Remission on thiopurinic immunomodulators normalizes quality of life and psychological status in patients with Crohn's disease

Sleep quality is associated with reduced quality of life in inflammatory bowel disease through its interaction with pain

Background and Aim

Quality of life is reduced in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and poor sleep is prevalent in people with IBD. This study aimed to investigate the influence of sleep on quality of life (QoL) in people with inflammatory bowel disease.

Methods

An online questionnaire was administered through three tertiary IBD centers, social media, and through Crohn's Colitis Australia. The questionnaire included the EQ-5D-5L measures of health-related QoL, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and validated IBD activity and mental health scores.

Results

There were 553 responses included with a diagnosis of Crohn's disease (62.2%), with over half on biologic therapy (53.1%). Poor sleep and clinically significant insomnia were associated with lower QoL (EQ-5D-5L scores: EQVAS, utility score, P < 0.001 for all). Sleep quality scores correlated with the EQ-5D-5L domains of "pain" (ρ 0.35, P < 0.001), "usual activities" (ρ 0.32, P < 0.001), and "depression-anxiety" (ρ 0.37, P < 0.001). After adjusting for demographic variables, IBD activity, and depression and anxiety via multivariate regression, the "pain" domain continued to be associated with PSQI components "sleep quality" (P < 0.001), "sleep disturbance" (P < 0.001), and "sleep duration" (P < 0.001). Clinically significant insomnia was associated with a reduction in QoL (EQVAS, utility score) independent of IBD activity (P < 0.001) and of a similar magnitude to that seen with IBD activity.

Conclusion

Health-related QoL in IBD is influenced by aspects of sleep quality irrespective of IBD activity and mental health conditions. The presence of insomnia is associated with a reduction in health-related QoL. Consideration should be given to sleep targeting interventional studies in an IBD population.

Effects of standard treatments on depressive/anxiety symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

A combination of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and psychological comorbidities can influence the natural course of IBD. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to examine whether a standard IBD medical therapy without any antipsychotic intervention has beneficial effects on depression/anxiety in IBD patients.

METHODS

PubMed and Web of Science databases were systematically searched for related literature from their inception to March 2020. The random-effects model was used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD). A total of 16 eligible studies were included in the present meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Compared with baseline assessments, IBD patients with standard IBD medication had significantly reduced depression assessment scores (pooled SMD = 0.500; 95% confidence interval: 0.207, 0.793; P = 0.001). These results were obtained without any psychological interventions. Additionally, no significant differences in anxiety-related scores were detected between the baseline assessments and the end of therapy assessments (pooled SMD = 0.083; 95% confidence interval: -0.120, 0.285; P = 0.425). The meta-regression and subgroup analyses revealed that differences in assessment tools and medications might be the main source of heterogeneity.

CONCLUSION

Standard IBD treatments can significantly alleviate the depressive symptoms in IBD patients. However, more studies are needed to analyze this association.

Role of Quality of Life as Endpoint for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic disabling conditions, characterized by an unpredictable course with flare-ups and periods of remission, that frequently affect young people and require lifelong medical follow-up and treatment. For years, the main endpoints of IBD treatment had been clinical remission and response, followed by biomarker normalization and mucosal healing. In the last decades, different therapies have been proved to be effective to treat IBD and the use of patient reported outcome (PRO) have become more relevant. Therefore, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) that has been defined as the value assigned to the duration of life influenced by physical and mental health, has been suggested as an important endpoint for IBD management since multiple studies have shown that IBD impairs it, both physically and psychologically. Thus, HRQoL has been included as an outcome in numerous studies evaluating different IBD therapies, both clinical trials and real-life studies. It has been assessed by using both generic and specific disease tools, and most treatments used in clinical practice have been demonstrated to improve HRQoL. The relevance of HRQoL as an endpoint for new drugs is going to increase and its management and improvement will also improve the prognosis of IBD patients.

Impact of surgery on quality of life in Crohn's disease: short- and mid-term follow-up

Active Crohn's disease has a substantial impact on Quality of Life (QoL). Medical management could be associated to side effects, hospitalization, long treatment period and requires patient's compliance, impacting QoL. Ileocecal resection (ICR) is often required, open or laparoscopic. Aim of the study was to assess Health-Related (HR) QoL changes following ICR, and to identify factors impacting on QoL in the short and mid-term. From a single institution, we created a prospective database of patients undergoing ICR from 01/2009 to 12/2015. HRQoL was analysed with Cleveland Global Quality of Life (CGQL) score, Overall Quality of Happiness (OQH), and asking patients if they would have surgery again. QoL scores were recorded at 30 days, 6, 12 and 36 months postoperatively and compared according to follow-up timing, technique, medical treatment and demographics. Statistical analysis included 187 patients. Mean follow-up was 3.8 ± 2.9 years. Both at 30 days and 6 months postoperatively, CGQL, its items and OQH increased significantly (p < 0.001). Increased values were also recorded at 1 and 3 years; 88% of patients would undergo surgery again. Laparoscopy was associated with improved CGQL scores, while preoperative steroids with worsen data. Young female patients, with penetrating pattern, experienced greater HRQoL improvements. Surgery is associated with improvements of HRQoL and patients' happiness in the short and mid-term. Laparoscopy, steroid-free and young patients showed the best results. ICR should be considered a reasonable alternative to non-operative strategies in selected cases.

