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Lu Z, Cui D, Liu JYH, Jiang B, Ngan MP, Sakata I, Takemi S, Sakai T, Lin G, Chan SW, Rudd JA. The Actions of Centrally Administered Nesfatin-1 on Emesis, Feeding, and Locomotor Activity in Suncus murinus (House Musk Shrew). Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:858522. [PMID: 35462894 PMCID: PMC9019301 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.858522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 is an anorectic peptide expressed in both peripheral tissues and brain areas involved in the regulation of feeding, emotion and emesis. The aim of the present study is to characterize the distribution of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in Suncus murinus and to investigate the actions of nesfatin-1 to affect gastrointestinal contractility, emesis, food and water intake, and locomotor activity. The deduced amino acid sequence of S. murinus nesfatin-1 using in silico cloning showed high homology with humans and rodents. NUCB2 mRNA was detected throughout the entire brain and in the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach and gut. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry confirmed the expression of nesfatin-1 protein in these regions. The NUCB2 mRNA levels in the hypothalamus, hippocampus and brainstem were significantly decreased, whereas that in the striatum were increased after 24 h starvation compared to ad libitum-fed animals (p < 0.05). In in vitro studies, nesfatin-1 (0.3–1,000 pM) failed to contract or relax the isolated gastric antrum and intestinal segments. In conscious, freely moving animals, intracerebroventricular administration of nesfatin-1 (1–50 pmol) induced emesis (p < 0.05) and suppressed 6-h cumulative food intake (p < 0.05), without affecting the latency to feeding. Nesfatin-1 (25 pmol, i.c.v.) decreased 24-h cumulative food and water intake by 28.3 and 35.4%, respectively (p < 0.01). No significant differences in locomotor activity were observed. In conclusion, NUCB2/nesfatin-1 might be a potent regulator of feeding and emesis in S. murinus. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of actions of this peptide as a mediator linking the brainstem NUCB2/nesfatin-1 to forebrain system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dexuan Cui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Julia Yuen Hang Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man Piu Ngan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sze Wa Chan
- School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Sze Wa Chan,
| | - John A. Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The Laboratory Animal Services Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Lu Z, Chan SW, Tu L, Ngan MP, Rudd JA. GLP-1 receptors are involved in the GLP-1 (7-36) amide-induced modulation of glucose homoeostasis, emesis and feeding in Suncus murinus (house musk shrew). Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 888:173528. [PMID: 32871177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
GLP-1 receptor agonists are used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes but they may reduce appetite and cause nausea and emesis. We investigated if GLP-1 (7-36) amide can modulate glucose homoeostasis, emesis and feeding via an exendin (9-39)-sensitive mechanism in Suncus murinus. The effect of GLP-1 (7-36) amide on glucose homeostasis was examined using an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. In conscious fasted animals, food and water consumption and behavior were measured for 1 h following drug administration. c-Fos expression in the brain was measured using immunohistochemistry. GLP-1 (7-36) amide reduced blood glucose levels dose-dependently. Exendin (9-39) did not modify blood glucose levels but suppressed the glucose-lowering effect of GLP-1 (7-36) amide. GLP-1 (7-36) amide inhibited food and water intake, induced emesis and elevated c-Fos expression in the brainstem and hypothalamic nuclei in the brain. Exendin (9-39) antagonised the inhibition of food and water intake and emesis induced by GLP-1 (7-36) amide and the effects on c-Fos expression in the hypothalamus and brainstem, excepting for the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. These data suggest that the action of GLP-1 (7-36) amide to modulate blood glucose, suppress food and water intake and induce emesis involve GLP-1 receptors in the hypothalamus and brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengbing Lu
- School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sze Wa Chan
- School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Longlong Tu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man Piu Ngan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John A Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China; Laboratory Animal Services Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Rudd JA, Chan SW, Ngan MP, Tu L, Lu Z, Giuliano C, Lovati E, Pietra C. Anti-emetic Action of the Brain-Penetrating New Ghrelin Agonist, HM01, Alone and in Combination With the 5-HT 3 Antagonist, Palonosetron and With the NK 1 Antagonist, Netupitant, Against Cisplatin- and Motion-Induced Emesis in Suncus murinus (House Musk Shrew). Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:869. [PMID: 30127745 PMCID: PMC6087754 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin has well-known activity to stimulate appetite and weight gain. Evidence suggests that ghrelin may also have effects in reducing chemotherapy-induced emesis via growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHS-R1A) in the brain. However, it is not known whether the stimulation of GHS-R1A has broad inhibitory anti-emetic effects. In the present studies, we used Suncus murinus to investigate the potential of the new and novel orally bioavailable brain-penetrating GHS-R1A mimetic, HM01 (1-[(1S)-1-(2,3-dichloro-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-3-methyl-3-[(4R)-1-Methyl-3,3-dimethyl-4-piperidyl]urea), to reduce emesis induced by a variety of emetic challenges. HM01 (1 to 30 mg/kg, p.o.) antagonized emesis induced by cisplatin (30 mg/kg, i.p.) and by motion (4 cm horizontal displacement, 1 Hz) but was ineffective against emesis induced by nicotine (5 mg/kg, s.c.) and copper sulfate (120 mg/kg by intragastric gavage). In other experiments, HM01 (3 mg/kg, p.o.) enhanced the anti-emetic control of a regimen of palonosetron (0.01 mg/kg, p.o.) alone and palonosetron (0.01 mg/kg p.o.) plus netupitant (1 mg/kg, p.o.). HM01 (10 mg/kg, p.o.) also had positive effects in increasing feeding and drinking in nicotine-treated animals, and it shortened the latency to drink in animals treated with cisplatin. These data indicate that brain-penetrating GHS-R1A agonists may have use alone and/or in combination with standard anti-emetic regimens for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and motion sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Rudd
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Sze W Chan
- School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Tseung Kwan O New Town, Hong Kong
| | - Man P Ngan
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Longlong Tu
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Zengbing Lu
- Emesis Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Claudio Giuliano
- Helsinn Healthcare SA, Research and Development, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Emanuela Lovati
- Helsinn Healthcare SA, Research and Development, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Pietra
- Helsinn Healthcare SA, Research and Development, Lugano, Switzerland
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Rock EM, Parker LA. Cannabinoids As Potential Treatment for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:221. [PMID: 27507945 PMCID: PMC4960260 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advent of classic anti-emetics, chemotherapy-induced nausea is still problematic, with vomiting being somewhat better managed in the clinic. If post-treatment nausea and vomiting are not properly controlled, anticipatory nausea—a conditioned response to the contextual cues associated with illness-inducing chemotherapy—can develop. Once it develops, anticipatory nausea is refractive to current anti-emetics, highlighting the need for alternative treatment options. One of the first documented medicinal uses of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) was for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), and recent evidence is accumulating to suggest a role for the endocannabinoid system in modulating CINV. Here, we review studies assessing the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids and manipulations of the endocannabinoid system in human patients and pre-clinical animal models of nausea and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Rock
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Guelph Guelph, ON, Canada
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A comparison of cannabidiolic acid with other treatments for anticipatory nausea using a rat model of contextually elicited conditioned gaping. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3207-15. [PMID: 24595502 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The effectiveness of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) was compared with other potential treatments for anticipatory nausea (AN), using a rat model of contextually elicited conditioned gaping reactions. OBJECTIVE The potential of ondansetron (OND), Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), chlordiazepoxide (CDP), CBDA, and co-administration of CBDA and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) to reduce AN and modify locomotor activity was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following four pairings of a novel context with lithium chloride (LiCl), the rats were given a test for AN. On the test trial, they received pretreatment injections of the following: vehicle, OND (0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg), THC (0.5 mg/kg), CBDA (0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 mg/kg or 1.0 mg/kg), CDP (1, 5, or 10 mg/kg) or co-administration of subthreshold doses of CBDA (0.1 μg/kg), and THCA (5 μg/kg). Immediately following the AN test trial in all experiments, rats were given a 15 min locomotor activity test. Finally, the potential of CBDA (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg) to attenuate conditioned freezing to a shock-paired tone was assessed. RESULTS THC, CBDA, and CDP, but not OND, reduced contextually elicited gaping reactions. Co-administration of subthreshold doses of CBDA and THCA also suppressed AN, and this effect was blocked by pretreatment with either a cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) receptor antagonist or a 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) receptor antagonist. CDP (but not CBDA, THC or CBDA and THCA) also suppressed locomotor activity at effective doses. CBDA did not modify the expression of conditioned fear. CONCLUSIONS CBDA has therapeutic potential as a highly potent and selective treatment for AN without psychoactive or locomotor effects.
