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Patel PD, Kodati B, Clark AF. Role of Glucocorticoids and Glucocorticoid Receptors in Glaucoma Pathogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:2452. [PMID: 37887296 PMCID: PMC10605158 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR), including both alternative spliced isoforms (GRα and GRβ), has been implicated in the development of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and iatrogenic glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma (GIG). POAG is the most common form of glaucoma, which is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss and blindness in the world. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used therapeutically for ocular and numerous other diseases/conditions. One serious side effect of prolonged GC therapy is the development of iatrogenic secondary ocular hypertension (OHT) and OAG (i.e., GC-induced glaucoma (GIG)) that clinically and pathologically mimics POAG. GC-induced OHT is caused by pathogenic damage to the trabecular meshwork (TM), a tissue involved in regulating aqueous humor outflow and intraocular pressure. TM cells derived from POAG eyes (GTM cells) have a lower expression of GRβ, a dominant negative regulator of GC activity, compared to TM cells from age-matched control eyes. Therefore, GTM cells have a greater pathogenic response to GCs. Almost all POAG patients develop GC-OHT when treated with GCs, in contrast to a GC responder rate of 40% in the normal population. An increased expression of GRβ can block GC-induced pathogenic changes in TM cells and reverse GC-OHT in mice. The endogenous expression of GRβ in the TM may relate to differences in the development of GC-OHT in the normal population. A number of studies have suggested increased levels of endogenous cortisol in POAG patients as well as differences in cortisol metabolism, suggesting that GCs may be involved in the development of POAG. Additional studies are warranted to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in POAG and GIG in order to develop new disease-modifying therapies to better treat these two sight threatening forms of glaucoma. The purpose of this timely review is to highlight the pathological and clinical features of GC-OHT and GIG, mechanisms responsible for GC responsiveness, potential therapeutic options, as well as to compare the similar features of GIG with POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abbot F. Clark
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (P.D.P.); (B.K.)
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Lindner T, Schmidl D, Peschorn L, Pai V, Popa-Cherecheanu A, Chua J, Schmetterer L, Garhöfer G. Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids in Glaucoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1149. [PMID: 37631064 PMCID: PMC10460067 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. To date, intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor in glaucoma treatment, but even in treated patients, the disease can progress. Cannabinoids, which have been known to lower IOP since the 1970s, have been shown to have beneficial effects in glaucoma patients beyond their IOP-lowering properties. In addition to the classical cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, knowledge of non-classical cannabinoid receptors and the endocannabinoid system has increased in recent years. In particular, the CB2 receptor has been shown to mediate anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective properties, which may represent a promising therapeutic target for neuroprotection in glaucoma patients. Due to their vasodilatory effects, cannabinoids improve blood flow to the optic nerve head, which may suggest a vasoprotective potential and counteract the altered blood flow observed in glaucoma patients. The aim of this review was to assess the available evidence on the effects and therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in glaucoma patients. The pharmacological mechanisms underlying the effects of cannabinoids on IOP, neuroprotection, and ocular hemodynamics have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Lindner
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.L.); (D.S.); (L.P.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Doreen Schmidl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.L.); (D.S.); (L.P.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Laura Peschorn
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.L.); (D.S.); (L.P.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Viktoria Pai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.L.); (D.S.); (L.P.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Alina Popa-Cherecheanu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania;
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jacqueline Chua
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore;
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.L.); (D.S.); (L.P.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore;
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Garhöfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.L.); (D.S.); (L.P.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
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Nordahl KML, Fedulov V, Holm A, Haanes KA. Intraocular Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Transgene Endothelin-1 Delivery to the Rat Eye Induces Functional Changes Indicative of Retinal Ischemia-A Potential Chronic Glaucoma Model. Cells 2023; 12:1987. [PMID: 37566067 PMCID: PMC10417058 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) overactivity has been implicated as a factor contributing to glaucomatous neuropathy, and it has been utilized in animal models of retinal ischemia. The functional effects of long-term ET-1 exposure and possible compensatory mechanisms have, however, not been investigated. This was therefore the purpose of our study. ET-1 was delivered into rat eyes via a single intravitreal injection of 500 µM or via transgene delivery using an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector. Retinal function was assessed using electroretinography (ERG) and the retinal expression of potentially compensatory genes was evaluated by means of qRT-PCR. Acute ET-1 delivery led to vasoconstriction and a significant reduction in the ERG response. AAV-ET-1 resulted in substantial transgene expression and ERG results similar to the acute ET-1 injections and comparable to other models of retinal ischemia. Compensatory changes were observed, including an increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) gene expression, which may both counterbalance the vasoconstrictive effects of ET-1 and provide neuroprotection. This chronic ET-1 ischemia model might be especially relevant to glaucoma research, mimicking the mild and repeated ischemic events in patients with long-term vascular dysfunction. The compensatory mechanisms, and particularly the role of vasodilatory CGRP in mitigating the retinal damage, warrant further investigation with the aim of evaluating new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M. L. Nordahl
- Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark; (A.H.); (K.A.H.)
| | - Vadim Fedulov
- Clinical and Medical Affairs, Radiometer, 2700 Brønshøj, Denmark;
| | - Anja Holm
- Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark; (A.H.); (K.A.H.)
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 2450 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian A. Haanes
- Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark; (A.H.); (K.A.H.)
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Lakshmanan Y, Wong FSY, Chan HHL. Long-Term Effects on Retinal Structure and Function in a Mouse Endothelin-1 Model of Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:15. [PMID: 37561449 PMCID: PMC10424801 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.11.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study the long-term effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced retinal pathologies in mouse, using clinically relevant tools. Methods Adult C57BL/6 mice (7-9 weeks old) were intravitreally injected with PBS (n = 10) or 0.25 (n = 8), 0.5 (n = 8), or 1 nmol ET-1 (n = 9) and examined using electroretinogram, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and Doppler OCT at baseline and postinjection days 10, 28, and 56. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival in retinal whole mount was quantified at days 28 and 56. Results ET-1 induced immediate retinal arterial constriction. The significantly reduced total blood flow and positive scotopic threshold response in the 0.5- and 1-nmol ET-1 groups at day 10 were recovered at day 28. A-wave magnitude was also significantly reduced at days 10 and 28. While a comparable and significant reduction in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was detected in all ET-1 groups at day 56, the 1-nmol group was the earliest to develop such change at day 28. All ET-1 groups showed a transient inner retinal layer thinning at days 10 and 28 and a plateaued outer layer thickness at days 10 to 56. The 1-nmol group showed a significant RGC loss over all retinal locations examined at day 28 as compared with PBS control. As for the lower-dosage groups, significant RGC density loss at central and midperipheral retina was detected at day 56 when compared with day 28. Conclusions ET-1 injection in mice resulted in a transient vascular constriction and reduction in retinal functions, as well as a gradual loss of retinal nerve fiber layer and RGC in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henry Ho-Lung Chan
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Laboratory of Experimental Optometry (Neuroscience), School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- University Research Facilities in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience (UBSN), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Kodati B, Zhang W, He S, Pham JH, Beall KJ, Swanger ZE, Krishnamoorthy VR, Harris PE, Hall T, Tran AV, Chaphalkar RM, Chavala SH, Stankowska DL, Krishnamoorthy RR. The endothelin receptor antagonist macitentan ameliorates endothelin-mediated vasoconstriction and promotes the survival of retinal ganglion cells in rats. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2023; 3:1185755. [PMID: 38464735 PMCID: PMC10921982 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2023.1185755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic and progressive eye disease, commonly associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and characterized by optic nerve degeneration, cupping of the optic disc, and loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The pathological changes in glaucoma are triggered by multiple mechanisms and both mechanical effects and vascular factors are thought to contribute to the etiology of glaucoma. Various studies have shown that endothelin-1 (ET-1), a vasoactive peptide, acting through its G protein coupled receptors, ETA and ETB, plays a pathophysiologic role in glaucoma. However, the mechanisms by which ET-1 contribute to neurodegeneration remain to be completely understood. Our laboratory and others demonstrated that macitentan (MAC), a pan endothelin receptor antagonist, has neuroprotective effects in rodent models of IOP elevation. The current study aimed to determine if oral administration of a dual endothelin antagonist, macitentan, could promote neuroprotection in an acute model of intravitreal administration of ET-1. We demonstrate that vasoconstriction following the intravitreal administration of ET-1 was attenuated by dietary administration of the ETA/ETB dual receptor antagonist, macitentan (5 mg/kg body weight) in retired breeder Brown Norway rats. ET-1 intravitreal injection produced a 40% loss of RGCs, which was significantly lower in macitentan-treated rats. We also evaluated the expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) at 24 h and 7 days post intravitreal administration of ET-1 in Brown Norway rats as well as following ET-1 treatment in cultured human optic nerve head astrocytes. We observed that at the 24 h time point the expression levels of GFAP was upregulated (indicative of glial activation) following intravitreal ET-1 administration in both retina and optic nerve head regions. However, following macitentan administration for 7 days after intravitreal ET-1 administration, we observed an upregulation of GFAP expression, compared to untreated rats injected intravitreally with ET-1 alone. Macitentan treatment in ET-1 administered rats showed protection of RGC somas but was not able to preserve axonal integrity and functionality. The endothelin receptor antagonist, macitentan, has neuroprotective effects in the retinas of Brown Norway rats acting through different mechanisms, including enhancement of RGC survival and reduction of ET-1 mediated vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Kodati
