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Papaefthymiou A, Doulberis M, Katsinelos P, Liatsos C, Polyzos SA, Kotronis G, Papanikolaou K, Kountouras J. Impact of nitric oxide's bidirectional role on glaucoma: focus onHelicobacter pylori–related nitrosative stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1465:10-28. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Doulberis
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Ippokration HospitalAristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Macedonia Greece
| | - Panagiotis Katsinelos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Ippokration HospitalAristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Macedonia Greece
| | - Christos Liatsos
- Department of Gastroenterology401 General Military Hospital of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Stergios A. Polyzos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Ippokration HospitalAristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Macedonia Greece
- First Department of Pharmacology, School of MedicineAristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Macedonia Greece
| | - Georgios Kotronis
- Department of Internal MedicineAgios Pavlos General Hospital Thessaloniki Macedonia Greece
| | - Katerina Papanikolaou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Ippokration HospitalAristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Macedonia Greece
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second Medical Clinic, Ippokration HospitalAristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Macedonia Greece
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Wareham LK, Buys ES, Sappington RM. The nitric oxide-guanylate cyclase pathway and glaucoma. Nitric Oxide 2018; 77:75-87. [PMID: 29723581 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a prevalent optic neuropathy characterized by the progressive dysfunction and loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their optic nerve axons, which leads to irreversible visual field loss. Multiple risk factors for the disease have been identified, but elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) remains the primary risk factor amenable to treatment. Reducing IOP however does not always prevent glaucomatous neurodegeneration, and many patients progress with the disease despite having IOP in the normal range. There is increasing evidence that nitric oxide (NO) is a direct regulator of IOP and that dysfunction of the NO-Guanylate Cyclase (GC) pathway is associated with glaucoma incidence. NO has shown promise as a novel therapeutic with targeted effects that: 1) lower IOP; 2) increase ocular blood flow; and 3) confer neuroprotection. The various effects of NO in the eye appear to be mediated through the activation of the GC- guanosine 3:5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) pathway and its effect on downstream targets, such as protein kinases and Ca2+ channels. Although NO-donor compounds are promising as therapeutics for IOP regulation, they may not be ideal to harness the neuroprotective potential of NO signaling. Here we review evidence that supports direct targeting of GC as a novel pleiotrophic treatment for the disease, without the need for direct NO application. The identification and targeting of other factors that contribute to glaucoma would be beneficial to patients, particularly those that do not respond well to IOP-dependent interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Wareham
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Rebecca M Sappington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Inoue K, Noguchi K, Wakakura M, Tomita G. Effect of five years of treatment with nipradilol eye drops in patients with normal tension glaucoma. Clin Ophthalmol 2011; 5:1211-6. [PMID: 21966188 PMCID: PMC3180485 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s23233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of topical nipradilol monotherapy for 5 years on intraocular pressure, visual field performance, and optic disk topography. Methods Thirty patients with normal tension glaucoma were monitored for intraocular pressure every 1–3 months. A Humphrey visual field test and measurement of optic disk configuration using the Heidelberg retina tomograph II was done after every year of treatment and the results compared with those before treatment. Visual field performance was also evaluated by trend and event analysis. Results The mean intraocular pressure ± standard deviation after 3 years of nipradilol treatment (14.1 ± 2.0 mmHg) and after 5 years of nipradilol treatment (13.7 ± 2.1 mmHg) was significantly lower than that before treatment (17.0 ± 1.8 mmHg, P < 0.0001). Heidelberg retina tomograph II parameters, such as mean cup depth and height variation contour after treatment, were significantly increased compared with those before treatment. Visual field performance worsened in eight eyes by trend analysis and eight eyes by event analysis. Conclusion Nipradilol monotherapy was effective in reducing intraocular pressure over at least 5 years without worsening of optic disk topography. Furthermore, mean cup depth and height variation contour were also significantly improved. However, visual field performance worsened in 16.0% of patients with normal tension glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Inoue
- Inouye Eye Hospital, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. Recent evidence suggests that intraocular pressure (IOP) is only one of the many risk factors for this disease. Current treatment options for this disease have been limited to the reduction of IOP; however, it is clear now that the disease progression continues in many patients despite effective lowering of IOP. In the search for newer modalities in treating this disease, much data have emerged from experimental research the world over, suggesting various pathological processes involved in this disease and newer possible strategies to treat it. This review article looks into the current understanding of the pathophysiology of glaucoma, the importance of neuroprotection, the various possible pharmacological approaches for neuroprotection and evidence of current available medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K Vasudevan
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne and Glaucoma Unit, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia.
