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Keroack CD, Elsworth B, Tennessen JA, Paul AS, Hua R, Ramirez-Ramirez L, Ye S, Moreira CK, Meyers MJ, Zarringhalam K, Duraisingh MT. Comparative chemical genomics in Babesia species identifies the alkaline phosphatase PhoD as a determinant of antiparasitic resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312987121. [PMID: 38377214 PMCID: PMC10907312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312987121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis is an emerging zoonosis and widely distributed veterinary infection caused by 100+ species of Babesia parasites. The diversity of Babesia parasites and the lack of specific drugs necessitate the discovery of broadly effective antibabesials. Here, we describe a comparative chemogenomics (CCG) pipeline for the identification of conserved targets. CCG relies on parallel in vitro evolution of resistance in independent populations of Babesia spp. (B. bovis and B. divergens). We identified a potent antibabesial, MMV019266, from the Malaria Box, and selected for resistance in two species of Babesia. After sequencing of multiple independently derived lines in the two species, we identified mutations in a membrane-bound metallodependent phosphatase (phoD). In both species, the mutations were found in the phoD-like phosphatase domain. Using reverse genetics, we validated that mutations in bdphoD confer resistance to MMV019266 in B. divergens. We have also demonstrated that BdPhoD localizes to the endomembrane system and partially with the apicoplast. Finally, conditional knockdown and constitutive overexpression of BdPhoD alter the sensitivity to MMV019266 in the parasite. Overexpression of BdPhoD results in increased sensitivity to the compound, while knockdown increases resistance, suggesting BdPhoD is a pro-susceptibility factor. Together, we have generated a robust pipeline for identification of resistance loci and identified BdPhoD as a resistance mechanism in Babesia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D. Keroack
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Brendan Elsworth
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Jacob A. Tennessen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Aditya S. Paul
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Renee Hua
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Luz Ramirez-Ramirez
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Sida Ye
- Department of Mathematics, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA02125
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA02125
| | - Cristina K. Moreira
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Marvin J. Meyers
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO63103
| | - Kourosh Zarringhalam
- Department of Mathematics, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA02125
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA02125
| | - Manoj T. Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
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Koczwarska J, Pawełczyk A, Dunaj-Małyszko J, Polaczyk J, Welc-Falęciak R. Rickettsia species in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks feeding on human skin and clinical manifestations of tick-borne infections after tick bite. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9930. [PMID: 37336983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermacentor reticulatus ticks are sporadically removed from human skin and therefore the medical consequences of their feeding are neglected compared to Ixodes ricinus. We investigated the prevalence of pathogens in D. reticulatus removed from human skin and possible clinical manifestations suggestive of tick-borne diseases after a tick bite. A total of 2153 ticks were studied and of these only 34 were D. reticulatus. The mean prevalence of Rickettsia in D. reticulatus was 50.0% and R. raoultii was identified in 82.4% of infected D. reticulatus ticks. We confirmed the first case of R. aeschlimannii infection in D. reticulatus ticks. Among participants bitten by D. reticulatus, 13.3% reported reddening around the tick bite site and flu-like symptoms, including lymphadenopathy and 3.3% reported eschar on the tick site bite. All of the participants with flu-like symptoms after tick removal were bitten by ticks infected with R. raoultii. The results of this study indicate that even though D. reticulatus ticks bite humans sporadically, pathogenic Rickettsia have a remarkably high prevalence in this tick species. We can expect that the incidence of tick-borne lymphadenopathy might increase with the reported expansion of the D. reticulatus into new areas and its growing abundance in Central Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Koczwarska
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pawełczyk
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Pawińskiego 3C, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Dunaj-Małyszko
- Department of the Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok, Żurawia 14, 15-540, Białystok, Poland
| | - Justyna Polaczyk
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Welc-Falęciak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
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Keroack CD, Elsworth B, Tennessen JA, Paul AS, Hua R, Ramirez-Ramirez L, Ye S, Moreira CM, Meyers MJ, Zarringhalam K, Duraisingh MT. Comparative chemical genomics in Babesia species identifies the alkaline phosphatase phoD as a novel determinant of resistance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.13.544849. [PMID: 37398106 PMCID: PMC10312741 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.13.544849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Babesiosis is an emerging zoonosis and widely distributed veterinary infection caused by 100+ species of Babesia parasites. The diversity of Babesia parasites, coupled with the lack of potent inhibitors necessitates the discovery of novel conserved druggable targets for the generation of broadly effective antibabesials. Here, we describe a comparative chemogenomics (CCG) pipeline for the identification of novel and conserved targets. CCG relies on parallel in vitro evolution of resistance in independent populations of evolutionarily-related Babesia spp. ( B. bovis and B. divergens ). We identified a potent antibabesial inhibitor from the Malaria Box, MMV019266. We were able to select for resistance to this compound in two species of Babesia, achieving 10-fold or greater resistance after ten weeks of intermittent selection. After sequencing of multiple independently derived lines in the two species, we identified mutations in a single conserved gene in both species: a membrane-bound metallodependent phosphatase (putatively named PhoD). In both species, the mutations were found in the phoD-like phosphatase domain, proximal to the predicted ligand binding site. Using reverse genetics, we validated that mutations in PhoD confer resistance to MMV019266. We have also demonstrated that PhoD localizes to the endomembrane system and partially with the apicoplast. Finally, conditional knockdown and constitutive overexpression of PhoD alter the sensitivity to MMV019266 in the parasite: overexpression of PhoD results in increased sensitivity to the compound, while knockdown increases resistance, suggesting PhoD is a resistance mechanism. Together, we have generated a robust pipeline for identification of resistance loci, and identified PhoD as a novel determinant of resistance in Babesia species. Highlights Use of two species for in vitro evolution identifies a high confidence locus associated with resistance Resistance mutation in phoD was validated using reverse genetics in B. divergens Perturbation of phoD using function genetics results in changes in the level of resistance to MMV019266Epitope tagging reveals localization to the ER/apicoplast, a conserved localization with a similar protein in diatoms Together, phoD is a novel resistance determinant in multiple Babesia spp .