Persistent central inflammation and region specific cellular activation accompany depression- and anxiety-like behaviours during the resolution phase of experimental colitis

Depression and anxiety-related psychological symptoms are increasingly recognised as important co-morbidities in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) -induced colitis is an animal model of IBD in which afferent activation of the gut-brain axis can be assessed and explored as a source of behavioural change. Exposure of adult male Wistar rats to DSS (5%) in drinking water induced distal colitis. In parallel to local inflammatory responses in the gut wall, increased expression of IL-6 and iNOS was found in the cerebral cortex and an increase in ventricular volume. Immunoreactivity of immediate early gene FosB/ΔFosB activation was measured as an index of cellular activation and was increased in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal raphe nucleus in acutely colitic animals. Following resolution of the acute colitic response, sustained anhedonia in the saccharin preference test, immobility in the forced swim test, reduced burying behaviour in the marble burying test, and mild signs of anxiety in the elevated plus maze and light/dark box were observed. Central increases in iNOS expression persisted during the recovery phase and mapped to reactive microglia, particularly those found in the parenchyma surrounding circumventricular regions. Evidence of associated nitration was also found. Sustained increases in ventricular volume and reduced T2 magnetic resonance relaxometry time in cortical regions were observed during the recovery period. FosB/ΔFosB activation was evident in the dorsal raphe during recovery. Persistent central inflammation and cellular activation may underpin the emergence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in experimental colitis.

Quality of life during one year of postoperative prophylactic drug therapy after intestinal resection in Crohn's patients: Results of the APPRECIA trial

BACKGROUND

In APPRECIA trial, Crohn's disease (CD) patients undergoing intestinal resection were randomized to postoperative adalimumab (ADA) or azathioprine (AZA).

AIMS

To evaluate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in APPRECIA trial.

METHODS

HRQoL was evaluated using disease-specific shortened Spanish version of the IBDQ (SIBDQ-9) and generic European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) questionnaires, completed at baseline and at weeks 24 and 52.

RESULTS

Sixty-one patients (37 ADA and 24 AZA) had evaluable data for HRQoL. Patients treated with ADA or AZA had significant improvement from baseline to weeks 24 and 52 in SIBDQ-9 and EQ-5D (p < 0.001 and p ≤ 0.006 for all comparisons, respectively). There were no differences between treatment arms in mean change in SIBDQ-9 and EQ-5D at weeks 24 and 52 vs baseline. Only patients without endoscopic recurrence had significant improvement in SIBDQ-9 (p < 0.001) and EQ-5D (p < 0.001) at week 52. At week 52, there was a high to moderate negative correlation between CDAI score with SIBDQ-9 score (Pearson's r: -0.768) and with EQ-5D index (r: -0.644).

CONCLUSION

HRQoL improved after intestinal resection in CD, irrespective of the postoperative therapy used (ADA or AZA). Outcomes in HRQoL were associated with prevention of endoscopic recurrence, since improvements in HRQoL were only significant in patients with endoscopic remission at 1 year.

Gut-brain actions underlying comorbid anxiety and depression associated with inflammatory bowel disease

IntroductionInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing and remitting disorder characterised by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. There is a growing consensus that IBD is associated with anxiety- and depression-related symptoms. Psychological symptoms appear to be more prevalent during active disease states with no difference in prevalence between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Behavioural disturbances including anxiety- and depression-like symptoms have also been observed in animal models of IBD.

RESULTS

The likely mechanisms underlying the association are discussed with particular reference to communication between the gut and brain. The close bidirectional relationship known as the gut-brain axis includes neural, hormonal and immune communication links. Evidence is provided for a number of interacting factors including activation of the inflammatory response system in the brain, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and brain areas implicated in altered behaviours, changes in blood brain barrier integrity, and an emerging role for gut microbiota and response to probiotics in IBD.DiscussionThe impact of psychological stress in models of IBD remains somewhat conflicted, however, it is weighted in favour of stress or early stressful life events as risk factors in the development of IBD, stress-induced exacerbation of inflammation and relapse.

CONCLUSION

It is recommended that patients with IBD be screened for psychological disturbance and treated accordingly as intervention can improve quality of life and may reduce relapse rates.

Health Maintenance in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are not receiving preventative care services at the same rate as the general population. IBD patients are at increased risk for infections, osteoporosis, and certain malignancies secondary to their disease and as they are on immunosuppressive therapy. They are a younger population and often times consider their gastroenterologist as their primary care physician. In this review, we discuss up-to-date evidence pertaining to vaccine-preventable illnesses in the immunosuppressed IBD patient, screening for bone health, cervical cancer, skin malignancies, psychological wellbeing, and smoking cessation.

