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Leung GK, Huggins KE, Bonham MP, Kleve S. Exploring Australian night shift workers' food experiences within and outside of the workplace: a qualitative photovoice study. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:2276-2287. [PMID: 37548181 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023001519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Night shift workers are at a 20 to 40 % increased risk of metabolic diseases, which may be associated with their disrupted eating patterns. This qualitative study explores factors that influence night shift workers' eating habits, within and outside of the workplace, to identify target areas for health promotion strategies. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Eligible participants resided in Australia, working at least three overnight shifts per month. DESIGN The photovoice method was used, whereby participants were asked to take photos that represent their typical eating habits. These photos were incorporated as prompts in a semi-structured interview, which explored factors influencing eating habits on night shifts and days-off and perceptions and enablers to healthy eating. RESULTS Ten participants completed the study. Thematic analysis generated four main themes, which were mapped onto the Social Ecological Model (SE Model). Aligned with the SE Model, our results show night shift workers' eating habits are influenced by intrapersonal, interpersonal and (work) organisational levels. Participants reported that at work, appropriate food preparation facilities are required to enable healthy food choices. Poor shift work rostering leads to prolonged fatigue on days-off, limiting their ability and motivation to engage in healthy eating. Consequently, night shift workers seem to require additional supports from their social networks and enhanced food literacy skills, in order to adopt/ maintain healthy eating behaviours. CONCLUSIONS Night shift work creates individual and environmental barriers to healthy eating, which are present during and outside of work. Health promotion strategies for this population should include multiple approaches to address these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Kw Leung
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University. Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC3168, Australia
| | - Kate E Huggins
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University. Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC3168, Australia
| | - Maxine P Bonham
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University. Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC3168, Australia
| | - Sue Kleve
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University. Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC3168, Australia
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Unsal N, Weaver G, Bray J, Bibeau D. A Scoping Review of Economic Evaluations of Workplace Wellness Programs. Public Health Rep 2021; 136:671-684. [PMID: 33541206 DOI: 10.1177/0033354920976557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Debates about the effectiveness of workplace wellness programs (WWPs) call for a review of the evidence for return on investment (ROI) of WWPs. We examined literature on the heterogeneity in methods used in the ROI of WWPs to show how this heterogeneity may affect conclusions and inferences about ROI. METHODS We conducted a scoping review using systematic review methods and adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We reviewed PubMed, EconLit, Proquest Central, and Scopus databases for published articles. We included articles that (1) were published before December 20, 2019, when our last search was conducted, and (2) met our inclusion criteria that were based on target population, target intervention, evaluation method, and ROI as the main outcome. RESULTS We identified 47 peer-reviewed articles from the selected databases that met our inclusion criteria. We explored the effect of study characteristics on ROI estimates. Thirty-one articles had ROI measures. Studies with costs of presenteeism had the lowest ROI estimates compared with other cost combinations associated with health care and absenteeism. Studies with components of disease management produced higher ROI than programs with components of wellness. We found a positive relationship between ROI and program length and a negative relationship between ROI and conflict of interest. Evaluations in small companies (≤500 employees) were associated with lower ROI estimates than evaluations in large companies (>500 employees). Studies with lower reporting quality scores, including studies that were missing information on statistical inference, had lower ROI estimates. Higher methodologic quality was associated with lower ROI estimates. CONCLUSION This review provides recommendations that can improve the methodologic quality of studies to validate the ROI and public health effects of WWPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Unsal
- 37504 Department of Economics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - GracieLee Weaver
- 14616 Office of Research & Engagement, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy Bray
- Department of Economics, Bryan School of Business and Economics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Bibeau
- Department of Public Health Education, School of Health and Human Sciences, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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Sloan C, Stechuchak KM, Olsen MK, Oddone EZ, Damschroder LJ, Maciejewski ML. Short-Term VA Health Care Expenditures Following a Health Risk Assessment and Coaching Trial. J Gen Intern Med 2020; 35:1452-1457. [PMID: 31898118 PMCID: PMC7210324 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-019-05455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term health care costs following completion of health risk assessments and coaching programs in the VA have not been assessed. OBJECTIVE To compare VA health care expenditures among veterans who participated in a behavioral intervention trial that randomized patients to complete a HRA followed by health coaching (HRA + coaching) or to complete the HRA without coaching (HRA-alone). DESIGN Four-hundred seventeen veterans at three Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Centers or Clinics were randomized to HRA + coaching or HRA-alone. Veterans randomized to HRA-alone (n = 209) were encouraged to discuss HRA results with their primary care team, while veterans randomized to HRA + coaching (n = 208) received two brief telephone-delivered health coaching calls. PARTICIPANTS We included 411 veterans with available cost data. MAIN MEASURES Total VA health expenditures 6 months following trial enrollment were estimated using a generalized linear model with a gamma distribution and log link function. In exploratory analysis, model-based recursive partitioning was used to determine whether the intervention effect on short-term costs differed among any patient subgroups. KEY RESULTS Most participants were male (85%); mean age was 56, and mean body mass index was 34. From the generalized linear model, 6-month estimated mean total VA expenditures were similar ($8665 for HRA + coaching vs $9900 for HRA-alone, p = 0.25). In exploratory subgroup analysis, among unemployed veterans with good sleep and fair or poor perceived health, mean observed expenditures in the HRA + coaching group were higher than in the HRA-alone group ($12,814 vs $7971). Among unemployed veterans with good sleep and good general health, mean observed expenditures in the HRA + coaching group were lower than in the HRA-alone group ($5082 vs $11,612). CONCLUSIONS Compared to completing and receiving HRA results, working with health coaches to set actionable health behavior change goals following HRA completion did not reduce short-term health expenditures. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01828567.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Sloan
- Durham Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), , Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Karen M Stechuchak
- Durham Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), , Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Maren K Olsen
- Durham Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), , Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eugene Z Oddone
- Durham Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), , Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Laura J Damschroder
- Ann Arbor VA HSR&D/Center for Clinical Management Research, P.O. Box 130170, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,VA Diabetes QUERI, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew L Maciejewski