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Araie M, Shirato S, Yamazaki Y, Kitazawa Y, Ohashi Y. Visual field loss in patients with normal-tension glaucoma under topical nipradilol or timolol: subgroup and subfield analyses of the nipradilol-timolol study. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2010; 54:278-85. [PMID: 20700793 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-010-0815-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the deterioration rates of visual field loss in Japanese normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients under either topical nipradilol or timolol, and to explore intergroup differences in the treatment results. METHODS A total of 146 NTG patients with mild to moderate damage were randomized to either nipradilol or timolol and followed for 3 years with a periodic comprehensive ophthalmological visual field examination (30-2 Humphrey perimeter program) every 6 months (the Nipradilol-Timolol Study). The time course of mean deviation (MD), the average total deviation (TD(mean)) in four subfields, and the corrected pattern standard deviation (CPSD) were compared between the two groups using regression analysis with a linear mixed effect model. RESULTS The estimated slope for MD (dB/year) was -0.03 in the nipradilol and -0.05 in the timolol group (P > 0.4). In both groups, TD(mean) in the superior-central subfield and CPSD showed significant changes (-0.3 and 0.2-0.3, P <or= 0.001). In the patients with early visual field loss or those younger than 40 years, deterioration of some visual field parameters tended to be slower in the nipradilol group than in the timolol group. CONCLUSION During 3 years of monotherapy with either nipradilol or timolol in NTG patients, only TD(mean) in the superior-central subfield and the CPSD changed significantly without any intergroup differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Araie
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Tatsumi Y, Kanamori A, Nagai-Kusuhara A, Nakanishi Y, Agarwal N, Negi A, Nakamura M. Nipradilol protects rat retinal ganglion cells from apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in vitro and by diabetes in vivo. Curr Eye Res 2008; 33:683-92. [PMID: 18696344 DOI: 10.1080/02713680802323157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate if nipradilol has an anti-apoptotic effect in serum-deprived RGC-5 cells and in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retina. METHODS Apoptosis was quantified by activated caspase-3 immunohistochemistry or terminal dUTP nick end-labeling assay. RESULTS Nipradilol dose-dependently suppressed apoptosis in a protein kinase A- and G-dependent manner and counteracted glutamate-induced calcium entry in the RGC-5 cells and reduced apoptotic cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer of 4- and 12-week diabetic retinas compared to controls when instilled for 5 days. Removal of the nitric oxide moiety from nipradilol blocked these effects. CONCLUSIONS Nipradilol protects RGCs from apoptosis induced by serum-deprivation in vitro and by diabetes in vivo. The NO-related signaling pathway mediates the anti-apoptotic ability of nipradilol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Tatsumi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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7
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Araie M, Shirato S, Yamazaki Y, Kitazawa Y, Ohashi Y. Clinical efficacy of topical nipradilol and timolol on visual field performance in normal-tension glaucoma: a multicenter, randomized, double-masked comparative study. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2008; 52:255-264. [PMID: 18773262 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-008-0540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Araie
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Yoshio Yamazaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yasuo Ohashi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Chen YN, Yamada H, Mao W, Matsuyama S, Aihara M, Araie M. Hypoxia-induced retinal ganglion cell death and the neuroprotective effects of beta-adrenergic antagonists. Brain Res 2007; 1148:28-37. [PMID: 17368577 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death has been implicated in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. However, the precise mechanism of death signaling and how neuroprotective agents affect it are still unclear. The aim of this study is to characterize the mechanisms of hypoxia-induced apoptosis of cultured purified RGCs and to study the neuroprotective effects of beta-adrenergic