RECENT FINDINGS

Vaccinations are recommended in the IBD population as they are immunosuppressed and at increased risk for acquiring influenza and pneumonia. Not only are they at greater risk to acquire it but they also have a much severe complicated course. Ideally, IBD patients should be vaccinated prior to initiating immunosuppression and most inactive vaccines can be administered to them while they are on therapy. All IBD patients should be encouraged to stop smoking and have adequate vitamin D intake along with appropriate applicable cancer screenings. Gastroenterologists must work in collaboration with primary care providers along with other specialists to help provide our patients well-rounded care for their IBD.

Evaluation of Brain Activity Using Near-infrared Spectroscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients

Depression is implicated as a risk factor for the recurrence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are useful tools for evaluation of brain activity and a depressive state, respectively. The aim of this study was to clarify the association between brain activity or depressive symptoms and IBD using NIRS and BDNF. This study included 36 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, 32 Crohn’s disease (CD) patients, and 17 healthy controls (HC). Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) scores were determined, NIRS was performed, and serum BDNF levels were measured in all subjects. NIRS showed that the mean oxygenated hemoglobin concentration was significantly lower in the frontal lobe in the UC group than in the HC group (HC 167 ± 106 vs. UC 83.1 ± 85.3, p < 0.05). No significant difference was seen between the HC and CD groups. There were also no significant differences in CED-D scores and BDNF levels among the groups. Changes in the NIRS values of the UC group may indicate decreased brain activity and a fundamental difference between UC and CD, which are often lumped together as two types of IBD.

Improvement of psychological status after infliximab treatment in patients with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease

BACKGROUND

Patients with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease (CD) are associated with impaired physical and psychological well-being. These psychological characteristics are dynamic with the course of disease and could be influenced by medical treatment. Infliximab is effective and widely used in moderate-to-severe CD patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the improvement of psychological status after infliximab treatment in patients with newly diagnosed CD.

METHODS

Newly diagnosed moderate-to-severe CD patients were prospectively enrolled in our study. Infliximab 5 mg/kg was administered at weeks 0, 2, 6, 14, 22, and 30. Outcomes including disease severity, illness perceptions, coping strategies, anxiety, depression, and quality of life (QoL) were measured at baseline, week 14, and week 30.

RESULTS

Eighty-two patients completed our study. The rates of clinical remission at weeks 14 and 30 were 59/82 (72.0%) and 58/82 (70.7%), respectively. Patients who achieved clinical remission at weeks 14 and 30 significantly improved in illness perceptions (P<0.001 and <0.001), maladaptive coping (P=0.005 and 0.004), anxiety (P<0.001 and <0.001), depression (P=0.004 and 0.004), and QoL (P<0.001 and <0.001). However, emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping remained unchanged. For infliximab nonresponders, no significant changes were seen in illness perceptions, coping strategies, anxiety, depression, or QoL at week 14 or 30.

CONCLUSION

Effective infliximab treatment not only led to clinical remission in patients with newly diagnosed moderate-to-severe CD but also improved their psychological status including illness perceptions, maladaptive coping, anxiety, depression, and QoL.

Depressive Symptoms Predict Anti-tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy Noncompliance in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

BACKGROUND

Noncompliance in use of anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy in patients with moderate-to-severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can be a factor in medication failure. Few studies have evaluated the contribution of depressive symptoms to medication noncompliance in anti-TNF therapies.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review was performed in a single-center tertiary care IBD center for patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis starting anti-TNF therapy over a 2-year period. Medication noncompliance was defined as interruption of medication (not filling anti-TNF prescription if injectable or not getting infliximab infusion for 30 days beyond needed date for continuation) due to patient-driven circumstances. Depressive symptoms were evaluated at baseline using the well-validated Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), with PHQ-9 ≥ 10 indicative of at least moderate depressive symptoms. Statistical analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards regression controlling for age, sex, psychiatric history, and disease.

RESULTS

A total of 246 patients (75 with ulcerative colitis, 171 with Crohn's disease) were started on anti-TNF therapy. Seventy-nine patients (32%) had a prior psychiatric diagnosis reported in the medical record. Thirty-three patients (13%) were noncompliant in follow-up. Sixty patients (24%) had at least moderate depressive symptoms at baseline (PHQ ≥ 10). Depressive symptoms at baseline were significantly associated with noncompliance in follow-up (hazards ratio 2.28, CI 1.1-4.6, p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Depressive symptoms at baseline were associated with medication noncompliance of anti-TNF therapies at follow-up when controlling for age, sex, disease type, and history of psychiatric disease.

Association between psychological measures with inflammatory anddisease-related markers of inflammatory bowel disease

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed at investigating the associations between inflammatory mediators, symptoms and psychological disturbances in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients.

