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Kließ MK, Ernst A, Wagner J, Mittmann P. The development of active middle ear implants: A historical perspective and clinical outcomes. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2018; 3:394-404. [PMID: 30410994 PMCID: PMC6209610 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective s Energy emitting, active middle ear implants (aMEI) have taken more than two decades of research to reach technological sophistication, medical safety, and regulatory approval to become a powerful tool in treating sensorineural, conductive, and mixed hearing loss. The present review covers this era. Data Source Literature found from searching Pubmed (MEDLINE); EMBASE, SciSearch, German Medical Science Journals and Meetings, and The Cochrane Library; and published as of February 2017. Study bibliographies were hand-searched to find further materials. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted to identify studies evaluating the safety, efficacy, effectiveness, and subjective outcomes of partially implantable aMEIs. Data were extracted on systems with regulatory approval and summarized narratively. Meta-analyses were conducted for aMEIs with more than 25 publications. Study selection, data extraction, and quality appraisal for quantitative data synthesis was carried out by two reviewers. Results Four hundred thirty-one studies included in narrative synthesis describe that albeit good audiological outcomes, clinical safety and (dis)investment are major barriers to continued market access. The synthesised risk of adverse events was three fold with the MET than with the VIBRANT SOUNDBRIDGE. With the latter system, audiological outcomes were stable and similar for all indications and age groups. Conclusion To date, the majority of the literature covers the clinical application of the VIBRANT SOUNDBRIDGE system as it is applicable to a wide range of otologic and audiological conditions, particularly with the introduction of couplers to extend its clinical reach. The MAXUM and MET still have to find their way into surgical routine.Level of Evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melodi Koşaner Kließ
- From the Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment Hospital of the University of Berlin, Charité Medical School Berlin Germany
| | - Arne Ernst
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing University of Glasgow Glasgow Scotland, UK.,the Department of Otolaryngology at UKB Hospital of the University of Berlin, Charité Medical School Berlin Germany
| | - Jan Wagner
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing University of Glasgow Glasgow Scotland, UK.,the Department of Otolaryngology at UKB Hospital of the University of Berlin, Charité Medical School Berlin Germany
| | - Philipp Mittmann
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing University of Glasgow Glasgow Scotland, UK.,the Department of Otolaryngology at UKB Hospital of the University of Berlin, Charité Medical School Berlin Germany
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Lee JM, Jeon JH, Moon IS, Choi JY. Benefits of active middle ear implants over hearing aids in patients with sloping high tone hearing loss: comparison with hearing aids. ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA 2018; 37:218-223. [PMID: 28516965 PMCID: PMC5463512 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this retrospective chart review we compared the subjective and objective benefits of active middle ear implants (AMEIs) with conventional hearing aids (HAs) in patients with sloping high tone hearing loss. Thirty-four patients with sensorineural hearing loss were treated with AMEIs. Of these, six had sloping high tone hearing loss and had worn an HA for more than 6 months. Objective assessments, a pure-tone audiogram, as well as a word recognition test, and the Korean version of the Hearing in Noise Test (K-HINT), and a subjective assessment, the Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (APHAB) questionnaire, were performed. Tests were conducted under three circumstances: 1) the unaided state before surgery; 2) the HA-aided state before surgery; and 3) the AMEI-aided state 3 months after surgery. The average high-frequency hearing gain (≥ 2 kHz) was significantly better with AMEIs than with HAs. Although the result had no statistical significance, AMEIs showed a superior word recognition score (WRS) compared to HAs. However, the most comfortable hearing level at which the WRS was tested was significantly decreased with an AMEI compared to an HA. In the K-HINT, patients with an AMEI showed greater recognition than those fitted with an HA under both quiet and noisy conditions. The APAHB scores revealed that patients were more satisfied with an AMEI rather than an HA on all subscales. The use of vibroplasty in patients with sloping high tone loss resulted in positive hearing outcomes when compared to conventional HAs. Based on the data from this study, AMEIs provided better objective and subjective results and could, therefore, be a better alternative for the treatment of sloping hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - J H Jeon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - I S Moon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Y Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Comparison of an Electromagnetic Middle Ear Implant and Hearing Aid Word Recognition Performance to Word Recognition Performance Obtained Under Earphones. Otol Neurotol 2018; 38:1308-1314. [PMID: 28885481 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the results of patients with the Maxum middle ear implant (MEI) and compare word recognition scores (WRS) and speech perception gap (SP Gap) of Maxum versus optimally fit hearing aids (HA). STUDY DESIGN Case series with chart review. SETTING Single, private otology clinic. PATIENTS Eleven ears, in nine adult patients (two women; average age 62.7 yr). INTERVENTIONS Twelve consecutive ears with moderate to severe sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) underwent implantation of the Maxum system. One patient was not included due to inadequate preoperative testing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome measures included word recognition score (WRS) and SP Gap (maximum word understanding [PB max] - WRSaided) improvement compared with HAs. RESULTS The average Maxum WRS was 64.7% (range, 28-94%), a 41.6% improvement (range, 10-66%) over HAs (p < 0.001). The average Maxum SP Gap was 6.6% (range, -8 to 24%), a 41.6% improvement (range, 10-66%) over HAs (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that the Maxum provides superior WRS than HAs for patients with significant aided SP Gaps. There is a significant, very strong correlation between Maxum WRS and PB max (r = 0.85, p = 0.001). This implies that PB max may reasonably predict WRS outcomes with Maxum before implantation, and the SP Gap can reasonably predict the degree of additional potential benefit with Maxum. In advising patients who may be candidates for both a CI and MEI, PB max and SP Gap measurements will provide useful predictive information to help clinicians counsel patients on their choice of hearing technology. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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Evaluation of Maximal Speech Intelligibility With Vibrant Soundbridge in Patients With Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Otol Neurotol 2018; 38:1246-1250. [PMID: 28806311 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study investigated improvements in maximal speech intelligibility after Vibrant Soundbridge (VSB) implantation and analyzed the effect of the hearing loss pattern on maximal speech intelligibility represented by a phonetically balanced word score (PBmax). The effect of middle ear implants on PBmax has not been evaluated yet. STUDY DESIGN Study. SETTING Tertiary academic medical center. PATIENTS/INTERVENTIONS Sixty patients who underwent VSB from December 2011 to January 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. All the patients had hearing aids preoperatively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Pure-tone and speech audiometry were checked with and without hearing aids and then with the VSB. The patients were divided into two groups: flat and down-sloping type of hearing loss. PBmax score was evaluated at the most comfortable listening level before and after VSB implantation and compared with scores with/without HA. RESULTS PBmax for both conventional HA and VSB were significantly higher compared with the unaided condition. The improvement in speech recognition was significantly better using VSB than using HA (p = 0.003). However, there was no significant difference in the improvement provided by VSB and HA in patients with a flat hearing loss. Patients with a down-sloping audiogram showed significantly better improvement with VSB than with HA (p = 0.003). Moreover, patients with greater preoperative high-frequency hearing loss had greater improvement in PBmax after VSB implantation. CONCLUSION Speech intelligibility can be significantly improved by VSB implantation, especially in patients with a down-sloping hearing loss. This finding can help select patients who will benefit most from VSB implantation.
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McRackan TR, Clinkscales WB, Ahlstrom JB, Nguyen SA, Dubno JR. Factors associated with benefit of active middle ear implants compared to conventional hearing aids. Laryngoscope 2018; 128:2133-2138. [PMID: 29481695 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identify factors associated with benefit of middle ear implants (MEIs) as compared to conventional hearing aids (HAs). STUDY DESIGN Independent review of audiological data from a multicenter prospective U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clinical trial. Preoperative and postoperative earphone, unaided/aided/implanted pure-tone thresholds, and word recognition scores were evaluated. RESULTS Ninety-one subjects were included in this study. Mean word recognition was better with MEIs than with HAs (81.8% ± 12.0% vs. 77.6% ± 14.6%, P = 0.035). Word recognition with MEIs showed a low positive correlation with word recognition measured with earphones (r = 0.25, P = 0.016) and a moderate positive correlation with aided word recognition (r = 0.42, P < 0.001). Earphone word recognition alone was not predictive of MEI benefit over HA benefit (r = 0.09, P = 0.41), unlike differences between scores with earphone and HAs (earphone-aided differences [EAD]) (r = 0.62, P < 0.011). As compared to those with -EADs, subjects with +EADs showed greater improvement in word recognition from unaided to implanted and from HAs to implanted (P < 0.0001). Using the 95% CI for word recognition scores, 16 subjects showed significantly higher scores with the MEI than with HAs. Of those, 14 had +EAD. CONCLUSION Word recognition benefit derived from conventional HAs and MEIs from this large, multi-center FDA trial provides further evidence of the importance of aided word recognition in clinical decision making, such as determining candidacy for and success with MEIs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b. Laryngoscope, 128:2133-2138, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore R McRackan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A
| | - William B Clinkscales
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Jayne B Ahlstrom
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Shaun A Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Judy R Dubno
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A
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Barbara M, Volpini L, Filippi C, Atturo F, Monini S. A new semi-implantable middle ear implant for sensorineural hearing loss: three-years follow-up in a pilot patient's group. Acta Otolaryngol 2018; 138:31-35. [PMID: 28854835 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2017.1371327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to report on the long-term follow-up of a new semi-implantable middle ear device utilized for restoration of moderate-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss in a first series of subjects. METHODS Three subjects, affected by sensorineural hearing loss, have undergone implantation of Maxum® middle ear implant, via a transcanal approach. They all underwent an auditory assessment, paying particular attention on the pre- versus post-operative hearing levels under the unaided, best-fitted hearing aided and implant-aided conditions. The audiometric evaluation has been repeated 3 years after implantation and implemented by questionnaires aiming at the evaluation of the quality