1
|
Zhai YJ, Feng Y, Ma X, Ma F. Defensins: defenders of human reproductive health. Hum Reprod Update 2022; 29:126-154. [PMID: 36130055 PMCID: PMC9825273 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive tract infection is an important factor leading to male and female infertility. Among female infertility factors, microbial and viral infections are the main factors affecting female reproductive health and causing tubal infertility, ectopic tubal pregnancy and premature delivery. Among male infertility factors, 13-15% of male infertility is related to infection. Defensins are cationic antibacterial and antiviral peptides, classified into α-defensins, β-defensins and θ-defensins. Humans only have α-defensins and β-defensins. Apart from their direct antimicrobial functions, defensins have an immunomodulatory function and are involved in many physiological processes. Studies have shown that defensins are widely distributed in the female reproductive tract (FRT) and male reproductive tract (MRT), playing a dual role of host defence and fertility protection. However, to our knowledge, the distribution, regulation and function of defensins in the reproductive tract and their relation to reproduction have not been reviewed. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review summarizes the expression, distribution and regulation of defensins in the reproductive tracts to reveal the updated research on the dual role of defensins in host defence and the protection of fertility. SEARCH METHODS A systematic search was conducted in PubMed using the related keywords through April 2022. Related data from original researches and reviews were integrated to comprehensively review the current findings and understanding of defensins in the human reproductive system. Meanwhile, female and male transcriptome data in the GEO database were screened to analyze defensins in the human reproductive tracts. OUTCOMES Two transcriptome databases from the GEO database (GSE7307 and GSE150852) combined with existing researches reveal the expression levels and role of the defensins in the reproductive tracts. In the FRT, a high expression level of α-defensin is found, and the expression levels of defensins in the vulva and vagina are higher than those in other organs. The expression of defensins in the endometrium varies with menstrual cycle stages and with microbial invasion. Defensins also participate in the local immune response to regulate the risk of spontaneous preterm birth. In the MRT, a high expression level of β-defensins is also found. It is mainly highly expressed in the epididymal caput and corpus, indicating that defensins play an important role in sperm maturation. The expression of defensins in the MRT varies with androgen levels, age and the status of microbial invasion. They protect the male reproductive system from bacterial infections by neutralizing lipopolysaccharide and downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, animal and clinical studies have shown that defensins play an important role in sperm maturation, motility and fertilization. WIDER IMPLICATIONS As a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide without drug resistance, defensin has great potential for developing new natural antimicrobial treatments for reproductive tract infections. However, increasing evidence has shown that defensins can not only inhibit microbial invasion but can also promote the invasion and adhesion of some microorganisms in certain biological environments, such as human immunodeficiency virus. Therefore, the safety of defensins as reproductive tract anti-infective drugs needs more in-depth research. In addition, the modulatory role of defensins in fertility requires more in-depth research since the current conclusions are based on small-size samples. At present, scientists have made many attempts at the clinical transformation of defensins. However, defensins have problems such as poor stability, low bioavailability and difficulties in their synthesis. Therefore, the production of safe, effective and low-cost drugs remains a challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xue Ma
- Correspondence address. Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China. E-mail: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7781-821X (F.M.); Department of Pediatric Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China. E-mail: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7650-6214 (X.M.)
| | - Fang Ma
- Correspondence address. Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China. E-mail: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7781-821X (F.M.); Department of Pediatric Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China. E-mail: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7650-6214 (X.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Latsko KN, Jacob AT, Junod NA, Haas CE, Castiglia KR, Kastelitz SR, Huffman ER, Trombley MP, Stobart CC. Role of Differences in Respiratory Syncytial Virus F and G Glycoproteins on Susceptibility to Inactivation by Antimicrobial Peptides LL-37 and Human Beta-Defensins. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:559-565. [PMID: 35944261 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are proteins that have been found to be an important factor in the natural immune response to a variety of pathogens. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a respiratory pathogen with the capability to cause serious upper and lower respiratory infections in infants and children and is a major viral cause of infant mortality. There is currently no functional vaccine for the virus, as recent efforts have been hindered by the virus's low immunogenicity, its ability to effectively mutate, and underlying instabilities of potential vaccines. Previous studies have shown that antimicrobial peptides may affect viral replication and spread of RSV. Our study evaluates the susceptibility of chimeric strains of RSV that express different fusion (F) and attachment (G) proteins to susceptibilities to inactivation by LL-37 and human beta-defensins (hBDs) hBD-1, hBD-3, and hBD-4. We show that LL-37 and hBD-3 result in dose-dependent, strain-independent inactivation of RSV, whereas treatment with either hBD-1 or hBD-4 appears more variable between strains. This suggests a potential role of the viral structural proteins in mitigating the inhibitory effects of the peptides. This study provides the first evidence of the sensitivity of RSV to several hBDs and indicates a role of LL-37 and beta-defensins in both limiting establishment of natural RSV infections and in the therapeutic treatment of severe RSV disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina N Latsko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrew T Jacob
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nathan A Junod
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Caitlin E Haas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Katelyn R Castiglia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sydney R Kastelitz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Elise R Huffman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michael P Trombley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dlozi PN, Gladchuk A, Crutchley RD, Keuler N, Coetzee R, Dube A. Cathelicidins and defensins antimicrobial host defense peptides in the treatment of TB and HIV: Pharmacogenomic and nanomedicine approaches towards improved therapeutic outcomes. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113189. [PMID: 35676789 PMCID: PMC9209695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) represent a significant burden of disease on a global scale. Despite improvements in the global epidemic status, largely facilitated by increased access to pharmacotherapeutic interventions, slow progress in the development of new clinical interventions coupled with growing antimicrobial resistance to existing therapies represents a global health crisis. There is an urgent need to expand the armamentarium of TB and HIV therapeutic strategies. Host mediated immune responses represent an untapped reservoir of novel approaches for TB and HIV. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an essential aspect of the immune system. Cathelicidins and defensins AMPs have been studied for their potential applications in TB and HIV therapeutic interventions. Genetic polymorphism across different population groups may affect endogenous expression or activity of AMPs, potentially influencing therapeutic outcomes. However, certain genetic polymorphisms in autophagy pathways may alter the downstream effects of nano-delivery of cathelicidin. On the other hand, certain genetic polymorphisms in beta-defensins may provide a protective role in reducing HIV-1 mother-to-child-transmission. Pharmaceutical development of cathelicidins and defensins is disadvantaged with complex challenges. Nanoparticle formulations improve pharmacokinetics and biocompatibility while facilitating targeted drug delivery, potentially minimising the risk of immunogenicity or non-specific haemolytic activity. This review aims to explore the potential viability of using cathelicidins and defensins as novel pharmacotherapy in the management of TB and HIV, highlight potential pharmacogenomic implications in host mediated immunity and AMP therapeutic applications, as well as propose novel drug delivery strategies represented by nanomedicine for AMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prince N Dlozi
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Angelina Gladchuk
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Washington State University, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yakima, WA 98901, United States
| | - Rustin D Crutchley
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Washington State University, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yakima, WA 98901, United States.