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Mack EA, Xiao YP, Allred DR. Knockout of Babesia bovis rad51 ortholog and its complementation by expression from the BbACc3 artificial chromosome platform. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215882. [PMID: 31386669 PMCID: PMC6684078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesia bovis establishes persistent infections of long duration in cattle, despite the development of effective anti-disease immunity. One mechanism used by the parasite to achieve persistence is rapid antigenic variation of the VESA1 cytoadhesion ligand through segmental gene conversion (SGC), a phenomenon thought to be a form of homologous recombination (HR). To begin investigation of the enzymatic basis for SGC we initially identified and knocked out the Bbrad51 gene encoding the B. bovis Rad51 ortholog. BbRad51 was found to be non-essential for in vitro growth of asexual-stage parasites. However, its loss resulted in hypersensitivity to methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) and an apparent defect in HR. This defect rendered attempts to complement the knockout phenotype by reinsertion of the Bbrad51 gene into the genome unsuccessful. To circumvent this difficulty, we constructed an artificial chromosome, BbACc3, into which the complete Bbrad51 locus was inserted, for expression of BbRad51 under regulation by autologous elements. Maintenance of BbACc3 makes use of centromeric sequences from chromosome 3 and telomeric ends from chromosome 1 of the B. bovis C9.1 line. A selection cassette employing human dihydrofolate reductase enables recovery of transformants by selection with pyrimethamine. We demonstrate that the BbACc3 platform is stably maintained once established, assembles nucleosomes to form native chromatin, and expands in telomere length over time. Significantly, the MMS-sensitivity phenotype observed in the absence of Bbrad51 was successfully complemented at essentially normal levels. We provide cautionary evidence, however, that in HR-competent parasites BbACc3 can recombine with native chromosomes, potentially resulting in crossover. We propose that, under certain circumstances this platform can provide a useful alternative for the genetic manipulation of this group of parasites, particularly when regulated gene expression under the control of autologous elements may be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Mack
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yu-Ping Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - David R. Allred
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Pawełczyk A, Bednarska M, Kowalska JD, Uszyńska-Kałuża B, Radkowski M, Welc-Falęciak R. Seroprevalence of six pathogens transmitted by the Ixodes ricinus ticks in asymptomatic individuals with HIV infection and in blood donors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2117. [PMID: 30765826 PMCID: PMC6376038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of our study was to estimate the seroprevalence of six pathogens transmitted by ticks in HIV-infected persons and blood donors in Poland (B. burgdorferi s.l., A. phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia spp., Babesia spp., Rickettsia spp. Bartonella henselae) to assess the frequency of exposure to such microorganisms in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals in endemic regions for I. ricinus ticks. Serum samples were collected from 227 HIV-infected patients and 199 blood donors. All samples were analyzed for antibodies against six tick-borne pathogens and seroprevalence rates were statistically compared between two tested group as well as age, sex and lymphocyte T CD4+ level in HIV infected patients. The seroprevalence of tick-borne infections in HIV-infected patients is higher than that of the healthy population in Poland, although no association between serological status of patients and lymphocyte CD4+ T cell level has been observed. The frequency of tick-borne coinfections and doubtful results of serological tests were significantly higher in HIV-positive individuals. In Poland, the possibility of tick-borne diseases transmission with blood is rather negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Pawełczyk
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 3C Pawińskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,AmerLab Ltd. Diagnostic Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases and Zoonotic Infections, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, 101 Żwirki and Wigury Street, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bednarska
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.,AmerLab Ltd. Diagnostic Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases and Zoonotic Infections, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, 101 Żwirki and Wigury Street, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna D Kowalska
- Department of Adults' Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 37 Wolska Street, 01-201, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Uszyńska-Kałuża
- Blood Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration, 137 Wołoska Street, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Radkowski
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 3C Pawińskiego Street, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Welc-Falęciak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland. .,AmerLab Ltd. Diagnostic Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases and Zoonotic Infections, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, 101 Żwirki and Wigury Street, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland.