antagonists. Rat RGCs were purified utilizing a modified two-step immuno-panning procedure. First, the extent of apoptosis in RGCs under hypoxia was quantified. Next, the effects of glutamate-channel antagonists (MK801 or DNQX), Bax inhibiting peptide (BIP), and beta-adrenergic antagonists (betaxolol, nipradilol, timolol or carteolol) on hypoxia-induced RGC death were investigated by the cell viability assay. Third, the effects of beta-adrenergic antagonists on hypoxia-induced increase of intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca(2+)](i)) and the additional effect of NO scavenger to nipradilol were evaluated. Apoptotic RGC percentages under hypoxia were significantly increased compared to the control. The viability of RGCs under hypoxia was not affected by MK801 or DNQX, whereas it was increased in a dose-dependent manner with exposure to BIP, and to betaxolol, nipradilol, timolol, but not to carteolol. These effective beta-adrenergic antagonists showed no significant change in hypoxia-induced [Ca(2+)](i) levels. The NO scavenger alleviated neuroprotective effect by nipradilol. In conclusion, purified RGC damage induced by hypoxia involves Bax-dependent apoptotic pathway, but mostly independent of glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity. Betaxolol, timolol and nipradilol showed a protective effect against hypoxia-induced RGC death, which was thought to be irrelevant either to calcium channel or beta-adrenoceptor blocking effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ning Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Beril Gok H, Solaroglu I, Okutan O, Cimen B, Kaptanoglu E, Palaoglu S. Metoprolol treatment decreases tissue myeloperoxidase activity after spinal cord injury in rats. J Clin Neurosci 2007; 14:138-42. [PMID: 17161287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2005.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil infiltration has been reported to play an important role in spinal cord injury (SCI). In addition to their cardioprotective effects, beta-blockers have been found to have neuroprotective effects on the central nervous system, but their effect on SCI has not yet been studied. In the current study, we investigated the effect of metoprolol on myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, a marker of neutrophil activation, in the spinal cord after experimental SCI in rats. Rats were divided into six groups: controls received only laminectomy and spinal cord samples were taken immediately; the sham operated group received laminectomy, and spinal cord samples were taken 4h after laminectomy; the trauma only group underwent a 50g/cm contusion injury but received no medication; and three other groups underwent trauma as for the trauma group, and received 30mg/kg methylprednisolone, 1mg/kg metoprolol, or 1mL saline, respectively. All the medications were given intraperitoneally as single doses, immediately after trauma. Spinal cord samples were taken 4h after trauma and studied for MPO activity. The results showed that tissue MPO activity increased after injury. Both metoprolol and methylprednisolone treatments decreased MPO activity, indicating a reduction in neutrophil infiltration in damaged tissue. The effect of metoprolol on MPO activity was found to be similar to methylprednisolone. In view of these data, we conclude that metoprolol may be effective in protecting rat spinal cord from secondary injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Beril Gok
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ankara Ataturk Research and Education Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Nagai-Kusuhara A, Nakamura M, Mukuno H, Kanamori A, Negi A, Seigel GM. cAMP-responsive element binding protein mediates a cGMP/protein kinase G-dependent anti-apoptotic signal induced by nitric oxide in retinal neuro-glial progenitor cells. Exp Eye Res 2006; 84:152-62. [PMID: 17081519 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 08/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is cytoprotective to certain types of neuronal cells. The neuroprotective ability of NO in the retina was reportedly mediated by the cyclic GMP (cGMP) to protein kinase G (PKG) pathway. Cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) plays an essential role in the NO/cGMP/PKG-mediated survival of rat cerebellar granule cells. We tested whether CREB transduces the NO/cGMP/PKG anti-apoptotic cascade in R28 neuro-glial progenitor cells. Apoptosis was induced in R28 cells by serum deprivation for 24 h. Varying concentrations of two NO donors, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and nipradilol, were added