park
- Department of Dermatology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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9
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Kalal BS, Upadhya D, Pai VR. Chemotherapy Resistance Mechanisms in Advanced Skin Cancer. Oncol Rev 2017; 11:326. [PMID: 28382191 PMCID: PMC5379221 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2017.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a most dangerous and deadly type of skin cancer, and considered intrinsically resistant to both radiotherapy and chemotherapy. It has become a major public health concern as the incidence of melanoma has been rising steadily over recent decades with a 5-year survival remaining less than 5%. Detection of the disease in early stage may be curable, but late stage metastatic disease that has spread to other organs has an extremely poor prognosis with a median survival of less than 10 months. Since metastatic melanoma is unresponsive to therapy that is currently available, research is now focused on different treatment strategies such as combinations of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The molecular basis of resistance to chemotherapy seen in melanoma is multifactorial; defective drug transport system, altered apoptotic pathway, deregulation of apoptosis and/or changes in enzymatic systems that mediate cellular metabolic machinery. Understanding of alterations in molecular processes involved in drug resistance may help in developing new therapeutic approaches to treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvanesh Sukhlal Kalal
- Department of Biochemistry, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangaluru, India; Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Mangaluru, India
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University , Mangaluru, India
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10
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Abdel Aziz MA, Badary DM, Hussein MRA. Renal damage following Alloxan-induced diabetes is associated with generation of reactive oxygen species, alterations of p53, TGF-β1, and extracellular matrix metalloproteinases in rats. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:525-533. [PMID: 28220578 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Renal damage is a common problem in diabetes. Alloxan, a potent hyperglycemic and diabetogenic molecule, can induce diabetes through oxidative stress-related mechanisms. Here, we hypothesize that "Alloxan-induced renal damage is associated with alterations of p53, TGF-β1, and extracellular matrix metalloproteinases." To test our hypothesis, we established an animal model (male abino rats) and induced diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of Alloxan monohydrate. Rats with fasting blood glucose level ≥ 200 mg/dL were considered diabetic and were sacrificed after 14, 28, and 42 day intervals. Tissue levels of malondialdehyde and glutathione levels (markers of oxidative stress), and serum MMP-1 were measured. The expression patterns of p53, TGF-β1were evaluated using Western blot and immunohistochemical methods. TIMP-1 expression pattern was determined using RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods. Alloxan treatment induced histological features of renal damage (inflammation and fibrosis) and was associated with deterioration of the renal functions (elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinin levels), hyperglycemia, and oxidative stresss (increased malondialdehyde and decreased glutathione levels). There was over-expression of the TGF-β1 protein (profibrogenic protein), p53 (proapoptotic protein), and alterations of extracellular matrix proteins (low level of serum MMP-1 and over-expression of TIMP-1). Alterations of TGF-β, p53, and extracellular matrix metalloproteinases contribute to the pathogenesis of Alloxan-induced renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Abdel Aziz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Al-Azhar University, Assuit Branch, Assuit 71524, Egypt
| | - Dalia M Badary
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Assuit University, Assuit 71526, Egypt
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Comparative Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity of Edible and Ornamental Pomegranate Ethanolic Extracts against Schistosoma mansoni. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2872708. [PMID: 27990425 PMCID: PMC5136632 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2872708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the development of praziquantel (PZQ) schistosomes resistant strains, the discovery of new antischistosomal agents is of high priority in research. This work reported the in vitro and in vivo effects of the edible and ornamental pomegranate extracts against Schistosoma mansoni. Leaves and stem bark ethanolic extracts of both dried pomegranates were prepared at 100, 300, and 500 μg/mL for in vitro and 600 and 800 mg/kg for in vivo. Adult worms Schistosoma mansoni in RPMI-1640 medium for in vitro and S. mansoni infected mice for in vivo tests were obtained from Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt. In vitro activity was manifested by significant coupled worms separation, reduction of motor activity, lethality, and ultrastructural tegumental alterations in adult worms. In vivo activity was manifested revealed by significant reduction of hepatic granulomas number and diameter, decreased number of bilharzial eggs in liver tissues, lowered liver inflammatory infiltration, decreased hepatic fibrosis, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. Ethanolic stem bark extract of edible pomegranate exhibited highest antischistosomal activities both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, pomegranate showed a good potential to be used as a promising new candidate for the development of new schistosomicidal agents.
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Li N, Liu K, Yuan H, Zhu J, Yu G, Xie J, Fu S, Guo K, Ye L. The effect of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on apoptosis of rat ovarian granulosa cells in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:643-650. [PMID: 25681707 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), the active metabolite of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), is considered to be a reproductive toxicant. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of MEHP on apoptosis of rat ovarian granulosa cells and explore potential mechanism. Granulosa cells were treated with MEHP (0, 25, 50, and 100 μmol/l). Inhibited cell viability and increased apoptosis rate were observed in 50 and 100 μmol/l groups. CASPASE3 activity and BAX expression were significantly raised in all MEHP-treated groups; BCL2 expression was elevated in 25 μmol/l group, while inhibited in 50 and 100 μmol/l groups; BAX/BCL2 ratio was increased in a typical dose-effect relationship. In conclusion, this study showed that MEHP exposure induced cell viability decrease and apoptosis, associated with increase of CASPASE3 activity and BAX/BCL2 ratio. Moreover, CASPASE3 activity showed a reversed dose-dependent effect in MEHP-treated groups, indicating there might exist other CASPASE-independent pathway involved in MEHP-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China; The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116012, China
| | - Keqiang Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China
| | - Haitao Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China
| | - Guangyan Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China
| | - Jingli Xie
- Department of Radiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China
| | - Songpo Fu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China
| | - Kun Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, China.