of life. RESULTS The post-operative hearing threshold and discrimination in quiet appear to be similar or better than those provided by conventional hearing aids, with a concomitant improvement of the subjects' quality of life. The application of the present device showed to be easy and reproducible, with no severe adverse effects recorded at the 3-years follow-up. Mild issues due to the external component were also observed, such as difficulty of keeping it continuously in place due to excess canal sweating in one subject, and a temporary loss of stability due to occurring irregularities of the external coating in another subject. CONCLUSIONS Long-term, preliminary data reveal that the Maxum® device may provide equal or better functional gain and word recognition scores in quiet in patients with moderate-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss, in comparison to optimally fitted hearing aids, with a satisfactory improvement of their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Barbara
- Nesmos Department, ENT Unit, Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Volpini
- Nesmos Department, ENT Unit, Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Filippi
- Nesmos Department, ENT Unit, Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Atturo
- Nesmos Department, ENT Unit, Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Monini
- Nesmos Department, ENT Unit, Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Tisch M. Implantable hearing devices. GMS CURRENT TOPICS IN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 2017; 16:Doc06. [PMID: 29279724 PMCID: PMC5738935 DOI: 10.3205/cto000145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Combined hearing loss is an essential indication for implantable hearing systems. Depending on the bone conduction threshold, various options are available. Patients with mild sensorineural deafness usually benefit from transcutaneous bone conduction implants (BCI), while percutaneous BCI systems are recommended also for moderate hearing loss. For combined hearing losses with moderate and high-grade cochlear hearing loss, active middle ear implants are recommended. For patients with incompatibilities or middle ear surgery, implants are a valuable and proven addition to the therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Tisch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Ulm, Germany
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Kosaner Kliess M, Kluibenschaedl M, Zoehrer R, Schlick B, Scandurra F, Urban M. Cost-Utility of Partially Implantable Active Middle Ear Implants for Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Decision Analysis. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2017; 20:1092-1099. [PMID: 28964441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Partially implantable active middle ear implants (aMEIs) offer a solution for individuals who have mild to severe sensorineural hearing loss and an outer ear medical condition that precludes the use of hearing aids. When otherwise left untreated, individuals report a lower quality of life, which may further decrease with increasing disability. In the lack of cost-effectiveness studies and long-term data, there is a need for decision modeling. OBJECTIVE To explore individual-level variance in resource utilization patterns following aMEI implantation. METHODS A Markov model was developed and analyzed as microsimulation to estimate the incremental cost utility ratio (ICUR) of partially implantable aMEIs compared with no (surgical) intervention in individuals with sensorineural hearing loss and an outer ear medical condition in Australia. Cost data were derived mostly from the Medicare Benefit Schedule and effectiveness data from published literature. A third-party payer perspective was adopted, and a 5% discount rate was applied over a 10-year time horizon. RESULTS Compared with baseline strategy, aMEIs yielded an incremental cost of Australian dollars (AUD) 13,339.18, incremental quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) of 1.35, and an ICUR of AUD 9,913.72/QALY. Of the respective number of simulated patients who visited each health state, 75.73% never had a minor adverse event, 99.82% did not experience device failure, and 97.75% did not cease to use their aMEIs. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses showed the ICUR to differ by only 0.95%. CONCLUSIONS In the Australian setting, partially implantable aMEIs offer a safe and cost-effective solution compared with no intervention and are also well accepted by users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruth Zoehrer
- MED-EL Medical Electronics Ges.m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Michael Urban
- MED-EL Medical Electronics Ges.m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria.
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Dyer RK, Spearman M, Spearman B, McCraney A. Evaluating speech perception of the MAXUM middle ear implant versus speech perception under inserts. Laryngoscope 2017; 128:456-460. [PMID: 28581120 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To evaluate the speech perception of the Ototronix MAXUM middle ear implant relative to the cochlear potential for speech perception of patients. STUDY DESIGN Clinical study chart review. METHODS We performed an evaluation of data from a prospective clinical study of 10 MAXUM patients. Primary outcome measures included comparison of word recognition (WR) scores with MAXUM (WRMAXUM ) versus word recognition under inserts (WRinserts ), and the functional gain improvement for pure-tone average (PTA) (0.5, 1, and 2 kHz) and high-frequency pure-tone average (2, 3, and 4 kHz). RESULTS Ten ears in 10 adult patients (six female; average age 68.7 years) were included. The average speech perception gap (difference between WRinserts and WRMAXUM ) with MAXUM was -9.2% (range, -26% to 4%). A negative number indicates that WRMAXUM was higher than the WRinserts . The average PTA with MAXUM was 23.1 dB (range, 18.7-30 dB), a 38.0-dB gain over the preoperative unaided condition (range, 20-53.3 dB). The average high-frequency pure-tone average with MAXUM was 34.4 dB (range, 26-43.3 dB), a 42.8-dB gain over the preoperative unaided condition (range, 32.3-58.7 dB). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that a significant, very strong correlation was observed between WRinserts and WRMAXUM scores (r = 0.86, P = .001), and a patient's WRinserts score may be used to reasonably predict the word recognition outcomes with MAXUM. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4. Laryngoscope, 128:456-460, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kent Dyer