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Shaoqing He
- Department of Pathology, Children’s Health at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer H. Pham
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Kallen J. Beall
- Department of General Surgery, Honor Health, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Zoe E. Swanger
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | | | - Payton E. Harris
- Department of Graduate Medical Education, Medical City, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Trent Hall
- Williams College, Williamstown, MA, United States
| | - Ashley V. Tran
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
| | - Renuka M. Chaphalkar
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sai H. Chavala
- Department of Surgery, Burnett School of Medicine at Texas Christian University (TCU), Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Dorota L. Stankowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Raghu R. Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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Wang J, Rong Y, Liu Y, Zhu M, Chen W, Chen Z, Guo J, Deng C, Manyande A, Wang P, Zhang H, Xiang Y. The effect of ET1-CTGF mediated pathway on the accumulation of extracellular matrix in the trabecular meshwork and its contribution to the increase in IOP. Int Ophthalmol 2023:10.1007/s10792-023-02733-y. [PMID: 37160587 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02733-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) of the trabecular meshwork (TM) and its role in intraocular pressure (IOP) regulation. METHODS Cultured human TM cells (HTMCs) were treated with ET-1, ET-1 + ETA receptor (ETAR) antagonist BQ123, ET-1 + ETB receptor (ETBR) antagonist BQ788. The expressions of fibronectin (FN) and collagen type IV (Col IV) were evaluated by western blotting and immunofluorescence. A time course effect of ET-1 on the transcription level of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was investigated by qRT-PCR. Next, the transcription level of CTGF was downregulated by using antisense oligodeoxynucleotide sequence. Then HTMCs were treated with ET-1, and the expression levels of FN and Col IV were evaluated by western blotting. In addition, by using an ex-vivo model of cultured anterior eye segment, we explored the effect of ET-1 on IOP changes and the expressions of FN and Col IV. RESULTS In cultured HTMCs, the expressions of FN and Col IV were significantly increased after ET-1 treatment, which were blocked by the pretreatment of ETAR antagonist BQ123, rather than ETBR antagonist BQ788. Besides, the CTGF mRNA level increased significantly and reached a peak after 48 h of ET-1 treatment. However, the effect of ET-1 on increasing the expressions of FN and Col IV in HTMCs could be inhibited by the downregulation of CTGF. In an ex-vivo model, IOP increased significantly after ET-1 administration, which could be blocked by BQ123 but not by BQ788. Furthermore, elevated expressions of FN and Col IV in TM were observed after ET-1 perfusion, and could be inhibited by BQ123 pretreatment. CONCLUSION Excessive ET-1 in aqueous humor could lead to the abnormal accumulation of FN and Col IV in TM via the ETA-CTGF pathway, thereby increasing IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Mengxia Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiqi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jingmin Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chaohua Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Anne Manyande
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University of West London, London, UK
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Rusmayani E, Artini W, Sasongko MB, Suhardjo, Viona V. A Novel Biomarker in Primary Glaucoma: Aqueous Humor and Serum Levels of Ischemia Modified Albumin (IMA). Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:4075-4087. [PMID: 36532823 PMCID: PMC9755293 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s388382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels in aqueous humor and serum, and their correlation to RNFL thinning in primary glaucoma patients. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Patients were divided into the control and glaucoma groups. The control group was patients with senile cataracts. The glaucoma group consisted of patients diagnosed for the first time as primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG). Exclusion criteria were secondary glaucoma and patients with systemic disease. A complete cataract examination was done for all patients, and glaucoma examinations for the glaucoma group. In both groups, the IMA aqueous humor was obtained during cataract and glaucoma procedure. Serum levels of IMA, malondialdehyde (MDA), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were examined during preoperative examinations. RESULTS Control group comprised 33 participants, and glaucoma group 41 patients (21 PACG and 20 POAG). Mean IMA aqueous humor (AQH) levels found in cataract group 6.039±3.16 ng/mL, glaucoma group 14.89±6.08 ng/mL, PACG group 12.69±6.25 ng/mL and POAG group 17.33±4.988 mg/mL. Mean IMA serum levels in cataract group 14.75±6.53 ng/mL, glaucoma group 13.89±6.53 ng/mL, PACG group 12.79±6.46 ng/mL± and POAG group 14.93±10.74 ng/mL. Glaucoma group had significant higher level of IMA in aqueous humor compared to control group, but opposite findings in serum IMA levels between groups. POAG patients had a higher aqueous IMA level compared to PACG group and correlated significantly with IOP. IMA AQH also negatively correlated to the RNFL thickness in both POAG and PACG group. Cut off 9.5 ng/mL was considered as a normal limit value to differentiate between control and glaucoma group. CONCLUSION Primary glaucoma patients showed a significantly increased level of IMA AQH as a local ischemic biomarker compared to the control group. Systemic oxidative activity is not a representation of local ocular oxidative stress in both cataract and glaucoma group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rusmayani
- Glaucoma Department, Jakarta Eye Center Hospitals and Clinics, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Widya Artini
- Glaucoma Department, Jakarta Eye Center Hospitals and Clinics, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Bayu Sasongko
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine University Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Suhardjo
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine University Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Viona Viona
- Glaucoma Department, Jakarta Eye Center Hospitals and Clinics, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Pham JH, Johnson GA, Rangan RS, Amankwa CE, Acharya S, Stankowska DL. Neuroprotection of Rodent and Human Retinal Ganglion Cells In Vitro/Ex Vivo by the Hybrid Small Molecule SA-2. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233741. [PMID: 36497005 PMCID: PMC9735605 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of the hybrid antioxidant-nitric oxide donating compound SA-2 in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration models were evaluated. The in vitro trophic factor (TF) deprivation model in primary rat RGCs and ex vivo human retinal explants were used to mimic glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Cell survival was assessed after treatment with vehicle or SA-2. In separate experiments, tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) and endothelin-3 (ET-3) were used in ex vivo rat retinal explants and primary rat RGCs, respectively, to induce oxidative damage. Mitochondrial and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed following treatments. In the TF deprivation model, SA-2 treatment produced a significant decrease in apoptotic and dead cell counts in primary RGCs and a significant increase in RGC survival in ex vivo human retinal explants. In the oxidative stress-induced models, a significant decrease in the production of ROS was observed in the SA-2-treated group compared to the vehicle-treated group. Compound SA-2 was neuroprotective against various glaucomatous insults in the rat and human RGCs by reducing apoptosis and decreasing ROS levels. Amelioration of mitochondrial and cellular oxidative stress by SA-2 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing neurodegeneration in glaucomatous RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Pham
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- The North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Gretchen A. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- The North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Rajiv S. Rangan
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- The North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Charles E. Amankwa
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- The North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Suchismita Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- The North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (D.L.S.)
| | - Dorota L. Stankowska
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- The North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Correspondence: (S.A.); (D.L.S.)
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Lommatzsch C, Rothaus K, Schopmeyer L, Feldmann M, Bauer D, Grisanti S, Heinz C, Kasper M. Elevated endothelin-1 levels as risk factor for an impaired ocular blood flow measured by OCT-A in glaucoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11801. [PMID: 35821224 PMCID: PMC9276731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether a correlation exists between glaucoma-associated alteration of ocular vascular haemodynamics and endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels exist. Eyes of patients with cataract (n = 30) or glaucoma (n = 68) were examined with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT-angiography (OCT-A; AngioVue™-RTVue-XR; Optovue, Fremont, California, USA). The peripapillary and the macular vessel density (VD) values were measured. Inferior and superior retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness loss was used for further OCT staging. Aqueous humour of the examined eye and plasma were sampled during cataract or glaucoma surgery and analysed by means of ELISA to determine their ET-1 level. Glaucoma eyes are characterised by reductions in RNFL thickness and VD that correlate significantly with the OCT GSS score. Peripheral and ocular ET-1 level were significantly elevated in patients with glaucoma and correlate positively with the OCT-GSS score of the entire study population. Peripapillary and macula VD of glaucoma patients correlates negatively with plasma ET-1 levels. Multivariable analysis showed a subordinate role of intraocular pressure predictive factor for impaired retinal blood flow compared with plasma ET-1 level in glaucoma. Peripheral ET-1 level serves as risk factor for detection of ocular blood flow changes in the optic nerve head region of glaucomatous eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lommatzsch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha Lab at St. Franziskus Hospital, Hohenzollernring 74, 48145, Muenster, Germany. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.