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Cavalier MC, Pierce AD, Wilder PT, Alasady MJ, Hartman KG, Neau DB, Foley TL, Jadhav A, Maloney DJ, Simeonov A, Toth EA, Weber DJ. Covalent small molecule inhibitors of Ca(2+)-bound S100B. Biochemistry 2014; 53:6628-40. [PMID: 25268459 PMCID: PMC4211652 DOI: 10.1021/bi5005552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of the tumor marker S100B are observed in malignant melanoma, and this EF-hand-containing protein was shown to directly bind wild-type (wt) p53 in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, dissociate the p53 tetramer, and inhibit its tumor suppression functions. Likewise, inhibiting S100B with small interfering RNA (siRNA(S100B)) is sufficient to restore wild-type p53 levels and its downstream gene products and induce the arrest of cell growth and UV-dependent apoptosis in malignant melanoma. Therefore, it is a goal to develop S100B inhibitors (SBiXs) that inhibit the S100B-p53 complex and restore active p53 in this deadly cancer. Using a structure-activity relationship by nuclear magnetic resonance approach (SAR by NMR), three persistent binding pockets are found on S100B, termed sites 1-3. While inhibitors that simultaneously bind sites 2 and 3 are in place, no molecules that simultaneously bind all three persistent sites are available. For this purpose, Cys84 was used in this study as a potential means to bridge sites 1 and 2 because it is located in a small crevice between these two deeper pockets on the protein. Using a fluorescence polarization competition assay, several Cys84-modified S100B complexes were identified and examined further. For five such SBiX-S100B complexes, crystallographic structures confirmed their covalent binding to Cys84 near site 2 and thus present straightforward chemical biology strategies for bridging sites 1 and 3. Importantly, one such compound, SC1982, showed an S100B-dependent death response in assays with WM115 malignant melanoma cells, so it will be particularly useful for the design of SBiX molecules with improved affinity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Cavalier
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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Pan L, Gong W, Zhou Y, Li X, Yu J, Hu S. A comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of infant and adult mouse ovary. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2014; 12:239-48. [PMID: 25251848 PMCID: PMC4411413 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ovary development is a complex process involving numerous genes. A well-developed ovary is essential for females to keep fertility and reproduce offspring. In order to gain a better insight into the molecular mechanisms related to the process of mammalian ovary development, we performed a comparative transcriptomic analysis on ovaries isolated from infant and adult mice by using next-generation sequencing technology (SOLiD). We identified 15,454 and 16,646 transcriptionally active genes at the infant and adult stage, respectively. Among these genes, we also identified 7021 differentially expressed genes. Our analysis suggests that, in general, the adult ovary has a higher level of transcriptomic activity. However, it appears that genes related to primordial follicle development, such as those encoding Figla and Nobox, are more active in the infant ovary, whereas expression of genes vital for follicle development, such as Gdf9, Bmp4 and Bmp15, is upregulated in the adult. These data suggest a dynamic shift in gene expression during ovary development and it is apparent that these changes function to facilitate follicle maturation, when additional functional gene studies are considered. Furthermore, our investigation has also revealed several important functional pathways, such as apoptosis, MAPK and steroid biosynthesis, that appear to be much more active in the adult ovary compared to those of the infant. These findings will provide a solid foundation for future studies on ovary development in mice and other mammals and help to expand our understanding of the complex molecular and cellular events that occur during postnatal ovary development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Pan
- James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaonuan Li
- James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Songnian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Taghavi SA, Valojerdi MR, Moghadam MF, Ebrahimi B. Vitrification of mouse preantral follicles versus slow freezing: Morphological and apoptosis evaluation. Anim Sci J 2014; 86:37-44. [PMID: 25041991 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was evaluation of survivability, maturation rate and apoptotic gene expression of preantral follicles after vitrification and slow freezing technique. Normal mouse preantral follicles were randomly divided into three experimental groups. In the control group, follicles were cultured immediately; in the vitrification and slow freezing groups, follicles were cultured after vitrification-warming and slow freezing-thawing procedures. Follicular viability was assessed by using 0.4% trypan blue, and molecular evaluation of messenger RNA levels of apoptosis-related genes was performed by the semi-quantitative RT-PCR method after 3 h of culture. Oocyte maturation rates were also evaluated on day 14 of culture. Survival and maturation rate in the slow freezing group were significantly lower than those in control and vitrification groups (P ≤ 0.05). Although there was no difference in Survivin expression among the three experimental groups, Bcl-2 expression was significantly lower in the slow freezing group compared to the other groups (P ≤ 0.05). The expression of Bax, P53, Fas and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the slow freezing group was significantly higher than control and vitrification groups (P ≤ 0.05). Preantral follicle vitrification seems to be better than slow freezing as seen in the survival, maturation and expression rates of apoptotic gene variants.
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Abdollahi M, Salehnia M, Salehpour S, Ghorbanmehr N. Human ovarian tissue vitrification/warming has minor effect on the expression of apoptosis-related genes. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 17:179-86. [PMID: 23999713 DOI: 10.6091/ibj.1243.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we evaluated the incidence of apoptosis at the ultrastructural levels and expression of some apoptosis-related genes in vitrified human ovarian tissue just after warming. METHODS Human ovarian tissue biopsies from 23 women after caesarean section were transported to the laboratory within 2 hours, and then they were cut into small pieces. Some pieces were vitrified and warmed and the other samples were considered as control. Apoptosis was assessed by a transmission electron microscope and also by molecular analysis of pro-apoptotic (Fas, FasL, Bax, p53, caspase8, and caspase3) and antiapoptotic (Bcl-2 and BIRC5) genem RNA levels using real-time RT-PCR before and after vitrification. RESULTS No sign of apoptosis was shown ultrastructurally in vitrified samples. The level of FasL, Bcl-2, Bax, p53, and caspase3 mRNA and Bax:Bcl-2 ratio were similar in non-vitrified and vitrified groups; however, the expression of Fas and caspase8 genes was higher and BIRC5 was lower in vitrified samples compared to non-vitrified group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The fine structure of human vitrified ovarian tissue was well preserved; moreover, vitrification was shown to affect the expression of some apoptosis-related genes. However, additional study is needed to confirm this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maasoume Abdollahi
- Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, Medical Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Lade-Keller J, Riber-Hansen R, Guldberg P, Schmidt H, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, Steiniche T. Immunohistochemical analysis of molecular drivers in melanoma identifies p16 as an independent prognostic biomarker. J Clin Pathol 2014; 67:520-8. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2013-202127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Shiau CJ, Thompson JF, Scolyer RA. Controversies and evolving concepts in the diagnosis, classification and management of lentigo maligna. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.13.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Winnepenninckx V, van den Oord JJ. Gene expression profiling and clinical outcome in melanoma: in search of novel prognostic factors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 7:1611-31. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.11.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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20
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Heat stress: A risk factor for skin carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2013; 337:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Matin RN, Chikh A, Chong SLP, Mesher D, Graf M, Sanza' P, Senatore V, Scatolini M, Moretti F, Leigh IM, Proby CM, Costanzo A, Chiorino G, Cerio R, Harwood CA, Bergamaschi D. p63 is an alternative p53 repressor in melanoma that confers chemoresistance and a poor prognosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:581-603. [PMID: 23420876 PMCID: PMC3600906 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
p63 is up-regulated in melanoma and prevents nuclear accumulation of p53. The role of apoptosis in melanoma pathogenesis and chemoresistance is poorly characterized. Mutations in TP53 occur infrequently, yet the TP53 apoptotic pathway is often abrogated. This may result from alterations in TP53 family members, including the TP53 homologue TP63. Here we demonstrate that TP63 has an antiapoptotic role in melanoma and is responsible for mediating chemoresistance. Although p63 was not expressed in primary melanocytes, up-regulation of p63 mRNA and protein was observed in melanoma cell lines and clinical samples, providing the first evidence of significant p63 expression in this lineage. Upon genotoxic stress, endogenous p63 isoforms were stabilized in both nuclear and mitochondrial subcellular compartments. Our data provide evidence of a physiological interaction between p63 with p53 whereby translocation of p63 to the mitochondria occurred through a codependent process with p53, whereas accumulation of p53 in the nucleus was prevented by p63. Using RNA interference technology, both isoforms of p63 (TA and ΔNp63) were demonstrated to confer chemoresistance, revealing a novel oncogenic role for p63 in melanoma cells. Furthermore, expression of p63 in both primary and metastatic melanoma clinical samples significantly correlated with melanoma-specific deaths in these patients. Ultimately, these observations provide a possible explanation for abrogation of the p53-mediated apoptotic pathway in melanoma, implicating novel approaches aimed at sensitizing melanoma to therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubeta N Matin
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, England, UK
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22
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Rah H, Jeon YJ, Shim SH, Cha SH, Choi DH, Kwon H, Kim JH, Shin JE, Kim NK. Association of miR-146aC>G, miR-196a2T>C, and miR-499A>G polymorphisms with risk of premature ovarian failure in Korean women. Reprod Sci 2012; 20:60-8. [PMID: 22872486 DOI: 10.1177/1933719112450341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether microRNA (miRNA) polymorphisms (miR-146aC>G, miR-196a2T>C, and miR-499A>G) confer risk of premature ovarian failure (POF) in Korean women. DNA samples from 136 patients with POF and 234 controls were genotyped for the 3 miRNA single-nucleotide polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The miR-146aCG/miR-196a2TC combined genotype was less frequent in patients than in controls (P < .05), conferring less susceptibility. Using haplotype-based multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis, the C-C-A and G-T-A inferred haplotypes (miR-146a/miR-196a2/miR-499) were less frequent in patients, suggesting protective effects (P < .05 for each), whereas the C-T-A and G-C-A haplotypes were more frequent in patients (P < .05 for each). The C-T and G-C haplotypes (miR-146a/miR-196a2) were more frequent in patients, whereas the C-C and G-T haplotypes were less frequent in patients (P < .05 for each). However, none of the 3 miRNA polymorphisms alone was associated with POF risk. Our findings suggest that putative gene-gene interaction between miR-146 and miR-196a2 may be involved in POF development.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyungChul Rah
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
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Kanavy HE, Gerstenblith MR. Ultraviolet radiation and melanoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 30:222-8. [PMID: 22123420 DOI: 10.1016/j.sder.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a particularly aggressive type of skin cancer, and its incidence has been increasing steadily since the 1970s. This article will review the extensive epidemiologic data demonstrating that ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure, from the sun or artificial tanning beds, is the most important environmental risk factor for melanoma; the multiple detrimental effects of UVR on human skin, including DNA damage through the formation of dimeric photoproducts, gene mutations, oxidative stress, inflammation, and immunosuppression, all of which contribute to melanomagenesis; and the evidence that protection from UVR exposure, whether by melanin or by sunscreen, reduces the risk of developing melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E Kanavy
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Rashad UM, Hussein MR, Algizawy SM. Alterations of p53 and Bcl-2 protein expression in the recurrent laryngeal and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Otolaryngol 2011; 32:210-4. [PMID: 20434805 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of molecular events of the recurrent squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx and pharynx may aid in refining treatment strategies and improving outcome. The underlying molecular events of these recurrent tumors involve alterations in the tumor suppressor genes (p53) and protooncogenes (Bcl-2). We hypothesize that the development of these recurrent tumors involves alterations of the p53 and Bcl-2 proteins. METHODS To test this hypothesis, 15 laryngeal and pharyngeal biopsy specimens obtained from 15 patients with recurrent laryngeal or pharyngeal SCC with different grades (II-IV) were immunostained for p53 and Bcl-2 protein expression. RESULTS Examination of the percentage of positive cells in the normal mucosa and SCC, respectively, showed significant up-regulation of p53 (0.0 ± 0.0 vs 51.8 ± 5.9, P = .00) and Bcl-2 protein expression (36.5 ± 3.5 vs 74.6 ± 1.9, P = .00). CONCLUSIONS Alterations of the p53 and Bcl-2 proteins occur during the development of recurrent SCC. Additional studies are needed to confirm and extend our results.