- Department of Surgery and on the Board of Directors at the Hough Ear Institute, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.A
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Hunter JB, Carlson ML, Glasscock ME. The ototronix MAXUM middle ear implant for severe high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss: Preliminary results. Laryngoscope 2016; 126:2124-7. [PMID: 26972428 DOI: 10.1002/lary.25872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To report the preliminary results of the Ototronix MAXUM middle ear implant for treatment of severe high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss. STUDY DESIGN Case series with chart review. METHODS Six consecutive ears with severe high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss (≥75 dB HL at 2, 3, and 4 kHz) and poor aided word recognition performance (≤60% single words) underwent implantation of the MAXUM system at a single, private otologic referral center. Primary outcome measures included frequency-specific functional gain and word recognition score improvement compared to optimally fitted hearing aids. RESULTS Six ears, in four adult patients (two female; median age 67.5 years) were included. The median unaided preoperative high-frequency pure-tone average (HFPTA) (2, 3, and 4 kHz) was 80.0 dB (range, 75.0-85.0 dB), and the median best-aided word recognition score was 48.0% (range, 24%-60%). The median HFPTA functional gain with the MAXUM system was 47.2 dB, a 25.0 dB improvement (range, 16.7-33.3 dB) (P = .03) over optimally fit hearing aids, and the median word recognition score with MAXUM was 81.5%, a 42.0% improvement (range, 20%-48%) (P = .03) with the MAXUM middle ear implant over optimally fitted hearing aids. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary data demonstrate that the MAXUM middle ear implant provides superior functional gain and word recognition scores in quiet for patients with severe high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss compared to optimally fitted hearing aids. Future studies with greater patient numbers and patient reported outcome measures are needed to confirm these promising but preliminary results. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 126:2124-2127, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Hunter
- Otology Group of Vanderbilt University, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Matthew L Carlson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Michael E Glasscock
- Otology Group of Vanderbilt University, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Middle ear implants for rehabilitation of sensorineural hearing loss: a systematic review of FDA approved devices. Otol Neurotol 2015; 35:1228-37. [PMID: 24643033 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review the safety and efficacy of the 3 Food and Drug Administration-approved middle ear implant (MEI) systems currently in use for the rehabilitation of sensorineural hearing loss. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched by 2 independent reviewers. STUDY SELECTION An initial search yielded 3,020 articles that were screened based on title and abstract. A full manuscript review of the remaining 80 articles was performed, of which 17 unique studies satisfied inclusion criteria and were evaluated. DATA EXTRACTION Variables including functional gain, speech recognition score improvement, audiometric threshold shift following surgery, adverse events, and patient reported outcome measures were recorded. Study quality was appraised according to author conflict of interest, prospective or retrospective study design, inclusion criteria, number of patients, proper use of study controls, outcome measures reported, length of follow-up, and level of evidence. DATA SYNTHESIS Heterogeneous outcome reporting precluded meta-analysis; instead a structured review was performed using best available data. CONCLUSION The majority of studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of MEIs are retrospective in nature with limited follow-up. To date, no prospective randomized controlled trial exists comparing contemporary air conduction hearing aid performance and MEI outcomes. Based on available data for patients with sensorineural hearing loss, functional gain and word recognition improvement seems similar between conventional hearing aids and MEIs, whereas patient-perceived outcome measures suggest that MEIs provide enhanced sound quality and eliminate occlusion effect.
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Paulick PE, Merlo MW, Mahboubi H, Djalilian HR, Bachman M. A micro-drive hearing aid: a novel non-invasive hearing prosthesis actuator. Biomed Microdevices 2015; 16:915-25. [PMID: 25129112 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-014-9896-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The direct hearing device (DHD) is a new auditory prosthesis that combines conventional hearing aid and middle ear implant technologies into a single device. The DHD is located deep in the ear canal and recreates sounds with mechanical movements of the tympanic membrane. A critical component of the DHD is the microactuator, which must be capable of moving the tympanic membrane at frequencies and magnitudes appropriate for normal hearing, with little distortion. The DHD actuator reported here utilized a voice coil actuator design and was 3.7 mm in diameter. The device has a smoothly varying frequency response and produces a precisely controllable force. The total harmonic distortion between 425 Hz and 10 kHz is below 0.5 % and acoustic noise generation is minimal. The device was tested as a tympanic membrane driver on cadaveric temporal bones where the device was coupled to the umbo of the tympanic membrane. The DHD successfully recreated ossicular chain movements across the frequencies of human hearing while demonstrating controllable magnitude. Moreover, the micro-actuator was validated in a short-term human clinical performance study where sound matching and complex audio waveforms were evaluated by a healthy subject.