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Measuring the nausea-to-emesis continuum in non-human animals: refocusing on gastrointestinal vagal signaling. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:2471-81. [PMID: 24862507 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3985-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are ubiquitous as drug side effects and symptoms of disease; however, the systems that determine these responses are arguably designed for protection against food poisoning occurring at the level of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This basic biological pathway using GI vagal afferent communication to the brain is not well understood. Part of this lack of insight appears to be related to current experimental approaches, such as the use of experimental drugs, including systemic chemotherapy and brain penetrant agents, which activate parts of the nausea and vomiting system in potentially unnatural ways. Directly related to this issue is our ability to understand the link between nausea and vomiting, which are sometimes argued to be completely separate processes, with nausea as an unmeasurable response in animal models. An argument is made that nausea and emesis are the efferent limbs of a unified sensory input from the GI tract that is likely to be impossible to understand without more specific animal electrophysiological experimentation of vagal afferent signaling. The current paper provides a review on the use of animal models and approaches to defining the biological systems for nausea and emesis and presents a potentially testable theory on how these systems work in combination.
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Chan SW, Lu Z, Lin G, Yew DTW, Yeung CK, Rudd JA. The differential antiemetic properties of GLP-1 receptor antagonist, exendin (9-39) in Suncus murinus (house musk shrew). Neuropharmacology 2014; 83:71-8. [PMID: 24726308 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1) receptor agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is commonly associated with nausea and vomiting. Previous studies using Suncus murinus revealed that the GLP-1 receptor agonist, exendin-4, induces emesis via the brainstem and/or hypothalamus. The present study investigated the mechanism of exendin-4-induced emesis in more detail. Ondansetron (1 mg/kg, s.c.) and CP-99,994 (10 mg/kg, s.c) failed to reduce emesis induced by exendin-4 (3 nmol, i.c.v.), suggesting that 5-HT3 and NK1 receptors are not involved in the mechanism. In other studies, the GLP-1 receptor antagonist, exendin (9-39), antagonised emesis and c-Fos expression in the brainstem and the paraventricular hypothalamus induced by the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin (30 mg/kg, i.p.; p < 0.05), but not the emesis induced by nicotine (5 mg/kg, s.c.; p > 0.05), or copper sulphate pentahydrate (120 mg/kg, p.o.; p > 0.05). GLP-1 receptors may therefore represent a potential target for drugs to prevent chemotherapy-induced emesis in situations where 5-HT3 and NK1 receptor antagonists fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Wa Chan
- Emesis Research Group, Neuro-degeneration, Development and Repair, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zengbing Lu
- Emesis Research Group, Neuro-degeneration, Development and Repair, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ge Lin
- Cancer and Inflammation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| | - David Tai Wai Yew
- Emesis Research Group, Neuro-degeneration, Development and Repair, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chi Kong Yeung
- Emesis Research Group, Neuro-degeneration, Development and Repair, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| | - John A Rudd
- Emesis Research Group, Neuro-degeneration, Development and Repair, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