- Durham Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation (ADAPT), , Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA. .,Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Grimani A, Aboagye E, Kwak L. The effectiveness of workplace nutrition and physical activity interventions in improving productivity, work performance and workability: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1676. [PMID: 31830955 PMCID: PMC6909496 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-8033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthy lifestyles play an important role in the prevention of premature death, chronic diseases, productivity loss and other social and economic concerns. However, workplace interventions to address issues of fitness and nutrition which include work-related outcomes are complex and thus challenging to implement and appropriately measure the effectiveness of. This systematic review investigated the impact of workplace nutrition and physical activity interventions, which include components aimed at workplace's physical environment and organizational structure, on employees' productivity, work performance and workability. METHODS A systematic review that included randomized controlled trials and or non-randomized controlled studies was conducted. Medline, EMBASE.com, Cochrane Library and Scopus were searched until September 2016. Productivity, absenteeism, presenteeism, work performance and workability were the primary outcomes of our interest, while sedentary behavior and changes in other health-related behaviors were considered as secondary outcomes. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts and full-texts for study eligibility, extracted the data and performed a quality assessment using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk-of-Bias Tool for randomized trials and the Risk-of-Bias in non-randomized studies of interventions. Findings were narratively synthesized. RESULTS Thirty-nine randomized control trials and non-randomized controlled studies were included. Nearly 28% of the included studies were of high quality, while 56% were of medium quality. The studies covered a broad range of multi-level and environmental-level interventions. Fourteen workplace nutrition and physical activity intervention studies yielded statistically significant changes on absenteeism (n = 7), work performance (n = 2), workability (n = 3), productivity (n = 1) and on both workability and productivity (n = 1). Two studies showed effects on absenteeism only between subgroups. CONCLUSIONS The scientific evidence shows that it is possible to influence work-related outcomes, especially absenteeism, positively through health promotion efforts that include components aimed at the workplace's physical work environment and organizational structure. In order to draw further conclusions regarding work-related outcomes in controlled high-quality studies, long-term follow-up using objective outcomes and/or quality assured questionnaires are required. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registration number: PROSPERO CRD42017081837.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Grimani
- Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research for Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, Box 210, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Emmanuel Aboagye
- Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research for Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, Box 210, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lydia Kwak
- Unit of Intervention and Implementation Research for Worker Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 13, Box 210, SE 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Evaluating the Impact of a Workplace Wellness Program in Saudi Arabia: An Intra-Department Study. J Occup Environ Med 2019; 61:760-766. [PMID: 31233008 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is limited evidence on how workplace health promotion is implemented and evaluated in the Arab countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The present study aimed to improve the overall well-being of employees at a departmental level in a hospital setting in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHODS Using a pre-post longitudinal design, a wellness program was implemented, assessing physical activity, diet, work productivity, absenteeism, workplace satisfaction, and stress. RESULTS Significant improvement was observed in physical functioning of the employees; with a significant increase in average intake of water/d and fruit consumption, significant decrease in average number of soft drinks consumed/wk, and significant decrease in the days of absence in the last 3 months. CONCLUSIONS There were trends in improvement overall on the wellness measures with significant impact on the physical functioning and dietary habits of the employees.
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Lin TY, Liao PJ, Ting MK, Hsu KH. Lifestyle characteristics as moderators of the effectiveness of weight control interventions among semiconductor workers. Biomed J 2019; 41:376-384. [PMID: 30709580 PMCID: PMC6361846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workers in high technology industry are experiencing stressful environment and have been ranked as a high risk group for adverse health effects. The effectiveness of worksite health promotion is important for occupational health. This study is to investigate the effect of health interventions on body measurement changes while examining the role of their lifestyle factors. METHODS A total of 904 participants aged over 30 years were recruited from 14 semiconductor worksites in Taiwan from 2011 to 2015. A multi-settings, quasi-experimental study was conducted that assigned participants into two intervention programs, including exercise program and diet-plus-exercise program. The outcomes include the changes of body weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), and biophysiological indicators. Lifestyle variables include alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and regular exercise. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to test the association. RESULTS The findings have demonstrated that one kilogram body weight reduction is associated with a decrease of 0.58 mmHg SBP (p < 0.001), 0.29 mmHg DBP (p < 0.001), 3.33 mg/dL triglyceride (p < 0.001), 0.96 mg/dL total cholesterol (p < 0.001), and 0.68 mg/dL LDL (p < 0.001). The diet-plus-exercise group had more significant effect on both weight changes and biophysiological changes than exercise-only group (p < 0.001). Lifestyle factors, including cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and regular exercise, were significant moderators of the effectiveness of health interventions. CONCLUSIONS Both exercise and diet interventions are important to the effectiveness of health promotion in occupational sectors. Lifestyle modifications are vital for weight control programs in improving body shape changes and biophysiological indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yu Lin
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Laboratory for Epidemiology, Department of Health Care Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Liao
- Department of Health Care Administration, Oriental Institute of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Laboratory for Epidemiology, Department of Health Care Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kuo Ting
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Keelung, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Hsu
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Laboratory for Epidemiology, Department of Health Care Management, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Tung CY, Yin YW, Zhou YP, Chang CC, Lin PY, Liu CY. An analysis of healthy workplace accreditation and health promotion efforts based on employees' perspectives. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2017; 73:322-329. [PMID: 28796581 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2017.1365683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to analyze the effects of health promotion efforts in relation to a workplace accreditation program and differing workplace sizes. The research population for the study consisted of 966 employees working at a total of 84 different worksites located in Taipei, Taiwan. The survey instructions used were developed by the European Network for Workplace Health Promotion (WHP). The results indicate that accredited workplaces have better WHP quality than nonaccredited workplaces (p < .001) and commonly implement health promotion measures related to specific health issues. It is recommended that the government provide more health-related resources in workplaces, especially those of small and medium companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yin Tung
- a Health Promotion and Health Education , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wen Yin
- b Nursing and Management, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Zhou
- a Health Promotion and Health Education , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Chang
- a Health Promotion and Health Education , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Lin
- a Health Promotion and Health Education , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yun Liu
- a Health Promotion and Health Education , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei , Taiwan
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Abstract
The health education profession has made significant advances throughout the past few decades. However, health education is still described as an emerging profession. This article suggests strategies to move health education from its status as an emerging profession into that of an acknowledged profession. The authors assert that actively seeking direct third-party reimbursement will advance health education's emergence as a profession as well as increase its legitimacy in the eyes of other professions. The benefits of direct third-party reimbursement, experiences of the nursing profession's pursuit of direct third-party reimbursement, and the current status of health education are discussed. The article concludes by offering strategies for pursuing direct third-party reimbursement.