to medium with or without an NO scavenger, a soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, or a PKG inhibitor. The cells were immunostained against activated caspase-3 and counterstained with Hoechst 33258. Apoptosis was quantified by counting activated caspase-3 positive or pyknotic cells. SNP and nipradilol rescued R28 cells from apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, at an optimal concentration of 1.0 microM and 10 microM, respectively. Higher concentrations were cytotoxic. The NO scavenger and the inhibitors decreased the anti-apoptotic effect of the NO donors. Intracellular cGMP levels were increased after exposure to SNP and nipradilol. Western blotting showed that both NO donors increased CREB phosphorylation, which was blocked when pre-exposed to the inhibitors. Transfection with a dominant negative CREB construct defective of phosphorylation at Ser-133 interfered with the anti-apoptotic activity of SNP. These results indicate that CREB at least in part mediates the cGMP/PKG-dependent anti-apoptotic signal induced by NO in R28 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Nagai-Kusuhara
- Department of Organs Therapeutics, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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11
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Ono R, Kakehashi A, Ito Y, Sugi N, Makino S, Kobayashi E, Hakamada Y, Takagi Y, Kitazume Y, Kawakami M. Effect of Topical Nipradilol on Retinal Microvascular Leukocyte Adhesion in Diabetic Rats. Ophthalmic Res 2006; 38:270-3. [PMID: 16974127 DOI: 10.1159/000095769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal leukostasis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. OBJECTIVES We studied the effects of nipradilol, a topical antiglaucoma alphabeta-blocker and nitric oxide donor, on the retinal vascular leukocyte adhesion of rats with diabetes. METHODS Diabetes was induced in seven Brown-Norway rats by one intravenous injection (65 mg/kg) of streptozotocin and confirmed by blood glucose levels >350 mg/dl 48 h after the injection. Nipradilol solution was instilled in the right eye and nipradilol-free base solution in the left eye for 3 weeks, after which the retinal microcirculation was evaluated by acridine orange leukocyte digital fluorography using laser scanning ophthalmoscopy. Leukocytes trapped in the retina were counted around the optic disc in a 5-disc-diameter area and compared between the right and the left eye. RESULTS The mean retinal leukostasis count in the nipradilol-treated eyes (19 +/- 15 cells) was significantly lower than in the untreated eyes (49 +/- 19 cells; p < 0.0008). The diameter of the retinal artery in the eyes treated with nipradilol significantly increased (111 +/- 13.5%) compared with untreated eyes (p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Topical nipradilol significantly reduced retinal leukostasis in the retinal microcirculation in diabetic rats and may be a prophylactic agent for early diabetic retinopathy through its nitric oxide donor effects on the microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichiro Ono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Omiya Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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Metoki T, Ohguro H, Ohguro I, Mamiya K, Ito T, Nakazawa M. Study of effects of antiglaucoma eye drops on N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced retinal damage. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2006; 49:453-461. [PMID: 16365790 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-005-0253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2004] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the effects of antiglaucoma eye drops on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced retinal damage. METHODS Several antiglaucoma eye drops, beta-blockers, alpha/beta-blockers, an alpha1-blocker, an alpha2-agonist, and a prostaglandin derivative, were topically administrated to NMDA-treated rat eyes daily for 2 weeks, and the retinal thickness, the number of retrograde-labeled retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and the results of a cDNA microarray analysis were studied. RESULTS Intravitreal administration of NMDA caused a significant decrease in the thickness of the retinal layers and induced upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Topical administration of beta-blockers (timolol, betaxolol, and carteolol) and a prostaglandin derivative (latanoprost) showed almost no significant effects on retinal thickness, the number of RGCs, or expression of GFAP. In