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Giuliano S, Ohanna M, Ballotti R, Bertolotto C. Advances in melanoma senescence and potential clinical application. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 24:295-308. [PMID: 21143770 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Normal cells possess a limited proliferative life span, after which they enter a state of irreversible growth arrest, called replicative senescence, which acts as a potent barrier against transformation. Transformed cells have escaped the process of replicative senescence and theoretically can not re-enter senescence. However, recent observations showed that transformed cells, and particularly the melanoma cells, can still undergo oncogene or stress-induced senescence. This senescence state is accompanied by many of the markers associated with replicative senescence, such as flattened shape, increased acidic β-galactosidase activity, characteristic changes in gene expression and growth arrest. Interestingly, in some cancers, senescence induction following chemotherapy has been correlated with a favorable patient outcome. In this review, we gathered recent results describing senescence-like phenotype induction in melanoma cells and discuss why senescence may also be exploited as a therapeutic strategy in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Giuliano
- Inserm, U895, Equipe 1, Biologie et Pathologies des Mélanocytes: de la Pigmentation Cutanée au Mélanome, C3M, Nice, France
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Ahn HJ, Na III, Park YH, Cho SY, Lee BC, Lee GH, Koh JS, Lee YS, Shim YS, Kim YK, Kang HJ, Ryoo BY, Yang SH. Role of adjuvant chemotherapy in malignant mucosal melanoma of the head and neck. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:607-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Soleimani R, Heytens E, Van den Broecke R, Rottiers I, Dhont M, Cuvelier CA, De Sutter P. Xenotransplantation of cryopreserved human ovarian tissue into murine back muscle. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:1458-70. [PMID: 20299384 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian tissue (OT) cryopreservation and transplantation are options for fertility preservation in young female cancer patients. METHODS We investigated xenotransplantation of human OT into back muscle (B) of severe combined immunodeficiency mice. OT follicle content was evaluated by stereomicroscopy and pre-transplantation. Xenograft survival, follicular development (with/without FSH administration), apoptosis and vascularization were compared in B- versus K-site (under the kidney capsule) several times after grafting using histology, immunohistochemistry and magnetic resonance imaging. In vitro maturation (IVM) was also performed. RESULTS Anastomoses which developed from existing human and invading murine vessels were seen in OT at both sites, but angiogenesis was more prominent at the B- than K-site (P < 0.001). Vascularization and follicle size were correlated in the B-group (Spearman's coefficient 0.73; P < 0.001). FSH increased early (8 days) micro-vessel formation in B but not in K grafts (P < 0.0001, versus no FSH). B-site grafts showed a better histological morphology and survival (P = 0.0084), formation of larger antral follicles (P = 0.005), more metaphase-II (MII) oocytes, growing follicles (P = 0.028) and slightly fewer apoptotic follicles than K grafts. One MI oocyte from B underwent IVM and reached MII stage next day. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report of MII and IVM-MII oocytes obtained from B xenografts. We report the largest oval-shaped antral follicles containing an MII oocyte obtained after OT xenotransplantation to date. Xenografting in the mouse B should be further explored as a method for human OT transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Soleimani
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Hussein MR. Analysis of p53, BCL-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor protein expression in the partial and complete hydatidiform moles. Exp Mol Pathol 2009; 87:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Proteins involved in pRb and p53 pathways are differentially expressed in thin and thick superficial spreading melanomas. Melanoma Res 2009; 19:135-41. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e32831993f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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p53 Protein and Pathogenesis of Melanoma and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 624:265-82. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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Kranz D, Dohmesen C, Dobbelstein M. BRCA1 and Tip60 determine the cellular response to ultraviolet irradiation through distinct pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 182:197-213. [PMID: 18625847 PMCID: PMC2447902 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200712014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The histone acetyltransferase Tip60 regulates the apoptotic response to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. A previously suggested mechanism for this regulation consists of the ability of Tip60 to coactivate transcription by the tumor suppressor p53. In this study, we show that Tip60 is required for the early DNA damage response (DDR) to UV, including the phosphorylation of histone 2AX, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and ataxia telangiectasia–related substrates. In contrast, p53 was not required for UV-induced DDR. Rather, p53 accumulation by either knockdown of Mdm2 or addition of an Mdm2 inhibitor, Nutlin-3, before irradiation strongly attenuated the UV-induced DDR and increased cell survival. This protective effect of preaccumulated p53 was mediated, at least in part, by the increased expression of CDKN1A/p21, subsequent down-regulation of BRCA1, and impaired JNK activation accompanied by decreased association of replication protein A with chromatin. We conclude that Tip60 enables UV-induced DDR signaling even in the absence of p53, whereas preaccumulated p53 suppresses UV-induced DDR by reducing the levels of BRCA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Kranz
- Medical Biotechnology Center, Institute for Medical Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
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32
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Ha L, Merlino G, Sviderskaya EV. Melanomagenesis: overcoming the barrier of melanocyte senescence. Cell Cycle 2008; 7:1944-8. [PMID: 18604170 PMCID: PMC2678050 DOI: 10.4161/cc.7.13.6230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although melanoma ultimately progresses to a highly aggressive and metastatic disease that is typically resistant to currently available therapy, it often begins as a benign nevus consisting of a clonal population of hyperplastic melanocytes that cannot progress because they are locked in a state of cellular senescence. Once senescence is overcome, the nevus can exhibit dysplastic features and readily progress to more lethal stages. Recent advances have convincingly demonstrated that senescence represents a true barrier to the progression of many types of cancer, including melanoma. Thus, understanding the mechanism(s) by which melanoma evades senescence has become a priority in the melanoma research community. Senescence in most cells is regulated through some combination of activities within the RB and p53 pathways. However, differences discovered among various tumor types, some subtle and others quite profound, have revealed that senescence frequently operates in a context-dependent manner. Here we review what is known about melanocyte senescence, and how such knowledge may provide a much-needed edge in our struggles to contain or perhaps vanquish this often-fatal malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Ha
- Division of Monoclonal Antibody, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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33