METHODS

IBD patients and patient controls were examined during a single visit to a gastroenterology clinic. Disease activity was assessed using the Mayo index for ulcerative colitis (UC), inflammatory bowel disease questionnaire (IBDQ), Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) and Crohn's disease endoscopic index of severity (CDEIS). Gene expression of inflammatory mediators were measured in intestinal biopsies and whole blood samples along with circulating concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)γ, C-reactive protein (CRP), kynurenine and tryptophan. Validated depression, anxiety and quality of life scores were used to assess psychological well-being.

RESULTS

Patients who were symptomatic had the highest depression and anxiety scores, together with increased intestinal expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and matrix metalloproteinase-9, increased circulating IL-6 and CRP, and an increased circulating kynurenine:tryptophan ratio. Increased Hamilton depression (HAM-D) scores in IBD patients were observed independent of the psychological impact of acute symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

Active IBD is associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety and with a raised circulating inflammatory mediator profile. Patients with active IBD exhibiting psychological symptoms should undergo psychological evaluation to ensure the psychological aspects of the condition are considered and addressed.

Patient-Reported Outcomes of Quality of Life, Functioning, and GI/Psychiatric Symptom Severity in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

BACKGROUND

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at risk for psychiatric disorders that impact symptom experience and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Therefore, comprehensive biopsychosocial assessments should be considered in ambulatory care settings. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) measures created by the National Institutes of Health have shown construct validity in a large IBD internet-based cohort, but their validity in ambulatory settings has not been examined. We sought to validate PROMIS patient-reported measures of HRQOL, functioning, and psychiatric symptom severity at a tertiary IBD clinic.

METHODS

Adult patients (n = 110) completed the PROMIS Global Health scale, PROMIS-29, SF-12, and WHODAS 2.0. Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) determined the relationships between scores to validate the PROMIS Global Health Physical and Mental metrics, compared with the SF-12 and WHODAS 2.0. We compared these measures by disease subtype of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.

RESULTS

PROMIS measures were highly correlated (r range = 0.64-0.82) with standard measures of HRQOL and functioning. On the PROMIS Global Health measures, 20.9% had impaired physical health, and 13.7% had impaired mental health. Impairments were reported in pain interference (20% of patients), anxiety (18.2%), satisfaction with social role (15.5%), physical functioning (10.9%), fatigue (10%), depression (7.3%), and sleep disturbance (5.5%). Patients with Crohn's disease had worse scores than those with ulcerative colitis on measures of the global physical health (P = 0.027), physical functioning (P = 0.047), and pain interference (P = 0.0009).

CONCLUSIONS

PROMIS instruments provide valid assessment of HRQOL and functioning in ambulatory adults with IBD. Of note, patients with Crohn's disease demonstrated significantly worse impairments than those with ulcerative colitis.

ACG Clinical Guideline: Preventive Care in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Recent data suggest that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients do not receive preventive services at the same rate as general medical patients. Patients with IBD often consider their gastroenterologist to be the primary provider of care. To improve the care delivered to IBD patients, health maintenance issues need to be co-managed by both the gastroenterologist and primary care team. Gastroenterologists need to explicitly inform the primary care provider of the unique needs of the IBD patient, especially those on immunomodulators and biologics or being considered for such therapy. In particular, documentation of up to date vaccinations are crucial as IBD patients are often treated with long-term immune-suppressive therapies and may be at increased risk for infections, many of which are preventable with vaccinations. Health maintenance issues addressed in this guideline include identification, safety and appropriate timing of vaccinations, screening for osteoporosis, cervical cancer, melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer as well as identification of depression and anxiety and smoking cessation. To accomplish these health maintenance goals, coordination between the primary care provider, gastroenterology team and other specialists is necessary.

SF-36 total score as a single measure of health-related quality of life: Scoping review

According to the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire developers, a global measure of health-related quality of life such as the "SF-36 Total/Global/Overall Score" cannot be generated from the questionnaire. However, studies keep on reporting such measure. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency and to describe some characteristics of articles reporting the SF-36 Total/Global/Overall Score in the scientific literature. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method was adapted to a scoping review. We performed searches in PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, BVS, and Cochrane Library databases for articles using such scores. We found 172 articles published between 1997 and 2015; 110 (64.0%) of them were published from 2010 onwards; 30.0% appeared in journals with Impact Factor 3.00 or greater. Overall, 129 (75.0%) out of the 172 studies did not specify the method for calculating the "SF-36 Total Score"; 13 studies did not specify their methods but referred to the SF-36 developers' studies or others; and 30 articles used different strategies for calculating such score, the most frequent being arithmetic averaging of the eight SF-36 domains scores. We concluded that the "SF-36 Total/Global/Overall Score" has been increasingly reported in the scientific literature. Researchers should be aware of this procedure and of its possible impacts upon human health.

