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Pecaut MJ, Mehrotra S, Luo-Owen X, Bayeta EJM, Bellinger DL, Gridley DS. Chlorisondamine, a sympathetic ganglionic blocker, moderates the effects of whole-body irradiation (WBI) on early host defense to a live bacterial challenge. Immunol Lett 2015; 167:103-15. [PMID: 26235133 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing consensus that long-term deficits in the brain are due to dynamic interactions between multiple neural and immune cell types. Specifically, radiation induces an inflammatory response, including changes in neuromodulatory pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion. The purpose of this study was to establish that there is sympathetic involvement in radiation-induced decrements early in in vivo immune function host defense. Female, 8-9 week-old C57BL/6J mice were exposed to whole-body irradiation (WBI). There were 8 groups with radiation (0 vs. 3 Gy protons), immune challenge (Escherichia coli) and exposure to the sympathetic ganglionic blocker, chlorisondamine (1 mg/kg weight, i.p.), as independent variables. Ten days post-irradiation, mice were inoculated with E. coli intraperitoneally and sacrificed 90-120 min later. The data suggest that radiation-induced changes in immune function may in part be mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. Briefly, we found that radiation augments the bacteria-induced inflammatory cytokine response, particularly those cytokines involved in innate immunity. However, this augmentation can be reduced by the ganglionic blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pecaut
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, 92354 CA, United States; Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, 92354 CA, United States; Division of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, 92354 CA, United States.
| | - Shalini Mehrotra
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, 92354 CA, United States
| | - Xian Luo-Owen
- Division of Trauma Services, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, 92354 CA, United States
| | - Erben J M Bayeta
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, 92354 CA, United States
| | - Denise L Bellinger
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, 92354 CA, United States
| | - Daila S Gridley
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, 92354 CA, United States; Division of Radiation Research, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, 92354 CA, United States; Division of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, 92354 CA, United States
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Farrag M, Laufenberg LJ, Steiner JL, Weller GE, Lang CH, Ruiz-Velasco V. Modulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels by G protein-coupled receptors in celiac-mesenteric ganglion neurons of septic rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125566. [PMID: 26017846 PMCID: PMC4446366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic shock, the most severe complication associated with sepsis, is manifested by tissue hypoperfusion due, in part, to cardiovascular and autonomic dysfunction. In many cases, the splanchnic circulation becomes vasoplegic. The celiac-superior mesenteric ganglion (CSMG) sympathetic neurons provide the main autonomic input to these vessels. We used the cecal ligation puncture (CLP) model, which closely mimics the hemodynamic and metabolic disturbances observed in septic patients, to examine the properties and modulation of Ca2+ channels by G protein-coupled receptors in acutely dissociated rat CSMG neurons. Voltage-clamp studies 48 hr post-sepsis revealed that the Ca2+ current density in CMSG neurons from septic rats was significantly lower than those isolated from sham control rats. This reduction coincided with a significant increase in membrane surface area and a negligible increase in Ca2+ current amplitude. Possible explanations for these findings include either cell swelling or neurite outgrowth enhancement of CSMG neurons from septic rats. Additionally, a significant rightward shift of the concentration-response relationship for the norepinephrine (NE)-mediated Ca2+ current inhibition was observed in CSMG neurons from septic rats. Testing for the presence of opioid receptor subtypes in CSMG neurons, showed that mu opioid receptors were present in ~70% of CSMG, while NOP opioid receptors were found in all CSMG neurons tested. The pharmacological profile for both opioid receptor subtypes was not significantly affected by sepsis. Further, the Ca2+ current modulation by propionate, an agonist for the free fatty acid receptors GPR41 and GPR43, was not altered by sepsis. Overall, our findings suggest that CSMG function is affected by sepsis via changes in cell size and α2-adrenergic receptor-mediated Ca2+ channel modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Farrag
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Lacee J. Laufenberg
- Department of Surgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Steiner
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Gregory E. Weller
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Charles H. Lang
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Victor Ruiz-Velasco
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lukewich MK, Rogers RC, Lomax AE. Divergent neuroendocrine responses to localized and systemic inflammation. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:402-8. [PMID: 24486057 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is part of an integrative network that functions to restore homeostasis following injury and infection. The SNS can provide negative feedback control over inflammation through the secretion of catecholamines from postganglionic sympathetic neurons and adrenal chromaffin cells (ACCs). Central autonomic structures receive information regarding the inflammatory status of the body and reflexively modulate SNS activity. However, inflammation and infection can also directly regulate SNS function by peripheral actions on postganglionic cells. The present review discusses how inflammation activates autonomic reflex pathways and compares the effect of localized and systemic inflammation on ACCs and postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Systemic inflammation significantly enhanced catecholamine secretion through an increase in Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast, acute and chronic GI inflammation reduced voltage-gated Ca(2+) current. Thus it appears that the mechanisms underlying the effects of peripheral and systemic inflammation neuroendocrine function converge on the modulation of intracellular Ca(2+) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Lukewich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard C Rogers
- Laboratory for Autonomic Neuroscience, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Alan E Lomax