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Carlson ML, Pelosi S, Haynes DS. Historical Development of Active Middle Ear Implants. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2014; 47:893-914. [PMID: 25282038 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Preservation of auditory brainstem response thresholds after cochleostomy and titanium microactuator implantation in the lateral wall of cat scala tympani. Otol Neurotol 2014; 35:730-8. [PMID: 24622027 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The safety of implanting a titanium microactuator into the lateral wall of cat scala tympani was assessed by comparing preoperative and postoperative auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds for 1 to 3 months. BACKGROUND The safety of directly stimulating cochlear perilymph with an implantable hearing system requires maintaining preoperative hearing levels. This cat study is an essential step in the development of the next generation of fully implantable hearing devices for humans. METHODS Following GLP surgical standards, a 1-mm cochleostomy was drilled into the lateral wall of the scala tympani, and a nonfunctioning titanium anchor/microactuator assembly was inserted in 8 cats. The scala media was damaged in the 1 cat. ABR thresholds with click and 4- and 8-kHz stimuli were measured preoperatively and compared with postoperative thresholds at 1, 2, and 3 months. Nonimplanted ear thresholds were also measured to establish statistical significance for threshold shifts (>28.4 dB). Two audiologists independently interpreted thresholds. RESULTS Postoperatively, 7 cats implanted in the scala tympani demonstrated no significant ABR threshold shift for click stimulus; one shifted ABR thresholds to 4- and 8-kHz stimuli. The eighth cat, with surgical damage to the scala media, maintained stable click threshold but had a significant shift to 4- and 8-kHz stimuli. CONCLUSION This cat study provides no evidence of worsening hearing thresholds after fenestration of the scala tympani and insertion of a titanium anchor/microactuator, provided there is no surgical trauma to the scala media and the implanted device is securely anchored in the cochleostomy. These 2 issues have been resolved in the development of a fully implantable hearing system for humans. The long-term hearing stability (combined with histologic studies) reaffirm that the microactuator is well tolerated by the cat cochlea.
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Abstract
Implantable hearing aids are gaining importance for the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss and also for mixed hearing loss. The various hearing aid systems, combined with different middle ear situations, give rise to a wide range of different reconstructions. This article attempts to summarize the current knowledge concerning the mechanical interaction between active middle ear implants (AMEIs) and the normal or reconstructed middle ear. Some basic characteristics of the different AMEIs are provided in conjunction with the middle ear mechanics. The interaction of AMEIs and middle ear and the influence of various boundary conditions are discussed in more detail.
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Pelosi S, Carlson ML, Glasscock ME. Implantable hearing devices: the Ototronix MAXUM system. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2014; 47:953-65. [PMID: 25293787 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For many hearing-impaired individuals, the benefits of conventional amplification may be limited by acoustic feedback, occlusion effect, and/or ear discomfort. The MAXUM system and other implantable hearing devices have been developed as an option for patients who derive inadequate assistance from traditional HAs, but who are not yet candidates for cochlear implants. The MAXUM system is based on the SOUNDTEC Direct System technology, which has been shown to provide improved functional gain as well as reduced feedback and occlusion effect compared to hearing aids. This and other implantable hearing devices may have increasing importance as future aural rehabilitation options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Pelosi
- Department of Otolaryngology, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, 310 East 14th Street, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Matthew L Carlson
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 7209 Medical Center East-South Tower, 1215 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael E Glasscock
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 7209 Medical Center East-South Tower, 1215 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Bittencourt AG, Burke PR, Jardim IDS, Brito RD, Tsuji RK, Fonseca ACDO, Bento RF. Implantable and semi-implantable hearing AIDS: a review of history, indications, and surgery. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 18:303-10. [PMID: 25992110 PMCID: PMC4297020 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1363463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The complaints associated with the use of conventional amplifying hearing aids prompted research at several centers worldwide that ultimately led to the development of implantable devices for aural rehabilitation. Objectives To review the history, indications, and surgical aspects of the implantable middle ear hearing devices. Data Synthesis Implantable hearing aids, such as the Vibrant Soundbridge system (Med-El Corporation, Innsbruck, Austria), the Maxum system (Ototronix LLC, Houston, Texas, United States), the fourth-generation of Carina prosthesis (Otologics LLC, Boulder, Colorado, United States), and the Esteem device (Envoy Medical Corporation - Minnesota, United States), have their own peculiarities on candidacy and surgical procedure. Conclusion Implantable hearing aids, which are currently in the early stages of development, will unquestionably be the major drivers of advancement in otologic practice in the 21st century, improving the quality of life of an increasingly aged population, which will consequently require increased levels of hearing support.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rubens de Brito
- Department of Otolaryngology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robinson Koji Tsuji
- Department of Otolaryngology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Long-term functional outcome and satisfaction of patients with an active middle ear implant for sensorineural hearing loss compared to a matched population with conventional hearing aids. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 271:3161-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-013-2811-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Green K. The role of active middle-ear implants in the rehabilitation of hearing loss. Expert Rev Med Devices 2011; 8:441-7. [PMID: 21728730 DOI: 10.1586/erd.11.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The surgical implantation of auditory devices to improve or restore the sensation of hearing in affected individuals is a rapidly growing area of modern ear, nose and throat, and audiological practice. Following the enormous success of cochlear implantation and set to take an increasing role in the rehabilitation of deafness is the active middle-ear implant. They should be viewed as an alternative to conventional hearing aids for individuals who are either unable to wear hearing aids or reject them for a variety of reasons. This article discusses the different types of middle-ear implant that are currently in use and examines the significant challenges that remain to be overcome to further advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Green