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Mills PR, Kessler RC, Cooper J, Sullivan S. Impact of a Health Promotion Program on Employee Health Risks and Work Productivity. Am J Health Promot 2016; 22:45-53. [PMID: 17894263 DOI: 10.4278/0890-1171-22.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. Evaluate the impact of a multicomponent workplace health promotion program on employee health risks and work productivity. Design. Quasi-experimental 12-month before-after intervention-control study. Setting. A multinational corporation headquartered in the United Kingdom. Subjects. Of 618 employees offered the program, 266 (43%) completed questionnaires before and after the program. A total of 1242 of 2500 (49.7%) of a control population also completed questionnaires 12 months apart. Intervention. A multicomponent health promotion program incorporating a health risk appraisal questionnaire, access to a tailored health improvement web portal, wellness literature, and seminars and workshops focused upon identified wellness issues. Measures. Outcomes were (1) cumulative count of health risk factors and the World Health Organization health and work performance questionnaire measures of (2) workplace absenteeism and (3) work performance. Results. After adjusting for baseline differences, improvements in all three outcomes were significantly greater in the intervention group compared with the control group. Mean excess reductions of 0.45 health risk factors and 0.36 monthly absenteeism days and a mean increase of 0.79 on the work performance scale were observed in the intervention group compared with the control group. The intervention yielded a positive return on investment, even using conservative assumptions about effect size estimation. Conclusion. The results suggest that a well-implemented multicomponent workplace health promotion program can produce sizeable changes in health risks and productivity.
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Baxter S, Sanderson K, Venn AJ, Blizzard CL, Palmer AJ. The relationship between return on investment and quality of study methodology in workplace health promotion programs. Am J Health Promot 2016; 28:347-63. [PMID: 24977496 DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.130731-lit-395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between return on investment (ROI) and quality of study methodology in workplace health promotion programs. DATA SOURCE Data were obtained through a systematic literature search of National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), Health Technology Database (HTA), Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) Registry, EconLit, PubMed, Embase, Wiley, and Scopus. STUDY INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA Included were articles written in English or German reporting cost(s) and benefit(s) and single or multicomponent health promotion programs on working adults. Return-to-work and workplace injury prevention studies were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION Methodological quality was graded using British Medical Journal Economic Evaluation Working Party checklist. Economic outcomes were presented as ROI. DATA SYNTHESIS ROI was calculated as ROI = (benefits - costs of program)/costs of program. Results were weighted by study size and combined using meta-analysis techniques. Sensitivity analysis was performed using two additional methodological quality checklists. The influences of quality score and important study characteristics on ROI were explored. RESULTS Fifty-one studies (61 intervention arms) published between 1984 and 2012 included 261,901 participants and 122,242 controls from nine industry types across 12 countries. Methodological quality scores were highly correlated between checklists (r = .84-.93). Methodological quality improved over time. Overall weighted ROI [mean ± standard deviation (confidence interval)] was 1.38 ± 1.97 (1.38-1.39), which indicated a 138% return on investment. When accounting for methodological quality, an inverse relationship to ROI was found. High-quality studies (n = 18) had a smaller mean ROI, 0.26 ± 1.74 (.23-.30), compared to moderate (n = 16) 0.90 ± 1.25 (.90-.91) and low-quality (n = 27) 2.32 ± 2.14 (2.30-2.33) studies. Randomized control trials (RCTs) (n = 12) exhibited negative ROI, -0.22 ± 2.41(-.27 to -.16). Financial returns become increasingly positive across quasi-experimental, nonexperimental, and modeled studies: 1.12 ± 2.16 (1.11-1.14), 1.61 ± 0.91 (1.56-1.65), and 2.05 ± 0.88 (2.04-2.06), respectively. CONCLUSION Overall, mean weighted ROI in workplace health promotion demonstrated a positive ROI. Higher methodological quality studies provided evidence of smaller financial returns. Methodological quality and study design are important determinants.