| | - Nicole Keuler
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Renier Coetzee
- School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Admire Dube
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saleh AA, Shehata WA, Abd-Elhafiz HI, Soliman SE. Potential impact of TNFAIP3 rs6920220 and DEFB1 rs1800972 gene polymorphisms on vitiligo in Egyptian patients. Meta Gene 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
5
|
Amin O, Powers J, Bricker KM, Chahroudi A. Understanding Viral and Immune Interplay During Vertical Transmission of HIV: Implications for Cure. Front Immunol 2021; 12:757400. [PMID: 34745130 PMCID: PMC8566974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.757400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant progress that has been made to eliminate vertical HIV infection, more than 150,000 children were infected with HIV in 2019, emphasizing the continued need for sustainable HIV treatment strategies and ideally a cure for children. Mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) remains the most important route of pediatric HIV acquisition and, in absence of prevention measures, transmission rates range from 15% to 45% via three distinct routes: in utero, intrapartum, and in the postnatal period through breastfeeding. The exact mechanisms and biological basis of these different routes of transmission are not yet fully understood. Some infants escape infection despite significant virus exposure, while others do not, suggesting possible maternal or fetal immune protective factors including the presence of HIV-specific antibodies. Here we summarize the unique aspects of HIV MTCT including the immunopathogenesis of the different routes of transmission, and how transmission in the antenatal or postnatal periods may affect early life immune responses and HIV persistence. A more refined understanding of the complex interaction between viral, maternal, and fetal/infant factors may enhance the pursuit of strategies to achieve an HIV cure for pediatric populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omayma Amin
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jenna Powers
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Katherine M Bricker
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Almutairi M, Almutairi B, Almutairi M, Parine NR, Alrefaei A, Alanazi M, Semlali A. Human beta-defensin-1 rs2738047 polymorphism is associated with shisha smoking risk among Saudi population. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:42916-42933. [PMID: 33826097 PMCID: PMC8025738 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human β-defensin (HBD), a member of the antimicrobial peptides, is essential for respiratory epithelial cells' microbial defense, and is affected by cigarette smoking (CS). Its expression is upregulated by stimulation from microbes or inflammation. Genetic polymorphisms in the HBD-1 gene have been implicated in the development of various smoking-related diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Thus, we sought to analyze possible associations between HBD-1 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in HBD-1 gene and CS in ethnic Saudi Arabian subjects. Variants rs1047031 (C/T), rs1799946 (C/T), rs2738047 (C/T), and rs11362 (C/T) were investigated by genotyping 575 blood specimens from males and females, smokers/non-smokers: 288/287. The CT and CT+TT genotypes of rs1799946 presented an ~5-fold increased correlation with CS among the female smokers, compared with the female controls (OR = 5.473, P = 0.02003; and OR = 5.211, P = 0.02028, respectively), an observation similar to rs11362 SNP in female smokers, but with protective effects in TT genotype, compared with the CC reference allele (OR = 0.143, P = 0.04368). In shisha smokers, the heterozygous CT and the CT/TT genotype of rs2738047 polymorphism showed the same results with ~3-fold increased correlation with CS (OR = 2.788; P = 0.03448), compared with the cigarette smokers category. No significant association was shown in genotypic distributions and allelic frequencies of rs1047031. Further investigations, including large study samples, are required to investigate the effects of shisha on human beta-defensin expression and protein levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhlid Almutairi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bader Almutairi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Almutairi
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Narasimha Reddy Parine
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahed Alrefaei
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Alanazi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelhabib Semlali
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Département de stomatologie, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bharucha JP, Sun L, Lu W, Gartner S, Garzino-Demo A. Human Beta-Defensin 2 and 3 Inhibit HIV-1 Replication in Macrophages. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:535352. [PMID: 34277460 PMCID: PMC8281893 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.535352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beta-defensins (hBDs) are broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides, secreted by epithelial cells of the skin and mucosae, and astrocytes, which we and others have shown to inhibit HIV-1 in primary CD4+ T cells. Although loss of CD4+ T cells contributes to mucosal immune dysfunction, macrophages are a major source of persistence and spread of HIV and also contribute to the development of various HIV-associated complications. We hypothesized that, besides T cells, hBDs could protect macrophages from HIV. Our data in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) in vitro show that hBD2 and hBD3 inhibit HIV replication in a dose-dependent manner. We determined that hBD2 neither alters surface expression of HIV receptors nor induces expression of anti-HIV cytokines or beta-chemokines in MDM. Studies using a G-protein signaling antagonist in a single-cycle reporter virus system showed that hBD2 suppresses HIV at an early post-entry stage via G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signaling. We find that MDM express the shared chemokine-hBD receptors CCR2 and CCR6, albeit at variable levels among donors. However, cell surface expression analyses show that neither of these receptors is necessary for hBD2-mediated HIV inhibition, suggesting that hBD2 can signal via additional receptor(s). Our data also illustrate that hBD2 treatment was associated with increased expression of APOBEC3A and 3G antiretroviral restriction factors in MDM. These findings suggest that hBD2 inhibits HIV in MDM via more than one CCR thus adding to the potential of using β-defensins in preventive and therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Bharucha
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lingling Sun
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Suzanne Gartner
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alfredo Garzino-Demo
- Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Associations between Bovine β-Defensin 4 Genotypes and Production Traits of Polish Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100723. [PMID: 31557942 PMCID: PMC6827129 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mastitis negatively affects dairy cattle, causing inferior milk quality and premature animal culling, which leads to economic losses. Therefore, selection based on genetic markers (i.g., marker-assisted selection) should also include functional traits with low heritability, such as resistance to udder inflammation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in genes involved in the immune system, such as defensins with antibacterial properties, could be valuable markers. We chose two SNPs within the bovine neutrophil beta-defensin 4 (BNBD4) gene analyzed in a previous study related to milk production and udder health. Since these SNPs are located very close to each other in the gene intron, it is useful to analyze their association with production traits as a combined genotype. The results showed that these genotypes are indeed associated with productivity, as well as functional traits (milk, fat, and protein yields, fat, protein, lactose, and dry matter contents, and somatic cell count). The differences between the results based on the phenotypic data and the breeding values of studied traits may confirm the results of simulation studies that indicate a high rate of false-positives in genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on classically calculated estimated breeding values (EBVs) using best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) methodology. Abstract This study analyzed the associations between two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (C2239T and A1674C), used together as a genotype located in BNBD4, and milk traits and breeding values of productivity traits of Polish Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. The research was carried out on 322 cows, with 7070 milk parameter and somatic cell count records in daily milking, as well as 897 records covering data on whole lactations, and 2209 breeding value records for productivity traits. The DMU statistical package with a one-trait repeatability test-day animal model was used to estimate the associations. The differences between the genotype effects were analyzed using Duncan’s post-hoc tests. The CC/AA and CT/AC genotypes had the highest frequencies (0.62 and 0.23, respectively). For use in marker-assisted selection, the CC/AC genotype is the most promising as an indicator of high-yielding cows potentially resistant to mastitis, because it was associated with the lowest somatic cell count (SCC), highest milk, fat, and protein yields in daily milking, as well as with milk yield in the whole lactation. The studied genotypes were also related to the breeding values of all the investigated production traits. However, some simulation studies have indicated a high rate of false-positives in GWAS based on classically calculated EBVs.
