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Liang G, Cobián-Güemes AG, Albenberg L, Bushman F. The gut virome in inflammatory bowel diseases. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:190-198. [PMID: 34763180 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysbiosis of the microbiome has been extensively studied in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The roles of bacteria and fungi have been studied in detail, but viral communities, an important component of the microbiome, have been less thoroughly investigated. Metagenomics provided a way to fill this gap by using DNA sequencing to enumerate all viruses in a sample, termed the 'virome'. Such methods have now been employed in several studies to assess associations between viral communities and IBD, yielding several commonly seen properties, including an increase in tailed bacteriophage (Caudovirales) and a decrease in the spherical Microviridae. Numerous studies of single human viruses have been carried out, but no one virus has emerged as tightly associated, focusing attention on whole virome communities and further factors. This review provides an overview of research on the human virome in IBD, with emphasis on (1) dynamics of the gut virome, (2) candidate mechanisms of virome alterations with disease, (3) methods for studying the virome, and (4) potentially actionable implications of virome data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxiang Liang
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6076, USA.
| | - Ana Georgina Cobián-Güemes
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6076, USA
| | - Lindsey Albenberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4399, USA
| | - Frederic Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6076, USA.
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Seamons A, Treuting PM, Meeker S, Hsu C, Paik J, Brabb T, Escobar SS, Alexander JS, Ericsson AC, Smith JG, Maggio-Price L. Obstructive Lymphangitis Precedes Colitis in Murine Norovirus-Infected Stat1-Deficient Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:1536-1554. [PMID: 29753791 PMCID: PMC6109697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNV) is an RNA virus that can prove lethal in mice with impaired innate immunity. We found that MNV-4 infection of Stat1-/- mice was not lethal, but produced a 100% penetrant, previously undescribed lymphatic phenotype characterized by chronic-active lymphangitis with hepatitis, splenitis, and chronic cecal and colonic inflammation. Lesion pathogenesis progressed from early ileal enteritis and regional dilated lymphatics to lymphangitis, granulomatous changes in the liver and spleen, and, ultimately, typhlocolitis. Lesion development was neither affected by antibiotics nor reproduced by infection with another enteric RNA virus, rotavirus. MNV-4 infection in Stat1-/- mice decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) receptor 3, Vegf-c, and Vegf-d and increased interferon (Ifn)-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. However, anti-IFN-γ and anti-tumor necrosis factor-α antibody treatment did not attenuate the histologic lesions. Studies in Ifnαβγr-/- mice suggested that canonical signaling via interferon receptors did not cause MNV-4-induced disease. Infected Stat1-/- mice had increased STAT3 phosphorylation and expressed many STAT3-regulated genes, consistent with our findings of increased myeloid cell subsets and serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, which are also associated with increased STAT3 activity. In conclusion, in Stat1-/- mice, MNV-4 induces lymphatic lesions similar to those seen in Crohn disease as well as hepatitis, splenitis, and typhlocolitis. MNV-4-infected Stat1-/- mice may be a useful model to study mechanistic associations between viral infections, lymphatic dysfunction, and intestinal inflammation in a genetically susceptible host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Seamons
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Piper M Treuting
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stacey Meeker
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charlie Hsu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jisun Paik
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thea Brabb
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sabine S Escobar
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan S Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jason G Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lillian Maggio-Price
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Qu B, Xin GR, Zhao LX, Xing H, Lian LY, Jiang HY, Tong JZ, Wang BB, Jin SZ. Testing stem cell therapy in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease: role of bone marrow stem cells and stem cell factor in mucosal regeneration. PLoS One 2014. [PMID: 25309991 DOI: 10.137/journal.pone.0107891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal cells turnover regularly under physiological conditions, which may be stimulated in various pathological situations including inflammation. Local epithelial stem cells appear to play a major role in such mucosal renewal or pathological regeneration. Less is clear about the involvement of multipotent stem cells from blood in GI repair. We attempted to explore a role of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMMSCs) and soluble stem cell factor (SCF) in GI mucosa regeneration in a rat model of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). METHODS BMMSCs labelled with the fluorescent dye PKH26 from donor rats were transfused into rats suffering indomethacin-induced GI injury. Experimental effects by BMMSCs transplant and SCF were determined by morphometry of intestinal mucosa, double labeling of PKH26 positive BMMSCs with endogenous