Controversies Revisited: A Systematic Review of the Comorbidity of Depression and Anxiety with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

BACKGROUND

Although mental health concerns are known to occur commonly for those with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), the nature of this comorbid relationship has not been systematically reviewed to date. A review in 2007 identified 5 controversies regarding anxiety/depression rates and various comparators between and within IBD. We aimed to systematically analyze and critique the current evidence regarding this comorbidity, providing an update to the 5 controversies.

METHODS

Ebscohost Medline, CINAHL, Embase, and PsychINFO were searched between 2005 and 2014 using systematic review methodology. Controlled quantitative studies examining either symptoms or diagnoses of anxiety and depression in IBD were included in the review, with study quality assessed using a scale developed a priori to evaluate observational research.

RESULTS

(1) IBD versus healthy controls (pooled mean proportions) (n = 13 studies): anxiety 19.1% versus 9.6%, depression 21.2% versus 13.4%; (2) IBD inactive versus IBD active disease (n = 26): anxiety 28.2% versus 66.4%, depression 19.9% versus 34.7%; (3) ulcerative colitis versus Crohn's disease (n = 28): anxiety 31% versus 37%, depression 22% versus 24.4%; (4) IBD versus other chronic medical conditions (n = 17): anxiety 41.9% versus 48.2%, depression 14.5% versus 28.4%; (5) onset of anxiety/depression before or after IBD onset (n = 2): adults more likely to develop anxiety/depression before IBD onset, but a substantial proportion develops depression after onset; an increased risk for children of developing anxiety/depression after IBD onset.

CONCLUSIONS

The high rates of anxiety and depression for those with IBD, particularly when disease is active, warrant a systemic approach to screening and treatment.

Illness perceptions and stress: mediators between disease severity and psychological well-being and quality of life among patients with Crohn's disease

BACKGROUND

Disease severity, illness perceptions, coping strategies, stress, psychological well-being, and quality of life were reported to have close relationships. According to the Common Sense Model, illness perceptions and coping strategies could mediate the relationship between illness stimuli and illness outcomes such as psychological health and quality of life. Stress was also associated with the individual's disease severity, anxiety, depression, and quality of life.

OBJECTIVES

The study aimed to explore the influencing factors of illness outcomes, and to what extent illness perceptions, coping strategies, and stress mediate the relationship between disease severity and anxiety, and depression and quality of life.

METHODS

Our study included 159 patients with Crohn's disease who were attending a tertiary hospital outpatient clinic or who were hospitalized. Disease severity was measured with the Crohn's Disease Activity Index. Illness perceptions were measured with the Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire. Coping strategies were measured with the Carver Brief Coping Questionnaire. Stress was measured with the Perceived Stress Questionnaire. Anxiety and depression were measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Quality of life was measured with the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire.

RESULTS

Disease severity, illness perceptions, maladaptive coping, stress, anxiety, depression and quality of life were significantly correlated with each other among patients with Crohn's disease. Using structural equation modeling to describe the inner relationship of the aforementioned variables, an excellent-fitted model was drawn. (χ²[10]=13.83, P=0.18, χ²/N=1.38, standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] <0.05, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] <0.05, goodness of fit index [GFI] >0.97, comparative fit index [CFI] >0.99). Disease severity had a direct influence on illness perceptions. Illness perceptions had a direct influence on stress. Both illness perceptions and stress had direct influences on anxiety, depression, and quality of life, while maladaptive coping did not directly influence anxiety, depression, or quality of life. Stress had a direct influence on maladaptive coping. Quality of life was also directly influenced by disease severity and anxiety.

CONCLUSION

Interrelationships between disease stimuli, disease perceptions and management and disease outcomes could be found in patients with Crohn's disease. Illness perceptions and stress mediated an individual's disease severity and anxiety, depression and quality of life, while coping strategy was not an applicable mediator.

Effect of intestinal resection on quality of life in Crohn's disease

INTRODUCTION

Patients with Crohn's disease have poorer health-related quality of life [HRQoL] than healthy individuals, even when in remission. Although HRQoL improves in patients who achieve drug-induced or surgically induced remission, the effects of surgery overall have not been well characterised.

METHODS

In a randomised trial, patients undergoing intestinal resection of all macroscopically diseased bowel were treated with postoperative drug therapy to prevent disease recurrence. All patients were followed prospectively for 18 months. C-reactive protein [CRP], Crohn's Disease Activity Index [CDAI], and faecal calprotectin [FC] were measured preoperatively and at 6, 12, and 18 months. HRQoL was assessed with a general [SF36] and disease-specific [IBDQ] questionnaires at the same time points.

RESULTS

A total of 174 patients were included. HRQoL was poor preoperatively but improved significantly [p < 0.001] at 6 months postoperatively. This improvement was sustained at 18 months. Females and smokers had a poorer HRQoL when compared with males and non-smokers, respectively. Persistent endoscopic remission, intensification of drug treatment at 6 months, and anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy were not associated with HRQoL outcomes different from those when these factors were not present. There was a significant inverse correlation between CDAI, [but not endoscopic recurrence, CRP, or FC] on HRQoL.