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Eller MS, Asarch A, Gilchrest BA. Photoprotection in human skin--a multifaceted SOS response. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:339-49. [PMID: 18179622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Human skin has developed elaborate defense mechanisms for combating a wide variety of potentially damaging environmental factors; principal among these is UV light. Despite these defenses, short-term damage may include painful sunburn and long-term UV damage results in both accelerated skin aging and skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and even malignant melanoma. While UV radiation damages many cellular constituents, its most lasting effects involve DNA alteration. The following sections briefly review UV-inducible protective responses in bacteria and in skin, thymidine dinucleotides (pTT) as a powerful probe of DNA damage responses, and potential means of harnessing these inducible responses therapeutically to reduce the now enormous burden of cutaneous photodamage in our society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Eller
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Michaloglou C, Vredeveld LCW, Mooi WJ, Peeper DS. BRAF(E600) in benign and malignant human tumours. Oncogene 2007; 27:877-95. [PMID: 17724477 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Of the RAF family of protein kinases, BRAF is the only member to be frequently activated by mutation in cancer. A single amino acid substitution (V600E) accounts for the vast majority and results in constitutive activation of BRAF kinase function. Its expression is required to maintain the proliferative and oncogenic characteristics of BRAF(E600)-expressing human tumour cells. Although BRAF(E600) acts as an oncogene in the context of additional genetic lesions, in primary cells it appears to be associated rather with transient stimulation of proliferation. Eventually, BRAF(E600) signalling triggers cell cycle arrest with the hallmarks of cellular senescence, as is illustrated by several recent studies in cultured cells, animal models and benign human lesions. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the role of BRAF(E600) in benign and malignant human tumours and the implications for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Michaloglou
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Ha L, Ichikawa T, Anver M, Dickins R, Lowe S, Sharpless NE, Krimpenfort P, DePinho RA, Bennett DC, Sviderskaya EV, Merlino G. ARF functions as a melanoma tumor suppressor by inducing p53-independent senescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:10968-73. [PMID: 17576930 PMCID: PMC1904138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611638104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the p53 pathway represents the most common molecular defect of human cancer. But in the setting of melanoma, a highly aggressive and invariably fatal malignancy in its advanced disseminated form, mutation/deletion of p53 is relatively rare, whereas its positive regulator ARF is often lost. Here, we show that genetic deficiency in Arf but not p53 facilitates rapid development of melanoma in a genetically engineered mouse model. This difference is accounted for, at least in part, by the unanticipated observation that, unlike fibroblasts, senescence control in melanocytes is strongly regulated by Arf and not p53. Moreover, oncogenic NRAS collaborates with deficiency in Arf, but not p53, to fully transform melanocytes. Our data demonstrate that ARF and p53, although linked in a common pathway, suppress tumorigenesis through distinct, lineage-dependent mechanisms and suggest that ARF helps restrict melanoma progression by executing the oncogene-induced senescence program in benign nevi. Thus, therapeutics designed to restore wild-type p53 function may be insufficient to counter melanoma and other malignancies in which ARF holds p53-independent tumor suppressor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Ha
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264
| | - Takeshi Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264
| | - Miriam Anver
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, SAIC, National Cancer Institute–Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Ross Dickins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Scott Lowe
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
| | - Norman E. Sharpless
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Paul Krimpenfort
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald A. DePinho
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Medicine, and Genetics, Center for Applied Cancer Science, and Belfer Foundation Institute for Innovative Cancer Science, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Dorothy C. Bennett
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Elena V. Sviderskaya
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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Chowdhury I, Tharakan B, Bhat GK. Current concepts in apoptosis: the physiological suicide program revisited. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2006; 11:506-25. [PMID: 16977376 PMCID: PMC6275981 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-006-0041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death (PCD), involves a complex network of biochemical pathways that normally ensure a homeostatic balance between cellular proliferation and turnover in nearly all tissues. Apoptosis is essential for the body, as its deregulation can lead to several diseases. It plays a major role in a variety of physiological events, including embryonic development, tissue renewal, hormone-induced tissue atrophy, removal of inflammatory cells, and the evolution of granulation tissue into scar tissue. It also has an essential role in wound repair. The various cellular and biochemical mechanisms involved in apoptosis are not fully understood. However, there are two major pathways, the extrinsic pathway (receptor-mediated apoptotic pathway) and the intrinsic pathway (mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway), which are both well established. The key component in both is the activation of the caspase cascade. Caspases belong to the family of proteases that ultimately, by cleaving a set of proteins, cause disassembly of the cell. Although the caspase-mediated proteolytic cascade represents a central point in the apoptotic response, its initiation is tightly regulated by a variety of other factors. Among them, Bcl-2 family proteins, TNF and p53 play pivotal roles in the regulation of caspase activation and in the regulation of apoptosis. This review summarizes the established concepts in apoptosis as a physiological cell suicide program, highlighting the recent and significant advances in its study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Chowdhury
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Binu Tharakan
- Department of Neurology, Scott and White Clinic, The Texas A & M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas USA
| | - Ganapathy K. Bhat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
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Hussein MR, El-Ghorori RMH, El-Rahman YGA. Alterations of p53, BCL-2, and hMSH2 protein expression in the normal brain tissues, gliosis, and gliomas. Int J Exp Pathol 2006; 87:297-306. [PMID: 16875495 PMCID: PMC2517375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2006.00482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis involves alterations in the tumor suppressor genes (p53), protooncogenes (BCL-2), and housekeeping genes (human MutS homologue-2 (hMSH2). We hypothesized that development of gliomas is associated with alterations of p53, BCL-2, and hMSH2 protein expression. To test our hypothesis and to examine these issues, we immunostained 60 specimens entailing normal brain tissues, gliosis, and gliomas (Grade I, II, III, IV) for p53, BCL-2, and hMSH2 protein expression. As compared with the normal brain and gliosis, examination of the average weighted scores in gliomas (Grade I, II, III, IV, respectively) showed significant up-regulation of: (i) p53 protein (0.0 +/- 0.0; 0.0 +/- 0.0; 0.9 +/- 0.5; 1.6 +/- 0.8; 1.7 +/- 0.5; and 4.1 +/- 0.8, P < 0.0001) (ii) hMSH2 (1.3 +/- 0.3; 1.5 +/- 0.7; 1.9 +/- 1.1; 2.2 +/- 0.5; 4.1 +/- 1.5; and 4.7 +/- 1.1, P < 0.0006), and (iii) BCL-2 (0.8 +/- 0.5; 1.9 +/- 0.5; 1.9 +/- 0.6; 2.0 +/- 0.6; 4.4 +/- 1.2; and 4.6 +/- 0.8, P < 0.001). The expression values (p53, BCL-2, and hMSH2) were statistically significantly higher (P < 0.05) in astrocytomas (Grade III) than in other gliomas. There was an insignificant negative correlation between p53 and BCL-2 (r = -0.07, P > 0.05) and between p53 and hMSH2 (r = -0.08, P > 0.05) protein expression. Alterations of the p53, BCL-2, and hMSH2 proteins occur during the development of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud R Hussein
- Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University Hospitals, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt.