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Abu Dabrh AM, Gorty A, Jenkins SM, Murad MH, Hensrud DD. Health Habits of Employees in a Large Medical Center: Time Trends and Impact of a Worksite Wellness Facility. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20804. [PMID: 26864205 PMCID: PMC4749948 DOI: 10.1038/srep20804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Worksite health interventions are not novel but their effect remains subject of debate. We examined employer-based wellness program to determine health habits trends, and compare prevalence estimates to national data. We conducted serial surveys (1996 and 2007–10) to employees of a large medical center that included questions measuring outcomes, including obesity, regular exercise, cardiovascular activity, and smoking status. Logistic regression models were estimated to compare data by membership across years, considering p-values ≤ 0.01 as statistically significant. 3,206 employees responded (Response rates 59–68%). Obesity prevalence increased over time in members and nonmembers of the wellness facility, consistent with national trends. Members had a lower prevalence of cigarette smoking compared to nonmembers (overall year-adjusted odds ratio 0.66, P < 0.001). Further, employees had a lower prevalence of cigarette smoking (9.7 vs. 17.3% in 2010, P < 0.001) compared with national data. Wellness facility membership was associated with increased regular exercise and cardiovascular exercise (P < 0.001) compared to nonmembers. In summary, working in a medical center was associated with a decreased prevalence of cigarette smoking, but not with lower prevalence of obesity. Worksite wellness facility membership was associated with increased exercise and decreased cigarette smoking. Employer-based interventions may be effective in improving some health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd Moain Abu Dabrh
- Division of Preventive, Occupational, and Aerospace Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Archana Gorty
- Division of Preventive, Occupational, and Aerospace Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sarah M Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mohammad Hassan Murad
- Division of Preventive, Occupational, and Aerospace Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Donald D Hensrud
- Division of Preventive, Occupational, and Aerospace Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Health and performance: science or advocacy? JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS: PEOPLE AND PERFORMANCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1108/joepp-07-2014-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the literature assessing the return-on-investment (ROI) of healthy workplace programs.
Design/methodology/approach
– Used a narrative review to summarize and evaluate findings.
Findings
– Although substantial ROI data now exist, methodological and logical weaknesses limit the conclusions that can be drawn.
Practical implications
– A strategy for monetizing the benefits of healthy workplaces that draws on both human resource accounting and strategic human resource management is described.
Social implications
– The promotion of healthy workplaces is an important goal in its own right. To the extent that ROI estimates are important in advancing this goal, these estimates should be based on clear logic and strong methodology.
Originality/value
– The paper suggests the need for stronger research designs but also note the difficulties in monetizing outcomes of the healthy workplace.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of a wellness program delivered by WellSteps, LLC, aimed at improving employee health behaviors in small companies that lack the resources to independently develop and manage a wellness program. METHODS Analyses are based on 618 employees from five diverse companies that completed an initial personal health assessment. RESULTS Exercise and dietary behaviors significantly improved across the five companies. Significant improvements in health perception and life satisfaction also resulted and were associated with improvements in health behaviors. Three of the five companies, each with fewer than 50 employees, were most effective in influencing positive health behaviors, health perceptions, and life satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS The worksite wellness program effectively improved health behaviors, health perceptions, and life satisfaction.
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Agarwal U, Mishra S, Xu J, Levin S, Gonzales J, Barnard ND. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of a nutrition intervention program in a multiethnic adult population in the corporate setting reduces depression and anxiety and improves quality of life: the GEICO study. Am J Health Promot 2014; 29:245-54. [PMID: 24524383 DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.130218-quan-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether a plant-based nutrition program in a multicenter, corporate setting improves depression, anxiety, and productivity. DESIGN A quasi-experimental study examined the impact of diet on emotional well-being and productivity. SETTING The study was conducted in 10 corporate sites of a major U.S. insurance company. SUBJECTS There were 292 participants (79.8% women, 20.2% men), with body mass index ≥25 kg/m(2) and/or previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. INTERVENTION Either weekly instruction in following a vegan diet or no instruction was given for 18 weeks. MEASURES Depression and anxiety were measured using the Short Form-36 questionnaire. Work productivity was measured using the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire. ANALYSIS Baseline characteristics were examined by t-test for continuous variables and χ(2) test for categorical variables. Analysis of covariance models were adjusted for baseline covariates. Paired t-tests were used to determine within-group changes and t-tests for between-group differences. RESULTS In an intention-to-treat analysis, improvements in impairment because of health (p < .001), overall work impairment because of health (p = .02), non-work-related activity impairment because of health (p < .001), depression (p = .02), anxiety (p = .04), fatigue (p < .001), emotional well-being (p = .01), daily functioning because of physical health (p = .01), and general health (p = 0.02) in the intervention group were significantly greater than in the control group. Results were similar for study completers. CONCLUSION A dietary intervention improves depression, anxiety, and productivity in a multicenter, corporate setting.