contrast, the alpha/beta-blockers (nipradilol and levobunolol), the alpha1-blocker (bunazosin HCl), and the alpha2-agonist (brimonidine) showed preservation effects on retinal thickness and the number of RGCs, and marked suppression of NMDA-induced upregulation of GFAP. Among 1101 genes related to cellular regulatory mechanisms, the expression of two genes, both for insulin-like growth factors, (IGF-1) and ErbB3, was altered upon administration of the alpha/beta-blockers, the alpha1-blocker, and the alpha2-agonist. CONCLUSION Our present study suggests that modulations of the alpha-adrenergic receptor, alpha1-blocking and alpha2-stimulation, by antiglaucoma eye drops may cause beneficial effects on NMDA-induced retinal damage in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Metoki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohguro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
| | - Ikuyo Ohguro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Mamiya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Kudo H, Nakazawa T, Shimura M, Takahashi H, Fuse N, Kashiwagi K, Tamai M. Neuroprotective effect of latanoprost on rat retinal ganglion cells. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 244:1003-9. [PMID: 16411104 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-005-0215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the neuroprotective effect of intravitreal administration of latanoprost on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage induced by N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) or optic nerve axotomy. METHODS Using Sprague-Dawley rats, retinal ganglion cell damage was induced by either intravitreal administration of NMDA or optic nerve axotomy. Latanoprost at doses of 0.03, 0.3, 3, 30 and 300 pmol was administered intravitreally before NMDA injection or optic nerve axotomy. Retinal damage was evaluated by counting the number of surviving RGCs retrogradely labeled with fluorogold under the microscope. RESULTS Seven days after the NMDA injury, the number of surviving RGCs was significantly increased at doses of more than 30 pmol atanoprost (846+/-178 cells/mm(2 ) P=0.0166) compared with vehicle control (556+/-122 cells/mm(2)). Ten days after the optic nerve axotomy, the number of surviving RGC was significantly increased even at a dose of 0.3 pmol (815+/-239 cells/mm(2), P=0.0359) compared with control (462+/-75 cells/mm(2)). CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal administration of latanoprost has a neuroprotective effect on rat RGC damage induced by either NMDA or optic nerve axotomy, while its pharmacological features are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyo Kudo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, 980-8574, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Watanabe M, Tokita Y, Yata T. Axonal regeneration of cat retinal ganglion cells is promoted by nipradilol, an anti-glaucoma drug. Neuroscience 2006; 140:517-28. [PMID: 16549267 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the CNS can regenerate their axons in an environment of the peripheral nervous system, but this ability is limited. Here we show that an anti-glaucoma drug, nipradilol, at low concentration led to a four-fold increase in the number of cat retinal ganglion cells regenerating their axons into a transplanted peripheral nerve 4 and 6 weeks after axotomy. Nipradilol also increased the number of three main regenerating retinal ganglion cell types (alpha, beta, not alpha/beta), and enhanced the rate of axonal regeneration of these retinal ganglion cells. Nipradilol is a donor of nitric oxide and an antagonist of alpha-1, beta-1 and -2 adrenoreceptors, and we therefore examined whether one of these pharmacological effects might be more important in promoting axon regeneration. A nitric oxide donor increased the number of regenerating retinal ganglion cells, but not the rate of axonal regeneration. Denitro-nipradilol (nitric oxide-deprived nipradilol) or a nitric oxide scavenger injected before nipradilol increased the number of regenerating retinal ganglion cells but did not promote regeneration rate. Blockade of individual alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors did not increase the number of regenerating retinal ganglion cells or the rate of regeneration. From these results, it is suggested that nitric oxide plays a crucial role in mediating the effects of nipradilol on axon regeneration and neuroprotection, and the metabolite of nipradilol supports the effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watanabe
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan.