Collapse
|
9
|
Feng Q, Liu N, Song S, Ma Y. Relationship between β-defensin-1 gene polymorphism and susceptibility and prognosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14131. [PMID: 30702566 PMCID: PMC6380738 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The 1st exon 5' noncoding region rs1799946 (-52A/G), rs1800972 (-44C/G), rs11362 (-20A/G) 3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on human β-defensin-1 (HBD-1) gene affect its transcription and posttranscriptional mRNA stability then affect the activity of HBD-1. This study was to investigate the effects of HBD-1 gene rs1799946, rs1800972, and rs11362 locus SNPs on genetic susceptibility and prognosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). METHODS A total of 300 patients with ARDS (ARDS group) and 240 patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit and had a high risk of ARDS but did not progress to ARDS (control group) were included in this study. The genotypes of HBD-1 gene rs1799946, rs1800972, and rs11362 locus and serum HBD-1 were detected. Patients were followed for 60 days with development of ARDS as a primary outcome, ARDS-related mortality and organ dysfunction were secondary outcomes. RESULTS HBD-1 gene rs1799946 and rs11362 gene mutations were not risk factors for ARDS (P > .05). Mutation allele G of rs1800972 locus in HBD-1 gene was a risk factor for ARDS. There was no significant difference in serum HBD-1 levels between patients with different genotypes of rs1799946 and rs11362 locus in the HBD-1 gene (P > .05). HBD-1 gene rs1800972 locus wild type, heterozygous, and mutant homozygous serum levels of HBD-1 gradually decreased, the difference was statistically significant (P < .001). The 60-day survival rate of subjects with wild type, heterozygous, and mutant homozygote at the rs1800972 locus of HBD-1 gene decreased sequentially (81.7%, 48.9%, and 39.7%), and the difference was statistically significant (P < .05). CONCLUSION The SNP of rs1800972 (-44C/G) in HBD-1 gene is associated with the risk of ARDS. The rs1800972 locus G allele carriers are more likely to develop ARDS and have a poor prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qijia Feng
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hangzhou Lin’an District Pepole's Hospital, Lin’an
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuping Song
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufei Ma
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hangzhou Lin’an District Pepole's Hospital, Lin’an
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bonamy C, Sechet E, Amiot A, Alam A, Mourez M, Fraisse L, Sansonetti PJ, Sperandio B. Expression of the human antimicrobial peptide β-defensin-1 is repressed by the EGFR-ERK-MYC axis in colonic epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:18043. [PMID: 30575780 PMCID: PMC6303337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human β-defensin-1 (HBD1) is an antimicrobial peptide constitutively expressed by epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces. In addition to its microbicidal properties, the loss of HBD1 expression in several cancers suggests that it may also have an anti-tumor activity. Here, we investigated the link between HBD1 expression and cancer signaling pathways in the human colon cancer cell lines TC7 and HT-29, and in normal human colonic primary cells, using a mini-gut organoid model. Using available datasets from patient cohorts, we found that HBD1 transcription is decreased in colorectal cancer. We demonstrated that inhibiting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) increased HBD1 expression, whereas activating EGFR repressed HBD1 expression, through the MEKK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway that ultimately regulates MYC. We finally present evidences supporting a role of MYC, together with the MIZ1 coregulator, in HBD1 regulation. Our work uncovers the role and deciphers the function of the EGFR-ERK-MYC axis as a repressor of HBD1 expression and contributes to the understanding of HBD1 suppression observed in colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Bonamy
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.,Unité INSERM U1202, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.,Sanofi, Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Emmanuel Sechet
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.,Unité INSERM U1202, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Amiot
- Département de Gastroentérologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Antoine Alam
- Sanofi, Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Michael Mourez
- Sanofi, Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Laurent Fraisse
- Sanofi, Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Area, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.,Unité INSERM U1202, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.,Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Brice Sperandio
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France. .,Unité INSERM U1202, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
β-Defensins Coordinate In Vivo to Inhibit Bacterial Infections of the Trachea. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6030057. [PMID: 30154362 PMCID: PMC6161282 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
β-defensins are predicted to play an important role in innate immunity against bacterial infections in the airway. We previously observed that a type III-secretion product of Bordetella bronchiseptica inhibits the NF-κB-mediated induction of a β-defensin in airway epithelial cells in vitro. To confirm this in vivo and to examine the relative roles of other β-defensins in the airway, we infected wild-type C57BL/6 mice and mice with a deletion of the mBD-1 gene with B. bronchiseptica wild-type strain, RB50 and its mutant strain lacking the type III-secretion system, WD3. The bacteria were quantified in the trachea and the nasal tissue and mRNA levels of mouse β-defensin-3 (mBD-3) were assessed after 24 h. Infection with the wild-type bacterial strain resulted in lower mBD-3 mRNA levels in the trachea than in mice infected with the type III-deficient strain. Furthermore, we observed an increase in bacterial numbers of RB50 only in the tracheas of mBD-1-deficient mice. Neutrophils were also more abundant on the trachea in RB50 infected WT mice but not in the bronchiolar lavage fluid (BAL), compared with WD3 infected WT and mBD-1−/− mice, indicating that the coordination of β-defensin chemotactic effects may be confined to tracheal epithelial cells (TEC). RB50 decreased the ability of mice to mount an early specific antibody response, seven days after infection in both WT and mBD-1−/− mice but there were no differences in titers between RB50-infected WT and mBD-1−/− mice or between WD3-infected WT and mBD-1−/− mice, indicating mBD-1 was not involved in induction of the humoral immune response to the B. bronchiseptica. Challenge of primary mouse TEC in vitro with RB50 and WD3, along with IL-1β, further corroborated the in vivo studies. The results demonstrate that at least two β-defensins can coordinate early in an infection to limit the growth of bacteria in the trachea.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zupin L, Polesello V, Segat L, Kamada AJ, Kuhn L, Crovella S. DEFB1 polymorphisms and HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission in Zambian population. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 32:2805-2811. [PMID: 29506422 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1449206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Human Beta Defensin-1 (hBD-1) is a component of the innate immune system, the first line of defence against pathogens, already reported as involved in the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection and HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) in different populations. We investigated the role of DEFB1 gene (encoding for hBD-1) functional polymorphisms in the susceptibility to HIV-1 MTCT in a population from Zambia. Methods: Four selected polymorphisms within DEFB1 gene, three at the 5' untranslated region (UTR), namely -52G > A (rs1799946), -44C > G (rs1800972) and -20G > A (rs11362) and one in the 3'UTR, c.*87A > G (rs1800972), were genotyped in 101 HIV-1 positive mothers (26 transmitters -27% and 75 not transmitters -73%) and 331 infants born to HIV-1 infected mothers (85 HIV-1 positive -26% and 246 exposed but not infected -74%). Results: DEFB1 c.*87-A allele was more frequent among HIV- children with respect to HIV+ (with intrauterine MTCT). Concerning DEFB1 haplotypes, GCGA haplotype resulted more represented in HIV- than HIV+ infants and DEFB1 ACGG haplotype presented increased frequency in HIV- children respect to HIV+ (with intra-partum MTCT) (p = .02, p = .002 and p = .006, respectively). Conclusions: DEFB1 polymorphisms were significantly associated with decreased risk of HIV-1 infection acquisition in the studied Zambian population suggesting that they may play a role in HIV-1 MTCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Zupin
- a Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences , University of Trieste , Trieste , Italy
| | - Vania Polesello
- b Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" , Trieste , Italy
| | - Ludovica Segat
- b Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" , Trieste , Italy
| | - Anselmo Jiro Kamada
- c Department of Genetics , Federal University of Pernambuco , Recife , Brazil
| | - Louise Kuhn
- d Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health , Columbia University , NY , USA
| | - Sergio Crovella
- b Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo" , Trieste , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Corleis B, Lisanti AC, Körner C, Schiff AE, Rosenberg ES, Allen TM, Altfeld M, Kwon DS. Early type I Interferon response induces upregulation of human β-defensin 1 during acute HIV-1 infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173161. [PMID: 28253319 PMCID: PMC5333889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 is able to evade innate antiviral responses during acute infection to establish a chronic systemic infection which, in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART), typically progresses to severe immunodeficiency. Understanding these early innate immune responses against HIV-1 and their mechanisms of failure is relevant to the development of interventions to better prevent HIV-1 transmission. Human beta defensins (HBDs) are antibacterial peptides but have recently also been associated with control of viral replication. HBD1 and 2 are expressed in PBMCs as well as intestinal tissue, but their expression in vivo during HIV-1 infection has not been characterized. We demonstrate that during acute HIV-1 infection, HBD1 but not HBD2 is highly upregulated in circulating monocytes but returns to baseline levels during chronic infection. HBD1 expression in monocytes can be induced by HIV-1 in vitro, although direct infection may not entirely account for the increase in HBD1 during acute infection. We provide evidence that HIV-1 triggers antiviral IFN-α responses, which act as a potent inducer of HBD1. Our results show the first characterization of induction of an HBD during acute and chronic viral infection in humans. HBD1 has been reported to have low activity against HIV-1 compared to other defensins, suggesting that in vivo induced defensins may not significantly contribute to the robust early antiviral response against HIV-1. These data provide important insight into the in vivo kinetics of HBD expression, the mechanism of HBD1 induction by HIV-1, and the role of HBDs in the early innate response to HIV-1 during acute infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Corleis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Antonella C. Lisanti
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christian Körner
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abigail E. Schiff