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Østbye T, Stroo M, Brouwer RJN, Peterson BL, Eisenstein EL, Fuemmeler BF, Joyner J, Gulley L, Dement JM. The steps to health employee weight management randomized control trial: rationale, design and baseline characteristics. Contemp Clin Trials 2013; 35:68-76. [PMID: 23648394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The workplace can be an important setting for addressing obesity. An increasing number of employers offer weight management programs. PURPOSE Present the design, rationale and baseline characteristics of the Steps to Health study (STH), a randomized trial to evaluate the effectiveness of two preexisting employee weight management programs offered at Duke University and Medical Center. METHODS 550 obese (BMI ≥30) employee volunteers were randomized 1:1 to two programs. Baseline data, collected between January 2011 and July 2012, included height/weight, accelerometry, workplace injuries, health care utilization, and questionnaires querying socio-cognitive factors, perceptions of health climate, physical activity, and dietary intake. In secondary analyses participants in the two programs will also be compared to a non-randomized observational control group of obese employees. RESULTS At baseline, the mean age was 45 years, 83% were female, 41% white, and 53% black. Mean BMI was 37.2. Participants consumed a mean of 2.37 servings of fruits and vegetables per day (in the past week), participated in 11.5 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and spent 620 min being sedentary. CONCLUSION STH addresses the need for evaluation of worksite interventions to promote healthy weight. In addition to having direct positive effects on workers' health, worksite programs have the potential to increase productivity and reduce health care costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truls Østbye
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Merrill RM, Hull JD. Factors associated with participation in and benefits of a worksite wellness program. Popul Health Manag 2013; 16:221-6. [PMID: 23405876 DOI: 10.1089/pop.2012.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe employees most likely to participate in a Personal Wellness Profile (PWP) and/or in a worksite Wellness Program (WP), and to identify whether an association exists between participation and trends in number of health care services and cost of services per person. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical claims data from the Deseret Mutual Benefit Administrators, 2004 through 2009. The PWP and WP involved more than 30% of employee contract holders. Participation in the PWP and WP were lower in the older age group and higher among women, married people, and those with an annual income of at least $40,000. Average annual cost per person during 2004-2006 was significantly positively associated with completing the PWP in 2007-2009. Those in the highest quartile for average annual cost per person in 2004-2006 were significantly less likely to participate in the WP in 2007-2009. During 2004-2009, a significantly increasing trend in average annual cost per person was similar, but at a lower level for PWP participants. The trend line also was lower for WP participants, and increased at a lower rate. The lower rate of increase in the trends for average cost per person among those in the WP indicates that the intervention is effective at slowing escalating costs. Additional years of data should be assessed, when available, to confirm this pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray M Merrill
- Department of Health Science, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604, USA.
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A Systematic Review of the Evidence Concerning the Economic Impact of Employee-Focused Health Promotion and Wellness Programs. J Occup Environ Med 2013; 55:209-22. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3182728d3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Self-Rated Job Performance and Absenteeism According to Employee Engagement, Health Behaviors, and Physical Health. J Occup Environ Med 2013; 55:10-8. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31827b73af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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van Dongen JM, Proper KI, van Wier MF, van der Beek AJ, Bongers PM, van Mechelen W, van Tulder MW. Systematic review on the financial return of worksite health promotion programmes aimed at improving nutrition and/or increasing physical activity. Obes Rev 2011; 12:1031-49. [PMID: 21883870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review summarizes the current evidence on the financial return of worksite health promotion programmes aimed at improving nutrition and/or increasing physical activity. Data on study characteristics and results were extracted from 18 studies published up to 14 January 2011. Two reviewers independently assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Three metrics were (re-)calculated per study: the net benefits, benefit cost ratio (BCR) and return on investment (ROI). Metrics were averaged, and a post hoc subgroup analysis was performed to compare financial return estimates between study designs. Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 13 non-randomized studies (NRSs) and one modelling study were included. Average financial return estimates in terms of absenteeism benefits (NRS: ROI 325%, BCR 4.25; RCT: ROI -49%, BCR 0.51), medical benefits (NRS: ROI 95%, BCR 1.95; RCT: ROI -112%, BCR -0.12) or both (NRS: ROI 387%, BCR 4.87; RCT: ROI -92%, BCR 0.08) were positive in NRSs, but negative in RCTs. Worksite health promotion programmes aimed at improving nutrition and/or increasing physical activity generate financial savings in terms of reduced absenteeism costs, medical costs or both according to NRSs, whereas they do not according to RCTs. Since these programmes are associated with additional types of benefits, conclusions about their overall profitability cannot be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M van Dongen
- Body@Work, Research Center for Physical Activity, Work and Health, TNO-VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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A Review and Analysis of the Clinical and Cost-effectiveness Studies of Comprehensive Health Promotion and Disease Management Programs at the Worksite. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:1310-31. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3182337748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Effectiveness of a Worksite Wellness Program on Health Behaviors and Personal Health. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:1008-12. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3182281145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Jensen JD. Can worksite nutritional interventions improve productivity and firm profitability? A literature review. Perspect Public Health 2011; 131:184-92. [DOI: 10.1177/1757913911408263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims: This paper investigates whether and how worksite nutrition policies can improve employee productivity. Methods: The questions are pursued through a literature review, including a systematic search of literature – combined with literature identified from backward references – on randomized controlled or quasi-experimental worksite intervention trials and observational cross-sectional studies. Studies were selected on the basis of topic relevance, according to publication title and subsequently according to abstract content. A quality appraisal of the studies was based on study design and clarity in definition of interventions, as well as environmental and outcome variables. Results: The search identified 2,358 publications, 30 of which were found suitable for the review. Several of the reviewed studies suggest that diet-related worksite interventions have positive impacts on employees’ nutritional knowledge, food intake and health and on the firm’s profitability, mainly in terms of reduced absenteeism and presenteeism. Conclusions: Well-targeted and efficiently implemented diet-related worksite health promotion interventions may improve labour productivity by 1%–2%. On larger worksites, such productivity gains are likely to more than offset the costs of implementing such interventions. These conclusions are subject to some uncertainty due to the relatively limited amount of literature in the field.