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Ilmonen S, Hernberg M, Pyrhönen S, Tarkkanen J, Asko-Seljavaara S. Ki-67, Bcl-2 and p53 expression in primary and metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res 2006; 15:375-81. [PMID: 16179864 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200510000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the roles of the tumour proliferation marker Ki-67, the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and the cell cycle regulator p53 in primary cutaneous and metastatic melanoma. One hundred and seventeen primary melanomas and 18 metastatic tissue samples were analysed for immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67, Bcl-2 and p53. The staining results were correlated with disease progression and clinical outcome. The patient population comprised patients diagnosed with melanoma between 1988 and 1991. The clinical follow-up period for disease recurrence was 4.6 years (median; range, 0.2-7.5 years) and the follow-up period for overall survival was 10.0 years (median; range, 8.6-15.6 years). Ki-67 expression was not a prognostic factor in primary melanoma. High Bcl-2 expression was associated with such adverse prognostic factors as male gender, old age of the patient and tumour ulceration. High Bcl-2 expression was also associated with an adverse prognosis in intermediate-thickness (1.01-4.0 mm) melanomas (n=52) for disease-free (P=0.09) and overall (P=0.08) survival. In multivariate analysis, tumour thickness was the strongest prognostic factor for disease-free survival (P<0.01). High p53 expression indicated a poorer prognosis (P=0.05). In metastatic melanoma, the expression levels of Bcl-2 and p53 were lower than those in their primary counterparts (P=0.08 for each). Ki-67 expression showed no remarkable changes. It can be concluded that high p53 expression in tumour cells is associated with a poorer prognosis in primary melanoma, and high Bcl-2 expression in tumour cells is an adverse prognostic marker in intermediate-thickness primary melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Ilmonen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Gwosdz C, Scheckenbach K, Lieven O, Reifenberger J, Knopf A, Bier H, Balz V. Comprehensive analysis of the p53 status in mucosal and cutaneous melanomas. Int J Cancer 2005; 118:577-82. [PMID: 16094622 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The abrogation of the function of the "gatekeeper of the genome", p53, is the most prevalent molecular alteration in solid human tumors. Regarding melanomas the involvement of p53 alterations is discussed controversially to date. In order to evaluate the status of p53 in detail, primary tumors and metastases of 63 sporadic cutaneous (CM) and mucosal (MuM) melanomas were examined by immunohistochemistry and sequence analysis of the entire coding region of the p53 transcript, i.e., exons 2 to 11. In addition, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and loss of allele-specific transcription (LOT) were determined. Accumulation of the p53 protein occurred in most of the CM and MuM specimens (71% and 58%, respectively). In contrast, protein stabilizing p53 mutations were observed in 14% of the CM and no mutation was found in MuM specimens. Two of the aberrations located outside the core domain. LOH was detected in 22% CM and 58% MuM, and LOT in 25% of the CM specimens. The genotype distribution at the polymorphic p53 codon 72 in melanoma patients differed significantly from control subjects. The calculation of odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) indicated an increased risk for developing cutaneous melanomas in individuals carrying the Pro-coding allele. Altogether, aberrant p53 expression appears to be a common event in both CM and MuM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gwosdz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
The presence of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) amid the tumour cells in the stroma and overlying epidermis is a constant feature of melanoma, the deadliest skin cancer. These lymphocytes are mostly cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) that can be propagated in vitro by specific cytokines. Also, they can kill melanoma cells. This specific killing can be abrogated by monoclonal antibodies against CD3, CD8, T-cell receptors (TCRs) and against class I human leucocyte antigens (HLAs). This indicates that these CTLs can recognize the melanoma cells through the TCRs, in an HLA class I-restricted manner. Therefore, these cells and their products both are critical players in T cell-induced melanoma regression and are powerful predictors of survival. This review seeks to examine the characteristics, activation and role of TILs and their associated molecules in melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hussein
- Department of Pathology, Assiut University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
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Tarasenko VI, Subota II, Kobzev VF, Konstantinov IM. [Isolation of mitochondrial DNA binding proteins which are specific for maize cox1 promoter]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2005; 39:394-402. [PMID: 15981569 DOI: 10.1007/s11008-005-0054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We purified DNA binding proteins which interact with the promoter region of cox1 gene from maize mitochondria. Presence of poly[dIdC-dIdC] and KCl in concentrations up to 500 mM had no influence on binding efficiency demonstrating high specificity of complexes formed. Surprisingly, we did not detect DNA binding when probes containing promoter regions of other mitochondrial genes (cox3, rrn26) were used. Mobility shift competition studies also suggest that the protein posseses binding specificity towards cox1 promoter. The core motif AAGTA proved to be necessary for DNA binding. Using combination of EMSA and elution of proteins from PAG we showed that DNA-protein complex formed contains three polypeptides with molecular mass 60, 44 and 22 kD. We suggest that the isolated proteins may play an important role in the regulation of plant cox1 gene transcription.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Bcl-2 protooncogene alterations are involved in tumorigenesis and may have prognostic ramifications. AIMS To investigate normal ocular structures and choroidal melanoma for: (1) Bcl-2 protein expression (semiquantitative staining values: SI, staining intensity; PP, percentage of positive cells; and IRS, immunoreactivity score) and (2) any associations between the staining values and clinicopathological features in these lesions. MATERIALS/METHODS Bcl-2 protein expression was analysed in 24 choroidal melanomas using immunoperoxidase staining methods. RESULTS Bcl-2 protein expression was seen in corneal epithelium, lens epithelium, the ciliary body, and retinal cells. In these structures, the mean (SEM) values were: 1.1 (0.1), 1.6 (0.3), 1.1 (0.1), and 2.3 (0.3), respectively, for SI; 1.6 (0.2), 1.7 (0.1), 1.7 (0.2), and 1.7 (0.2) for PP, respectively; and 1.9 (0.4), 2.7 (0.5), 1.9 (0.1), and 4.0 (0.8), respectively, for IRS. Based on Bcl-2 immunoreactivity, the lesions were divided into two groups. The first group comprised 12 tumours with Bcl-2 expression. Bcl-2 expression was significantly higher in this group compared with normal ocular structures (1.5 (0.1) v 2.8 (0.2), 1.7 (0.1) v 3.5 (0.1), and 2.6 (0.3) v 9.3 (0.9) for mean (SEM) SI, PP, and IRS scores, respectively; p = 0.00). The second group comprised 12 tumours lacking Bcl-2 protein expression. There was no significant correlation between Bcl-2 protein expression and most of the clinicopathological features of these lesions. CONCLUSIONS Bcl-2 protein expression is altered in choroidal melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hussein
- Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Assuit University, Egypt.
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Abstract
Every living organism on the surface of the earth is exposed to the ultraviolet (UV) fraction of the sunlight. This electromagnetic energy has both life-giving and life-endangering effects. UV radiation can damage DNA and thus mutagenize several genes involved in the development of the skin cancer. The presence of typical signature of UV-induced mutations on these genes indicates that the ultraviolet-B part of sunlight is responsible for the evolution of cutaneous carcinogenesis. During this process, variable alterations of the oncogenic, tumor-suppressive, and cell-cycle control signaling pathways occur. These pathways include (a) mutated PTCH (in the mitogenic Sonic Hedgehog pathway) and mutated p53 tumor-suppressor gene in basal cell carcinomas, (b) an activated mitogenic ras pathway and mutated p53 in squamous cell carcinomas, and (c) an activated ras pathway, inactive p16, and p53 tumor suppressors in melanomas. This review presents background information about the skin optics, UV radiation, and molecular events involved in photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud R Hussein
- Pathology department, Assuit University Hospitals, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt.