| | - Kai Rothaus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha Lab at St. Franziskus Hospital, Hohenzollernring 74, 48145, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Maria Feldmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Braunschweig Hospital, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dirk Bauer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha Lab at St. Franziskus Hospital, Hohenzollernring 74, 48145, Muenster, Germany
| | - Swaantje Grisanti
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Carsten Heinz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha Lab at St. Franziskus Hospital, Hohenzollernring 74, 48145, Muenster, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Maren Kasper
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha Lab at St. Franziskus Hospital, Hohenzollernring 74, 48145, Muenster, Germany
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10
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Callaghan B, Lester K, Lane B, Fan X, Goljanek-Whysall K, Simpson DA, Sheridan C, Willoughby CE. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling of human trabecular meshwork cells treated with TGF-β2. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9564. [PMID: 35689009 PMCID: PMC9187693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex neurodegenerative disease resulting in progressive optic neuropathy and is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is the predominant form affecting 65.5 million people globally. Despite the prevalence of POAG and the identification of over 120 glaucoma related genetic loci, the underlaying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signalling pathway is implicated in the molecular pathology of POAG. To gain a better understanding of the role TGF-β2 plays in the glaucomatous changes to the molecular pathology in the trabecular meshwork, we employed RNA-Seq to delineate the TGF-β2 induced changes in the transcriptome of normal primary human trabecular meshwork cells (HTM). We identified a significant number of differentially expressed genes and associated pathways that contribute to the pathogenesis of POAG. The differentially expressed genes were predominantly enriched in ECM regulation, TGF-β signalling, proliferation/apoptosis, inflammation/wound healing, MAPK signalling, oxidative stress and RHO signalling. Canonical pathway analysis confirmed the enrichment of RhoA signalling, inflammatory-related processes, ECM and cytoskeletal organisation in HTM cells in response to TGF-β2. We also identified novel genes and pathways that were affected after TGF-β2 treatment in the HTM, suggesting additional pathways are activated, including Nrf2, PI3K-Akt, MAPK and HIPPO signalling pathways. The identification and characterisation of TGF-β2 dependent differentially expressed genes and pathways in HTM cells is essential to understand the patho-physiology of glaucoma and to develop new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breedge Callaghan
- Genomic Medicine Group, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Karen Lester
- Genomic Medicine Group, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK.,Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Brian Lane
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.,Translational Radiobiology Group, Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Christie NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Xiaochen Fan
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Katarzyna Goljanek-Whysall
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.,School of Medicine, Physiology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, H91 W5P7, Ireland
| | - David A Simpson
- The Wellcome - Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Carl Sheridan
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Colin E Willoughby
- Genomic Medicine Group, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK. .,Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
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11
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Kodati B, Stankowska DL, Krishnamoorthy VR, Krishnamoorthy RR. Involvement of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK2) in Endothelin-1 (ET-1) Mediated Neurodegeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:13. [PMID: 33978676 PMCID: PMC8131991 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.6.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The goal of this study was to determine whether JNK2 played a causative role in endothelin-mediated loss of RGCs in mice. Methods JNK2−/− and wild type (C57BL/6) mice were intravitreally injected in one eye with 1 nmole of ET-1, whereas the contralateral eye was injected with the vehicle. At two time points (two hours and 24 hours) after the intravitreal injections, mice were euthanized, and phosphorylated c-Jun was assessed in retinal sections. In a separate set of experiments, JNK2−/− and wild type mice were intravitreally injected with either 1 nmole of ET-1 or its vehicle and euthanized seven days after injection. Retinal flat mounts were stained with antibodies to the RGC marker, Brn3a, and surviving RGCs were quantified. Axonal degeneration was assessed in paraphenylenediamine stained optic nerve sections. Results Intravitreal ET-1 administration produced a significant increase in immunostaining for phospho c-Jun in wild type mice, which was appreciably lower in the JNK2 −/− mice. A significant (P < 0.05) 26% loss of RGCs was found in wild type mice, seven days after injection with ET-1. JNK2−/− mice showed a significant protection from RGC loss following ET-1 administration, compared to wild type mice injected with ET-1. A significant decrease in axonal counts and an increase in the collapsed axons was found in ET-1 injected wild type mice eyes. Conclusions JNK2 appears to play a major role in ET-1 mediated loss of RGCs in mice. Neuroprotective effects in JNK2−/− mice following ET-1 administration occur mainly in the soma and not in the axons of RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Kodati
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States.,North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Dorota L Stankowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States.,North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Vignesh R Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University, Maywood, Illinois, United States
| | - Raghu R Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States.,North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
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12
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Nagarajan H, Vetrivel U. Membrane dynamics simulation and virtual screening reveals potential dual natural inhibitors of endothelin receptors for targeting glaucomatous condition. Life Sci 2021; 269:119082. [PMID: 33482184 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world and is characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) over a period of time, leading to complete blindness. Recently, endothelin has been identified as an important factor that influences intraocular pressure IOP, OBF, and direct RGC damage. Targeting the endothelin receptor signaling pathway in glaucoma is considered to be highly beneficial, as it can effectively modulate IOP, OBF, and RGC damage, the key factors which are essential to modulate the disease progression holistically. Currently, synthetic drugs like Bosentan, BQ-123, and prostaglandin analogues are available as endothelin receptor antagonists, which are extensively used in the treatment of cardiovascular and other conditions like systemic hypertension. However, the usage of these drugs in glaucoma is limited due to toxicity and poor bioavailability in the ocular milieu. Thus, there is a need for potential natural compounds as endothelin receptor antagonists that acts as dual inhibitors by targeting both ETA and ETB and are highly efficient with the least toxicity. Hence, this study is intended to prioritize endothelin receptor antagonists by structural bioinformatics approaches involving molecular modeling, molecular dynamics, and molecular docking studies. Subsequently, High throughput virtual screening (HTVS) vs. Natural compound databases targeting the optimal binding sites of both ETA and ETB. Following this, the common hits were subjected to binding free energy calculations (MMGBSA) and ADMETox analysis. Finally, the most potential hits were analyzed for MD based binding stability analysis and binding free energy. Similarly, the known synthetic inhibitors were also docked to the receptors and the results were analyzed. From this study, it was inferred that among the natural compounds dataset (8929 compounds), only 4 common compounds were identified as hits. Among these, only one compound ST075640 surpassed all the prioritization criteria including MMGBSA, ADMETox prediction, dual inhibitory potential (ETA & ETB), and also in structural comparative analysis with bosentan it showed similar efficiency. Thus, the validated hit shall prove to be effective in modulating endothelin mediated IOP, OBF, and RGC damage in glaucomatous condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemavathy Nagarajan
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Umashankar Vetrivel
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai 600 006, Tamil Nadu, India; National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Department of Health Research (Govt. of India), Belagavi 590010, India.
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13
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Kamiya T, Omae T, Nakabayashi S, Takahashi K, Tanner A, Yoshida A. Effect of Rho Kinase Inhibitor Ripasudil (K-115) on Isolated Porcine Retinal Arterioles. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2020; 37:104-111. [PMID: 33351704 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2020.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the vasorelaxation effect of ripasudil (K-115), a novel Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, on isolated retinal arterioles. We determined whether the actions of ripasudil on the retinal microvascular diameter were dependent on the endothelium and/or potassium channels in the smooth muscle, with the goals of uncovering the signaling mechanisms required for this vasomotor activity and inhibiting the action of endothelin-1 (ET-1). Methods: In this in vitro study, we isolated porcine retinal arterioles, which were cannulated and pressurized without flow. We recorded diametric changes using videomicroscopic techniques. Results: In a dose-dependent (10 nM-30 μM) manner, retinal arterioles were relaxed in response to ripasudil [maximum % resting diameter, 160.3% ± 7.7% (mean ± standard error of the mean)]. The ripasudil-induced vasorelaxation was unaffected by endothelium removal, using nonselective potassium channel blocker tetraethylammonium, Ca2+-activated large-conductance potassium channel blocker iberiotoxin, voltage-gated potassium channel blocker 4-AP, ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker glibenclamide, and inward rectifier potassium channel blocker BaCl2. Ripasudil prevented ET-1-caused vasoconstriction of the retinal arterioles regardless of the presence of endothelium to a similar extent. Conclusion: The ROCK inhibitor ripasudil elicits endothelium-independent relaxation and inhibits the action of ET-1 on the retinal arterioles. Determining the relaxation properties of ripasudil on the retinal microvasculature will likely support the development of potential therapies for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kamiya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Omae
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Seigo Nakabayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Kengo Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Akira Tanner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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14
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Wareham LK, Calkins DJ. The Neurovascular Unit in Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:452. [PMID: 32656207 PMCID: PMC7325980 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the visual system and leading cause of blindness worldwide. The disease is associated with sensitivity to intraocular pressure (IOP), which over a large range of magnitudes stresses retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons as they pass through the optic nerve head in forming the optic projection to the brain. Despite clinical efforts to lower IOP, which is the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, RGC degeneration and ensuing loss of vision often persist. A major contributor to failure of hypotensive regimens is the multifactorial nature of how IOP-dependent stress influences RGC physiology and structure. This stress is conveyed to the RGC axon through interactions with structural, glial, and vascular components in the nerve head and retina. These interactions promote pro-degenerative pathways involving biomechanical, metabolic, oxidative, inflammatory, immunological and vascular challenges to the microenvironment of the ganglion cell and its axon. Here, we focus on the contribution of vascular dysfunction and breakdown of neurovascular coupling in glaucoma. The vascular networks of the retina and optic nerve head have evolved complex mechanisms that help to maintain a continuous blood flow and supply of metabolites despite fluctuations in ocular perfusion pressure. In healthy tissue, autoregulation and neurovascular coupling enable blood flow to stay tightly controlled. In glaucoma patients evidence suggests these pathways are dysfunctional, thus highlighting a potential role for pathways involved in vascular dysfunction in progression and as targets for novel therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Wareham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - David J Calkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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15
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Naik S, Pandey A, Lewis SA, Rao BSS, Mutalik S. Neuroprotection: A versatile approach to combat glaucoma. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173208. [PMID: 32464192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In most retinal diseases, neuronal loss is the main cause of vision loss. Neuroprotection is the alteration of neurons and/or their environment to encourage the survival and function of the neurons, especially in environments that are deleterious to the neuronal health. The area of neuroprotection progresses with a therapeutically-based hope of improving vision and clinical outcomes for patients through the developments in neurotrophic therapy, antioxidative therapy, anti-excitotoxic, anti-ischemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic care. In this review, we summarize the various neuroprotection strategies for the treatment of glaucoma, genetics of glaucoma and the role of various nanoplatforms in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santoshi Naik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Abhijeet Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Shaila A Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Bola Sadashiva Satish Rao
- Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka State, India.