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Rosenberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Todd M. Allen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Douglas S. Kwon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cimőes R, Cavalcanti de Siqueira RRA, Crovella S, Eleutério de Souza PR, Donos N. A Fast Method for DEFB1 - 44C/G SNP Genotyping in Brazilian Patients with Periodontitis. Acta Stomatol Croat 2016; 48:208-15. [PMID: 27688368 DOI: 10.15644/asc48/3/5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Defensins are cationic antimicrobial peptides expressed in epithelial cells. Such peptides exhibit antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties, and are a component of the innate immune response. It has been suggested that they have a protective role in the oral cavity. This study evaluated the DEFB1 polymorphism in diabetic patients with or without periodontitis in comparison to healthy controls. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used Hairpin-Shaped Primer (HP) assay to study the distribution of the -44 C/G SNP (rs1800972) in 119 human DNAs obtained from diabetic patients and healthy control patients. RESULTS The results indicate that there are no differences in distribution between groups and that in diabetic periodontitis patients the homozygous mutant could be found more frequently. CONCLUSION Further studies are necessary in order to investigate the role of DEFB1 polymorphisms in diabetic periodontitis patients and the influence of the peptide in periodontal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Cimőes
- PhD, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Nikos Donos
- PhD, Eastman Dental Institute, Unit Periodontology, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mehlotra RK, Zimmerman PA, Weinberg A. Defensin gene variation and HIV/AIDS: a comprehensive perspective needed. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:687-92. [PMID: 26957215 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.6ru1215-560r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Both α- and β-defensins have anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity. These defensins achieve human immunodeficiency virus inhibition through a variety of mechanisms, including direct binding with virions, binding to and modulation of host cell-surface receptors with disruption of intracellular signaling, and functioning as chemokines or cytokines to augment and alter adaptive immune responses. Polymorphisms in the defensin genes have been associated with susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus infection and disease progression. However, the roles that these defensins and their genetic polymorphisms have in influencing human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome outcomes are not straightforward and, at times, appear contradictory. Differences in populations, study designs, and techniques for genotyping defensin gene polymorphisms may have contributed to this lack of clarity. In addition, a comprehensive approach, where both subfamilies of defensins and their all-inclusive genetic polymorphism profiles are analyzed, is lacking. Such an approach may reveal whether the human immunodeficiency virus inhibitory activities of α- and β-defensins are based on parallel or divergent mechanisms and may provide further insights into how the genetic predisposition for susceptibility or resistance to human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is orchestrated between these molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Mehlotra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter A Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Aaron Weinberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Celerino da Silva R, da Cruz HLA, Brandão LAC, Guimarães RL, Montenegro LML, Schindler HC, Segat L, Crovella S. DEFB1 gene polymorphisms and tuberculosis in a Northeastern Brazilian population. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:389-93. [PMID: 26991287 PMCID: PMC4874611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Defensin-1, an antimicrobial peptide encoded by the DEFB1 gene, is known to play an important role in lung mucosal immunity. In our association study we analyzed three DEFB1 functional polymorphisms −52G>A (rs1799946), −44C>G (rs1800972) and −20G>A (rs11362) in 92 tuberculosis patients and 286 healthy controls, both from Northeast Brazil: no association was found between the studied DEFB1 polymorphisms and the disease. However we cannot exclude that this lack of association could be due to the low number of subjects analyzed, as suggested by the low statistical power achieved for the three analyzed SNPs (values between 0.16 and 0.50).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Celerino da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Heidi Lacerda Alves da Cruz
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Lucas André Cavalcanti Brandão
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Pathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lima Guimarães
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Lilian Maria Lapa Montenegro
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (CPqAM - FIOCRUZ - Pernambuco), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Haiana Charifker Schindler
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center (CPqAM - FIOCRUZ - Pernambuco), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ludovica Segat
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Segat L, Zupin L, Moura RR, Coelho AVC, Chagas BS, de Freitas AC, Crovella S. DEFB1 polymorphisms are involved in susceptibility to human papillomavirus infection in Brazilian gynaecological patients. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 109:918-22. [PMID: 25410996 PMCID: PMC4296497 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The human beta defensin 1 (hBD-1) antimicrobial peptide is a member of the innate immune system known to act in the first line of defence against microorganisms, including viruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV). In this study, five functional polymorphisms (namely g-52G>A, g-44C>G and g-20G>A in the 5'UTR and c.*5G>A and c.*87A>G in the 3'UTR) in the DEFB1 gene encoding for hBD-1 were analysed to investigate the possible involvement of these genetic variants in susceptibility to HPV infection and in the development of HPV-associated lesions in a population of Brazilian women. The DEFB1 g-52G>A and c.*5G>A single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the GCAAA haplotype showed associations with HPV-negative status; in particular, the c.*5G>A SNP was significantly associated after multiple test corrections. These findings suggest a possible role for the constitutively expressed beta defensin-1 peptide as a natural defence against HPV in the genital tract mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Segat
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luisa Zupin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ronald Rodrigues Moura
- Laboratório de Patologia e Medicina Genômica, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Antonio Victor Campos Coelho
- Laboratório de Patologia e Medicina Genômica, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Bárbara Simas Chagas
- Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratório de Estudos Moleculares e Terapia Experimental, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Laboratório de Patologia e Medicina Genômica, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gianesin K, Petrara R, Freguja R, Zanchetta M, Giaquinto C, De Rossi A. Host factors and early treatments to restrict paediatric HIV infection and early disease progression. J Virus Erad 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
|
19
|
Murphy K, Richardson BA, Dezzutti CS, Marrazzo J, Hillier SL, Hendrix CW, Herold BC. Levels of Genital Tract Defensins and Cytokines Differ between HIV-Uninfected US and African Women. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 74:313-22. [PMID: 26094732 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM To explore the impact of race and geographic region on biomarkers of HIV risk and vaginal health, differences in soluble immune mediators were measured in US versus African and US white versus US black women at enrollment into a phase 2 microbicide trial. METHODS Levels of soluble mucosal immune mediators and inhibitory activity against E. coli, which may serve as biomarkers of risk for HIV and other genital tract infections, were quantified in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) collected from HIV-uninfected women in the United States (n = 73) and Africa (n = 73). Differences between groups were analyzed with multivariable logistic regression models for dichotomous variables and linear regression models for continuous variables. RESULTS Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, lactoferrin, human beta defensins, interleukin (IL)-8, and interferon-gamma-induced protein-10 were significantly higher in US compared to African women in multivariable analysis, but only IL-1β was significantly different between US white and black women. E. coli inhibitory activity did not differ among groups in adjusted analyses. CONCLUSION Differences in soluble mucosal immunity between US and African women may play an important role in women's risk for HIV and other genital tract infections and response to prevention strategies including vaginal microbicides and should be considered in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Charlene S Dezzutti
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeanne Marrazzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sharon L Hillier
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Craig W Hendrix
- Department of Medicine (Clinical Pharmacology), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Betsy C Herold
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Arslan F, Babakurban ST, Erbek SS, Sahin FI, Terzi YK. Chronic tonsillitis is not associated with beta defensin 1 gene polymorphisms in Turkish population. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79:557-60. [PMID: 25683590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defensins are antimicrobial peptides expressed on mucosal surfaces. They function as part of the innate immune system. Palatine tonsils play important roles in innate immune system. However, our knowledge on the pathophysiology of chronic tonsils is limited. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association between beta defensin 1 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and chronic tonsillitis. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, non-randomized, controlled clinical study. SETTING Tertiary referral center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Eighty six patients with chronic tonsillitis and eighty controls without history of chronic tonsillitis were enrolled in this study. Genotypes were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses after polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Genotype and allele frequencies of the -20G/A (rs11362), -44C/G (rs1800972) and -52G/A (rs1799946) single nucleotide polymorphisms were not statistically different between patients and control groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION In this study, we found that DEFB1 gene -20G/A, -44C/G and -52G/A single nucleotide polymorphisms were not associated with chronic tonsillitis. Studies, which analyse other polymorphism of the beta defensin 1 gene in large case series, should be conducted to understand the role of DEFB1 gene on chronic tonsillitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Arslan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, M. Fevzi Cakmak Caddesi, 5. Sokak, No: 48, 06490 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Seda Turkoglu Babakurban
- Department of Otolaryngology, Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, M. Fevzi Cakmak Caddesi, 5. Sokak, No: 48, 06490 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Selim S Erbek