CONCLUSION

Intestinal resection of all macroscopic Crohn's disease in patients treated with postoperative prophylactic drug therapy is associated with significant and sustained improvement in HRQoL irrespective of type of drug treatment or endoscopic recurrence. HRQoL is lower in female patients and smokers. A higher CDAI, but not direct measures of active disease or type of drug therapy, is associated with a lower HRQoL.

Impact of drug therapy and surgery on quality of life in Crohn's disease: a systematic review

Crohn's disease is associated with substantially impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Even in the absence of active disease, patients with Crohn's disease report lower HRQoL, poorer function, and greater concerns, than those without disease. Achievement of disease remission in Crohn's disease, whether by pharmacological or surgical means, is associated with improved HRQoL, although the durability of the improvement seen after intestinal resection is uncertain because of the high rate of postoperative disease recurrence. This review focuses on the available literature on HRQoL in patients with Crohn's disease with an emphasis on the effects of intestinal resection and immunomodulatory therapy.

Treatment with immunosuppressive therapy may improve depressive symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

INTRODUCTION

Recent research suggests a relationship of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and depression. Our objective was to evaluate for improvement of depressive symptoms with treatment of IBD using immunosuppressive medications.

METHODS

A retrospective study of consecutive patients with IBD started on immunosuppressive agents [anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) or immunomodulator therapy] was conducted. Patients were evaluated if disease activity indices using Harvey Bradshaw Index for Crohn's disease (CD) and Simple Clinical Colitis Disease Activity Index for ulcerative colitis (UC) and depressive indices using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores were obtained before and at least 30 days after initiation of therapy.

RESULTS

Sixteen patients with UC and 53 patients with CD (all with active disease symptoms) were evaluated over a 60 day median follow-up evaluation (range 30, 140 days). Twenty-two patients started on immunomodulator therapy, and 47 patients started on anti-TNF therapy. Crohn's disease patients had significantly decreased PHQ-9 scores at follow-up [median 9 (range 3, 14) to 4 (1, 8)], with significant decreases only in those started on anti-TNF therapy. Changes in PHQ-9 and CRP were correlated (ρ = 0.38, p < 0.05). In patients with UC, PHQ-9 scores [5 (3, 9) to 2 (0, 5)] were significantly decreased. Percentage at risk of moderate to severe depression (PHQ-9 scores ≥10) was lower after treatment [Crohn's disease 51-18 % (p < 0.05), ulcerative colitis 18-0 %].

CONCLUSION

Depressive scores decreased significantly in patients with IBD treated with immunosuppressive therapy and the number at risk for moderate to severe depression improved significantly.

Use of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease: Safety issues

Thiopurines are widely used for maintenance treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Inter-individual variability in clinical response to thiopurines may be attributed to several factors including genetic polymorphisms, severity and chronicity of disease, comorbidities, duration of administration, compliance issues and use of concomitant medication, environmental factors and clinician and patient preferences. The purpose of this review is to summarise the current evidence on thiopurine safety and toxicity, to describe adverse drug events and emphasise the significance of drug interactions, and to discuss the relative safety of thiopurine use in adults, elderly patients, children and pregnant women. Thiopurines are safe to use and well tolerated, however dose adjustment or discontinuation of treatment must be considered in cases of non-response, poor compliance or toxicity. Drug safety, clinical response to treatment and short to long term risks and benefits must be balanced throughout treatment duration for different categories of patients. Treatment should be individualised and stratified according to patient requirements. Enzymatic testing prior to treatment commencement is advised. Surveillance with regular clinic follow-up and monitoring of laboratory markers is important. Data on long term efficacy, safety of thiopurine use and interaction with other disease modifying drugs are lacking, especially in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease. High quality, collaborative clinical research is required so as to inform clinical practice in the future.

The incidence and risk factors for developing depression after being diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease: a cohort study

BACKGROUND

Studies have found that depression is more frequent in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than the general population. Clinicians are now trying to pinpoint risk factors for psychological impairment in the IBD population.

AIMS

To examine the demographic and phenotypic variables associated with the development of depression among a diverse cohort of IBD patients. We also sought to describe psychotropic therapy prescribed to IBD patients.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study including patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) without a prior psychiatric diagnosis and followed in the gastroenterology clinics of the private university hospital and public safety net hospital at a large academic centre in Miami (Florida). Predictive variables included demographic characteristics, IBD phenotype, exposure to IBD medications, history of a surgical stoma or seton placement, extra-intestinal manifestations, laboratory indices, aggressive disease and disease activity (based on imaging and endoscopic parameters). Proportional hazard regression models and stepwise Cox regression analysis were used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

Independent predictors of depression were female gender [HR: 1.3 (95% CI: 1.1-1.7), P = 0.01], aggressive disease [HR: 1.4 (95% CI: 1.02-1.9), P = 0.03] and active disease [HR: 1.5 (95% CI: 1.1-2.0), P = 0.04]. In the group that did develop a depressive disorder, 65% received pharmacologic therapy with one or more psychotropic agents.