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15
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Ando A, Yamazaki Y, Kaneko S, Miyake M, Nambu R, Taomoto M, Unezaki S, Okuda-Ashitaka E, Okumura T, Ito S, Matsumura M. Cytoprotection by nipradilol, an anti-glaucomatous agent, via down-regulation of apoptosis related gene expression and activation of NF-κB. Exp Eye Res 2005; 80:501-7. [PMID: 15781277 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that nipradilol, a nonselective beta- and selective alpha1-receptor antagonist, has cytoprotective effects. We attempted to clarify the effects of nipradilol on the expression of apoptosis associated genes and the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB, a transcription factor, in PC12 cells during serum deprivation induced apoptosis. PC12 cells were cultured in serum free RPMI1640 medium with or without 0.01, 0.1, 1, or 10 microM of nipradilol, or in serum-added medium as a control. The gene expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, Fas, FasL, Caspase-1, 2, 3, and 9, p53, and Smac/DIABLO were examined using a quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction method, while nuclear factor-kappaB activity was examined using an electrophoresis mobility shift assay with a nuclear factor-kappaB consensus sequenced DNA probe. The effects of denitronipradilol were also examined to clarify the effect of nitric oxide donative action. Nipradilol down-regulated Bax gene expression 12 hr after serum deprivation, and that of the capase-9 and Smac/DIABLO genes at 24 hr, compared to the serum-free sample, while it also increased cell viability and decreased DNA ladder formation at 48 hr. However, the expressions of other examined genes were not affected by the agent. In addition, nuclear factor-kappaB activity was increased 2 hr after the addition of 0.1 or 1 microM of nipradilol. In contrast, denitronipradilol did not show any effects toward PC12 cells. Our results suggest that nipradilol may have an effect on apoptosis associated gene expression and nuclear factor-kappaB activity during the prevention of apoptosis via nitric oxide donative action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ando
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizono, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8507, Japan.
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Abstract
beta-Adrenoceptor blocking agents (beta-blockers) have been established as therapeutics for treatment of patients with hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, chronic heart failure, arrhythmias, and glaucoma. However, their clinical use is limited because some patients are adversely affected by their side effects. The discovery of cardioselective (beta(1)-selective) blockers has overcome some of the problems. Current retrospective studies have revealed that vasodilating beta-blockers (so-called beta-blockers of the third generation) have advantages over the conventional type of beta-blockers in terms of minimizing the adverse effects and improving the disease-derived dysfunction, thus enhancing the quality of life variables. Some of the possible advantages include improvement of insulin resistance, decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in association with increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, attenuation of bronchial asthma attack and respiratory dysfunction, alleviation of coronary vasospasm provocation, peripheral circulatory disturbances, and erectile dysfunction, and better patient compliance. Release of nitric oxide, antioxidant action, beta(2)-adrenoceptor activation, Ca(2+) entry blockade, and other mechanisms underlying the vasodilating action may be responsible for the beneficial therapeutic effects of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Toda
- Toyama Institute for Cardiovascular Pharmacology Research, 7-13, 1-Chome, Azuchi-machi, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 541-0052, Japan.
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Kashiwagi K, Iizuka Y, Mochizuki S, Tsumamoto Y, Mishima HK, Araie M, Suzuki Y, Tsukahara S. Differences in nitric oxide production: a comparison of retinal ganglion cells and retinal glial cells cultured under hypoxic conditions. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2003; 112:126-34. [PMID: 12670710 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(03)00058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of hypoxia on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression and the production of NO between isolated retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and retinal glial cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was employed to examine the presence of neuronal NOS mRNA, inducible NOS mRNA, and endothelial NOS mRNAs in the two cell types. RGCs and retinal glial cells were separately cultured under hypoxic (10% O(2)) or control (20% O(2)) conditions. Changes in NOS-mRNA expression were quantified by real-time PCR, and nitrite in the medium was measured up to 96 h of culture. The effects of non-NOS- and iNOS-selective inhibitors on hypoxia-induced release of nitrite in the culture medium were evaluated. RT-PCR revealed the presence of three types of NOSs in the two types of cultured cells. Hypoxic culture conditions significantly changed the expression of all NOS mRNAs in retinal glial cells but not in RGCs. NO production showed significant changes corresponding to those of NOS mRNAs in retinal glial cells but not in RGCs, and both NOS inhibitors significantly reduced hypoxia-induced nitrite release in retinal glial cells. Retinal glial cells but not RGCs may be the major source of NO under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kashiwagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Yamanashi Faculty of Medicine, 1110 Shimokato, Tamaho, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
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