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Effectiveness of a Workplace Wellness Program for Maintaining Health and Promoting Healthy Behaviors. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:782-7. [PMID: 21670705 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e318220c2f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Evaluation of a Best-Practice Worksite Wellness Program in a Small-Employer Setting Using Selected Well-being Indices. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:448-54. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3182143ed0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Uegaki K, de Bruijne MC, van der Beek AJ, van Mechelen W, van Tulder MW. Economic evaluations of occupational health interventions from a company's perspective: a systematic review of methods to estimate the cost of health-related productivity loss. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2011; 21:90-99. [PMID: 20668923 PMCID: PMC3041898 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-010-9258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the methods used to estimate the indirect costs of health-related productivity in economic evaluations from a company's perspective. METHODS The primary literature search was conducted in Medline and Embase. Supplemental searches were conducted in the Cochrane NHS Economic Evaluation Database, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health database, the Ryerson International Labour, Occupational Safety and Health Index database, scans of reference lists and researcher's own literature database. Article selection was conducted independently by two researchers based on title, keywords, and abstract, and if needed, full text. Differences were resolved by a consensus procedure. Articles were selected based on seven criteria addressing study population, type of intervention, comparative intervention, outcome, costs, language and perspective, respectively. Characteristics of the measurement and valuation of health-related productivity were extracted and analyzed descriptively. RESULTS A total of 34 studies were included. Costs of health-related productivity were estimated using (a combination of) data related to sick leave, compensated sick leave, light or modified duty or work presenteeism. Data were collected from different sources (e.g. administrative databases, worker self-report, supervisors) and by different methods (e.g. questionnaires, interviews). Valuation varied in terms of reported time units, composition and source of the corresponding price weights, and whether additional elements, such as replacement costs, were included. CONCLUSIONS Methods for measuring and valuing health-related productivity vary widely, hindering comparability of results and decision-making. We provide suggestions for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimi Uegaki
- Health Technology Assessment Unit, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine C. de Bruijne
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Allard J. van der Beek
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Body@Work, Research Center Physical Activity, Work and Health, TNO-VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Center for Insurance Medicine AMC-UWV-VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van Mechelen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Body@Work, Research Center Physical Activity, Work and Health, TNO-VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits W. van Tulder
- Health Technology Assessment Unit, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hyatt Neville B, Merrill RM, Kumpfer KL. Longitudinal Outcomes of a Comprehensive, Incentivized Worksite Wellness Program. Eval Health Prof 2010; 34:103-23. [DOI: 10.1177/0163278710379222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated health benefits of long-term participation in an employer-based wellness program, focusing on selected chronic disease risk factors. A repeated measures longitudinal time-series study was conducted of 8 years of existing prospectively collected annual data, including clinical measures of weight, blood pressure, cholesterol, and body fat percent. Participants were divided into their risk levels at baseline. Outcomes were compared to level of participation, for which annual points earned was a surrogate. Participants had lower increases in body mass index (BMI) than the general population had during the same time period. Greatest improvements in BMI, blood pressure, and cholesterol were seen in those at highest risk levels at baseline and in those whose physical activity increased over time. It was found that long-term participation in this program improved BMI, blood pressure, and cholesterol. Most benefits were found for those in high-risk groups. This program should recruit more employees in high health risk categories and emphasize retention and increased levels of participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly Hyatt Neville
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA,
| | - Ray M. Merrill
- Department of Health Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Karol L. Kumpfer
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Chung M, Melnyk P, Blue D, Renaud D, Breton MC. Worksite health promotion: the value of the Tune Up Your Heart program. Popul Health Manag 2010; 12:297-304. [PMID: 20038255 DOI: 10.1089/pop.2008.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful wellness initiatives at DaimlerChrysler Canada Incorporated (DCCI) led to a unique partnership between key stakeholders that allowed implementation of Tune Up Your Heart, a program aimed at improving workforce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Volunteers were screened and stratified according to their CVD risk. Interventions were tailored to risk level and included goal setting, monitoring progress, and company-wide education programs. Outcome data (CVD risk and components of risk) were collected at study entry and after 18 months. The economic impact of the program was determined using a model based on subject movement across risk categories and historical claims data for life insurance, short- and long-term disability, prescription drugs, and casual absenteeism. Intervention participants (N = 343) demonstrated a significant (P = .0113) relative CVD risk reduction of 12.7%; 36% of participants lost weight, and average body mass index decreased from 28.4 to 28.2 (P = .0419). Average systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly decreased (P < .0001 and P = .0221, respectively). Subjects reported increased adherence to recommended exercise and diet regimens, and the number of smokers decreased by 14%. The majority of subjects reported satisfaction with the program. Annual savings were estimated at Can$793 for the intervention group and Can$18,461 when projected to the entire workforce (N = 13,629). Savings were sensitive to cost weighting when subjects moved to a lower risk class but more robust to other parameters. The Tune Up Your Heart program significantly improved employee CVD risk profile, and was associated with savings for DCCI.