- ENT Department, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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20
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Systematic review of middle ear implants: do they improve hearing as much as conventional hearing AIDS? Otol Neurotol 2011; 31:1369-75. [PMID: 20479696 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0b013e3181db716c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A systematic review to determine whether middle ear implants (MEIs) improve hearing as much as hearing aids. DATA SOURCES Databases included MEDLINE, EMBASE, DARE, and Cochrane searched with no language restrictions from 1950 or the start date of each database. STUDY SELECTION Initial search found 644 articles, of which 17 met the inclusion criteria of MEI in adults with a sensorineural hearing loss, where hearing outcomes and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) compared MEI with conventional hearing aids (CHAs). DATA EXTRACTION Study quality assessment included whether ethical approval was gained, the study was prospective, eligibility criteria specified, a power calculation made and appropriate controls, outcome measures, and analysis performed. Middle ear implant outcome analysis included residual hearing, complications, and comparison to CHA in terms of functional gain, speech perception in quiet and in noise, and validated PROM questionnaires. DATA SYNTHESIS Because of heterogeneity of outcome measures, comparisons were made by structured review. CONCLUSION The quality of studies was moderate to poor with short follow-up. The evidence supports the use of MEI because, overall, they do not decrease residual hearing, result in a functional gain in hearing comparable to CHA, and may improve perception of speech in noise and sound quality. We recommend the publication of long-term results comparing MEI with CHA, reporting a minimum of functional gain, speech perception in quiet and in noise, complications, and a validated PROM to guide the engineering of the new generation of MEI in the future.
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21
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Park IY, Shimizu Y, O’Connor KN, Puria S, Cho JH. Comparisons of electromagnetic and piezoelectric floating-mass transducers in human cadaveric temporal bones. Hear Res 2011; 272:187-92. [PMID: 21055459 PMCID: PMC4286140 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic floating-mass transducers for implantable middle-ear hearing devices (IMEHDs) afford the advantages of a simple surgical implantation procedure and easy attachment to the ossicles. However, their shortcomings include susceptibility to interference from environmental electromagnetic fields, relatively high current consumption, and a limited ability to output high-frequency vibrations. To address these limitations, a piezoelectric floating-mass transducer (PFMT) has recently been developed. This paper presents the results of a comparative study of these two types of vibration transducer developed for IMEHDs. The differential electromagnetic floating-mass transducer (DFMT) and the PFMT were implanted in two different sets of three cadaveric human temporal bones. The resulting stapes displacements were measured and compared on the basis of the ASTM standard for describing the output characteristics of IMEHDs. The experimental results show that the PFMT can produce significantly higher equivalent sound pressure levels above 3 kHz, due to the flat response of the PFMT, than can the DFMT. Thus, it is expected that the PFMT can be utilized to compensate for high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Yong Park
- Department of Biomedical engineering, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoshitaka Shimizu
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Administration, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Kevin N. O’Connor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Administration, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Sunil Puria
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Palo Alto Veterans Administration, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jin-Ho Cho
- School of Electrical and Computer Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Research Center for Recovery of Human Sensibility, Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea
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22
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Wang Z, Mills R, Luo H, Zheng X, Hou W, Wang L, Brown SI, Cuschieri A. A micropower miniature piezoelectric actuator for implantable middle ear hearing device. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2010; 58:452-8. [PMID: 21041151 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2010.2090150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the design and development of a small actuator using a miniature piezoelectric stack and a flextensional mechanical amplification structure for an implantable middle ear hearing device (IMEHD). A finite-element method was used in the actuator design. Actuator vibration displacement was measured using a laser vibrometer. Preliminary evaluation of the actuator for an IMEHD was conducted using a temporal bone model. Initial results from one temporal bone study indicated that the actuator was small enough to be implanted within the middle ear cavity, and sufficient stapes displacement can be generated for patients with mild to moderate hearing losses, especially at higher frequency range, by the actuator suspended onto the stapes. There was an insignificant mass-loading effect on normal sound transmission (<3 dB) when the actuator was attached to the stapes and switched off. Improved vibration performance is predicted by more firm attachment. The actuator power consumption and its generated equivalent sound pressure level are also discussed. In conclusion, the actuator has advantages of small size, lightweight, and micropower consumption for potential use as IMHEDs.
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23
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Haynes DS, Young JA, Wanna GB, Glasscock ME. Middle ear implantable hearing devices: an overview. Trends Amplif 2009; 13:206-14. [PMID: 19762429 DOI: 10.1177/1084713809346262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hearing loss affects approximately 30 million people in the United States. It has been estimated that only approximately 20% of people with hearing loss significant enough to warrant amplification actually seek assistance for amplification. A significant interest in middle ear implants has emerged over the years to facilitate patients who are noncompliant with conventional hearing aides, do not receive significant benefit from conventional aides, or are not candidates for cochlear implants. From the initial studies in the 1930s, the technology has greatly evolved over the years with a wide array of devices and mechanisms employed in the development of implantable middle ear hearing devices. Currently, these devices are generally available in two broad categories: partially or totally implantable using either piezoelectric or electromagnetic systems. The authors present an up-to-date overview of the major implantable middle ear devices. Although the current devices are largely in their infancy, indications for middle ear implants are ever evolving as promising studies show good results. The totally implantable devices provide the user freedom from the social and practical difficulties of using conventional amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Haynes
- From the Otology Group at Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee.