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Salunkhe V, De Cuyper IM, Papadopoulos P, van der Meer PF, Daal BB, Villa-Fajardo M, de Korte D, van den Berg TK, Gutiérrez L. A comprehensive proteomics study on platelet concentrates: Platelet proteome, storage time and Mirasol pathogen reduction technology. Platelets 2018; 30:368-379. [PMID: 29553857 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1447658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelet concentrates (PCs) represent a blood transfusion product with a major concern for safety as their storage temperature (20-24°C) allows bacterial growth, and their maximum storage time period (less than a week) precludes complete microbiological testing. Pathogen inactivation technologies (PITs) provide an additional layer of safety to the blood transfusion products from known and unknown pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. In this context, PITs, such as Mirasol Pathogen Reduction Technology (PRT), have been developed and are implemented in many countries. However, several studies have shown in vitro that Mirasol PRT induces a certain level of platelet shape change, hyperactivation, basal degranulation, and increased oxidative damage during storage. It has been suggested that Mirasol PRT might accelerate what has been described as the platelet storage lesion (PSL), but supportive molecular signatures have not been obtained. We aimed at dissecting the influence of both variables, that is, Mirasol PRT and storage time, at the proteome level. We present comprehensive proteomics data analysis of Control PCs and PCs treated with Mirasol PRT at storage days 1, 2, 6, and 8. Our workflow was set to perform proteomics analysis using a gel-free and label-free quantification (LFQ) approach. Semi-quantification was based on LFQ signal intensities of identified proteins using MaxQuant/Perseus software platform. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD008119. We identified marginal differences between Mirasol PRT and Control PCs during storage. However, those significant changes at the proteome level were specifically related to the functional aspects previously described to affect platelets upon Mirasol PRT. In addition, the effect of Mirasol PRT on the platelet proteome appeared not to be exclusively due to an accelerated or enhanced PSL. In summary, semi-quantitative proteomics allows to discern between proteome changes due to Mirasol PRT or PSL, and proves to be a methodology suitable to phenotype platelets in an unbiased manner, in various physiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Salunkhe
- a Department of Blood Cell Research , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Iris M De Cuyper
- a Department of Blood Cell Research , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Petros Papadopoulos
- b Department of Hematology , Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Pieter F van der Meer
- c Department of Product and Process Development , Sanquin Blood Bank , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Brunette B Daal
- c Department of Product and Process Development , Sanquin Blood Bank , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - María Villa-Fajardo
- b Department of Hematology , Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Dirk de Korte
- a Department of Blood Cell Research , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,c Department of Product and Process Development , Sanquin Blood Bank , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- a Department of Blood Cell Research , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Laura Gutiérrez
- a Department of Blood Cell Research , Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam (UvA) , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Department of Hematology , Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC) , Madrid , Spain
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Salunkhe V, van der Meer PF, de Korte D, Seghatchian J, Gutiérrez L. Development of blood transfusion product pathogen reduction treatments: A review of methods, current applications and demands. Transfus Apher Sci 2015; 52:19-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Townsend RL, Moritz ED, Fialkow LB, Berardi V, Stramer SL. Probable transfusion-transmission ofAnaplasma phagocytophilumby leukoreduced platelets. Transfusion 2014; 54:2828-32. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin D. Moritz
- Scientific Support Office; American Red Cross; Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - Lawrence B. Fialkow
- Medical Office Northeast Division Blood Services; American Red Cross; West Henrietta New York
| | | | - Susan L. Stramer
- Scientific Support Office; American Red Cross; Gaithersburg Maryland
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Blood Supply Testing for Infectious Diseases. REFERENCE MODULE IN BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7157473 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.00163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Blood transfusion is a lifesaving intervention that has an essential role in patient management within health care systems. It is the responsibility of governments to ensure that safe and sufficient supplies of blood are available and accessible to all patients requiring transfusion. The provision of safe and efficacious blood for transfusion involves a number of processes, including assessment of the suitability of prospective blood donors to donate blood, blood collection, processing, and testing of blood donations, and the issue of blood and its transfusion to the patients. While blood transfusion can be lifesaving, there are associated risks, particularly the transmission of blood-borne infections including human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B and C viruses. Screening for transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs) to exclude blood donations at risk of transmitting infection from donors to recipients is a critical part of the process of ensuring that transfusion is as safe as possible. Effective screening for evidence of the presence of the most common and dangerous TTIs can reduce the risk of transmission to very low levels. Blood transfusion services should therefore establish efficient systems to ensure that all donated blood is correctly screened for the appropriate TTIs and that only nonreactive blood is issued for transfusion to patients.