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Soler RE, Leeks KD, Razi S, Hopkins DP, Griffith M, Aten A, Chattopadhyay SK, Smith SC, Habarta N, Goetzel RZ, Pronk NP, Richling DE, Bauer DR, Buchanan LR, Florence CS, Koonin L, MacLean D, Rosenthal A, Matson Koffman D, Grizzell JV, Walker AM. A systematic review of selected interventions for worksite health promotion. The assessment of health risks with feedback. Am J Prev Med 2010; 38:S237-62. [PMID: 20117610 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many health behaviors and physiologic indicators can be used to estimate one's likelihood of illness or premature death. Methods have been developed to assess this risk, most notably the use of a health-risk assessment or biometric screening tool. This report provides recommendations on the effectiveness of interventions that use an Assessment of Health Risks with Feedback (AHRF) when used alone or as part of a broader worksite health promotion program to improve the health of employees. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The Guide to Community Preventive Services' methods for systematic reviews were used to evaluate the effectiveness of AHRF when used alone and when used in combination with other intervention components. Effectiveness was assessed on the basis of changes in health behaviors and physiologic estimates, but was also informed by changes in risk estimates, healthcare service use, and worker productivity. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The review team identified strong evidence of effectiveness of AHRF when used with health education with or without other intervention components for five outcomes. There is sufficient evidence of effectiveness for four additional outcomes assessed. There is insufficient evidence to determine effectiveness for others such as changes in body composition and fruit and vegetable intake. The team also found insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of AHRF when implemented alone. CONCLUSIONS The results of these reviews indicate that AHRF is useful as a gateway intervention to a broader worksite health promotion program that includes health education lasting > or =1 hour or repeating multiple times during 1 year, and that may include an array of health promotion activities. These reviews form the basis of the recommendations by the Task Force on Community Preventive Services presented elsewhere in this supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Soler
- National Center for Health Marketing, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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A review and analysis of the clinical and cost-effectiveness studies of comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite: update VII 2004-2008. J Occup Environ Med 2009; 51:822-37. [PMID: 19542898 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181a7de5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct the seventh periodic review and analysis of the clinical and cost-effectiveness research conducted in worksite/corporate environments between 2004 and 2008. METHODS A literature search of US-based research was conducted using a multistage process including MEDLINE, ADI, EDGAR, CARL, Inform, Lexis-Nexis, as well as direct inquiries to key researchers in this area of expertise. RESULTS From 2004 to 2008, there were 16 new studies that met the Inclusion/Exclusion criteria. These studies are critiqued and entered into a data table consisting of 13 variables and citations of the 16 new studies. CONCLUSIONS Clinical and cost-effectiveness research in the worksite/corporate environment continues to evolve although there was only one randomized clinical trial conducted during the most recent interval. There are innovations in pilot studies, quasi-experimental methodologies, and econometric modeling as indicative of future trends.
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Conn VS, Hafdahl AR, Cooper PS, Brown LM, Lusk SL. Meta-analysis of workplace physical activity interventions. Am J Prev Med 2009; 37:330-9. [PMID: 19765506 PMCID: PMC2758638 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Most adults do not achieve adequate physical activity levels. Despite the potential benefits of worksite health promotion, no previous comprehensive meta-analysis has summarized health and physical activity behavior outcomes from such programs. This comprehensive meta-analysis integrated the extant wide range of worksite physical activity intervention research. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Extensive searching located published and unpublished intervention studies reported from 1969 through 2007. Results were coded from primary studies. Random-effects meta-analytic procedures, including moderator analyses, were completed in 2008. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Effects on most variables were substantially heterogeneous because diverse studies were included. Standardized mean difference (d) effect sizes were synthesized across approximately 38,231 subjects. Significantly positive effects were observed for physical activity behavior (0.21); fitness (0.57); lipids (0.13); anthropometric measures (0.08); work attendance (0.19); and job stress (0.33). The significant effect size for diabetes risk (0.98) is less robust given small sample sizes. The mean effect size for fitness corresponds to a difference between treatment minus control subjects' means on VO2max of 3.5 mL/kg/min; for lipids, -0.2 on the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein; and for diabetes risk, -12.6 mg/dL on fasting glucose. CONCLUSIONS These findings document that some workplace physical activity interventions can improve both health and important worksite outcomes. Effects were variable for most outcomes, reflecting the diversity of primary studies. Future primary research should compare interventions to confirm causal relationships and further explore heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki S Conn
- School of Nursing, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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Efficacy of the Berkshire Health System Cardiovascular Health Risk Reduction Program. J Occup Environ Med 2009; 51:1024-31. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181b11bb3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rothstein MA, Harrell HL. Health risk reduction programs in employer-sponsored health plans: Part I-efficacy. J Occup Environ Med 2009; 51:943-50. [PMID: 19625972 PMCID: PMC3034441 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181b05421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether workplace health risk reduction programs (HRRPs) using health risk assessments (HRAs), individually focused risk reduction, and financial incentives succeeded in improving employee health and reducing employer health benefit costs. METHODS We reviewed the proprietary HRA available to us and conducted a literature review to determine the efficacy of HRRPs using HRAs, individualized employee interventions, and financial incentives for employee participation. RESULTS There is some evidence that HRRPs in employer-sponsored programs improve measures of employee health, but the results of these studies are somewhat equivocal. CONCLUSION Employer-sponsored HRRPs may have some benefits, but problems in plan design and in the studies assessing their efficacy complicate drawing conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Rothstein
- Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY 40202, USA.
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The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an employed population and the impact on health and productivity. J Occup Environ Med 2009; 50:1139-48. [PMID: 18849759 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e318188b8eb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an employed population and its association with health risks, health perception, illness days, work limitation (presenteeism), and short-term disability (STD). METHODS Five thousand five hundred twelve employees of a financial services company responded to an on-site health risk appraisal which included measured waist circumference and biometric results. The metabolic syndrome criteria were based on the 2005 AHA/NHLBI scientific statement on the diagnosis and management of metabolic syndrome. Perceived health, illness days, and presenteeism were self-reported; STD days were obtained from claims data. RESULTS In this employee population (61% women, average age 41 years), 22.6% met the criteria for metabolic syndrome and were more likely to report more health risks, poorer health perception, and more absent days due to illness. There was no clear association with presenteeism or STD incidence. However, as the number of metabolic risk factors increased, there was an increase in STD incidence, decrease in health perception, and increase in illness days. No association was found with number of metabolic risk factors and presenteeism. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic syndrome was associated with poor perceived health, increased illness days, and an increased trend of STD incidence. Worksite health promotion programs could be useful in helping employees and employers to identify metabolic syndrome risks and take steps to reduce risk and potential productivity losses.