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16
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Endothelin-1 Mediated Decrease in Mitochondrial Gene Expression and Bioenergetics Contribute to Neurodegeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3571. [PMID: 32107448 PMCID: PMC7046667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a vasoactive peptide that is elevated in aqueous humor as well as circulation of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. ET-1 has been shown to promote degeneration of optic nerve axons and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), however, the precise mechanisms are still largely unknown. In this study, RNA-seq analysis was used to assess changes in ET-1 mediated gene expression in primary RGCs, which revealed that 23 out of 156 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) had known or predicted mitochondrial function, of which oxidative phosphorylation emerged as the top-most enriched pathway. ET-1 treatment significantly decreased protein expression of key mitochondrial genes including cytochrome C oxidase copper chaperone (COX17) and ATP Synthase, H+ transporting, Mitochondrial Fo Complex (ATP5H) in primary RGCs and in vivo following intravitreal ET-1 injection in rats. A Seahorse ATP rate assay revealed a significant decrease in the rate of mitochondrial ATP production following ET-1 treatment. IOP elevation in Brown Norway rats showed a trend towards decreased expression of ATP5H. Our results demonstrate that ET-1 produced a decrease in expression of vital components of mitochondrial electron transport chain, which compromise bioenergetics and suggest a mechanism by which ET-1 promotes neurodegeneration of RGCs in glaucoma.
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17
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Mayali H, Altinisik M, Sencan S, Pirildar T, Kurt E. A multimodal ophthalmic analysis in patients with systemic sclerosis using ocular response analyzer, corneal topography and specular microscopy. Int Ophthalmol 2019; 40:287-296. [PMID: 31564047 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-019-01173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a multimodal ophthalmic evaluation of systemic sclerosis (SSc) in patients using ocular response analyzer (ORA), Pentacam, and specular microscopy (SM). METHODS Thirty-one SSc patients and a group of age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc), and Goldmann-correlated IOP (IOPg) were measured with ORA. Anterior chamber depth (ACD), central corneal thickness (CCT), and corneal volume (CV) measurements were obtained using Pentacam. Corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) and CCT were evaluated by SM. RESULTS SSc patients had significantly lower CH, ACD, and ECD values compared to the control group (p = 0.018; < 0.001; < 0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference regarding CRF, IOP, CV, or CCT measurements acquired by Pentacam and SM. Regarding CCT, SM and Pentacam showed relatively better agreement in SSc patients. CONCLUSIONS Multimodal imaging can provide more comprehensive and useful information regarding the ocular involvement of systemic diseases. The multimodal evaluation in our study demonstrated that the pathologic effects of SSc may manifest as reductions in ACD, corneal elasticity, and ECD before there are any detectable changes in corneal thickness or IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Mayali
- Ophthalmology Department, Medical School, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Altinisik
- Ophthalmology Department, Medical School, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey.
| | - Secil Sencan
- Ophthalmology Department, Tinaztepe Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Timur Pirildar
- Ophthalmology Department, Medical School, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Emin Kurt
- Ophthalmology Department, Medical School, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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18
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Inducible rodent models of glaucoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 75:100799. [PMID: 31557521 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of vision impairment worldwide. In order to further understand the molecular pathobiology of this disease and to develop better therapies, clinically relevant animal models are necessary. In recent years, both the rat and mouse have become popular models in glaucoma research. Key reasons are: many important biological similarities shared among rodent eyes and the human eye; development of improved methods to induce glaucoma and to evaluate glaucomatous damage; availability of genetic tools in the mouse; as well as the relatively low cost of rodent studies. Commonly studied rat and mouse glaucoma models include intraocular pressure (IOP)-dependent and pressure-independent models. The pressure-dependent models address the most important risk factor of elevated IOP, whereas the pressure-independent models assess "normal tension" glaucoma and other "non-IOP" related factors associated with glaucomatous damage. The current article provides descriptions of these models, their characterizations, specific techniques to induce glaucoma, mechanisms of injury, advantages, and limitations.
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19
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Koukoula SC, Katsanos A, Tentes IK, Labiris G, Kozobolis VP. Retrobulbar hemodynamics and aqueous humor levels of endothelin-1 in exfoliation syndrome and exfoliation glaucoma. Clin Ophthalmol 2018; 12:1199-1204. [PMID: 29997432 PMCID: PMC6033085 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s155551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is the most potent vasoconstrictor in the body. There are reports in the literature correlating plasma levels of ET-1 and its impact on retrobulbar hemodynamics. This study evaluates aqueous humor levels of ET-1 and retrobulbar hemodynamics in patients with exfoliation syndrome (XFS) and exfoliation glaucoma (XFG). Patients and methods Patients scheduled for cataract surgery were included. Patients were allocated to non-exfoliation non-glaucoma group (controls), XFG and XFS groups. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity, and resistivity index of the ophthalmic artery (OA), short posterior ciliary arteries, and central retinal artery (CRA) were determined preoperatively using color Doppler imaging. Aqueous humor samples obtained at the beginning of cataract surgery were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Sixty-nine participants of similar age were included (controls: n=24, XFG: n=22, XFS: n=23). Multiple regression analysis showed that ET-1, OA-PSV, OA-resistivity index, CRA-PSV, and CRA-end diastolic velocity were influenced by group but not by sex or age. ET-1 for the XFG group (15.93±2.8 pg/mL) was significantly higher than for the XFS (8.92±2.7 pg/mL) and control (8.44±2.6 pg/mL) groups. The difference in ET-1 titers between the control and XFS groups was not statistically significant. All four hemodynamic parameters affected by group status significantly correlated with ET-1 levels in eyes with XFS. In eyes with XFG, two of the four hemodynamic parameters significantly correlated with ET-1 levels. In control eyes, no correlation between ET-1 and hemodynamic parameters affected by group status was detected. Conclusion ET-1 aqueous levels in eyes with XFG were significantly higher than those of age-matched controls. Reduced blood flow and increased vascular resistivity were detected in the OA and the CRA in eyes with XFG/XFS. ET-1 levels in eyes with XFG/XFS exhibit a significant correlation with hemodynamic parameters that indicate reduced perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula C Koukoula
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece, .,Eye Institute of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece,
| | - Andreas Katsanos
- Eye Institute of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece, .,Ophthalmology Department, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis K Tentes
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgios Labiris
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece, .,Eye Institute of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece,
| | - Vassilios P Kozobolis
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece, .,Eye Institute of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece,
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20
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Krishnaswami V, Kandasamy R, Alagarsamy S, Palanisamy R, Natesan S. Biological macromolecules for ophthalmic drug delivery to treat ocular diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 110:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE Klotho is a newly discovered protein that presumably has an important role in the aging process. The goal of this research is to compare the levels of Klotho and Endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the serum and aqueous humor of patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PES) and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEG). PATIENTS AND METHODS Aqueous humor and serum samples were obtained at the time of cataract surgery from 15 patients with PES, 15 patients with PEG, and 15 control patients. All of the samples were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate the levels of ET-1 and Klotho protein. RESULT Aqueous and serum levels of Klotho in PES patients (49.02±10.97, 56.32±10.25 ng/mL) and PEG patients (34.53±4.87, 50.49±2.63 ng/mL) were lower than in control patients (56.31±7.68, 65.06±12.32 ng/mL). Both aqueous and serum levels of Klotho in the PEG group were lower than in the PES group (P=0.001). Mean aqueous and serum levels of ET-1 in the PES (1.28±0.09, 1.65±0.75 pg/mL) and the PEG groups (1.45±0.07, 1.58±0.58 pg/mL) were significantly higher than that measured in the control group (1.17±0.09, 1.16±0.34 pg/mL). Aqueous levels of ET-1 in the PEG group were higher than the PES group (P=0.04), but there were no significant difference in serum levels of ET-1 between the PES and the PEG groups (P=0.83). CONCLUSIONS Aqueous and serum levels of Klotho decreased both in PES and PEG patients, and this decrease in the PEG group was more significant. In contrast, aqueous and serum levels of ET-1 increased in the PES and the PEG patients, and the increase in the aqueous level of ET-1 in PEG patients was more significant.