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Horn CC, Wang H, Estival L, Meyers K, Magnusson MS. Novel dynamic measures of emetic behavior in musk shrews. Auton Neurosci 2013; 179:60-7. [PMID: 23953843 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The emetic reflex occurs as a pattern of motor responses produced by a network of neurons in the hindbrain. Despite an understanding of the sequence of motor outputs that form an emetic episode (EE), the variability in the dynamics of multiple EEs across time remains a mystery. Many clinical investigations rely on once a day patient recall of total amount of vomiting, and preclinical studies frequently report only the total number of EE per unit time. The aim of the current study was to develop novel temporal measures of emetic activation in a preclinical model. Male and female musk shrews were tested with prototypical emetic stimuli: motion exposure (1 Hz), nicotine (5 mg/kg, sc), and copper sulfate (120 mg/kg, ig). New emetic measures included duration (time from first to last episode), rate, standard deviation of the inter-episode interval (SD-I), and a survival analysis of emetic latency (analyzed with Cox regression). Behavioral patterns associated with emesis were also assessed using statistical temporal pattern (T-pattern) analysis to measure nausea-like behaviors (e.g., immobility). The emetic stimuli produced different levels of total EE number, duration, rate, and SD-I. A typical antiemetic, the neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist CP-99,994, suppressed the number of EEs but was less effective for reducing the duration or prolonging the emetic latency. Overall, the current study shows the use of novel dynamic behavioral measures to more comprehensively assess emesis and the impact of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Horn
- Biobehavioral Medicine in Oncology Program, Univ. Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Dept. Medicine: Div. Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Dept. Anesthesiology, Univ. Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, Univ. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Ngampramuan S, Baumert M, Czippelova B, Nalivaiko E. Ondansetron prevents changes in respiratory pattern provoked by LiCl: A new approach for studying pro-emetic states in rodents? Neuroscience 2013; 246:342-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chan SW, Lin G, Yew DTW, Yeung CK, Rudd JA. Separation of emetic and anorexic responses of exendin-4, a GLP-1 receptor agonist in Suncus murinus (house musk shrew). Neuropharmacology 2013; 70:141-7. [PMID: 23357334 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide (GLP-1) receptor agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is commonly associated with nausea and vomiting. Therefore, the present studies investigated the potential of GLP-1 receptor ligands to modulate emesis and feeding in Suncus murinus. Exendin-4, a selective GLP-1 receptor agonist, was administered subcutaneously (1-30 nmol/kg) or intracerebroventricularly (0.03-3 nmol) after 12-h of fasting. In other studies, animals were pretreated with the GLP-1 receptor antagonist, exendin (9-39), or saline (5 μl) 15 min prior to exendin-4 (3 nmol, i.c.v.). Behaviour of animals and food and water intake were then recorded for 1-2 h; c-Fos expression was also assessed in the brains of animals in the i.c.v. studies. The subcutaneous administration of exendin-4 reduced food and water intake (p < 0.001) and induced emesis in 40% of animals (p > 0.05). The intracerebroventricular administration of exendin-4 also prevented feeding, and induced emesis (p < 0.01). In these studies, exendin (9-39) (30 nmol, i.c.v.) antagonised emesis induced by exendin-4 and the increased c-Fos expressions in the brainstem and hypothalamus (p < 0.05), but it was ineffective in reversing the exendin-4-induced inhibition of food and water intake (p > 0.05). These data suggest that exendin-4 exerts its emetic effects in the brainstem and/or hypothalamus via GLP-1 receptors. The action of exendin-4 to suppress feeding may involve non-classical GLP-1 receptors or other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Wa Chan