CONCLUSIONS

We found female gender, aggressive disease and increased endoscopic/radiological activity to be independently associated with the development of depression in inflammatory bowel disease.

Delphi consensus statement: Quality Indicators for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Comprehensive Care Units

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

While it is commonly accepted that Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Comprehensive Care Units (ICCUs) facilitate the delivery of quality care to Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients, it remains unclear how an ICCU should be defined or evaluated. The aim of the present study was to develop a comprehensive set of Quality Indicators (QIs) of structure, process, and outcomes for defining and evaluating an ICCU.

METHODS

A Delphi consensus-based approach with a standardized three-step process was used to identify a core set of QIs. The process included an exhaustive search using complementary approaches to identify potential QIs, and two Delphi voting rounds to select the QIs defining the core requirements for an ICCU.

RESULTS

The consensus selected a core set of 56 QIs (12 structure, 20 process and 24 outcome). Structure and process QIs highlighted the need for multidisciplinary management and continuity of care. The minimal IBD team should include an IBD nurse, gastroenterologists, radiologists, surgeons, endoscopists and stoma management specialists. ICCUs should be able to provide both outpatient and inpatient care and admission should not break the continuity of care. Outcome QIs focused on the adequate prophylaxis of disease complication and drug adverse events, the need to monitor appropriateness of treatment and the need to reinforce patient autonomy by providing adequate information and facilitating the patients' participation in their own care.

CONCLUSIONS

The present Delphi consensus identified a set of core QIs that may be useful for evaluating and certifying ICCUs.

Risk factors of anxiety and depression in inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND

Little is known in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) regarding risk factors for psychological distress. The aim of this work was to study the disease characteristics and socioeconomic factors associated with anxiety and depression in IBD.

METHODS

From December 2008 to June 2009, 1663 patients with IBD (1450 were members of the Association Francois Aupetit, French association of IBD patients) answered a questionnaire about psychological and socioeconomic factors and adherence to treatment. In this study we focused the analysis on the characteristics of IBD (type, location, severity, treatment) and socioeconomic factors (professional, educational, and marital status and Evaluation of Precarity and Inequalities in Health Examination Centers [EPICES] score of socioeconomic deprivation; score established in medical centers in France; http://www.cetaf.asso.fr) associated with depression and anxiety. Anxiety and depression were assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Comparison between groups according to the existence of depression or anxiety was carried out using univariate and multivariate analysis.

RESULTS

In all, 181 patients (11%) were depressed; 689 patients (41%) were anxious. By multivariate analysis, factors associated with anxiety were: severe disease (P = 0.04), flares (P = 0.05), nonadherence to treatment (P = 0.03), disabled or unemployed status (P = 0.002), and socioeconomic deprivation (P < 0.0001). Factors associated with depression were: age (P = 0.004), flares (P = 0.03), disabled or unemployed status (P = 0.03), and socioeconomic deprivation (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

In this large cohort of IBD patients, risk factors for anxiety and depression were severe and active disease and socioeconomic deprivation. Psychological interventions would be useful when these factors are identified.

The effects of thiopurine therapy on health-related quality of life in Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients

Background

The effect of thiopurine immunomodulators on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been controversial. The aims were to evaluate the HRQoL in patients with IBD treated with thiopurines and assess the short- and long-term impacts of the treatment on HRQoL.

Methods

Ninety-two consecutive patients who started treatment with thiopurines were prospectively included. Evaluation of HRQoL was performed at months 0, 6, and 12 using two questionnaires, the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ).

Results

Baseline score of IBDQ was 4,6, range (2,31-6,84), with an impairment of the five dimensions of HRQoL compared with inactive patients. Results obtained in 8 dimensions of SF-36 showed worse HRQoL than Spanish general population. At 6 months patients had a significant improvement in overall IBDQ score -5,8 (1,58 -6,97)- and also in all IBDQ dimensions. All the 8 dimensions of SF-36 obtained a significant improvement. At twelve months score of IBDQ was 6,1, range (2,7-6,98), with improvement in all dimensions compared with baseline and 6 months. SF-36 showed a similar significant improvement in all subscales.

Conclusions

Thiopurine immunomodulators alone or with other treatments have a positive and long lasting impact on HRQoL of IBD patients.

Stress coping, distress, and health perceptions in inflammatory bowel disease and community controls

OBJECTIVES

This study compares a community inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) sample of individuals with a matched non-IBD community sample of individuals on psychological functioning and health perceptions.

METHODS

Participants in the population-based Manitoba IBD Cohort Study (n=388) were directly compared with sex-, age-, and region-matched controls from a national random-sample health survey on the aspects of psychological health, coping, and perceived general health.