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22
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A feed-forward regulation of endothelin receptors by c-Jun in human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells and retinal ganglion cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185390. [PMID: 28938016 PMCID: PMC5609771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Jun, c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK) and endothelin B (ETB) receptor have been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Previously, we reported that an increase of c-Jun and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) immunohistostaining is associated with upregulation of the ETB receptor within the ganglion cell layer of rats with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). In addition, both transcription factors regulate the expression of the ETB receptor in human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells (HNPE). The current study addressed the mechanisms by which ET-1 produced upregulation of ET receptors in primary rat retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and HNPE cells. Treatment of ET-1 and ET-3 increased the immunocytochemical staining of c-Jun and C/EBPβ in primary rat RGCs and co-localization of both transcription factors was observed. A marked increase in DNA binding activity of AP-1 and C/EBPβ as well as elevated protein levels of c-Jun and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) were detected following ET-1 treatment in HNPE cells. Overexpression of ETA or ETB receptor promoted the upregulation of c-Jun and also elevated its promoter activity. In addition, upregulation of C/EBPβ augmented DNA binding and mRNA expression of c-Jun, and furthermore, the interaction of c-Jun and C/EBPβ was confirmed using co-immunoprecipitation. Apoptosis of HNPE cells was identified following ET-1 treatment, and overexpression of the ETA or ETB receptor produced enhanced apoptosis. ET-1 mediated upregulation of c-Jun and C/EBPβ and their interaction may represent a novel mechanism contributing to the regulation of endothelin receptor expression. Reciprocally, c-Jun was also found to regulate the ET receptors and C/EBPβ appeared to play a regulatory role in promoting expression of c-Jun. Taken together, the data suggests that ET-1 triggers the upregulation of c-Jun through both ETA and ETB receptors, and conversely c-Jun also upregulates endothelin receptor expression, thereby generating a positive feed-forward loop of endothelin receptor activation and expression. This feed-forward regulation may contribute to RGC death and astrocyte proliferation following ET-1 treatment.
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Pandian S, Jeevanesan V, Ponnusamy C, Natesan S. RES-loaded pegylated CS NPs: for efficient ocular delivery. IET Nanobiotechnol 2017; 11:32-39. [PMID: 28476958 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to develop resveratrol (RES) loaded polyethylene glycols (PEGs) modified chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NPs) by ionic gelation method for the treatment of glaucoma. While increasing the concentration of PEG, the particle size and polydispersity index of the formulations increased. Entrapment efficiency and RES loading (RL) of NPs decreased while increasing PEG concentration. The in vitro release of NPs showed an initial burst release of RES (45%) followed by controlled release. Osmolality of formulations revealed that the prepared NPs were iso-osmolar with the tear. Ocular tolerance of the NPs was evaluated using hen's egg test on the chorioallantoic membrane and it showed that the NPs were non-irritant. RES-loaded PEG-modified CS NPs shows an improved corneal permeation compared with RES dispersion. Fluorescein isothiocyanate loaded CS NPs accumulated on the surface of the cornea but the PEG-modified CS NPs crossed the cornea and reached retinal choroid. RES-loaded PEG-modified CS NPs reduced the intra-ocular pressure (IOP) by 4.3 ± 0.5 mmHg up to 8 h in normotensive rabbits. These results indicate that the developed NPs have efficient delivery of RES to the ocular tissues and reduce the IOP for the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanakumar Pandian
- Laboratory for Lipid Based Systems, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vinoth Jeevanesan
- Laboratory for Lipid Based Systems, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandrasekar Ponnusamy
- Laboratory for Lipid Based Systems, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramanian Natesan
- Laboratory for Lipid Based Systems, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
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He S, Stankowska DL, Ellis DZ, Krishnamoorthy RR, Yorio T. Targets of Neuroprotection in Glaucoma. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 34:85-106. [PMID: 28820649 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive neurodegeneration of the optic nerve and the loss of retinal ganglion cells is a hallmark of glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) being the most frequent form of glaucoma in the Western world. While some genetic mutations have been identified for some glaucomas, those associated with POAG are limited and for most POAG patients, the etiology is still unclear. Unfortunately, treatment of this neurodegenerative disease and other retinal degenerative diseases is lacking. For POAG, most of the treatments focus on reducing aqueous humor formation, enhancing uveoscleral or conventional outflow, or lowering intraocular pressure through surgical means. These efforts, in some cases, do not always lead to a prevention of vision loss and therefore other strategies are needed to reduce or reverse the progressive neurodegeneration. In this review, we will highlight some of the ocular pharmacological approaches that are being tested to reduce neurodegeneration and provide some form of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing He
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Dorota L Stankowska
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Dorette Z Ellis
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Raghu R Krishnamoorthy
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Thomas Yorio
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, Texas
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Enhanced conformational sampling to visualize a free-energy landscape of protein complex formation. Biochem J 2017; 473:1651-62. [PMID: 27288028 PMCID: PMC4901360 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We introduce various, recently developed, generalized ensemble methods, which are useful to sample various molecular configurations emerging in the process of protein-protein or protein-ligand binding. The methods introduced here are those that have been or will be applied to biomolecular binding, where the biomolecules are treated as flexible molecules expressed by an all-atom model in an explicit solvent. Sampling produces an ensemble of conformations (snapshots) that are thermodynamically probable at room temperature. Then, projection of those conformations to an abstract low-dimensional space generates a free-energy landscape. As an example, we show a landscape of homo-dimer formation of an endothelin-1-like molecule computed using a generalized ensemble method. The lowest free-energy cluster at room temperature coincided precisely with the experimentally determined complex structure. Two minor clusters were also found in the landscape, which were largely different from the native complex form. Although those clusters were isolated at room temperature, with rising temperature a pathway emerged linking the lowest and second-lowest free-energy clusters, and a further temperature increment connected all the clusters. This exemplifies that the generalized ensemble method is a powerful tool for computing the free-energy landscape, by which one can discuss the thermodynamic stability of clusters and the temperature dependence of the cluster networks.
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Gomes BF, Souza R, Valadão T, Kara-Junior N, Moraes HV, Santhiago MR. Is there an association between glaucoma and capillaroscopy in patients with systemic sclerosis? Int Ophthalmol 2017; 38:251-256. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-017-0454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Agarwal R, Agarwal P. Rodent models of glaucoma and their applicability for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:261-270. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1281244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Agarwal
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Puneet Agarwal
- Faculty of Medicine, International Medical University, IMU Clinical Campus, Seremban, Malaysia
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Elevated Plasma Endothelin-1 Levels in Normal Tension Glaucoma and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Meta-Analysis. J Ophthalmol 2016; 2016:2678017. [PMID: 27965889 PMCID: PMC5124679 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2678017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. The aim of this meta-analysis was to clarify the association between the plasma endothelin-1 level and the risks of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods. Relevant publications were collected from three databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and the Web of Science through December 31, 2015. In this study, the terms "(endothelin OR ET) AND glaucoma" were searched. Review Manager 5.2 was used to process the data. Results. Seven studies (212 cases, 164 controls) were included for the NTG analysis. The mean plasma endothelin-1 level in the NTG subjects was 0.60 pg/mL (p = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.17-1.04) higher than that of the healthy controls. Six studies (160 cases, 174 controls) were included for the POAG analysis, and the endothelin-1 level was 0.63 pg/mL (p = 0.007, 95% CI: 0.12-1.15) higher in the POAG subjects than in the healthy controls. Additionally, two studies influenced the meta-analysis results regarding the association of plasma endothelin-1 with POAG by sensitivity analysis, and the probability of publication bias was low. Conclusions. The observation that NTG and POAG subjects showed significantly elevated endothelin-1 plasma concentrations suggests that a higher plasma level of endothelin-1 might increase the risk of NTG and POAG development.