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Alhumaidan H, Westley B, Esteva C, Berardi V, Young C, Sweeney J. Transfusion-transmitted anaplasmosis from leukoreduced red blood cells. Transfusion 2012; 53:181-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Anisuzzaman, Islam MK, Alim MA, Miyoshi T, Hatta T, Yamaji K, Matsumoto Y, Fujisaki K, Tsuji N. Longistatin is an unconventional serine protease and induces protective immunity against tick infestation. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2011; 182:45-53. [PMID: 22206819 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Classical serine proteases use the conserved Ser/His/Asp catalytic triad to hydrolyze substrates. Here, we show that longistatin, a salivary gland protein with two EF-hand domains from the vector tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, does not have the conserved catalytic triad, but still functions as a serine protease. Longistatin was synthesized in and secreted from the salivary glands of ticks, and is injected into host tissues during the acquisition of blood-meals. Longistatin hydrolyzed fibrinogen, an essential plasma protein in the coagulation cascade, and activated plasminogen, into its active form plasmin, a serine protease that dissolves fibrin clots. Longistatin efficiently hydrolyzed several serine protease-specific substrates showing its specificity to the amide bond of Arg. Longistatin did not hydrolyze synthetic substrates specific for other groups of proteases. The enzyme was active at a wide range of temperatures and pHs, with the optimum at 37°C and pH 7. Its activity was efficiently inhibited by various serine protease inhibitors such as phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), aprotinin, antipain, and leupeptin with the estimated IC(50) of 278.57 μM, 0.35 μM, 41.56 μM and 198.86 μM, respectively. In addition, longistatin was also potently inhibited by Zinc (Zn(2+)) in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC(50) value of 275 μM, and the inhibitory effect of Zn(2+) was revived by ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA). Immunization studies revealed that longistatin sharply induced high levels of protective IgG antibodies against ticks. Immunization with longistatin reduced repletion of ticks by about 54%, post engorgement body weight by >11% and molting of nymphs by approximately 34%; thus, the vaccination trial was approximately 73% effective against tick infestation. Taken together, our results suggest that longistatin is a new potent atypical serine protease, and may be an interesting candidate for the development of anti-tick vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisuzzaman
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Luo Y, Jia H, Terkawi MA, Goo YK, Kawano S, Ooka H, Li Y, Yu L, Cao S, Yamagishi J, Fujisaki K, Nishikawa Y, Saito-Ito A, Igarashi I, Xuan X. Identification and characterization of a novel secreted antigen 1 of Babesia microti and evaluation of its potential use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunochromatographic test. Parasitol Int 2011; 60:119-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Babesia spp. are intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites of animals and humans that cause babesiosis, a zoonotic disease transmitted primarily by tick vectors. Although a variety of species or types of Babesia have been described in the literature as causing infection in humans, the rodent parasite Babesia microti has emerged as the focal point of human disease, especially in the United States. Not only has B. microti become established as a public health concern, this agent is increasingly being transmitted by blood transfusion: estimates suggest that between 70 and 100 cases of transfusion-transmitted Babesia (TTB) have occurred over the last 30 years. A recent upsurge in TTB cases attributable to B. microti, coupled with at least 12 fatalities in transfusion recipients diagnosed with babesiosis, has elevated TTB to a key policy issue in transfusion medicine. Despite clarity on a need to mitigate transmission risk, few options are currently available to prevent the transmission of B. microti by blood transfusion. Future mitigation efforts may stress serological screening of blood donors in regionalized areas of endemicity, with adjunct nucleic acid testing during the summer months, when acute infections are prevalent. However, several hurdles remain, including the absence of a licensed blood screening assay and a thorough cost-benefit analysis of proposed interventions. Despite current obstacles, continued discussion of TTB without proactive intervention is no longer a viable alternative.
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Longistatin, a plasminogen activator, is key to the availability of blood-meals for ixodid ticks. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001312. [PMID: 21423674 PMCID: PMC3053353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ixodid ticks are notorious blood-sucking ectoparasites and are completely dependent on blood-meals from hosts. In addition to the direct severe effects on health and productivity, ixodid ticks transmit various deadly diseases to humans and animals. Unlike rapidly feeding vessel-feeder hematophagous insects, the hard ticks feed on hosts for a long time (5-10 days or more), making a large blood pool beneath the skin. Tick's salivary glands produce a vast array of bio-molecules that modulate their complex and persistent feeding processes. However, the specific molecule that functions in the development and maintenance of a blood pool is yet to be identified. Recently, we have reported on longistatin, a 17.8-kDa protein with two functional EF-hand Ca(++)-binding domains, from the salivary glands of the disease vector, Haemaphysalis longicornis, that has been shown to be linked to blood-feeding processes. Here, we show that longistatin plays vital roles in the formation of a blood pool and in the acquisition of blood-meals. Data clearly revealed that post-transcriptional silencing of the longistatin-specific gene disrupted ticks' unique ability to create a blood pool, and they consequently failed to feed and replete on blood-meals from hosts. Longistatin completely hydrolyzed α, β and γ chains of fibrinogen and delayed fibrin clot formation. Longistatin was able to bind with fibrin meshwork, and activated fibrin clot-bound plasminogen into its active form plasmin, as comparable to that of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), and induced lysis of fibrin clot and platelet-rich thrombi. Plasminogen activation potentiality of longistatin was increased up to 4 times by soluble fibrin. Taken together, our results suggest that longistatin may exert potent functions both as a plasminogen activator and as an anticoagulant in the complex scenario of blood pool formation; the latter is critical to the feeding success and survival of ixodid ticks.
