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Peng Y, Zong Y, Wang D, Chen J, Chen ZS, Peng F, Liu Z. Current drugs for HIV-1: from challenges to potential in HIV/AIDS. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1294966. [PMID: 37954841 PMCID: PMC10637376 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1294966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persists in latently infected CD4+T cells and integrates with the host genome until cell death. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is associated with HIV-1. Possibly, treating HIV/AIDS is an essential but challenging clinical goal. This review provides a detailed account of the types and mechanisms of monotherapy and combination therapy against HIV-1 and describes nanoparticle and hydrogel delivery systems. In particular, the recently developed capsid inhibitor (Lenacapavir) and the Ainuovirine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/lamivudine combination (ACC008) are described. It is interestingly to note that the lack of the multipass transmembrane proteins serine incorporator 3 (SERINC3) and the multipass transmembrane proteins serine incorporator 5 (SERINC5) may be one of the reasons for the enhanced infectivity of HIV-1. This discovery of SERINC3 and SERINC5 provides new ideas for HIV-1 medication development. Therefore, we believe that in treating AIDS, antiviral medications should be rationally selected for pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis to avoid the emergence of drug resistance. Attention should be paid to the research and development of new drugs to predict HIV mutations as accurately as possible and to develop immune antibodies to provide multiple guarantees for the cure of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Peng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yanjun Zong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Dongfeng Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Junbing Chen
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Zhongshan Hospital, Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Fujun Peng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Clementi N, Criscuolo E, Cappelletti F, Burioni R, Clementi M, Mancini N. Novel therapeutic investigational strategies to treat severe and disseminated HSV infections suggested by a deeper understanding of in vitro virus entry processes. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:682-91. [PMID: 26976690 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The global burden of herpes simplex virus (HSV) legitimates the critical need to develop new prevention strategies, such as drugs and vaccines that are able to fight either primary HSV infections or reactivations. Moreover, the ever-growing number of patients receiving transplants increases the number of severe HSV infections that are unresponsive to current therapies. Finally, the high global incidence of genital HSV-2 infection increases the risk of perinatal transmission to newborns, in which disseminated infection or central nervous system (CNS) involvement is frequent, with associated high morbidity and mortality rates. There are several key features shared by novel anti-HSV drugs, from currently available optimized drugs to small molecules able to interfere with various virus replication steps. However, several virological aspects of the disease and associated clinical needs highlight why an ideal anti-HSV drug has yet to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Clementi
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Criscuolo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cappelletti
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Burioni
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, 'Vita-Salute San Raffaele' University, 20132 Milan, Italy
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3
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Emergence of cytomegalovirus resistance to foscarnet in a patient receiving foscarnet salvage therapy for multidrug-resistant HIV infection. J Clin Virol 2012; 54:194-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Swindells S, Flexner C, Fletcher CV, Jacobson JM. The critical need for alternative antiretroviral formulations, and obstacles to their development. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:669-74. [PMID: 21788451 PMCID: PMC3156101 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Swindells
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacy Practice, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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5
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Charpentier C, Laureillard D, Sodqi M, Si-Mohamed A, Karmochkine M, Bélec L, Weiss L, Piketty C. Foscarnet salvage therapy efficacy is associated with the presence of thymidine-associated mutations (TAMs) in HIV-infected patients. J Clin Virol 2008; 43:212-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2007] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Canestri A, Ghosn J, Wirden M, Marguet F, Ktorza N, Boubezari I, Dominguez S, Bossi P, Caumes E, Calvez V, Katlama C. Foscarnet Salvage Therapy for Patients with Late-Stage HIV Disease and Multiple Drug Resistance. Antivir Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350601100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the efficacy of foscarnet on HIV infection in patients with late-stage HIV disease and multiple drug resistance. Methods Three drugs experienced patients with plasma viral load (pVL) >50,000 copies/ml and CD4+ T-cell counts <100/mm3 were eligible for this open-label, single-arm, add-on pilot study. Foscarnet induction