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Protective effect of magnesium acetyltaurate against endothelin-induced retinal and optic nerve injury. Neuroscience 2016; 325:153-64. [PMID: 27012609 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vascular dysregulation has long been recognized as an important pathophysiological factor underlying the development of glaucomatous neuropathy. Endothelin-1 (ET1) has been shown to be a key player due to its potent vasoconstrictive properties that result in retinal ischemia and oxidative stress leading to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis and optic nerve (ON) damage. In this study we investigated the protective effects of magnesium acetyltaurate (MgAT) against retinal cell apoptosis and ON damage. MgAT was administered intravitreally prior to, along with or after administration of ET1. Seven days post-injection, animals were euthanized and retinae were subjected to morphometric analysis, TUNEL and caspase-3 staining. ON sections were stained with toluidine blue and were graded for neurodegenerative effects. Oxidative stress was also estimated in isolated retinae. Pre-treatment with MgAT significantly lowered ET1-induced retinal cell apoptosis as measured by retinal morphometry and TUNEL staining. This group of animals also showed significantly lesser caspase-3 activation and significantly reduced retinal oxidative stress compared to the animals that received intravitreal injection of only ET1. Additionally, the axonal degeneration in ON was markedly reduced in MgAT pretreated animals. The animals that received MgAT co- or post-treatment with ET1 also showed improvement in all parameters; however, the effects were not as significant as observed in MgAT pretreated animals. The current study showed that the intravitreal pre-treatment with MgAT reduces caspase-3 activation and prevents retinal cell apoptosis and axon loss in ON induced by ET1. This protective effect of ET1 was associated with reduced retinal oxidative stress.
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Promelle V, Daouk J, Bouzerar R, Jany B, Milazzo S, Balédent O. Ocular blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid pressure in glaucoma. Acta Radiol Open 2016; 5:2058460115624275. [PMID: 26962460 PMCID: PMC4765818 DOI: 10.1177/2058460115624275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease mechanism underlying glaucoma remains unclear. Extensive research on this pathology has highlighted changes in vascular parameters and in circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Here, we review the most recent research on alterations in ocular blood flow and/or CSF flow in glaucoma. Ultrasound Doppler imaging studies have shown an increased resistive index in ophthalmic artery’s in glaucoma. Furthermore, changes in optic nerve CSF circulation, which can be assessed with magnetic resonance imaging, may lead to a greater translaminar pressure difference, mechanical stress, and poor clearance of toxic substances. This constitutes a new approach for understanding blood–CSF interactions involved in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Promelle
- Ophthalmology Department, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Joël Daouk
- Bioflow Image Unit, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Roger Bouzerar
- Bioflow Image Unit, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France; Medical Image Processing Unit, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Benjamin Jany
- Ophthalmology Department, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Solange Milazzo
- Ophthalmology Department, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
| | - Olivier Balédent
- Bioflow Image Unit, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France; Medical Image Processing Unit, Amiens University Medical Center, Amiens, France
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He S, Park YH, Yorio T, Krishnamoorthy RR. Endothelin-Mediated Changes in Gene Expression in Isolated Purified Rat Retinal Ganglion Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:6144-61. [PMID: 26397462 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A growing body of evidence suggests that the vasoactive peptides endothelins (ETs) and their receptors (primarily the ETB receptor) are contributors to neurodegeneration in glaucoma. However, actions of ETs in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ETs on gene expression in primary RGCs. METHODS Primary RGCs isolated from rat pups were treated with 100 nM of ET-1, ET-2, or ET-3 for 24 hours. Total RNA was extracted followed by cDNA synthesis. Changes in gene expression in RGCs were detected using Affymetrix Rat Genome 230 2.0 microarray and categorized by DAVID analysis. Real-time PCR was used to validate gene expression, and immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting to confirm the protein expression of regulated genes. RESULTS There was more than 2-fold upregulation of 328, 378, or 372 genes, and downregulation of 48, 33, or 28 genes with ET-1, ET-2, or ET-3 treatment, respectively, compared to untreated controls. The Bcl-2 family, S100 family, matrix metalloproteinases, c-Jun, and ET receptors were the major genes or proteins that were regulated by endothelin treatment. Immunocytochemical staining revealed a significant increase in ETA receptor, ETB receptor, growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43), phosphorylated c-Jun, c-Jun, and Bax with ET-1 treatment. Protein levels of GAP-43 and c-Jun were confirmed by immunoblotting. CONCLUSIONS Expression of key proteins having regulatory roles in apoptosis, calcium homeostasis, cell signaling, and matrix remodeling were altered by treatment with endothelins. The elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying endothelins' actions in RGCs will help understand endothelin-mediated neurodegenerative changes during ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing He
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States 2North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Yong H Park
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States 3Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Thomas Yorio
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States 3Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Raghu R Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States 2North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
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Daneshvar R, Amini N. Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitors: Potential Future Treatments for Glaucoma. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2015; 9:395-8. [PMID: 26539282 PMCID: PMC4598535 DOI: 10.4103/2008-322x.143384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Daneshvar
- Cornea Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ; Department of Glaucoma, Khatam Eye Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nima Amini
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
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Nuschke AC, Farrell SR, Levesque JM, Chauhan BC. Assessment of retinal ganglion cell damage in glaucomatous optic neuropathy: Axon transport, injury and soma loss. Exp Eye Res 2015; 141:111-24. [PMID: 26070986 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a disease characterized by progressive axonal pathology and death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which causes structural changes in the optic nerve head and irreversible vision loss. Several experimental models of glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) have been developed, primarily in non-human primates and, more recently and commonly, in rodents. These models provide important research tools to study the mechanisms underlying glaucomatous damage. Moreover, experimental GON provides the ability to quantify and monitor risk factors leading to RGC loss such as the level of intraocular pressure, axonal health and the RGC population. Using these experimental models we are able to gain a better understanding of GON, which allows for the development of potential neuroprotective strategies. Here we review the advantages and disadvantages of the relevant and most often utilized methods for evaluating axonal degeneration and RGC loss in GON. Axonal pathology in GON includes functional disruption of axonal transport (AT) and structural degeneration. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP), rhodamine-B-isothiocyanate (RITC) and cholera toxin-B (CTB) fluorescent conjugates have proven to be effective reporters of AT. Also, immunohistochemistry (IHC) for endogenous AT-associated proteins is often used as an indicator of AT function. Similarly, structural degeneration of axons in GON can be investigated via changes in the activity and expression of key axonal enzymes and structural proteins. Assessment of axonal degeneration can be measured by direct quantification of axons, qualitative grading, or a combination of both methods. RGC loss is the most frequently quantified variable in studies of experimental GON. Retrograde tracers can be used to quantify RGC populations in rodents via application to the superior colliculus (SC). In addition, in situ IHC for RGC-specific proteins is a common method of RGC quantification used in many studies. Recently, transgenic mouse models that express fluorescent proteins under the Thy-1 promoter have been examined for their potential to provide specific and selective labeling of RGCs for the study of GON. While these methods represent important advances in assessing the structural and functional integrity of RGCs, each has its advantages and disadvantages; together they provide an extensive toolbox for the study of GON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Nuschke
- Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Spring R Farrell
- Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Capital District Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Julie M Levesque
- Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Balwantray C Chauhan
- Retina and Optic Nerve Research Laboratory, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Capital District Health Authority, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Nickells RW, Pelzel HR. Tools and resources for analyzing gene expression changes in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. Exp Eye Res 2015; 141:99-110. [PMID: 25999234 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating gene expression changes presents one of the most powerful interrogative approaches to study the molecular, biochemical, and cellular pathways associated with glaucomatous disease pathology. Technologies to study gene expression profiles in glaucoma are wide ranging. Qualitative techniques provide the power of localizing expression changes to individual cells, but are not robust to evaluate differences in expression changes. Alternatively, quantitative changes provide a high level of stringency to quantify changes in gene expression. Additionally, advances in high throughput analysis and bioinformatics have dramatically improved the number of individual genes that can be evaluated in a single experiment, while dramatically reducing amounts of input tissue/starting material. Together, gene expression profiling and proteomics have yielded new insights on the roles of neuroinflammation, the complement cascade, and metabolic shutdown as important players in the pathology of the optic nerve head and retina in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Nickells
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Heather R Pelzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Whitewater, Whitewater, WI, USA
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Saccà SC, Pulliero A, Izzotti A. The Dysfunction of the Trabecular Meshwork During Glaucoma Course. J Cell Physiol 2014; 230:510-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Claudio Saccà
- Department of Head/Neck Pathologies; St Martino Hospital; Ophthalmology Unit; Genoa Italy
| | - Alessandra Pulliero