proliferative and intestinal cell markers, and western blot and PCR analyses of the above molecular markers in the recipient rats relative to controls. RESULTS PKH26 positive BMMSCs were found in the recipient mucosa, partially colocalizing with the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Lgr5, Musashi-1 and ephrin-B3. mRNA and protein levels of PCNA, Lgr5, Musashi-1 and ephrin-B3 were elevated in the intestine in BMMSCs-treated rats, most prominent in the BMMSCs-SCF co-treatment group. The mucosal layer and the crypt layer of the small intestine were thicker in BMMSCs-treated rats, more evident in the BMMSCs-SCF co-treatment group. CONCLUSION BMMSCs and SCF participate in but may play a synergistic role in mucosal cell regeneration following experimentally induced intestinal injury. Bone marrow stem cell therapy and SCF administration may be of therapeutic value in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guo-Rong Xin
- Anorectal Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, JiaMuSi Medical University, JiaMuSi, China
| | - Li-Xia Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Xing
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li-Ying Lian
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hai-Yan Jiang
- Infections Department, JiaMuSi Central Hospital, JiaMuSi, China
| | - Jia-Zhao Tong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bei-Bei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shi-Zhu Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Qu B, Xin GR, Zhao LX, Xing H, Lian LY, Jiang HY, Tong JZ, Wang BB, Jin SZ. Testing stem cell therapy in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease: role of bone marrow stem cells and stem cell factor in mucosal regeneration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107891. [PMID: 25309991 PMCID: PMC4195572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gastrointestinal (GI) mucosal cells turnover regularly under physiological conditions, which may be stimulated in various pathological situations including inflammation. Local epithelial stem cells appear to play a major role in such mucosal renewal or pathological regeneration. Less is clear about the involvement of multipotent stem cells from blood in GI repair. We attempted to explore a role of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMMSCs) and soluble stem cell factor (SCF) in GI mucosa regeneration in a rat model of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). METHODS BMMSCs labelled with the fluorescent dye PKH26 from donor rats were transfused into rats suffering indomethacin-induced GI injury. Experimental effects by BMMSCs transplant and SCF were determined by morphometry of intestinal mucosa, double labeling of PKH26 positive BMMSCs with endogenous proliferative and intestinal cell markers, and western blot and PCR analyses of the above molecular markers in the recipient rats relative to controls. RESULTS PKH26 positive BMMSCs were found in the recipient mucosa, partially colocalizing with the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Lgr5, Musashi-1 and ephrin-B3. mRNA and protein levels of PCNA, Lgr5, Musashi-1 and ephrin-B3 were elevated in the intestine in BMMSCs-treated rats, most prominent in the BMMSCs-SCF co-treatment group. The mucosal layer and the crypt layer of the small intestine were thicker in BMMSCs-treated rats, more evident in the BMMSCs-SCF co-treatment group. CONCLUSION BMMSCs and SCF participate in but may play a synergistic role in mucosal cell regeneration following experimentally induced intestinal injury. Bone marrow stem cell therapy and SCF administration may be of therapeutic value in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guo-Rong Xin
- Anorectal Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, JiaMuSi Medical University, JiaMuSi, China
| | - Li-Xia Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Xing
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li-Ying Lian
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hai-Yan Jiang
- Infections Department, JiaMuSi Central Hospital, JiaMuSi, China
| | - Jia-Zhao Tong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bei-Bei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shi-Zhu Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Bandyopadhyay SK, de la Motte CA, Kessler SP, Hascall VC, Hill DR, Strong SA. Hyaluronan-mediated leukocyte adhesion and dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis are attenuated in the absence of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1361-8. [PMID: 18818378 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammatory condition of the intestinal mucosa whose etiology is unclear but is likely to be multifactorial. We have shown previously that an increased amount of hyaluronan (HA) is present both in the inflamed mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease patients and in isolated human cells after polyI:C treatment. The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1 protein plays an important role in many signaling pathways that are associated with inflammation. We therefore investigated the role of STAT1 in adhesive interactions that occur between leukocytes and polyI:C-induced mucosal smooth muscle cells (M-SMCs). Activation of STAT1 was observed after the polyI:C treatment of M-SMCs. Specific phosphorylation of tyrosine and serine residues of STAT1 was observed in polyI:C-treated, but not untreated, M-SMC cultures. To evaluate further the role of STAT1, a corresponding STAT-1-null mouse was used. PolyI:C-induced, HA-mediated leukocyte adhesion to colon SMCs from STAT1-null mice was significantly decreased compared with that from wild-type control mice. In vivo, using the dextran sulfate sodium-induced model of colon inflammation, both tissue damage and HA deposition were attenuated in STAT1-null mice compared with that in wild-type control mice. Additionally, the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IalphaI), a proteoglycan essential for facilitating leukocyte binding to the HA matrix, was reduced in STAT1-null mice. Together, these results demonstrate that STAT1 plays an important role in HA-mediated inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip K Bandyopadhyay