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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Minneci PC, Deans KJ, Hansen B, Parent C, Romines C, Gonzales DA, Ying SX, Munson P, Suffredini AF, Feng J, Solomon MA, Banks SM, Kern SJ, Danner RL, Eichacker PQ, Natanson C, Solomon SB. A canine model of septic shock: balancing animal welfare and scientific relevance. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H2487-500. [PMID: 17644570 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00589.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A shock canine pneumonia model that permitted relief of discomfort with the use of objective criteria was developed and validated. After intrabronchial Staphylococcus aureus challenge, mechanical ventilation, antibiotics, fluids, vasopressors, sedatives, and analgesics were titrated based on algorithms for 96 h. Increasing S. aureus (1 to 8 x 10(9) colony-forming units/kg) produced decreasing survival rates (P = 0.04). From 4 to 96 h, changes in arterial-alveolar oxygen gradients, mean pulmonary artery pressure, IL-1, serum sodium levels, mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor support were ordered based on survival time [acute nonsurvivors (< or =24 h until death, n = 8) > or = subacute nonsurvivors (>24 to 96 h until death, n = 8) > or = survivors (> or =96 h until death, n = 22) (all P < 0.05)]. In the first 12 h, increases in lactate and renal abnormalities were greatest in acute nonsurvivors (all P < 0.05). Compared with survivors, subacute nonsurvivors had greater rises in cytokines and liver enzymes and greater falls in platelets, white cell counts, pH, and urine output from 24 to 96 h (all P < 0.05). Importantly, these changes were not attributable to dosages of sedation, which decreased in nonsurvivors [survivors vs. nonsurvivors: 5.0 +/- 1.0 vs. 3.8 +/- 0.7 ml x h(-1) x (fentanyl/midazolam/ medetomidine)(-1); P = 0.02]. In this model, the pain control regimen did not mask changes in metabolic function and lung injury or the need for more hemodynamic and pulmonary support related to increasing severity of sepsis. The integration into this model of both specific and supportive titrated therapies routinely used in septic patients may provide a more realistic setting to evaluate therapies for sepsis.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Animal Welfare
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Biomedical Research/methods
- Blood Chemical Analysis
- Blood Proteins/metabolism
- Cytokines/blood
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dogs
- Fluid Therapy
- Hematologic Tests
- Hypnotics and Sedatives/pharmacology
- Kidney Diseases/microbiology
- Kidney Function Tests
- Liver Diseases/microbiology
- Liver Function Tests
- Pneumonia, Staphylococcal/blood
- Pneumonia, Staphylococcal/complications
- Pneumonia, Staphylococcal/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Staphylococcal/physiopathology
- Pneumonia, Staphylococcal/therapy
- Reproducibility of Results
- Respiration, Artificial
- Severity of Illness Index
- Shock, Septic/blood
- Shock, Septic/complications
- Shock, Septic/microbiology
- Shock, Septic/physiopathology
- Shock, Septic/therapy
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Time Factors
- Vasoconstrictor Agents
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Minneci
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Shen FM, Guan YF, Xie HH, Su DF. Arterial baroreflex function determines the survival time in lipopolysaccharide-induced shock in rats. Shock 2005; 21:556-60. [PMID: 15167685 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000126647.51109.5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mimics many of the effects of septic shock. LPS-induced death has been attributed to systemic hypotension, hyporeactiveness to vasoconstrictors, metabolic acidosis, and organ damage. However, there is no research directed to the involvement of the baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in LPS-induced death. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of BRS on the survival time after lethal LPS challenge. Four groups of rats were used. Each rat received an equivalent dose of intravenous LPS (50 mg/kg). It was found that the anesthetized sinoaortic-denervated (SAD) rats (representative of the lowest BRS, BRS = 0.022 +/- 0.015 ms/mmHg) survived the shortest time (36 +/- 11.1 min). The conscious SAD rats (BRS = 0.198 +/- 0.035 ms/mmHg) and the anesthetized sham-operated rats (BRS = 0.304 +/- 0.072 ms/mmHg) were alive a relatively long time (101 +/- 11.5 min and 110 +/- 12.4 min, respectively). The conscious sham-operated rats (BRS = 0.943 +/- 0.097 ms/mmHg) survived the longest time (148 +/- 6.5 min). These results demonstrated that arterial baroreflex function determined the survival time in the LPS-induced lethal shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Ming Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Minneci PC, Deans KJ, Banks SM, Costello R, Csako G, Eichacker PQ, Danner RL, Natanson C, Solomon SB. Differing effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin on survival in a canine model of septic shock. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H2545-54. [PMID: 15319205 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00450.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During sepsis, limited data on the survival effects of vasopressors are available to guide therapy. Therefore, we compared the effects of three vasopressors on survival in a canine septic shock model. Seventy-eight awake dogs infected with differing doses of intraperitoneal Escherichia coli to produce increasing mortality were randomized to receive epinephrine (0.2, 0.8, or 2.0 μg·kg−1·min−1), norepinephrine (0.2, 1.0, or 2.0 μg·kg−1·min−1), vasopressin (0.01 or 0.04 U/min), or placebo in addition to antibiotics and fluids. Serial hemodynamic and biochemical variables were measured. Increasing doses of bacteria caused progressively greater decreases in survival ( P < 0.06), mean arterial pressure (MAP) ( P < 0.05), cardiac index (CI) ( P < 0.02), and ejection fraction (EF) ( P = 0.02). The effects of epinephrine on survival were significantly different from those of norepinephrine and vasopressin ( P = 0.03). Epinephrine had a harmful effect on survival that was significantly related to drug dose ( P = 0.02) but not bacterial dose. Norepinephrine and vasopressin had beneficial effects on survival that were similar at all drug and bacteria doses. Compared with concurrent infected controls, epinephrine caused greater decreases in CI, EF, and pH, and greater increases in systemic vascular resistance and serum creatinine than norepinephrine and vasopressin. These epinephrine-induced changes were significantly related to the dose of epinephrine administered. In this study, the effects of vasopressors were independent of severity of infection but dependent on the type and dose of vasopressor used. Epinephrine adversely affected organ function, systemic perfusion, and survival compared with norepinephrine and vasopressin. In the ranges studied, norepinephrine and vasopressin have more favorable risk-benefit profiles than epinephrine during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Minneci
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., Bldg 10, Rm 7D43, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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