RESULTS

Overall, the IBD sample had lower psychological well-being and mastery, as well as higher distress than did the non-IBD controls (P<or=0.02). Those with IBD used avoidant coping significantly more often, and active coping modestly more often than did the non-IBD sample; both had similar levels of "self-soothing" behaviors. Patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis had similarly poor levels of functioning along these dimensions compared with the non-IBD sample, as did those with active disease (P<0.01). However, those with inactive disease were similar to the non-IBD sample, and had modestly higher mastery levels. Whereas nearly half of the non-IBD group reported chronic health conditions, those with IBD were threefold more likely to report poorer health (odds ratio 3.07, 95% confidence interval: 2.10-4.47). Psychological factors explained a greater amount of variance in perceived health for the IBD than for the non-IBD sample.

CONCLUSIONS

Those with IBD have significantly poorer psychological health than do those without IBD and view their general health status more negatively, although adaptive stress-coping strategies were similar. However, when disease is quiescent there is little detriment to functioning. Active disease should be a flag to consider psychological needs in the care of an IBD patient.

Validation of the Spanish Work Productivity and Activity impairment questionnaire: Crohn's disease version

BACKGROUND

The Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire has only been partially validated in Crohn's disease.

OBJECTIVE

To test the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire for use in Crohn's disease patients.

METHODS

A validated Spanish translation of the test was assessed. 'Discriminant validity' was evaluated by comparing Work Productivity and Activity Impairment scores in Crohn's disease patients with active versus inactive disease, and in patients versus healthy controls. 'Convergent validity' was tested comparing Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire with quality of life, Crohn's disease activity index and a debriefing questionnaire. 'Reproducibility' of repeated tests was evaluated by comparing two Work Productivity and Activity Impairment measures obtained 2 weeks apart in stable patients. 'Responsiveness' was determined by comparing Work Productivity and Activity Impairment values in the same patients during a flare-up of Crohn's disease and during remission. The Wilcoxon test for paired data and the Mann-Whitney U test for unpaired data were used for comparisons.

RESULTS

One hundred and six patients were included in the various steps of the analysis. All Work Productivity and Activity Impairment parameters showed adequate discriminant and convergent validity and responsiveness. The test's reproducibility was also adequate, except for the evaluation of presenteeism (the impairment of productivity while working).

CONCLUSION

The Spanish Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire is a valid and reliable measurement of work impairment in Crohn's disease. Unexpectedly, the test did not present satisfactory reproducibility for the evaluation of presenteeism. The reliability of this last finding should be evaluated in further studies.

Depression and anxiety in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of comorbidity and management

While there has been a great deal of speculation over the years on the importance of emotional factors in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), it is only in the last decade or so that studies with stronger designs have been available to clarify the nature of this relationship. This review considers recent evidence on the prevalence of anxiety and depressive disorders in IBD, the role of these disorders as a risk factor for IBD onset, the degree to which they affect the course of the IBD, and the contribution of corticosteroid treatment to psychiatric symptom onset. There is evidence that anxiety and depression are more common in patients with IBD and that the symptoms of these conditions are more severe during periods of active disease. The few studies that address the issue of anxiety and depression as risk factors for IBD do not yet provide enough information to support definite conclusions. There is evidence, however, that the course of the disease is worse in depressed patients. Treatment with corticosteroids can induce mood disorders or other psychiatric symptoms. The second part of the review focuses on patient management issues for those with comorbid anxiety or depression. Practical approaches to screening are discussed, and are recommended for routine use in the IBD clinic, especially during periods of active disease. We review evidence-based pharmacological and psychological treatments for anxiety and depression and discuss practical considerations in treating these conditions in the context of IBD to facilitate overall management of the IBD patient.

Sustained improvement of health-related quality of life in Crohn's disease patients treated with infliximab and azathioprine for 4 years

BACKGROUND

Infliximab induces remission and improves the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with refractory or fistulous Crohn's disease (CD). However, little information is available as to whether its effect on HRQOL is sustained over time. The objective was to measure the HRQOL of CD patients in long-term clinical remission.

METHODS

Prospective, observational study was undertaken in patients with CD in infliximab-induced clinical remission (Harvey index <3) for at least 6 months, and receiving long-term infliximab and azathioprine maintenance therapy. Patients were followed for 4 years or until clinical relapse (Harvey index >3). HRQOL was assessed annually using the validated Spanish version of the disease-specific 36-item Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ-36) and the EuroQol-5D.

RESULTS

Forty-nine patients with CD in stable clinical remission were included at baseline. At 12 months, n = 42 patients remained in remission, at 24 months n = 32 patients, at 36 months n = 13, and in the last visit at 48 months 6 patients remained in clinical remission. The overall score on the IBDQ-36 remained unchanged in patients with stable, inactive CD (median overall score of 6.1 at baseline and 6.5 at 4 years). Scores on all 5 dimensions of the IBDQ-36 remained unchanged over the study period in stable patients. Patients in remission scored highly on the preference value ratings of the EuroQol-5D (scores of 1.0) and remained unchanged in patients who remained in remission.

CONCLUSIONS

Sustained clinical remission of CD achieved with maintenance treatment maintains HRQOL over long-term follow-up.