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Nicholson GT, Walsh CA, Madan RP. Transfusion-associated Babesiosis in a 7-month-old Infant after Bidirectional Glenn Procedure. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2010; 5:607-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0803.2010.00384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Semel ME, Tavakkolizadeh A, Gates JD. Babesiosis in the immediate postoperative period after splenectomy for trauma. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2010; 10:553-6. [PMID: 19622029 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2008.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an immunocompetent host, Babesia microti has not been reported as a cause of postoperative fever. METHODS Case report and literature review. RESULTS A 52-year-old woman living on Martha's Vineyard developed postoperative fever after splenectomy for trauma. The patient's mechanism of injury was a fall from a stationary bicycle. Intraoperatively, the patient was noted to have splenomegaly. Postoperatively, she developed fever and was found to have Babesia microti on blood smear with an otherwise negative fever evaluation. She was treated with atovaquone and azithromycin and made a full recovery. CONCLUSIONS For individuals who have lived or traveled in endemic areas, babesiosis should be considered as a possible cause of postoperative fever when other sources have been excluded. Patients undergoing splenectomy in an endemic area should be screened for babesiosis to prevent postoperative recrudescence of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus E Semel
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Baumann Kreuziger
- Resident in Internal Medicine, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Alfonso J. Tafur
- Resident in Internal Medicine, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Rodney L. Thompson
- Adviser to residents and Consultant in Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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19
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Abstract
Pathogen‐reduction (inactivation) provides a proactive approach to reducing transfusion‐transmitted infection. Pathogen‐reduction technologies have been successfully implemented by plasma fractionators resulting in no transmission of human immunodeficiency, hepatitis C, or hepatitis B viruses by US‐licensed plasma derivatives since 1987. Fractionation technologies cannot be used to treat cellular blood components. Although blood donor screening, deferral and disease testing have drastically reduced the incidence of transfusion‐transmitted diseases, the threat of new or re‐emerging pathogens remains. Of particular concern is the silent emergence of a new agent with a prolonged latent period in which asymptomatic infected carriers would donate and spread infection. The ultimate goal of pathogen‐inactivation is to reduce transmission of potential pathogens without significantly compromising the therapeutic efficacy of the cellular and protein constituents of blood. The acceptable technology must not introduce toxicities into the blood supply nor result in neoantigen formation and subsequent antibody production. Several promising pathogen‐inactivation technologies are being developed and tested, and others are currently in use, but all of them have limits. Pathogen‐reduction promises an additional ‘layer of protection’ from infectious agents and has the potential to impact the safety of blood transfusions worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Klein
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - B J Bryant
- Blood Bank division, Department of Pathology, University of Texas at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
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20
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Blue D, Graves V, McCarthy L, Cruz J, Gregurek S, Smith D. Fatal transfusion-transmittedBabesia microtiin the Midwest. Transfusion 2009; 49:8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Gubernot D, Lucey C, Lee K, Conley G, Holness L, Wise R. BabesiaInfection through Blood Transfusions: Reports Received by the US Food and Drug Administration, 1997–2007. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48:25-30. [DOI: 10.1086/595010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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22
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Cangelosi JJ, Sarvat B, Sarria JC, Herwaldt BL, Indrikovs AJ. Transmission ofBabesia microtiby blood transfusion in Texas. Vox Sang 2008; 95:331-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2008.01094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Hildebrandt A, Tenter AM, Straube E, Hunfeld KP. Human babesiosis in Germany: Just overlooked or truly new? Int J Med Microbiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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24
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Tsuji N, Miyoshi T, Battsetseg B, Matsuo T, Xuan X, Fujisaki K. A cysteine protease is critical for Babesia spp. transmission in Haemaphysalis ticks. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000062. [PMID: 18483546 PMCID: PMC2358973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector ticks possess a unique system that enables them to digest large amounts of host blood and to transmit various animal and human pathogens, suggesting the existence of evolutionally acquired proteolytic mechanisms. We report here the molecular and reverse genetic characterization of a multifunctional cysteine protease, longipain, from the babesial parasite vector tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Longipain shares structural similarity with papain-family cysteine proteases obtained from invertebrates and vertebrates. Endogenous longipain was mainly expressed in the midgut epithelium and was specifically localized at lysosomal vacuoles and possibly released into the lumen. Its expression was up-regulated by host blood feeding. Enzymatic functional assays using in vitro and in vivo substrates revealed that longipain hydrolysis occurs over a broad range of pH and temperature. Haemoparasiticidal assays showed that longipain dose-dependently killed tick-borne Babesia parasites, and its babesiacidal effect occurred via specific adherence to the parasite membranes. Disruption of endogenous longipain by RNA interference revealed that longipain is involved in the digestion of the host blood meal. In addition, the knockdown ticks contained an increased number of parasites, suggesting that longipain exerts a killing effect against the midgut-stage Babesia parasites in ticks. Our results suggest that longipain is essential for tick survival, and may have a role in controlling the transmission of tick-transmittable