- Emesis Research Group, Neuro-degeneration, Development and Repair, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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Horn CC, Henry S, Meyers K, Magnusson MS. Behavioral patterns associated with chemotherapy-induced emesis: a potential signature for nausea in musk shrews. Front Neurosci 2011; 5:88. [PMID: 21808604 PMCID: PMC3139242 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms in patients with many diseases, including cancer and its treatments. Although the neurological basis of vomiting is reasonably well known, an understanding of the physiology of nausea is lacking. The primary barrier to mechanistic research on the nausea system is the lack of an animal model. Indeed investigating the effects of anti-nausea drugs in pre-clinical models is difficult because the primary readout is often emesis. It is known that animals show a behavioral profile of sickness, associated with reduced feeding and movement, and possibly these general measures are signs of nausea. Studies attempting to relate the occurrence of additional behaviors to emesis have produced mixed results. Here we applied a statistical method, temporal pattern (t-pattern) analysis, to determine patterns of behavior associated with emesis. Musk shrews were injected with the chemotherapy agent cisplatin (a gold standard in emesis research) to induce acute (<24 h) and delayed (>24 h) emesis. Emesis and other behaviors were coded and tracked from video files. T-pattern analysis revealed hundreds of non-random patterns of behavior associated with emesis, including sniffing, changes in body contraction, and locomotion. There was little evidence that locomotion was inhibited by the occurrence of emesis. Eating, drinking, and other larger body movements including rearing, grooming, and body rotation, were significantly less common in emesis-related behavioral patterns in real versus randomized data. These results lend preliminary evidence for the expression of emesis-related behavioral patterns, including reduced ingestive behavior, grooming, and exploratory behaviors. In summary, this statistical approach to behavioral analysis in a pre-clinical emesis research model could be used to assess the more global effects and limitations of drugs used to control nausea and its potential correlates, including reduced feeding and activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Horn
- Biobehavioral Medicine in Oncology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Cheng FHM, Chan SW, Rudd JA. Contractile effect of tachykinins on Suncus murinus (house musk shrew) isolated ileum. Neuropeptides 2008; 42:671-9. [PMID: 18582934 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies used Suncus murinus to investigate the anti-emetic potential of NK(1) tachykinin receptor antagonists. However, the pharmacology of tachykinin receptors in this species has not been fully characterized. In the present studies, therefore, we examined a range of tachykinin receptor agonists for a capacity to induce contractions of the isolated ileum. The tachykinin NK1 receptor preferring agonists substance P, septide and [Sar9Met(O2)11] substance P, and the tachykinin NK2 preferring agonists neurokinin A and GR 64349 (Lys-Asp-Ser-Phe-Val-Gly-R-gamma-lactam-Leu-Met-NH2) caused concentration dependent contractions with EC50 values in the nanomolar range. However, the tachykinin NK3 preferring agonists neurokinin B and senktide (1nM-1microM) induced only weak contractions. The action of senktide, but not [Sar9Met(O2)11] substance P, septide, or GR 64349, was antagonized significantly by atropine (P<0.05); tetrodotoxin and hexamethonium were inactive. The tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonist CP-99,994 ((+)-[(2S,3S)-3-(2-methoxy-benzyl-amino)-2-phenylpiperidine]) (10-100nM) inhibited substance P- and septide-induced contractions non-competitively. The pA2 value estimated for CP-99,994 against septide was 7.3+/-0.1. It also non-competitively antagonized the contractile responses induced by [Sar9Met(O2)11] substance P with a pA2 of 7.4+/-0.1. CP-99,994 also had a slight inhibitory action on neurokinin A-induced contractions, but did not modify the action of GR 64349. Conversely, the tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist, saredutant, competitively antagonized GR 64349-induced contractions with a pA2 of 7.34+/-0.02. On the other hand, the presence of both CP-99,994 and saredutant competitively antagonized substance P-induced contraction. The present studies indicate that tachykininNK1 and NK2 receptors exist in the ileum of S. murinus and are involved in mediating contractions directly on smooth muscle, whereas tachykinin NK3 receptors may play a minor role involving a release of acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankie H M Cheng
- Emesis Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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