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24
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Gan RZ, Dai C, Wang X, Nakmali D, Wood MW. A totally implantable hearing system--design and function characterization in 3D computational model and temporal bones. Hear Res 2009; 263:138-44. [PMID: 19772909 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Implantable middle ear hearing devices are emerging as an effective technology for patients with mild to moderately severe sensorineural hearing loss. Several devices with electromagnetic or piezoelectric transducers have been investigated or developed in the US and Europe since 1990. This paper reports a totally implantable hearing system (TIHS) currently under investigation in Oklahoma. The TIHS consists of implant transducer (magnet), implantable coil and microphone, DSP-audio signal processor, rechargeable battery, and remote control unit. The design of TIHS is based on a 3D finite element model of the human ear and the analysis of electromagnetic coupling of the transducer. Function of the TIHS is characterized over the auditory frequency range in three aspects: (1) mass loading effect on residual hearing with a passive implant, (2) efficiency of electromagnetic coupling between the implanted coil and magnet, and (3) functional gain of whole unit in response to acoustic input across the human skin. This paper focuses on mass loading effect and the efficiency of electromagnetic coupling of TIHS determined from the FE model of the human ear and the cadaver ears or temporal bones. Some preliminary data of whole unit function are also presented in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Z Gan
- University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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25
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Abstract
The aim of this article is to give readers a general overview of the concepts involved in the latest generation of implantable hearing aids. A section on ear biomechanics has also been included to familiarize readers with the basic concepts involved. These devices have been developed over the last 20 years, driven by problems with conventional hearing aids and by advances in the understanding of middle-ear mechanics. The use of technology borrowed from cochlear implants has enabled the first generation of fully implantable aids to be trialled. The author examines the theoretical advantages and disadvantages of implantable hearing aids over conventional aids and then reviews the technology and clinical results of a range of devices that have been trialled.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Counter
- School of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK,
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Wollenberg B, Beltrame M, Schönweiler R, Gehrking E, Nitsch S, Steffen A, Frenzel H. Integration des aktiven Mittelohrimplantates in die plastische Ohrmuschelrekonstruktion. HNO 2007; 55:349-56. [PMID: 17356875 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-007-1540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with high-grade microtia and atresia require a sophisticated and specific treatment. Apart from the plastic reconstruction of the auricle, in some cases hearing rehabilitation is medically indicated or is desired by the patients. The long-term results of simultaneous middle ear reconstruction with tympanoplasty are often inadequate owing to a persisting air-bone gap, and new techniques in hearing rehabilitation are needed for these patients. METHODS We present three cases of unilateral atresia to illustrate a combined approach integrating hearing rehabilitation using the active middle ear implant Vibrant Soundbridge (VSB) into plastic auricular reconstruction. The VSB was attached to the stapes suprastructure via the titanium clip in two of these cases and in the third case a subfacial approach was used to attach it directly to the membrane of the round window. RESULTS The air-bone gap was reduced to 17 dB, 14 dB and 0.25 dB HL. In free-field speech recognition tests at 65 dB SPL the patients achieved 100%, 90% and 100% recognition with the activated implant. No postoperative complications such as facial nerve paresis, vertigo or inner ear damage were found. CONCLUSIONS The integration of active middle ear implants in auricular reconstruction opens up a new approach in complete hearing rehabilitation. The additional implantation of the VSB does not have any negative effect on the healing process or the cosmetic outcome of the auricular reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wollenberg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde & Plastische Operationen, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein-Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck,.