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Chin MY, Ng KCP, Li G. The novel tumor suppressor p33ING2 enhances UVB-induced apoptosis in human melanoma cells. Exp Cell Res 2005; 304:531-43. [PMID: 15748897 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Revised: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The roles of p33ING2 as a tumor suppressor candidate have been shown through regulation of gene transcription, induction of cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. As p33ING2 shares 58.9% homology with p33ING1b, we hypothesized that p33ING2 shares functional similarities with p33ING1b. We previously found that p33ING1b cooperates with p53 to enhance UVB-induced apoptosis. Here, we report that overexpression of p33ING2 enhanced apoptosis in UVB-irradiated and non-irradiated melanoma MMRU cells. We demonstrate that enhancement of apoptosis by p33ING2 requires the presence of functional p53. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of p33ING2 significantly downregulated the expression of Bcl-2 after UVB irradiation, resulting in an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Moreover, we found that p33ING2 promoted Bax translocation to mitochondria, altered the mitochondrial membrane potential, and induced cytochrome c release and thus the activation of caspases 9 and 3. In addition, we showed that under non-stress conditions p33ING2 upregulates Fas expression and activates caspase 8. Taken together, we demonstrate that p33ING2 cooperates with p53 to regulate apoptosis via activation of both the mitochondrial/intrinsic and death-receptor/extrinsic apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yieng Chin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Hussein MR, Abu-Dief EE, Abd El-Reheem MH, Abd-Elrahman A. Ultrastructural evaluation of the radioprotective effects of melatonin against X-ray-induced skin damage in Albino rats. Int J Exp Pathol 2005; 86:45-55. [PMID: 15676032 PMCID: PMC2517401 DOI: 10.1111/j.0959-9673.2005.00412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge about the radioprotective effects of melatonin against X-ray-induced skin damage is still lacking. To examine these effects, an animal model of 60 Albino rats was used. The animals were divided into five groups: Group 1, nonirradiated; Group 2, X-ray irradiated (XRI, 8 Gy); Group 3, XRI pretreated with solvent (ethanol and phosphate-buffered saline); Group 4, nonirradiated group treated with melatonin; and Group 5, XRI pretreated with melatonin. The skin was evaluated for ultrastructural changes using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). When compared to the nonirradiated skin (Groups 1 and 4), XRI skin (Groups 2 and 3) showed features of both cell injury and increased metabolic activity. The former included changes such as condensation of the nuclei, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, swelling of the mitochondria with cristolysis, destruction of the ribosomes and intermediate filaments, fragmentation of the keratohyaline granules and loss of the irregularity of the basal cell borders. The central cells of the sebaceous gland alveoli had larger irregular nuclei and few lipid droplets in their cytoplasm. The hair follicle cells had heterochromatic nuclei and less electron dense cytoplasm containing few complements of the organelles. The features of increased metabolic activity included increased euchromatin, irregularity of the nuclear membrane and increased branching of the melanocytes. Also, an increased number of the Birbeck granules were seen in the Langerhans cells. When compared to the irradiated skin (Groups 2 and 3), these changes were mild or absent in the skin of XRI animals pretreated with melatonin (Group 5). The ability of melatonin to minimize the injurious effects of XRI suggests a radioprotective role. The clinical ramifications of these observations warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud R Hussein
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt.
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Hussein MR, Al-Badaiwy ZH, Guirguis MN. Analysis of p53 and bcl-2 protein expression in the non-tumorigenic, pretumorigenic, and tumorigenic keratinocytic hyperproliferative lesions. J Cutan Pathol 2005; 31:643-51. [PMID: 15491323 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2004.00244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hyperproliferative keratinocytic lesions encompass a wide range of non-tumorigenic, pretumorigenic, and tumorigenic conditions. The aim of this work was to examine the expression patterns of apoptosis-linked molecules (bcl-2 and p53) in these lesions. METHODS Immunoperoxidase staining methods were applied to analyze p53 and bcl-2 protein expression in a total of 66 cases, including 12 squamous cell carcinomas (both in situ and invasive SCC), 11 actinic keratoses (AK), 13 psoriasis vulgaris (PV), eight verruca vulgaris (VV), six chronic dermatitis (CD), five seborrheic keratosis (SK), four lichen planus (LP), three epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EDV), two condyloma acuminata (CA), two lichen simplex chronicus (LSC), and 10 specimens from normal skin. RESULTS As compared to normal skin (0.70 +/- 0.26), the bcl-2 average weighted scores in the non-tumorigenic (0.76 +/- 0.16), pretumorigenic (1.45 +/- 0.28), and tumorigenic lesions (2.83 +/- 0.50 and 2.92 +/- 0.50 for in situ and invasive SCC, respectively) showed significant up-regulation (p = 0.001). In the non-tumorigenic lesions, the bcl-2 expression values decreased in the following order: SK > EDV > CD > LP > CA > PV > VV (1.40 +/- 0.24 > 1.33 +/- 0.67 > 0.83 +/- 0.40 > 0.67 +/- 0.21 > 0.50 +/- 0.20 > 0.46 +/- 0.22 > 0.13 +/- 0.01, respectively). As compared to normal skin (1.10 +/- 0.23), the p53 average weighted scores in the non-tumorigenic (1.86 +/- 0.18), pretumorigenic (3.64 +/- 0.53), and tumorigenic lesions (5.00 +/- 1.00 and 5.08 +/- 0.86 for in situ and invasive SCC, respectively) showed significant up-regulation (p = 0.021). In the non-tumorigenic lesions, p53 average weighted scores decreased in the following order: SK > PV > CA > LP > CD > VV > EDV (3.20 +/- 0.49 > 2.38 +/- 0.27 > 2.0 +/- 0.0 > 1.83 +/- 0.48 > 1.0 +/- 0.37 > 1.0 +/- 0.33 > 1.0 +/- 0.0, respectively). There was a positive correlation between bcl-2 and p53 protein expression in normal skin (r = 0.966, p = 0.0001), non-tumorigenic (r = 0.775, p = 0.0001), pretumorigenic (r = 0.830, p = 0.001), and tumorigenic lesions (r = 0.757, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Bcl-2 and p53 proteins are altered in the keratinocytic hyperproliferative lesions. Determination of whether these alterations reflect underlying gene mutations will require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud R Hussein
- Department of Pathology, Faculties of Medicine, Assuit and South Valley Universities, Assuit, Egypt.