- Department of Otolaryngology, Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, M. Fevzi Cakmak Caddesi, 5. Sokak, No: 48, 06490 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Feride I Sahin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, Kubilay Sokak, No: 36 Maltepe, 06570 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Yunus Kasım Terzi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, Kubilay Sokak, No: 36 Maltepe, 06570 Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nielsen KL, Dynesen P, Larsen P, Jakobsen L, Andersen PS, Frimodt-Møller N. Role of urinary cathelicidin LL-37 and human β-defensin 1 in uncomplicated Escherichia coli urinary tract infections. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1572-8. [PMID: 24452682 PMCID: PMC3993379 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01393-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidin (LL-37) and human β-defensin 1 (hBD-1) are important components of the innate defense in the urinary tract. The aim of this study was to characterize whether these peptides are important for developing uncomplicated Escherichia coli urinary tract infections (UTIs). This was investigated by comparing urinary peptide levels of UTI patients during and after infection to those of controls, as well as characterizing the fecal flora of participants with respect to susceptibility to LL-37 and in vivo virulence. Forty-seven UTI patients and 50 controls who had never had a UTI were included. Participants were otherwise healthy, premenopausal, adult women. LL-37 MIC levels were compared for fecal E. coli clones from patients and controls and were also compared based on phylotypes (A, B1, B2, and D). In vivo virulence was investigated in the murine UTI model by use of selected fecal isolates from patients and controls. On average, UTI patients had significantly more LL-37 in urine during infection than postinfection, and patient LL-37 levels postinfection were significantly lower than those of controls. hBD-1 showed similar urine levels for UTI patients and controls. Fecal E. coli isolates from controls had higher LL-37 susceptibility than fecal and UTI E. coli isolates from UTI patients. In vivo studies showed a high level of virulence of fecal E. coli isolates from both patients and controls and showed no difference in virulence correlated with the LL-37 MIC level. The results indicate that the concentration of LL-37 in the urinary tract and low susceptibility to LL-37 may increase the likelihood of UTI in a complex interplay between host and pathogen attributes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lotte Jakobsen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Paal S. Andersen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Niels Frimodt-Møller
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ballana E, Esté JA. Insights from host genomics into HIV infection and disease: Identification of host targets for drug development. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:473-86. [PMID: 24084487 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
HIV susceptibility and disease progression show a substantial degree of individual heterogeneity, ranging from fast progressors to long-term non progressors or elite controllers, that is, subjects that control infection in the absence of therapy. Recent years have seen a significant increase in understanding of the host genetic determinants of susceptibility to HIV infection and disease progression, driven in large part by candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies, genome-wide transcriptome analyses, and large-scale functional screens. These studies have identified common variants in host loci that clearly influence disease progression, characterized the scale and dynamics of gene and protein expression changes in response to infection, and provided the first comprehensive catalogue of genes and pathways involved in viral replication. This review highlights the potential of host genomic influences in antiviral therapy by pointing to promising novel drug targets but also providing the basis of the identification and validation of host mechanisms that might be susceptible targets for novel antiviral therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Ballana
- IrsiCaixa, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ostaff MJ, Stange EF, Wehkamp J. Antimicrobial peptides and gut microbiota in homeostasis and pathology. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:1465-83. [PMID: 24039130 PMCID: PMC3799574 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We survive because we adapted to a world of microorganisms. All our epithelial surfaces participate in keeping up an effective barrier against microbes while not initiating ongoing inflammatory processes and risking collateral damage to the host. Major players in this scenario are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Such broad-spectrum innate antibiotics are in part produced by specialized cells but also widely sourced from all epithelia as well as circulating inflammatory cells. AMPs belong to an ancient defense system found in all organisms and participated in a preservative co-evolution with a complex microbiome. Particularly interesting interactions between host barrier and microbiota can be found in the gut. The intestinal cell lining not only has to maintain a tightly regulated homeostasis during its high-throughput regeneration, but also a balanced relationship towards an extreme number of mutualistic or commensal inhabitants. Recent research suggests that advancing our understanding of the circumstances of such balanced and sometimes imbalanced interactions between gut microbiota and host AMPs should have therapeutic implications for different intestinal disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen J Ostaff
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
da Silva RC, Bedin E, Mangano A, Aulicino P, Pontillo A, Brandão L, Guimarães R, Arraes LC, Sen L, Crovella S. HIV mother-to-child transmission: a complex genetic puzzle tackled by Brazil and Argentina research teams. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 19:312-22. [PMID: 23524206 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) mother-to-child transmission is a complex event, depending upon environmental factors and is affected by host genetic factors from mother and child, as well as viral genetic elements. The integration of multiple parameters (CD4 cell count, virus load, HIV subtype, and host genetic markers) could account for the susceptibility to HIV infection, a multifactorial trait. The goal of this manuscript is to analyze the immunogenetic factors associated to HIV mother-to-child transmission, trying to unravel the genetic puzzle of HIV mother-to-child transmission and considering the experience in this topic of two research groups from Brazil and Argentina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Celerino da Silva
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n°, CEP 50.670-420, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n°, CEP 50.670-420, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mehlotra RK, Zimmerman PA, Weinberg A, Jurevic RJ. Variation in human β-defensin genes: new insights from a multi-population study. Int J Immunogenet 2012. [PMID: 23194186 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human β-defensin 2 (hBD-2) and hBD-3, encoded by DEFB4 and DEFB103A, respectively, have shown anti-HIV activity, and both genes exhibit copy number variation (CNV). Although the role of hBD-1, encoded by DEFB1, in HIV-1 infection is less clear, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in DEFB1 may influence viral loads and disease progression. We examined the distribution of DEFB1 SNPs and DEFB4/103A CNV, and the relationship between DEFB1 SNPs and DEFB4/103A CNV using samples from two HIV/AIDS cohorts from the United States (n = 150) and five diverse populations from the Coriell Cell Repositories (n = 46). We determined the frequencies of 10 SNPs in DEFB1 using a post-PCR, oligonucleotide ligation detection reaction-fluorescent microsphere assay, and CNV in DEFB4/103A by real-time quantitative PCR. There were noticeable differences in the frequencies of DEFB1 SNP alleles and haplotypes among various racial/ethnic groups. The DEFB4/103A copy numbers varied from 2 to 8 (median, 4), and there was a significant difference between the copy numbers of self-identified whites and blacks in the US cohorts (Mann-Whitney U-test P = 0.04). A significant difference was observed in the distribution of DEFB4/103A CNV among DEFB1 -52G/A and -390T/A genotypes (Kruskal-Wallis P = 0.017 and 0.026, respectively), while not in the distribution of DEFB4/103A CNV among -52G/A_-44C/G_-20G/A diplotypes. These observations provide additional insights for further investigating the complex interplay between β-defensin genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility to, or the progression or severity of, HIV infection/disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R K Mehlotra
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
de Oca EPM. Antimicrobial peptide elicitors: New hope for the post-antibiotic era. Innate Immun 2012; 19:227-41. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425912460708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides or host defense peptides are fundamental components of human innate immunity. Recent and growing evidence suggests they have a role in a broad range of diseases, including cancer, allergies and susceptibility to infection, including HIV/AIDS. Antimicrobial peptide elicitors (APEs) are physical, biological or chemical agents that boost human antimicrobial peptide expression. The current knowledge of APEs and their potential use in the treatment of human infectious diseases are reviewed, and a classification system for APEs is proposed. The efficient use of APEs in clinical practice could mark the beginning of the urgently needed post-antibiotic era, but further trials assessing their efficacy and safety are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Prado Montes de Oca
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Biosecurity Area, CIATEJ – National Council of Science and Technology, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- In silico Laboratory, Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology Unit, CIATEJ – National Council of Science and Technology, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Louvain de Souza T, de Souza Campos Fernandes RC, Medina-Acosta E. HIV-1 control in battlegrounds: important host genetic variations for HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission and progression to clinical pediatric AIDS. Future Virol 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the passing of maternal HIV-1 to the offspring during pregnancy, labor and delivery, and/or breastfeeding. HIV-1 MTCT and the evolution to pediatric AIDS are multifactorial, dynamic and variable phenotypic conditions. Both genetic and nongenetic variables can influence susceptibility to HIV-1 MTCT or the rate of progression to clinical pediatric AIDS. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge about the roles of genetic variations seen in host immune response genes, and those that have been independently associated, mostly through population genetics of candidate genes, with interindividual susceptibility to HIV-1 MTCT, and progression to pediatric AIDS. We examine common and rare host genetic variations at coding and noncoding polymorphisms, whether functional or not, in agonists and antagonists of the immune response, which have been implicated in HIV-1 control in battlegrounds of cell entry, replication and evolution to AIDS. Further, we point to over 380 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, mostly within the HLA super region, recently identified in unbiased genome-wide association studies of HIV replication and evolution in adults, still unexplored in the context of HIV-1 MTCT, and which are likely to also influence susceptibility to pediatric HIV-1/AIDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thais Louvain de Souza
- Molecular Identification & Diagnosis Unit, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Brazil
| | - Regina Célia de Souza Campos Fernandes
- Municipal Program for the Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Diseases & Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome of Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine of Campos, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and defensins (DEFs) play a crucial role in the host's innate immunity and may influence HIV-1 disease progression. We investigated the impact of TLR9 +1174G > A, 1635A > G and DEFβ1 -44C > G, -52G > A single nucleotide polymorphisms on the clinical outcome of 95 HIV-1-infected children. The TLR9 1635AG genotype and TLR9 [G;G] haplotype were associated with rapid disease progression, whereas the DEFβ1 -44CG genotype and DEFβ1 [G;G] haplotype correlated with a better clinical outcome.