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28
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Stieger C, Djeric D, Kompis M, Remonda L, Häusler R. Anatomical study of the human middle ear for the design of implantable hearing aids. Auris Nasus Larynx 2006; 33:375-80. [PMID: 16704912 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To generate anatomical data on the human middle ear and adjacent structures to serve as a base for the development and optimization of new implantable hearing aid transducers. Implantable middle ear hearing aid transducers, i.e. the equivalent to the loudspeaker in conventional hearing aids, should ideally fit into the majority of adult middle ears and should utilize the limited space optimally to achieve sufficiently high maximal output levels. For several designs, more anatomical data are needed. METHODS Twenty temporal bones of 10 formalin-fixed adult human heads were scanned by a computed tomography system (CT) using a slide thickness of 0.63 mm. Twelve landmarks were defined and 24 different distances were calculated for each temporal bone. RESULTS A statistical description of 24 distances in the adult human middle ear which may limit or influence the design of middle ear transducers is presented. Significant inter-individual differences but no significant differences for gender, side, age or degree of pneumatization of the mastoid were found. Distances, which were not analyzed for the first time in this study, were found to be in good agreement with the results of earlier studies. CONCLUSION A data set describing the adult human middle ear anatomy quantitatively from the point of view of designers of new implantable hearing aid transducers has been generated. In principle, the method employed in this study using standard CT scans could also be used preoperatively to rule out exclusion criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Stieger
- Department of ENT, Head, Neck and Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Inselspital, University of Berne, Bern, Switzerland
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29
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Dyer RK, Nakmali D, Dormer KJ. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Compatibility and Safety of the SOUNDTEC Direct System. Laryngoscope 2006; 116:1321-33. [PMID: 16885731 DOI: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000230479.39551.4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS The purpose of this study was to evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatibility and safety of an electromagnetic implanted hearing device (the SOUNDTEC Direct System; SOUNDTEC, Inc., Oklahoma City, OK) implant during a 0.3-Tesla open MRI imaging examination of the head and neck and to develop an MRI protocol that maximizes patient safety while minimizing the need for implant removal. The current literature regarding MRI compatibility of implantable hearing devices was reviewed. STUDY DESIGN Linear and torsional forces, heating, and implant magnetization were evaluated in vitro. Implanted fresh-frozen human temporal bones were used to evaluate image distortion. A prospective study of 11 volunteers previously implanted with the SOUNDTEC Direct System was conducted to evaluate MRI compatibility and safety. A MEDLINE search of the literature between 1980 and July 2005 was reviewed to summarize MRI compatibility testing of implantable hearing devices. METHODS Torsional and linear forces experienced by eight implant magnets were measured using calibrated neurologic Von Frey Hairs and compared with finite element analysis predictions as well as forces required to separate the incudostapedial joints of 12 fresh-frozen human temporal bones. Implant heating was determined by measuring the temperature change of eight implant vials compared with saline controls immediately after a head MRI scan. Implant magnetization was evaluated after repeated exposure to a 0.3-Tesla magnetic field. An 11-patient prospective study was performed to evaluate MRI compatibility in a 0.3-Tesla open MRI environment using adult volunteers previously implanted with the SOUNDTEC Direct System. A modified MRI protocol was developed to maximize patient safety. Each individual underwent an audiometric and otologic examination immediately before and after MRI. RESULTS Peak linear force at the MRI entry measured 0.5 g +/- 0.2 standard deviation (SD). Maximum torque occurred at isocenter and measured 11.4 g-cm +/- 1.2 SD. The mean torque required to separate the incudostapedial joint was 33.8 g-cm +/- 20.4 SD. The average increase in temperature of the eight implant vials was 0.45 degrees C +/- 0.11 SD, whereas the increase in temperature of the three saline controls measured 0.47 degrees C +/- 0.11 SD. The average change in magnetic flux density of the 14 implant magnets tested was 22.0 gauss. Maximum image distortion occurred during the gradient echo sequence and measured 8.6 cm in diameter with a volume of 5,096 mm. Eleven patients completed a total of 12 head, one shoulder, and three lumbar 0.3-Tesla open MRI scans without patient- or device-related complications other than degradation of the MR image. There was no report of discomfort, tinnitus, dizziness, change in hearing, or change in device performance. All post-MRI changes in pure-tone thresholds, speech discrimination, soundfield thresholds, and aided soundfield thresholds were within the range of test-retest variability. CONCLUSION When considering MRI of implantable ferromagnetic hearing devices, issues related to mechanical forces, implant heating, current induction, implant demagnetization, image degradation, and acoustic trauma must be considered. The SOUNDTEC Direct System is both MRI-compatible and safe in a 0.3-Tesla open MRI environment when a modified protocol is used. Degradation of the head MRI image may impair visualization of the ipsilateral temporal bone and adjacent structures within a 2.5- to 4.3-cm radius of the implant and is minimized by using a fast spin echo sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kent Dyer
- Otologic Medical Clinic, Inc. and Hough Ear Institute, 3400 NW 56th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73112, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy, morbidity, and patient satisfaction of the SOUNDTEC semi-implantable hearing aid. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case review. SETTING Two tertiary referral centers (the Silverstein Institute and the Atkins Institute). PATIENTS Sixty-four (four bilateral placements) patients with bilateral moderately severe sensorineural hearing loss: 47 patients had previously worn hearing aids. INTERVENTIONS After separating the incudostapedial joint, a magnet encased in a titanium canister with a ring was introduced onto the stapes neck. Gelfoam or adipose tissue was used to stabilize the magnet. After 3 months, the external processor was fitted. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES At 1 month, audiometric testing was performed and functional gain was assessed. Patient acceptance and implant performance were measured by a visual analogue questionnaire. RESULTS The device produced an average functional gain of 26 dB. Fifty-five percent of patients complained of magnet movement; this was eliminated in 80% of Silverstein Institute patients when the external processor was worn and fat was used to stabilize the magnet. CONCLUSION The SOUNDTEC direct device is well tolerated in the majority of patients, with a significant increase in functional gain. Magnet instability and noise were the most frequent complaints and improved with processor placement and anchoring the magnet with fat. This electromagnetic semi-implantable hearing aid confers greater functional gain over conventional hearing aids and reduces occlusion effect and feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA
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