- Department of Health Sciences; Section of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- Department of Health Sciences; Section of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
- Mutagenesis Unit; IST National Institute for Cancer Research; IRCCS Hospital-University San Martino Company; Genoa Italy
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Saccà SC, Izzotti A. Focus on molecular events in the anterior chamber leading to glaucoma. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2197-218. [PMID: 24142347 PMCID: PMC11113507 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma is a multifactorial disease that affects the retinal ganglion cells, but currently its therapy is to lower the eye pressure. This indicates a definite involvement of the trabecular meshwork, key region in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. This is the first target of glaucoma, and its functional complexity is a real challenge to search. Its functions are those to allow the outflow of aqueous humor and not the reflux. This article describes the morphological and functional changes that happen in anterior chamber. The "primus movens" is oxidative stress that affects trabecular meshwork, particularly its endothelial cells. In these develops a real mitochondriopaty. This leads to functional impotence, the trabecular meshwork altering both motility and cytoarchitecture. Its cells die by apoptosis, losing barrier functions and altering the aqueous humor outflow. All the morphological alterations occur that can be observed under a microscope. Intraocular pressure rises and the malfunctioning trabecular meshwork endotelial cells express proteins that completely alter the aqueous humor. This is a liquid whose functional proteomics complies with the conditions of the trabecular meshwork. Indeed, in glaucoma, it is possible detect the presence of proteins which testify to what occurs in the anterior chamber. There are six classes of proteins which confirm the vascular endothelium nature of the anterior chamber and are the result of the morphofunctional trabecular meshwork decay. It is possible that, all or in part, these proteins can be used as a signal to the posterior pole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Claudio Saccà
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Head and Neck Pathologies, St Martino Hospital, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Genoa, Italy,
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Sharif NA, May JA. Potential for serotonergic agents to treat elevated intraocular pressure and glaucoma: focus on 5-HT2receptor agonists. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.10.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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He S, Minton AZ, Ma HY, Stankowska DL, Sun X, Krishnamoorthy RR. Involvement of AP-1 and C/EBPβ in upregulation of endothelin B (ETB) receptor expression in a rodent model of glaucoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79183. [PMID: 24265756 PMCID: PMC3827153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the endothelin B receptor (ETB) expression was upregulated and played a key role in neurodegeneration in rodent models of glaucoma. However, the mechanisms underlying upregulation of ETB receptor expression remain largely unknown. Using promoter-reporter assays, the 1258 bp upstream the human ETB promoter region was found to be essential for constitutive expression of ETB receptor gene in human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells (HNPE). The −300 to −1 bp and −1258 to −600 bp upstream promoter regions of the ETB receptor appeared to be the key binding regions for transcription factors. In addition, the crucial AP-1 binding site located at −615 to −624 bp upstream promoter was confirmed by luciferase assays and CHIP assays which were performed following overexpression of c-Jun in HNPE cells. Overexpression of either c-Jun or C/EBPβ enhanced the ETB receptor promoter activity, which was reflected in increased mRNA and protein levels of ETB receptor. Furthermore, knock-down of either c-Jun or C/EBPβ in HNPE cells was significantly correlated to decreased mRNA levels of both ETB and ETA receptor. These observations suggest that c-Jun and C/EBPβ are important for regulated expression of the ETB receptor in HNPE cells. In separate experiments, intraocular pressure (IOP) was elevated in one eye of Brown Norway rats while the corresponding contralateral eye served as control. Two weeks of IOP elevation produced increased expression of c-Jun and C/EBPβ in the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer from IOP-elevated eyes. The mRNA levels of c-Jun, ETA and ETB receptor were upregulated by 2.2-, 3.1- and 4.4-fold in RGC layers obtained by laser capture microdissection from retinas of eyes with elevated IOP, compared to those from contralateral eyes. Taken together, these data suggest that transcription factor AP-1 plays a key role in elevation of ETB receptor in a rodent model of ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing He
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alena Z. Minton
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hai-Ying Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dorota L. Stankowska
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiangle Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Raghu R. Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
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Challa P, Arnold JJ. Rho-kinase inhibitors offer a new approach in the treatment of glaucoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 23:81-95. [PMID: 24094075 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.840288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause for worldwide blindness and is characterized by progressive optic nerve damage. The etiology of POAG is unknown, but elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and advanced age have been identified as risk factors. IOP reduction is the only known treatment for glaucoma. Recently, drugs that inhibit rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) have been studied in animals and people for their ability to lower IOP and potentially treat POAG. ROCK inhibitors lower IOP through a trabecular mechanism and may represent a new therapeutic paradigm for the treatment of POAG. AREAS COVERED Exploring the place that ROCK inhibitors may occupy in our treatment of POAG requires a thorough understanding of pathophysiology and treatment. This article summarizes current research on the incidence, proposed etiologies and mechanisms of action for this drug class. ROCK inhibitor research is presented and considered in light of the current standard of pharmacologic care. EXPERT OPINION ROCK inhibitors alter the cell shape and extracellular matrix (ECM) of the trabecular meshwork. Preclinical studies demonstrate that these drugs have the potential to become a new therapy for glaucoma. However, ROCK inhibitors can affect multiple cell types, and their utility can be proven only after clinical studies in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Challa
- Duke University, Ophthalmology , 2351 Erwin Road, Durham 27710 , USA
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Higo J, Umezawa K, Nakamura H. A virtual-system coupled multicanonical molecular dynamics simulation: Principles and applications to free-energy landscape of protein–protein interaction with an all-atom model in explicit solvent. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:184106. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4803468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Luna C, Li G, Huang J, Qiu J, Wu J, Yuan F, Epstein DL, Gonzalez P. Regulation of trabecular meshwork cell contraction and intraocular pressure by miR-200c. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51688. [PMID: 23272142 PMCID: PMC3522713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) delays or prevents the loss of vision in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients with high IOP and in those with normal tension glaucoma showing progression. Abundant evidence demonstrates that inhibition of contractile machinery of the trabecular meshwork cells is an effective method to lower IOP. However, the mechanisms involved in the regulation of trabecular contraction are not well understood. Although microRNAs have been shown to play important roles in the regulation of multiple cellular functions, little is known about their potential involvement in the regulation of IOP. Here, we showed that miR-200c is a direct postranscriptional inhibitor of genes relevant to the physiologic regulation of TM cell contraction including the validated targets Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 and 2 (ZEB1 and ZEB2), and formin homology 2 domain containing 1 (FHOD1), as well as three novel targets: lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPAR1/EDG2), endothelin A receptor (ETAR), and RhoA kinase (RHOA). Consistently, transfection of TM cells with miR-200c resulted in strong inhibition of contraction in collagen populated gels as well as decreased cell traction forces exerted by individual TM cells. Finally, delivery of miR-200c to the anterior chamber of living rat eyes resulted in a significant decrease in IOP, while inhibition of miR-200c using an adenoviral vector expressing a molecular sponge led to a significant increase in IOP. These results demonstrate for the first time the ability of a miRNA to regulate trabecular contraction and modulate IOP in vivo, making miR-200c a worthy candidate for exploring ways to alter trabecular contractility with therapeutic purposes in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralia Luna
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guorong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jianyong Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jianming Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Fan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David L. Epstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Pedro Gonzalez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Kim JM, Kim YJ, Kim DM. Increased expression of oxyproteins in the optic nerve head of an in vivo model of optic nerve ischemia. BMC Ophthalmol 2012; 12:63. [PMID: 23216747 PMCID: PMC3541215 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2415-12-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effects of microvascular compromise on the expression of oxidative proteins in the optic nerve head. METHODS Endothelin-1 (0.1 μg/day) was delivered to the perineural region of the anterior optic nerve by osmotically driven minipumps for two, four, and eight weeks in ten rabbits, respectively. As a control, a balanced salt solution was delivered for two and eight weeks in five rabbits, respectively. Expression of oxyproteins in the cornea, vitreous, retina, and optic nerve head for each time period was determined using the OxyBlot protein oxidation detection kit. Retina was stained with H&E and TUNEL for histological examination. RESULTS There was a significant increase in the expression of oxyproteins in the optic nerve head after two weeks of endothelin-1 administration (p < 0.001, Mann Whitney U test). In contrast, there was no expression of oxyproteins in the cornea, retina, or vitreous. The number of cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer, and outer nuclear layer decreased remarkably with time in the endothelin-1-treated group. Furthermore, the inner and outer nuclear layers, as well as the inner and outer plexiform layers, became thinner over time. CONCLUSIONS Administration of endothelin-1 to the microvasculature of the optic nerve leads to increased expression of oxyproteins in the optic nerve head and loss of retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Mo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Kim
- Seoul National University Hospital Clinical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Myung Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul, 110-744, Korea