Babesia parasites. Ticks are important ectoparasites among the blood-feeding arthropods and serve as vectors of many deadly diseases of humans and animals. Of tick-transmitted pathogens, Babesia, an intracellular haemoprotozoan parasite causing a malaria-like disease, called babesiosis, gain increasing interest due to its zoonotic significance. When vector ticks acquire the protozoa via blood-meals, they invade midgut and undergo several developmental stages prior to exit through salivary glands. It has long been conceived that midguts of these ticks evolve diverse innate immune mechanisms and perform blood digestion critical for tick survival. A cysteine proteinase, longipain, was identified from the three-host tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, which shows potent parasiticidal activity. Longipain is localized in midgut epithelium and its expression is induced by blood feeding. This protein is passively secreted into midgut lumen where it exerts enzymatic degradation of blood-meals. A series of experiments unveil that longipain-knockdown ticks when fed on Babesia-infected dog, exhibited a significantly increased numbers of parasites compared with controls. Longipain has shown to interact on the surface of Babesia parasites in vitro and in vivo, and is thought to mediate direct killing of the parasites, suggesting that longipain may be a potential chemotherapeutic target against babesiosis and ticks themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotoshi Tsuji
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeharu Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Badger Battsetseg
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomohide Matsuo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kozo Fujisaki
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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25
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Klein HG, Anderson D, Bernardi MJ, Cable R, Carey W, Hoch JS, Robitaille N, Sivilotti ML, Smaill F. Pathogen inactivation: making decisions about new technologies. Transfusion 2007; 47:2338-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Hildebrandt A, Hunfeld KP, Baier M, Krumbholz A, Sachse S, Lorenzen T, Kiehntopf M, Fricke HJ, Straube E. First confirmed autochthonous case of human Babesia microti infection in Europe. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 26:595-601. [PMID: 17587072 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-007-0333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A 42-year-old female patient with acute myeloid leukemia presented with fever and heavy chest pain after her first cycle of specific chemotherapy. Acute myocardial infarction was excluded, but surprisingly, parasitic inclusions in erythrocytes became obvious in Pappenheim and Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smears. The patient did not remember a tick bite but acknowledged having received several blood transfusions in her recent medical history. Suspicion of malaria was ruled out by use of a dip-stick test. The diagnosis of Babesia microti infection was finally established by specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Six weeks after initiation of specific treatment, PCR turned negative and a positive immunoflourescence assay (IFA) with an IgG titer of 1:128 indicated seroconversion. Subsequent screening of donors involved in the transfusion of blood products to the patient demonstrated borderline reactivity for Babesia microti (IgG-titer 1:32) in 1 out of 44 individuals. Neither the patient nor the positively tested blood donor had travelled to North America or Asia. Therefore, this is the first confirmed autochthonous human infection in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hildebrandt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Semmelweiss Str. 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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27
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Babu RV, Sharma G. A 57-year-old man with abdominal pain, jaundice, and a history of blood transfusion. Chest 2007; 132:347-50. [PMID: 17625097 DOI: 10.1378/chest.06-2815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh V Babu
- Allergy, Pulmonary, Immunology, Critical Care, and Sleep (APICS) Division, 301 University Blvd, JSA-5.112, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77555-0561, USA
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28
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Bryant BJ, Klein HG. Pathogen inactivation: the definitive safeguard for the blood supply. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007; 131:719-33. [PMID: 17488157 DOI: 10.5858/2007-131-719-pitdsf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pathogen inactivation provides a proactive approach to cleansing the blood supply. In the plasma fractionation and manufacturing industry, pathogen inactivation technologies have been successfully implemented resulting in no transmission of human immunodeficiency, hepatitis C, or hepatitis B viruses by US-licensed plasma derivatives since 1985. However, these technologies cannot be used to pathogen inactivate cellular blood components. Although current blood donor screening and disease testing has drastically reduced the incidence of transfusion-transmitted diseases, there still looms the threat to the blood supply of a new or reemerging pathogen. Of particular concern is the silent emergence of a new agent with a prolonged latent period in which asymptomatic infected carriers would donate and spread infection. OBJECTIVE To review and summarize the principles, challenges, achievements, prospective technologies, and future goals of pathogen inactivation of the blood supply. DATA SOURCES The current published English-language literature from 1968 through 2006 and a historical landmark article from 1943 are integrated into a review of this subject. CONCLUSIONS The ultimate goal of pathogen inactivation is to maximally reduce the transmission of potential pathogens without significantly compromising the therapeutic efficacy of the cellular and protein constituents of blood. This must be accomplished without introducing toxicities into the blood supply and without causing neoantigen formation and subsequent antibody production. Several promising pathogen inactivation technologies are being developed and clinically tested, and others are currently in use. Pathogen inactivation offers additional layers of protection from infectious agents that threaten the blood supply and has the potential to impact the safety of blood transfusions worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Bryant
- National Institutes of Health, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, 10 Center Dr, MSC-1184, Building 10, Room 1C711, Bethesda, MD 20894-1184, USA.