Collapse
|
29
|
Sandrin-Garcia P, Brandão LAC, Guimarães RL, Pancoto JAT, Donadi EA, Lima-Filho JLD, Segat L, Crovella S. Functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the DEFB1 gene are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in Southern Brazilians. Lupus 2012; 21:625-31. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203312436858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that results in inflammation and tissue damage. The etiology of SLE remains unknown, but recent studies have shown that the innate immune system may have a role in SLE pathogenesis through the secretion of small cationic peptides named defensins. The aim of the study was to determine the possible involvement in SLE of three functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (c.−52G>A, c.−44C>G and c.−20G>A) in the 5’UTR region of DEFB1 gene, by analyzing them in a population of 139 SLE patients and 288 healthy controls. The c.−52G>A SNP showed significant differences in allele and genotype frequency distribution between SLE patients and controls ( p = 0.01 and p = 0.02 respectively) indicating protection against SLE (A allele, OR = 0.68, AA genotype OR = 0.51). Significant differences were also observed for c.−44C>G SNP, the C/G genotype being associated with susceptibility to SLE (OR = 1.60, p = 0.04). Moreover , statistically significant differences between patients and controls were found for two DEFB1 haplotypes (GCA and GGG, p = 0.01 and p = 0.02 respectively). When considering DEFB1 SNPs and SLE clinical and laboratory manifestations, significant association was found with neuropsychiatric disorders, immunological alterations and anti-DNA antibodies. In conclusion, our results evidence a possible role for the c.−52G>A and c.−44C>G DEFB1 polymorphisms in SLE pathogenesis, that can be considered as possible risk factors for development of disease and disease-related clinical manifestations. Additional studies are needed, to corroborate these results as well as functional studies to understand the biological role of these SNPs in the pathogenesis of SLE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Sandrin-Garcia
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - LAC Brandão
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - RL Guimarães
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - JAT Pancoto
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - EA Donadi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - JL de Lima-Filho
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - L Segat
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ‘Burlo Garofolo’, Trieste, Italy
| | - S Crovella
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ‘Burlo Garofolo’, University of Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
A novel role for the NLRC4 inflammasome in mucosal defenses against the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002379. [PMID: 22174673 PMCID: PMC3234225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida sp. are opportunistic fungal pathogens that colonize the skin and oral cavity and, when overgrown under permissive conditions, cause inflammation and disease. Previously, we identified a central role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in regulating IL-1β production and resistance to dissemination from oral infection with Candida albicans. Here we show that mucosal expression of NLRP3 and NLRC4 is induced by Candida infection, and up-regulation of these molecules is impaired in NLRP3 and NLRC4 deficient mice. Additionally, we reveal a role for the NLRC4 inflammasome in anti-fungal defenses. NLRC4 is important for control of mucosal Candida infection and impacts inflammatory cell recruitment to infected tissues, as well as protects against systemic dissemination of infection. Deficiency in either NLRC4 or NLRP3 results in severely attenuated pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial peptide responses in the oral cavity. Using bone marrow chimeric mouse models, we show that, in contrast to NLRP3 which limits the severity of infection when present in either the hematopoietic or stromal compartments, NLRC4 plays an important role in limiting mucosal candidiasis when functioning at the level of the mucosal stroma. Collectively, these studies reveal the tissue specific roles of the NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasome in innate immune responses against mucosal Candida infection. In this manuscript we describe a new role for a group of molecules termed the “inflammasome” that process key immune response proteins including interleukin-1-β. In previous work, we and others have shown that the NLRP3 inflammasome is important in protecting from severe fungal infections. We now show that, in addition to the NLRP3 inflammasome, a different inflammasome containing NLRC4 is also important in protecting against infection with Candida albicans, and appears to be functioning in the mucosal lining of the mouth and intestines, rather than in immune cells. Our research explains a new mechanism of mucosal immunity to fungal infections and has broad implications for developing new treatments against fungal infections, which are a serious cause of illness and death, particularly in immunocompromised persons. Additionally, this research may also lead to new ways to identify those individuals who are at the highest risk for serious fungal infections.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ellington SR, King CC, Kourtis AP. Host factors that influence mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1: genetics, coinfections, behavior and nutrition. Future Virol 2011; 6:1451-1469. [PMID: 29348780 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the most important mode of HIV-1 acquisition among infants and children and it can occur in utero, intrapartum and postnatally through breastfeeding. Great progress has been made in preventing MTCT through use of antiretroviral regimens during gestation, labor/delivery and breastfeeding. The mechanisms of MTCT, however, are multifactorial and remain incompletely understood. This review focuses on select host factors affecting MTCT, in particular genetic factors, coexisting infections, behavioral factors and nutrition. Whereas much emphasis has been placed on decreasing maternal HIV-1 viral load, an important determinant of MTCT, through use of antiretroviral agents, complementary focus on overall maternal health is often neglected. By addressing coinfections in mothers and infants, improving the mother's nutritional status and modifying risky behaviors and practices, not only is maternal and child health improved, but a direct benefit in reducing MTCT can be derived. The study of genetic variations in susceptibility to HIV-1 infection is rapidly evolving, and the future is likely to bring revolutionary changes in HIV-1 prevention by enhancing natural resistance to infection and by individually tailoring pharmacologic regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha R Ellington
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention & Health Promotion, CDC, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, MS K34, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Caroline C King
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention & Health Promotion, CDC, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, MS K34, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Athena P Kourtis
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention & Health Promotion, CDC, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, MS K34, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Expresión diferencial en placenta de beta-defensinas humanas y detección de variantes alélicas en el gen DEFB1 de madres positivas para VIH-1. BIOMEDICA 2011. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v31i1.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
33
|
Common human genetic variants and HIV-1 susceptibility: a genome-wide survey in a homogeneous African population. AIDS 2011; 25:513-8. [PMID: 21160409 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328343817b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To date, CCR5 variants remain the only human genetic factors to be confirmed to impact HIV-1 acquisition. However, protective CCR5 variants are largely absent in African populations, in which sporadic resistance to HIV-1 infection is still unexplained. We investigated whether common genetic variants associate with HIV-1 susceptibility in Africans. METHODS We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a population of 1532 individuals from Malawi, a country with high prevalence of HIV-1 infection. Using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present on the genome-wide chip, we also investigated previously reported associations with HIV-1 susceptibility or acquisition. Recruitment was coordinated by the Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology at two sexually transmitted infection clinics. HIV status was determined by HIV rapid tests and nucleic acid testing. RESULTS After quality control, the population consisted of 848 high-risk seronegative and 531 HIV-1 seropositive individuals. Logistic regression testing in an additive genetic model was performed for SNPs that passed quality control. No single SNP yielded a significant P value after correction for multiple testing. The study was sufficiently powered to detect markers with genotype relative risk 2.0 or more and minor allele frequencies 12% or more. CONCLUSION This is the first GWAS of host determinants of HIV-1 susceptibility, performed in an African population. The absence of any significant association can have many possible explanations: rarer genetic variants or common variants with weaker effect could be responsible for the resistance phenotype; alternatively, resistance to HIV-1 infection might be due to nongenetic parameters or to complex interactions between genes, immunity and environment.