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Serxner S, Gold D, Meraz A, Gray A. Do Employee Health Management Programs Work? Am J Health Promot 2009; 23:1-8, iii. [DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.23.4.tahp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Renaud L, Kishchuk N, Juneau M, Nigam A, Téreault K, Leblanc MC. Implementation and outcomes of a comprehensive worksite health promotion program. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2008. [PMID: 18435397 DOI: 10.1007/bf03403746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper reports on the implementation and results of a three-year comprehensive worksite health promotion program called Take care of your health!, delivered at a single branch of a large financial organization with 656 employees at the beginning of the implementation period and 905 at the end. The program included six educational modules delivered over a three-year period. A global health profile was part of the first and last modules. The decision to implement the program coincided with an overall program of organizational renewal. METHODS The data for this evaluation come from four sources: analysis of changes in employee health profiles between the first and last program sessions (n=270); questionnaires completed by participating employees at the end of the program (n=169); organizational data on employee absenteeism and turnover; and qualitative interviews with company managers (n=9). RESULTS Employee participation rates in the six modules varied between 39% and 76%. The assessment of health profile changes showed a significant increase in the Global Health Score. Participants were significantly more likely to report more frequent physical activity and better nutritional practices. The proportion of smokers among participants was significantly reduced (p = 0.0147). Also reduced significantly between the two measurements were self-assessment of high stress inside and outside the workplace, stress signs, and feelings of depression. Employees were highly satisfied with the program and felt that it had impacts on their knowledge and capacities to manage their health behaviour. During the same period, absenteeism in the organization declined by 28% and turnover by 54%. From the organization's perspective, program implementation was very successful. CONCLUSIONS This study's results are in line with previous findings of significant benefits to organizations and employees from worksite health promotion. The close relationship between the program outcomes and the overall process of organizational renewal that it accompanied supports previous arguments that worksite health promotion will be most effective when it promotes overall organizational health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Renaud
- Département de communication sociale et publique, Université du Québec a Montréal.
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Schultz AB, Edington DW. Employee health and presenteeism: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2007; 17:547-79. [PMID: 17653835 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-007-9096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many employers focus on their large and easily measured cost of health care, yet until recently they have ignored the impact of health on productivity. Studies of some chronic conditions and some health risk factors suggest that costs of lost productivity exceed costs of medical care. This review will examine the literature to explore the link between employee health and on-the-job productivity, also known as presenteeism. METHODS Searches of Medline, CINAHL and PubMed were conducted in October 2006, with no starting date limitation with "presenteeism" or "work limitations" as keywords. A total of 113 studies were found using this method. Each study was evaluated based on the strength of the study design, statistical analyses, outcome measurement, and controlling of confounding variables. RESULTS Literature on presenteeism has investigated its link with a large number of health risks and health conditions ranging from exercise and weight to allergies and irritable bowel syndrome. As expected, the research on some topic areas is stronger than others. CONCLUSIONS Based on the research reviewed here, it can be said with confidence that health conditions such as allergies and arthritis are associated with presenteeism. Moreover, health risks traditionally measured by a health risk appraisal (HRA), especially physical activity and body weight, also show an association with presenteeism. The next step for researchers is to tease out the impact of individual health risks or combinations of risks and health conditions on this important outcome measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa B Schultz
- Health Management Research Center, University of Michigan, 1015 E. Huron St., Ann Arbor, MI 48104-1688, USA.
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Pelletier KR. A review and analysis of the clinical and cost-effectiveness studies of comprehensive health promotion and disease management programs at the worksite: update VI 2000-2004. J Occup Environ Med 2006; 47:1051-8. [PMID: 16217246 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000174303.85442.bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This critical review focuses on the 12 new studies focused on the clinical and cost outcomes research focused on worksites and published between 2000 and 2004. Although these new studies indicate further evidence of positive clinical and cost outcomes, the quantity and quality of such research continue to decline. When corporations and health plans are demanding more evidence-based outcomes, this decline in rigorous research marks a serious challenge to the field of health promotion and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Pelletier
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tuscon, AZ 05724-5153, USA.
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Abstract
We sought to examine the relationship between changes in health risks and changes in work productivity. Pre- and postanalysis was conducted on 500 subjects who participated in a wellness program at a large national employer. Change in health risks was analyzed using McNemar chi-square tests, and change in mean productivity was analyzed using paired t tests. A repeated measures regression model examined whether a change in productivity was associated with a change in health risks, controlling for age and gender. Individuals who reduced one health risk improved their presenteeism by 9% and reduced absenteeism by 2%, controlling for baseline risk level, age, gender, and interaction of baseline risk and risk change. In conclusion, reductions in health risks are associated with positive changes in work productivity. Self-reported work productivity may have utility in the evaluation of health promotion programs.
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DataBase: Research and Evaluation Results. Am J Health Promot 2004. [DOI: 10.4278/0890-1171-18.3.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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DataBase: Research and Evaluation Results. Am J Health Promot 2003. [DOI: 10.4278/0890-1171-17.6.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Stave GM, Muchmore L, Gardner H. Quantifiable impact of the contract for health and wellness: health behaviors, health care costs, disability, and workers' compensation. J Occup Environ Med 2003; 45:109-17. [PMID: 12625226 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000052952.59271.a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Current literature about the long-term impacts of corporate health and wellness programs has brought to light new evidence about the cost savings associated with health-promotion interventions. A critical element in these initiatives is attracting the participation of employees at risk for high benefits use. This study presents evidence that suggests accomplishing this task has economic savings implications to large employers. A health and wellness intervention program offered at GlaxoSmithKline, entitled the Contract for Health and Wellness, is examined. Focusing on a group of 6049 employees, the study examines the impact on health behaviors and on integrated health benefits use of this continuously employed population from 1996 to 2000. Total benefits costs are examined for participants and nonparticipants, and the annual savings associated with the isolated impact of the program are, on average, $613 per participant. Reductions in disability costs accounted for the majority of these savings.
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