therapy consisted of 5 g intravenously twice daily for 6 weeks, in addition to a stable antiretroviral regimen. Patients with at least 1 log10 decrease in pVL at week 6 (W6), were given foscarnet 5 g intravenously twice daily on two consecutive days each week. Primary endpoint was the virological response rate at W6. Results Eleven patients were enrolled with a median baseline pVL at 5.16 log10 copies/ml, median CD4+ T-cell count at 10/mm3 and median number of mutations of 9, 2 and 12 associated with resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-NRTIs and protease inhibitors, respectively. One patient discontinued foscarnet at W2 because of renal toxicity. In an intent-to-treat analysis, the median change in pVL from baseline was -1.99 log10 copies/ml at W2 and -1.79 log10 copies/ml at W6. Eight out of eleven patients had a fall in pVL of at least 1 log10 at W6, and six started maintenance therapy. The median fall in pVL after 12 weeks of maintenance therapy was -0.85 log10 copies/ml in the four patients who reached W12, and the median increase of CD4+ T-cell count was 60/mm3. Conclusion In patients with HIV mutations conferring resistance to all antiretroviral drug classes, foscarnet markedly reduced plasma HIV load and improved immunological status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Canestri
- Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétriêre, Paris, France
| | - Jade Ghosn
- Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétriêre, Paris, France
| | - Marc Wirden
- Département de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétriêre, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Marguet
- Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétriêre, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Ktorza
- Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétriêre, Paris, France
| | - Imane Boubezari
- Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétriêre, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Dominguez
- Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétriêre, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bossi
- Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétriêre, Paris, France
| | - Eric Caumes
- Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétriêre, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Département de Virologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétriêre, Paris, France
| | - Christine Katlama
- Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétriêre, Paris, France
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8
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Mathiesen S, Roge BT, Weis N, Lundgren JD, Obel N, Gerstoft J. Foscarnet used in salvage therapy of HIV-1 patients harbouring multiple nucleotide excision mutations. AIDS 2004; 18:1076-8. [PMID: 15096815 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200404300-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Mathiesen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Marma MS, Kashemirov BA, McKenna CE. Synthesis and stability studies of phosphonoformate–amino acid conjugates: a new class of slowly releasing foscarnet prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1787-90. [PMID: 15026072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Accepted: 01/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs of phosphonoformic acid (PFA), an anti-viral agent used clinically as the trisodium salt (foscarnet), are of interest due to the low bioavailability of the parent drug, which severely limits its utility. Neutral PFA triesters are known to be susceptible to P-C bond cleavage under hydrolytic de-esterification conditions, and it was previously found that P,C-dimethyl PFA P-N conjugates with amino acid ethyl esters did not release PFA at pH 7, and could not be fully deprotected under either acid or basic conditions, which led, respectively, to premature cleavage of the P-N linkage (with incomplete deprotection of the PFA ester moiety), or to P-C cleavage. Here we report that novel, fully deprotected PFA-amino acid P-N conjugates 4 can be prepared via coupling of C-methyl PFA dianion 2 with C-ethyl-protected amino acids using aqueous EDC, which gives a stable monoanionic intermediate 3 that resists P-C cleavage during subsequent alkaline deprotection of the two carboxylate ester groups. At 37 degrees C, the resulting new PFA-amino acid (Val, Leu, Phe) conjugates (4a-c) undergo P-N cleavage near neutral pH, cleanly releasing PFA. A kinetic investigation of 4a hydrolysis at pH values 6.7, 7.2, and 8.5 showed that PFA release was first-order in [4a] with respective t(1/2) values of 1.4, 3.8, and 10.6 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mong S Marma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0744, USA
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Hainaut M, Gérard M, Peltier CA, Souayah H, Mascart F, Zissis G, Levy J. Effectiveness of rescue antiretroviral therapy including intravenously administered zidovudine and foscarnet in a child with HIV-1 enteropathy. Eur J Pediatr 2003; 162:528-529. [PMID: 12739138 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-003-1224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2002] [Revised: 01/09/2003] [Accepted: 03/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hainaut
- Department of Paediatrics, CHU Saint-Pierre, 322 rue Haute, 1000, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Michèle Gérard
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHU Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Hichem Souayah
- Department of Paediatrics, CHU Saint-Pierre, 322 rue Haute, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Georges Zissis