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29
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Babu RV, Sharma G. BABESIOSIS: A RARE AND POTENTIALLY FATAL RISK OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Chest 2006. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.130.4_meetingabstracts.299s-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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30
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Abstract
The pathogens that cause Lyme disease (LD), human anaplasmosis, and babesiosis can coexist in Ixodes ticks and cause human coinfections. Although the risk of human coinfection differs by geographic location, the true prevalence of coinfecting pathogens among Ixodes ticks remains largely unknown for the majority of geographic locations. The prevalence of dually infected Ixodes ticks appears highest among ticks from regions of North America and Europe where LD is endemic, with reported prevalences of < or =28%. In North America and Europe, the majority of tick-borne coinfections occur among humans with diagnosed LD. Humans coinfected with LD and babesiosis appear to have more intense, prolonged symptoms than those with LD alone. Coinfected persons can also manifest diverse, influenza-like symptoms, and abnormal laboratory test results are frequently observed. Coinfecting pathogens might alter the efficiency of transmission, cause cooperative or competitive pathogen interactions, and alter disease severity among hosts. No prospective studies to assess the immunologic effects of coinfection among humans have been conducted, but animal models demonstrate that certain coinfections can modulate the immune response. Clinicians should consider the likelihood of coinfection when pursuing laboratory testing or selecting therapy for patients with tick-borne illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Swanson
- Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, Office of Workforce and Career Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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31
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Spencer AM, Goethert HK, Telford SR, Holman PJ. In vitro host erythrocyte specificity and differential morphology of Babesia divergens and a zoonotic Babesia sp. from eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus). J Parasitol 2006; 92:333-40. [PMID: 16729690 DOI: 10.1645/ge-662r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A Babesia sp. isolated from eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) is morphologically similar and genetically identical, based on SSU rRNA gene comparisons, to 2 agents responsible for human babesiosis in the United States. This zoonotic agent is closely related to the European parasite, Babesia divergens. The 2 organisms were characterized by in vitro comparisons. In vitro growth of the rabbit Babesia sp. was supported in human and cottontail rabbit erythrocytes, but not in bovine cells. Babesia divergens was supported in vitro in bovine and human erythrocytes, but not in cottontail rabbit cells. Morphometric analysis classifies B. divergens as a small babesia in bovine erythrocytes, but the parasite exceeds this size in human erythrocytes. The rabbit Babesia sp. is large, the same size in both human or rabbit erythrocytes, and is significantly larger than B. divergens. Eight or more rabbit Babesia sp. parasites may occur within a single erythrocyte, sometimes in a floret array, unlike B. divergens. The erythrocyte specificity and morphological differences reported in this study agree with previous in vivo results and validate the use of in vitro methods for characterization of Babesia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Spencer
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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32
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Fox LM, Wingerter S, Ahmed A, Arnold A, Chou J, Rhein L, Levy O. Neonatal babesiosis: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006; 25:169-73. [PMID: 16462298 DOI: 10.1097/01.inf.0000195438.09628.b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A case of transfusion-associated neonatal babesiosis is presented. Jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia and conjugated hyperbilirubinemia developed in this preterm infant. The diagnosis was eventually made by blood smear, serology and polymerase chain reaction. The patient was treated with clindamycin and quinine and made a favorable recovery. Of neonatal babesiosis reported in the literature, 9 other cases are reviewed, including 6 that were transfusion-associated, 2 congenital and 2 tick transmitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne M Fox
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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33
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Barcelona SL, Thompson AA, Coté CJ. Intraoperative pediatric blood transfusion therapy: a review of common issues. Part I: hematologic and physiologic differences from adults; metabolic and infectious risks. Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15:716-26. [PMID: 16101701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2005.01548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric intraoperative transfusion therapy, particularly the approach to massive blood transfusion (blood loss > or =one blood volume) can be quite complex because of the unique relationship between the patient's blood volume and the volume of the individual blood product transfused. This paper is divided into two parts: part 1 presents an overview of the physiologic and hematologic differences between children and adults as well as an overview of the metabolic consequences of blood transfusions, risks of disease transmission, and blood compatibility issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Barcelona
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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34