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Ragnarsson-Olding B, Platz A, Olding L, Ringborg U. p53 protein expression and TP53 mutations in malignant melanomas of sun-sheltered mucosal membranes versus chronically sun-exposed skin. Melanoma Res 2005; 14:395-401. [PMID: 15457096 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200410000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we compare the expression of the TP53 gene product, p53 protein (p53p), in primary malignant melanomas from sun-shielded mucous membranes and from chronically sun-exposed skin. Archival tissues from 29 patients with mucosal melanomas and from 27 with cutaneous melanomas in facial skin were subjected to immunohistochemical procedures using the monoclonal antibody DO-1. p53p expression did not differ significantly between the two groups of melanomas. A comparison with previously obtained data on TP53 mutations from the same tumours showed closer concordance amongst mucosal than amongst skin tumours. Primary mucosal melanomas and their satellites showed identical patterns, focal or diffuse, of p53p expression. Thus, expression of altered p53p could well participate in the clonal expansion of these mucosal melanomas and in tumour progression. The p53p characteristics recognized in our investigations are amongst the first hallmarks in the emerging molecular pathological profiling of mucosal melanomas, and may therefore be useful in exploring the aetiology of UV-independent melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boel Ragnarsson-Olding
- Department of Oncology (Radiumhemmet), Karolinska University Hospital, SE 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Cell death was first described in rabbit ovaries (Graaffian follicles), the phenomenon being called 'chromatolysis' rather than apoptosis. In humans, the ovarian endowment of primordial follicles is established during fetal life. Apoptotic cell death depletes this endowment by at least two-thirds before birth, executed with the help of several players and pathways conserved from worms to humans. To date, apoptosis has been reported to be involved in oogenesis, folliculogenesis, oocyte loss/selection and atresia. Several pro-survival and pro-apoptotic molecules are involved in ovarian apoptosis with the delicate balance between them being the determinant for the final destiny of the follicular cells. This review critically analyses the current knowledge about the biological roles of these molecules and their relevance to the dynamics of follicle development. It also presents the existing literature and assesses the gaps in our knowledge.
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Purdue MP, From L, Kahn HJ, Armstrong BK, Kricker A, Gallagher RP, McLaughlin JR, Klar NS, Marrett LD. Etiologic factors associated with p53 immunostaining in cutaneousmalignant melanoma. Int J Cancer 2005; 117:486-93. [PMID: 15900597 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Findings from a case-control study of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) in Queensland, Australia, suggest that melanomas exhibiting p53 immunostaining possess different risk factors from those of other melanomas. To further explore this hypothesis, a case-only analysis of risk factors for p53 immunostaining with anti-p53 MAb DO-7 was undertaken in 523 people diagnosed with CMM in Canada and Australia. Phenotypic factors and past sun exposure were measured using a self-administered questionnaire and telephone interview. The presence of strong p53 staining (>10% of cell nuclei positively stained vs. <1% staining) was positively associated with some indicators of high cumulative sun exposure: lentigo maligna melanoma subtype (OR = 3.2 vs. superficial spreading subtype), melanoma location on the head and neck (OR = 2.8 vs. back), histopathologic evidence of solar elastosis (OR = 2.1) and previous diagnosis of nonmelanoma skin cancer (OR = 2.4). Strong staining was negatively associated with high nevus density on the back (OR = 0.2 for >25 nevi vs. 0-3 nevi) and histologic evidence of a coexisting nevus (OR = 0.3). Other factors associated with strong p53 immunostaining include greater Breslow thickness (OR = 7.4 for >4.00 vs. <0.76 mm), male sex (OR = 2.2) and dense freckling (OR = 6.6 vs. few freckles). Of these, thickness, male sex, dense freckling, low nevus density on the back, histologic subtype and history of nonmelanoma skin cancer appeared to be independently associated with strong p53 staining. Our findings are consistent with the Queensland study in suggesting that variables indicating high accumulated sun exposure are positively associated with p53 staining and that an increased number of nevi is positively associated with its absence; they may reflect etiologic and pathogenetic heterogeneity in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Purdue
- Division of Preventive Oncology, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Daniotti M, Oggionni M, Ranzani T, Vallacchi V, Campi V, Di Stasi D, Torre GD, Perrone F, Luoni C, Suardi S, Frattini M, Pilotti S, Anichini A, Tragni G, Parmiani G, Pierotti MA, Rodolfo M. BRAF alterations are associated with complex mutational profiles in malignant melanoma. Oncogene 2004; 23:5968-77. [PMID: 15195137 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the mutational profiles associated with BRAF mutations in human melanoma, we have studied BRAF, RAS, PTEN, TP53, CDKN2A and CDK4 genes and their expression in melanoma lesions. Owing to the lack of sufficient material from fresh specimens, we employed short-term cell lines obtained from melanoma biopsies. In all, 41 melanoma obtained from eight primary lesions, 20 nodal, 11 cutaneous and two visceral metastases from patients with sporadic (n=31), familial (n=4) and multiple melanoma (n=2) were analysed. The results revealed novel missense mutations in the BRAF, PTEN, CDKN2A and CDK4 genes. Overall, activating mutations of BRAF and loss of functional p16 and ARF were detected in the majority of melanomas (29/41, 36/41 and 29/41, respectively), while PTEN alterations/loss, NRAS and TP53 mutations occurred less frequently (6/41, 6/41 and 10/41, respectively). In the resulting 12 mutational profiles, p16/ARF loss associated with mutated BRAFV599E was the most represented (n=15). In addition, TP53 and PTEN mutations were always accompanied with BRAF alterations, while PTEN loss was found in association with CDKN2A or TP53 mutations in the absence of BRAF activation. The p16/ARFDelta+BRAF/RAS profile was significantly associated with a longer survival, while complex mutational profiles were detected in highly aggressive disease and poor survival. These data support the existence of several molecularly defined melanoma groups which likely reflect different clinical/biological behaviour, thus suggesting that a more extensive molecular classification of melanoma would significantly impact its clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Daniotti
- Unit of Melanoma Genetics, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
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