- AIDS Reference Laboratory, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jack Levy
- Department of Paediatrics, CHU Saint-Pierre, 322 rue Haute, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
The current arsenal of antiviral agents available to the practitioner is expanding rapidly, such that by the time this article goes to press, new drugs may have already been added. Although the majority of approved drugs have been developed for use in only a few viral infections (eg, HIV, herpesviruses, and papillomavirus), discoveries made in the development of these drugs may lead to antiviral agents effective against other viruses. In addition, new uses for the currently available drugs are under evaluation. This review of antiviral agents discusses the treatments available for viral infections such as herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, human papillomavirus, chronic viral hepatitis, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia J Brown
- Department of Dermatology, Microbiology/Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, USA
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Mercader M, Nickoloff BJ, Foreman KE. Induction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Replication by Human Herpesvirus 8. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001; 125:785-9. [PMID: 11371231 DOI: 10.5858/2001-125-0785-iohivr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background.—Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1)–infected individuals are commonly infected with herpesviruses, including cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8, also known as Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus [KSHV]). Previous studies have demonstrated that coinfection with herpesviruses can modulate HIV-1 replication. This can occur either through direct interaction between the 2 viruses or through secondary effects resulting from the release of cellular factors in response to infection.
Objective.—To investigate HIV-1 replication in the presence and absence of HHV-8.
Design and Methods.—HIV-1 replication was analyzed following culture of HIV-1–infected CD4+ T cells in the presence of HHV-8 infected B-cell lines or control, uninfected B-cell lines. To confirm and extend the results of these in vitro studies, HIV-1–infected T cells were injected into human skin transplanted onto severe combined immunodeficient mice. The human skin was also injected with purified HHV-8 or phosphate-buffered saline as a control and HIV replication measured in biopsy specimens taken 5 to 8 days later.
Results and Conclusions.—The results demonstrated a significant increase in HIV-1 replication in the presence of HHV-8 in both the in vitro and in vivo model systems. Although the mechanism responsible for HHV-8 induction of HIV-1 replication remains to be identified, the results indicate that these 2 viruses may interact at the molecular level in coinfected patients, resulting in increased HIV-1 viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mercader
- Department of Pathology and Skin Cancer Research Laboratories, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
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MacMahon EM. More on virostatic therapy for advanced lymphoproliferation associated with Epstein-Barr virus in an HIV-infected patient. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:71-2. [PMID: 10896553 DOI: 10.1056/nejm200007063430119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Incidence and Trends in Kaposi's Sarcoma in the Era of Effective Antiretroviral Therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000. [DOI: 10.1097/00042560-200007010-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jones JL, Hanson DL, Dworkin MS, Jaffe HW. Incidence and trends in Kaposi's sarcoma in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000; 24:270-4. [PMID: 10969352 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200007010-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of antiretroviral and antiherpesvirus therapies on the incidence of KS and assess trends in incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) in a large multicenter HIV/AIDS surveillance system between 1990 and 1998. METHODS Incidence was calculated per 100 person-years (py); the effects of therapies on risk for KS were calculated by using multivariate Poisson regression controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, age, HIV exposure mode, CD4+ cell count, and calendar year. Antiretroviral therapy was defined as monotherapy, dual therapy, or triple therapy (95% of triple therapy regimens contained a protease inhibitor). Acyclovir, ganciclovir, and foscarnet were the antiherpesvirus therapies evaluated. RESULTS There were 37,303 HIV-infected people in the study contributing 70,238 py. Those prescribed triple antiretroviral therapy had a 50% reduction in the incidence of KS (95% confidence interval, 20%-70%) compared with those who were not prescribed antiretroviral therapy and there was a reduction in risk for KS among persons prescribed foscarnet (p =.05). Overall, KS incidence declined an estimated 8.8% per year (observed incidence 4. 1 per 100 py in 1990 to 0.7 per 100 py in 1998; p <.001). CONCLUSION Incidence of KS is declining in this large U.S. population and may continue to decline as new, more effective antiretroviral agents are developed and used widely.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Jones
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention Surveillance and Epidemiology, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724, USA
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