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE A birth-cohort phenomenon in the time trends of a disease indicates that exposure to relevant risk factors must have occurred during an early period of life. The aim of this study was to determine whether birth-cohort patterns are common features of ulcerative colitis, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer in different countries. METHODS The number of deaths from ulcerative colitis, gastric, and duodenal ulcer in England, Netherlands, Italy, Switzerland, United States, and Scotland were retrieved from the respective national statistics offices. The death rates from the six countries were plotted against the period of birth. Age-standardized cohort mortality ratios were calculated as a summary of the overall mortality associated with each consecutive birth-cohort. RESULTS In all countries alike, mortality from ulcerative colitis, gastric, and duodenal ulcer increased among successive generations born during the 19th century and, after reaching a sharp peak around the turn of the 20th century, declined among generations born subsequently. The rise in mortality from gastric ulcer preceded a similar rise in mortality from duodenal ulcer by 10-20 yr, and the temporal changes of duodenal ulcer coincided with those of ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSIONS The sudden rise of peptic ulcer disease during the 19th century and the 10-20-yr time lag between gastric and duodenal ulcer are difficult to explain based on changing infection rates with Helicobacterpylori alone. The similarity between the time trends of duodenal ulcer and ulcerative colitis suggests the influence of one or more shared risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cucino
- New Mexico VA Health Care System, Albuquerque 87108, USA
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Linskens RK, Huijsdens XW, Savelkoul PH, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Meuwissen SG. The bacterial flora in inflammatory bowel disease: current insights in pathogenesis and the influence of antibiotics and probiotics. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY. SUPPLEMENT 2002:29-40. [PMID: 11768558 DOI: 10.1080/003655201753265082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unknown, although in recent years more data have become available. The contribution of genetic and environmental factors is evident, and the luminal bacterial flora plays a major role in the initiation and perpetuation of chronic IBD. Animal models of IBD have shown that colitis does not occur in a germ-free environment. In human IBD, inflammation is present in parts of the gut containing the highest bacterial concentrations. Moreover, the terminal ileum, caecum and rectum are areas of relative stasis, providing prolonged mucosal contact with luminal contents. Enhanced mucosal permeability may play a pivotal role in maintaining a chronic inflammatory state, due to a genetic predisposition or as a result of direct contact with bacteria or their products. A detective epithelial barrier may cause a loss of tolerance to the normal enteric flora. Furthermore, an increased mucosal absorption of viable bacteria and bacterial products is found in IBD. Serum and secreted antibodies are increased and mucosal T-lymphocytes that recognize luminal bacteria are present. However, there is evidence that the immune system reacts over aggressively towards the normal luminal flora rather than the flora being altered in IBD. Several approaches have been used in attempts to discover a specific microbial agent in the cause of IBD. These include demonstration of the presence of organisms or specific antigens in affected tissues, culture of microbes firm the affected tissues, demonstration of serological responses to several agents, and localization and detection of individual pathogen-specific nucleic acid sequences in affected tissue by in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. So far, no specific micro-organism has been directly associated with the pathogenesis of IBD. Analysis of the luminal enteric flora, however, has revealed differences in the composition of this flora compared to healthy controls. In Crohn disease, concentrations of Bacteroides, Eubacteria and Peptostreptococcus are increased, whereas Bifidobacteria numbers are significantly reduced. Furthermore, in ulcerative colitis, concentrations of facultative anaerobic bacteria are increased. The arrival of new molecular techniques qualifying and quantifying the complex intestinal flora has induced a revival of interest in this microflora. Therapeutic approaches geared towards changing the environment at the mucosal border have been attempted by the use of elemental diets, total parenteral nutrition, surgical diversion of the faecal stream and antibiotics. Over the past few years, the use of probiotics in IBD and other intestinal disorders has gained attention. Strengthened by promising experimental data and commercial interests, research in this field is rapidly expanding. Manipulation of the colonic bacteria with antibiotic drugs and probiotic agents may prove to be more effective and better tolerated than immunosuppressants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Linskens
- Dept. of Gastroenterology, Academic Hospital Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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