Collapse
|
34
|
HELLGREN O, SHELDON BC. Locus‐specific protocol for nine different innate immune genes (antimicrobial peptides: β‐defensins) across passerine bird species reveals within‐species coding variation and a case of trans‐species polymorphisms. Mol Ecol Resour 2011; 11:686-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.02995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O. HELLGREN
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - B. C. SHELDON
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
More than 400,000 children were infected with (HIV-1) worldwide in 2008, or more than 1000 children per day. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 is the most important mode of HIV acquisition in infants and children. MTCT of HIV-1 can occur in utero, intrapartum, and postnatally through breastfeeding. Great progress has been made in preventing such transmission, through the use of antiretroviral prophylactic regimens to the mother during gestation and labor and delivery and to either mother or infant during breast feeding. The timing and mechanisms of transmission, however, are multifactorial and remain incompletely understood. This article summarizes what is known about the pathogenetic mechanisms and routes of MTCT of HIV-1, and includes virologic, immunologic, genetic, and mucosal aspects of transmission.
Collapse
|
36
|
The sound of silence: human beta-defensin-1 gene untranslated SNPs change the predicted mRNA secondary structure in a length-dependent manner. Immunol Lett 2010; 129:53-5. [PMID: 20060856 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated how 5'-UTR of DEFB1 gene (encoding for the human beta-defensin-1) affects mRNA secondary structure and its correlation with translation efficiency in the susceptibility of diseases. It was possible to determine DEFB1 mRNA folding under the influence of 5'-UTR SNPs haplotypes and putative alternative transcript lengths. Different DEFB1 mRNAs that fold in a pattern that is haplotype and length-dependent are potentially able to drive changes in peptide expression dynamics.
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
HIV host genetic studies seek to describe as comprehensively as possible the effect of human genetic variation on the individual response to HIV type-1 (HIV-1) infection. Many associations between specific gene variants and HIV-1 disease outcomes have been reported over the past 15 years. Although most of them have yet to be confirmed or have been proven false-positives, the identification of several definitive genotype-phenotype associations has shed new light on HIV-1 pathogenesis. This review discusses these results in the context of the new genome-wide approaches that now make it possible to globally assess the influence of the host genome on HIV-1-related outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Fellay
- Center for Human Genome Variation, Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Diamond G, Beckloff N, Weinberg A, Kisich KO. The roles of antimicrobial peptides in innate host defense. Curr Pharm Des 2009; 15:2377-92. [PMID: 19601838 DOI: 10.2174/138161209788682325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are multi-functional peptides whose fundamental biological role in vivo has been proposed to be the elimination of pathogenic microorganisms, including Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Genes encoding these peptides are expressed in a variety of cells in the host, including circulating phagocytic cells and mucosal epithelial cells, demonstrating a wide range of utility in the innate immune system. Expression of these genes is tightly regulated; they are induced by pathogens and cytokines as part of the host defense response, and they can be suppressed by bacterial virulence factors and environmental factors which can lead to increased susceptibility to infection. New research has also cast light on alternative functionalities, including immunomodulatory activities, which are related to their unique structural characteristics. These peptides represent not only an important component of innate host defense against microbial colonization and a link between innate and adaptive immunity, but also form a foundation for the development of new therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Dental School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rivas-Santiago B, Serrano CJ, Enciso-Moreno JA. Susceptibility to infectious diseases based on antimicrobial peptide production. Infect Immun 2009; 77:4690-5. [PMID: 19703980 PMCID: PMC2772553 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01515-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, the great impact of antimicrobial peptides on infectious disease susceptibility and natural resistance has been reported. In some cases, susceptibility to diseases is related to antimicrobial peptide polymorphisms and gene copy numbers, but for the vast majority of infectious diseases, these phenomena need to be elucidated. This review is focused on the current knowledge about susceptibility and resistance conferred by genetic variations in antimicrobial peptide expression in infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Rivas-Santiago
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Zacatecas City, Mexico
| | - Carmen J. Serrano
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Zacatecas City, Mexico
| | - J. Antonio Enciso-Moreno
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Zacatecas City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Schaefer AS, Richter GM, Nothnagel M, Laine ML, Rühling A, Schäfer C, Cordes N, Noack B, Folwaczny M, Glas J, Dörfer C, Dommisch H, Groessner-Schreiber B, Jepsen S, Loos BG, Schreiber S. A 3' UTR transition within DEFB1 is associated with chronic and aggressive periodontitis. Genes Immun 2009; 11:45-54. [PMID: 19829306 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2009.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are complex inflammatory diseases and affect up to 20% of the worldwide population. An unbalanced reaction of the immune system toward microbial pathogens is considered as the key factor in the development of periodontitis. Defensins have a strong antimicrobial function and are important contributors of the immune system toward maintaining health. Here, we present the first systematic association study of DEFB1. Using a haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) approach, including described promoter SNPs of DEFB1, we investigated the associations of the selected variants in a large population (N=1337 cases and 2887 ethnically matched controls). The 3' untranslated region SNP, rs1047031, showed the most significant association signal for homozygous carriers of the rare A allele (P=0.002) with an increased genetic risk of 1.3 (95% confidence interval: 1.11-1.57). The association was consistent with the specific periodontitis forms: chronic periodontitis (odds ratio=2.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.16-4.35), P=0.02), and aggressive periodontitis (odds ratio=1.3 (95% confidence interval 1.04-1.68), P=0.02). Sequencing of regulatory and exonic regions of DEFB1 identified no other associated variant, pointing toward rs1047031 as likely being the causative variant. Prediction of microRNA targets identified a potential microRNA-binding site at the position of rs1047031.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Schaefer
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Association of a genetic polymorphism (-44 C/G SNP) in the human DEFB1 gene with expression and inducibility of multiple beta-defensins in gingival keratinocytes. BMC Oral Health 2009; 9:21. [PMID: 19712472 PMCID: PMC2739845 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-9-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human β-defensins (hBDs) are antimicrobial peptides with a role in innate immune defense. Our laboratory previously showed that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 5' untranslated region of the hBD1 gene (DEFB1), denoted -44 (rs1800972), is correlated with protection from oral Candida. Because this SNP alters the putative mRNA structure, we hypothesized that it alters hBD1 expression. Methods Transfection of reporter constructs and evaluation of antimicrobial activity and mRNA expression levels in keratinocytes from multiple donors were used to evaluate the effect of this SNP on constitutive and induced levels of expression. Results Transfection of CAT reporter constructs containing the 5' untranslated region showed that the -44 G allele yielded a 2-fold increase in CAT protein compared to other common haplotypes suggesting a cis effect on transcription or translation. The constitutive hBD1 mRNA level in human oral keratinocytes was significantly greater in cells from donors with the -44 GG genotype compared to those with the common CC genotype. Surprisingly, the hBD3 mRNA level as well as antimicrobial activity of keratinocyte extracts also correlated with the -44 G allele. Induced levels of hBD1, hBD2, and hBD3 mRNA were evaluated in keratinocytes challenged with Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 ligands, interleukin-1β, TNFα, and interferon-γ (IFNγ). In contrast to constitutive expression levels, IFNγ-induced keratinocyte hBD1 and hBD3 mRNA expression was significantly greater in cells with the common CC genotype, but there was no clear correlation of genotype with hBD2 expression. Conclusion The DEFB1 -44 G allele is associated with an increase in overall constitutive antimicrobial activity and expression of hBD1 and hBD3 in a manner that is consistent with protection from candidiasis, while the more common C allele is associated with IFNγ inducibility of these β-defensins and is likely to be more protective in conditions that enhance IFNγ expression such as chronic periodontitis. These results suggest a complex relationship between genetics and defensin expression that may influence periodontal health and innate immune responses.