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Minton AZ, Phatak NR, Stankowska DL, He S, Ma HY, Mueller BH, Jiang M, Luedtke R, Yang S, Brownlee C, Krishnamoorthy RR. Endothelin B receptors contribute to retinal ganglion cell loss in a rat model of glaucoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43199. [PMID: 22916224 PMCID: PMC3423444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy, commonly associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) characterized by optic nerve degeneration, cupping of the optic disc, and loss of retinal ganglion cells which could lead to loss of vision. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a 21-amino acid vasoactive peptide that plays a key role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma; however, the receptors mediating these effects have not been defined. In the current study, endothelin B (ETB) receptor expression was assessed in vivo, in the Morrison's ocular hypertension model of glaucoma in rats. Elevation of IOP in Brown Norway rats produced increased expression of ETB receptors in the retina, mainly in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), nerve fiber layer (NFL), and also in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and inner nuclear layer (INL). To determine the role of ETB receptors in neurodegeneration, Wistar-Kyoto wild type (WT) and ETB receptor-deficient (KO) rats were subjected to retrograde labeling with Fluoro-Gold (FG), following which IOP was elevated in one eye while the contralateral eye served as control. IOP elevation for 4 weeks in WT rats caused an appreciable loss of RGCs, which was significantly attenuated in KO rats. In addition, degenerative changes in the optic nerve were greatly reduced in KO rats compared to those in WT rats. Taken together, elevated intraocular pressure mediated increase in ETB receptor expression and its activation may contribute to a decrease in RGC survival as seen in glaucoma. These findings raise the possibility of using endothelin receptor antagonists as neuroprotective agents for the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Z. Minton
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nitasha R. Phatak
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dorota L. Stankowska
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shaoqing He
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hai-Ying Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brett H. Mueller
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert Luedtke
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shaohua Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Colby Brownlee
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Raghu R. Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kennedy KD, AnithaChristy SA, Buie LK, Borrás T. Cystatin a, a potential common link for mutant myocilin causative glaucoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36301. [PMID: 22615763 PMCID: PMC3352898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocilin (MYOC) is a 504 aa secreted glycoprotein induced by stress factors in the trabecular meshwork tissue of the eye, where it was discovered. Mutations in MYOC are linked to glaucoma. The glaucoma phenotype of each of the different MYOC mutation varies, but all of them cause elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). In cells, forty percent of wild-type MYOC is cleaved by calpain II, a cysteine protease. This proteolytic process is inhibited by MYOC mutants. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which MYOC mutants cause glaucoma. We constructed adenoviral vectors with variants Q368X, R342K, D380N, K423E, and overexpressed them in human trabecular meshwork cells. We analyzed expression profiles with Affymetrix U133Plus2 GeneChips using wild-type and null viruses as controls. Analysis of trabecular meshwork relevant mechanisms showed that the unfolded protein response (UPR) was the most affected. Search for individual candidate genes revealed that genes that have been historically connected to trabecular meshwork physiology and pathology were altered by the MYOC mutants. Some of those had known MYOC associations (MMP1, PDIA4, CALR, SFPR1) while others did not (EDN1, MGP, IGF1, TAC1). Some, were top-changed in only one mutant (LOXL1, CYP1B1, FBN1), others followed a mutant group pattern. Some of the genes were new (RAB39B, STC1, CXCL12, CSTA). In particular, one selected gene, the cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin A (CSTA), was commonly induced by all mutants and not by the wild-type. Subsequent functional analysis of the selected gene showed that CSTA was able to reduce wild-type MYOC cleavage in primary trabecular meshwork cells while an inactive mutated CSTA was not. These findings provide a new molecular understanding of the mechanisms of MYOC-causative glaucoma and reveal CSTA, a serum biomarker for cancer, as a potential biomarker and drug for the treatment of MYOC-induced glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. David Kennedy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - S. A. AnithaChristy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - LaKisha K. Buie
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Teresa Borrás
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nickells RW, Howell GR, Soto I, John SWM. Under pressure: cellular and molecular responses during glaucoma, a common neurodegeneration with axonopathy. Annu Rev Neurosci 2012; 35:153-79. [PMID: 22524788 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that is expected to affect 80 million people by the end of this decade. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the most affected cell type and progressively degenerate over the course of the disease. RGC axons exit the eye and enter the optic nerve by passing through the optic nerve head (ONH). The ONH is an important site of initial damage in glaucoma. Higher intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important risk factor for glaucoma, but the molecular links between elevated IOP and axon damage in the ONH are poorly defined. In this review and focusing primarily on the ONH, we discuss recent studies that have contributed to understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of glaucoma. We also identify areas that require further investigation and focus on mechanisms identified in other neurodegenerations that may contribute to RGC dysfunction and demise in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Nickells
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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Mi XS, Chiu K, Van G, Leung JWC, Lo ACY, Chung SK, Chang RCC, So KF. Effect of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides on the expression of endothelin-1 and its receptors in an ocular hypertension model of rat glaucoma. Neural Regen Res 2012; 7:645-51. [PMID: 25745457 PMCID: PMC4347002 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycium barbarum, a traditional Chinese anti-aging herb, has been shown to protect retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a rat chronic ocular hypertension (COH) model. Here, we investigated the expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1), a strong vasoconstrictor, and its receptors, ETA and ETB, in the COH model and assessed the effects of Lycium barbarum on the ET-1 axis. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) was induced in the right eye of SD rats using argon laser photocoagulation. (1) The expression of ET-1, ETA and ETB in normal and COH retinas was studied. (2) Some COH rats were fed daily with Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides (LBP) using 1 mg/kg or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 3 weeks (started 1 week before photocoagulation). The effects of LBP on the expression of ET-1 and its receptors, ETA and ETB, in COH retina were evaluated. A semi-quantitative analysis of staining intensity was used to evaluate the expression levels of ET-1, ETA and ETB in retinal vasculature. We found that (1) Under COH condition, the immunoreactivity of ET-1 was increased in retina associated with an increase of ETB receptor immunoreactivity and a decrease of ETA receptor immunoreactivity. (2) After feeding COH rats with LBP, the expression of ET-1 was decreased with an increase of ETA expression and a decrease of ETB expression in the retina, especially in RGCs. (3) By comparing the staining intensity in the vasculature of COH retina in LBP-fed group with PBS-fed group, there was a decrease in the expression of ET-1 and ETA and an increase in ETB. In summary, ET-1 expression was up-regulated in the retina in COH model. LBP could decrease the expression of ET-1 and modulate the expression of its receptors, ETA and ETB, under the condition of COH. The neuroprotective effect of LBP on RGCs might be related to its ability to regulate the ET-1-mediated biological effects on RGCs and retinal vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Mi
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kin Chiu
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Geoffrey Van
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Justin Wai Chung Leung
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Amy Cheuk Yin Lo
- Eye Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sookja Kim Chung
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Anatomy and the State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- The Joint Laboratory for Brain Function and Health (BFAH), Jinan University and The University of Hong Kong, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
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Cellini M, Strobbe E, Gizzi C, Balducci N, Toschi PG, Campos EC. Endothelin-1 plasma levels and vascular endothelial dysfunction in primary open angle glaucoma. Life Sci 2012; 91:699-702. [PMID: 22406080 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the relationship between endothelial dysfunction, endothelin 1 (ET-1) plasma levels and subclinical inflammation in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. MAIN METHODS We enrolled 40 POAG patients with progressive visual field damage, although well controlled intraocular pressure (IOP) and compared to age and sex matched healthxy subjects. Each patient underwent an ophthalmological examination, a standard achromatic perimetry (SAP), blood sampling to assess ET-1 plasma levels, an objective assessment of cellularity within the anterior chamber (FLARE) and measurement of flow mediated dilation (FMD) with high resolution 2-dimensional ultrasonographic imaging of the brachial artery. KEY FINDINGS At baseline, POAG patients, compared to healthy controls, showed an increase of ET-1 plasma levels: 2.83 ± 0.28 pg/ml vs. 1.75 ± 0.25 pg/ml (p<0.001), lower FMD values 4.46 ± 1.28% vs. 13.18 ± 2.80% (p<0.001) and increased FLARE values 9.98 ± 0.97 photons/ms vs. 5.87 ± 0.64 photons/ms (p<0.001). A follow up after 1 year revealed a further increase of ET-1 plasma levels (to 3.68 ± 0.60; p<0.001) and decrease of FMD (3.52 ± 1.28; p>0.001). SIGNIFICANCE The increase of ET-1 in POAG patients is related to vascular dysfunction (r=0.942; p=0.001) and vascular dysfunction is related to sub-clinical intraocular inflammation (r=0.968; p=0.001). Thus ET-1 and vascular dysfunction related to sub-clinical inflammation may play a key role in determining a progressive visual field damage in POAG patients who present a well-controlled IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cellini
- Department of Specialistic Surgery and Anesthesiology Science-Ophthalmology, Service, University of Bologna, Italy.
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Babizhayev MA. Biomarkers and special features of oxidative stress in the anterior segment of the eye linked to lens cataract and the trabecular meshwork injury in primary open-angle glaucoma: challenges of dual combination therapy with N-acetylcarnosine lubricant eye d. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 26:86-117. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.00969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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