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Garraud O, Elghouzzi MH. Le risque parasitaire transfusionnel : quels contrôles au regard de la directive européenne ? Transfus Clin Biol 2005; 12:275-85. [PMID: 15949963 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Blood transfusion has become extremely safe regarding the transmission of infectious pathogens, some of them having been responsible for mostly severe complications and a certain loss of confidence from practitioners and patients over the last decades. This may result from the strict observance of ethical principles, of a better medical selection of donors, of technical steps for preparing and qualifying blood components for therapeutic use. The transfusion systems--which vary in their constitution and missions depending on the countries or even regions--have imposed themselves strict security rules and guidelines in industrialized countries. Further, governmental sanitary authorities have set up additional surveillance systems to make the transfusion systems the safest as possible. In addition, the Council of Europe has edicted directives to redefine guidelines to the preparation, use and quality assurance of blood products, that are mandatory in countries of the European Community. Regarding the infectious risks, most recommendations have focused more on the bacterial (immediate) and the viral (mostly delayed) risks than on the parasitic risks because these risks are not only less frequent in industrialized countries, but also far less well known and even much more complex. However, because travel habits and immigrations are increasing fast, most transfusion systems or blood banks must revisit their practices and controls towards hemoparasite transmission by blood transfusion. This review aims at discussing the present controls set up in most industrialized countries and particularly in Europe regarding the risk of post-transfusion transmission of hemoparasites, and the robustness of such controls as well as how these controls may be secured by the European Directive.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Garraud
- Etablissement français du sang Auvergne-Loire, 25 Avenue Pasteur, 42023 Saint-Etienne cédex 2, France.
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35
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Abstract
The calculated residual infectious risk of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) from blood transfusion is extremely low. However, the risk of bacterial contamination remains and a variety of other agents including emerging viruses, protozoa and tick-borne agents threaten blood supplies and undermine public confidence in blood safety. Traditional methods of donor screening and testing have limited ability to further reduce disease transmission and cannot prevent an emerging infectious agent from entering the blood supply. Pathogen inactivation technologies have all but eliminated the infectious risks of plasma-derived protein fractions, but as yet no technique has proved sufficiently safe and effective for traditional blood components. Half-way technologies can reduce the risk of pathogen transmission from fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate. Traditional methods of mechanical removal such as washing and filtration have limited success in reducing the risk of cell-associated agents, but methods aimed at sterilizing blood have either proved toxic to the cells or to the recipients of blood components. Several promising methods that target pathogen nucleic acid have recently entered clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Klein
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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36
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Lashley FR. Emerging infectious diseases: vulnerabilities, contributing factors and approaches. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2004; 2:299-316. [PMID: 15482195 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2.2.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We live in an ever more connected global village linked through international travel, politics, economics, culture and human-human and human-animal interactions. The realization that the concept of globalization includes global exposure to disease-causing agents that were formerly confined to small, remote areas and that infectious disease outbreaks can have political, economic and social roots and effects is becoming more apparent. Novel infectious disease microbes continue to be discovered because they are new or newly recognized, have expanded their geographic range, have been shown to cause a new disease spectrum, have jumped the species barrier from animals to humans, have become resistant to antimicrobial agents, have increased in incidence or have become more virulent. These emerging infectious disease microbes may have the potential for use as agents of bioterrorism. Factors involved in the emergence of infectious diseases are complex and interrelated and involve all classifications of organisms transmitted in a variety of ways. In 2003, outbreaks of interest included severe acute respiratory syndrome, monkeypox and avian influenza. Information from the human genome project applied to microbial organisms and their hosts will provide new opportunities for detection, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, control and prognosis. New technology related not only to genetics but also to satellite and monitoring systems will play a role in weather, climate and the approach to environmental manipulations that influence factors contributing to infectious disease emergence and control. Approaches to combating emerging infectious diseases include many disciplines, such as animal studies, epidemiology, immunology, ecology, environmental studies, microbiology, pharmacology, other sciences, health, medicine, public health, nursing, cultural, political and social studies, all of which must work together. Appropriate financial support of the public health infrastructure including surveillance, prevention, communication, adherence techniques and the like will be needed to support efforts to address emerging infectious disease threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felissa R Lashley
- College of Nursing, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 180 University Avenue, Ackerson Hall, Suite 102, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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37
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Abstract
The risk of transfusion-transmitted infectious diseases (TTIDs) has declined dramatically in high-income nations over the past 2 decades, primarily because of extraordinary success in preventing HIV and other established transfusion-transmitted viruses from entering the blood supply. Despite this achievement, TTIDs remain a public health concern, and attention is refocusing on new and emerging pathogens, such as West Nile virus, infectious proteins (the presumed cause of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease), and other transmissible organisms such as bacteria and parasites. In this article the authors concentrate on this heterogeneous group of infectious agents, describe individual pathogens and the risks they pose to transfusion recipients, and comment on existing and evolving procedures that are designed to protect the blood supply from this threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard W Fiebig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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