Collapse
|
42
|
Predicting alternative candidates as binding sites to DEFB1 668 (-44) SNP: a long way from statistical association with multifactorial diseases. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 9:1129-31. [PMID: 19712755 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
43
|
Role of beta-defensin-1 polymorphisms in mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 51:13-9. [PMID: 19390326 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31819df249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1, the main source of pediatric AIDS, is multifactorial. Defensins provide microbial barriers and function as effectors of innate immunity. This study investigated the relationship between genetic variants of beta-defensin-1 gene and MTCT of HIV-1. PATIENTS AND METHODS Three hundred children, 118 HIV-1 infected and 182 HIV-1 uninfected, born to HIV-1-infected mothers who had not undergone antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy, and 84 HIV-1-infected mothers were analyzed. The single nucleotide polymorphisms -44C/G (rs1800972) and -52G/A (rs1799946) were genotyped by TaqMan allelic discrimination assay and sequencing. Statistical analyses were performed using SNPStats and Bonferroni correction for multiple tests. RESULTS In children, the -52GG genotype and the -44G/-52G haplotype had a protective role against HIV-1 infection [odds ratio (OR) = 0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31 to 0.86, P = 0.03 and OR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.83, P = 0.014, respectively]. In mothers, the -52GG genotype and the -44G/-52G haplotype were associated with low levels of HIV-1 plasma viremia (<1000 copies/mL) and a lower risk of maternal HIV-1 transmission (OR = 0.14, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.67, P = 0.009 and OR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.66, P = 0.012, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a significant relationship between genetic variants of beta-defensin-1 gene, viral load, and MTCT of HIV-1, thus supporting a critical role of innate immunity in pediatric HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
|
44
|
Ding J, Chou YY, Chang TL. Defensins in viral infections. J Innate Immun 2009; 1:413-20. [PMID: 20375599 DOI: 10.1159/000226256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins are antimicrobial peptides important to innate host defense. In addition to their direct antimicrobial effect, defensins modulate immune responses. Increasing evidence indicates that defensins exhibit complex functions by positively or negatively modulating infections of both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. The effects of defensins on viral infections appear to be specific to the defensin, virus and target cell. Regulation of viral infection by defensins is achieved by multiple mechanisms. This review focuses on the interplay between defensins and viral infections, the mechanisms of action of defensins and the in vivo studies of the role of defensins in viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ding
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Copy number variation of defensin genes and HIV infection in Brazilian children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 50:331-3. [PMID: 19194307 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181945f39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Relative resistance to HIV infection has been associated with genetic polymorphisms. Both single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variations (CNVs) have been documented for defensins, which are natural inhibitors of HIV infection. We tested the hypothesis that these CNVs may be related to susceptibility to HIV infection and vertical transmission by evaluating the CNVs of 13 defensin genes in Brazilian HIV-infected children. Study groups included seronegative controls, HIV-infected subjects, and subjects who did not contract HIV despite exposure at the time of birth from HIV-infected mothers. We observed that the copy number of one of these genes, DEFB104, was significantly lower in HIV-positive subjects than in HIV-exposed uninfected children, suggesting DEFB104 as a candidate HIV-protective gene.
Collapse
|
46
|
Response to Segat et al. ‘Are DEFB1 gene polymorphisms associated with HIV-1 infection and virus replication?’. AIDS 2009. [DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328327726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
47
|
Are defensin beta 1 gene polymorphisms associated with HIV infection and virus replication? AIDS 2009; 23:647-9; author reply 649-50. [PMID: 19516112 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3283277247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
48
|
Bose SK, Gibson W, Bullard RS, Donald CD. PAX2 oncogene negatively regulates the expression of the host defense peptide human beta defensin-1 in prostate cancer. Mol Immunol 2008; 46:1140-8. [PMID: 19118900 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human beta defensin-1 (hBD1) is a component of the immune system which links the innate and adaptive immune responses. We have demonstrated that hBD1 induces rapid cytolysis of prostate cancer cells and that it may also possess tumor suppressive abilities. In addition, there is a high frequency of cancer-specific loss of hBD1 expression which further suggests its potential role in tumor progression. However, the factors responsible for the loss of hBD1 expression are not known. PAX2, a transcriptional regulator normally expressed during early development, has been implicated as an oncogene in carcinomas of the kidney, prostate, breast and ovary. It is known that expression of PAX2 in these tumor cells mediates the evasion of cell death through the suppression of cell death pathways involving the p53 tumor suppressor. However, we have demonstrated that knock-down of PAX2 expression results in cell death independent of p53 status, thus suggesting that additional cell death pathways are negatively regulated by PAX2. Here we describe a novel pathway in which PAX2 represses hBD1 expression through binding of the PAX2 homeodomain to the hBD1 promoter. Furthermore, knock-down of PAX2 expression results in the re-expression of hBD1, and subsequently prostate cancer cell death. These findings are the first to demonstrate that the PAX2 oncogene suppresses hBD1 expression in cancer and further implicate PAX2 as a novel therapeutic target for prostate cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep K Bose
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zapata W, Rodriguez B, Weber J, Estrada H, Quiñones-Mateu ME, Zimermman PA, Lederman MM, Rugeles MT. Increased levels of human beta-defensins mRNA in sexually HIV-1 exposed but uninfected individuals. Curr HIV Res 2008; 6:531-8. [PMID: 18991618 DOI: 10.2174/157016208786501463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protection against HIV-1 infection in exposed seronegative (ESN) individuals likely involves natural resistance mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated. Human beta defensins (HBD) are antimicrobial peptides found primarily in mucosae, the main ports of HIV entry. HBD-2 and 3 mRNA are induced by HIV-1 in human oral epithelial cells and exhibit strong anti-HIV-1 activity; in addition, polymorphisms in the DEFB1 gene, which encodes HBD-1, have been associated with resistance/susceptibility to different infections, including HIV-1. Here, we have assessed the association of HBD expression with the ESN phenotype. Peripheral blood and vaginal/endocervical and oral mucosal samples were taken from 47 ESN, 44 seropositive (SP) and 39 healthy controls (HC). HBD-1, 2 and 3 mRNA copy numbers were quantified by real time RT-PCR and A692G/G1654A/A1836G polymorphisms in the DEFB1 gene were detected by restriction fragment length polymorphisms and confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. ESN expressed significantly greater mRNA copy numbers of HBD-2 and 3 in oral mucosa than HC; p=0.0002 and p=0.007, respectively. mRNA copy numbers of HBD-1, 2 and 3 in vaginal/endocervical mucosa from ESN and HC were similar. Homozygosity for the A692G polymorphism was significantly more frequent in ESN (0.39) than in SP (0.05) (p=0.0002). In summary, ESN exhibited enhanced mucosal expression of the innate defense genes HBD-2 and 3; however, additional studies are required to verify these results and the potential association of the A692G polymorphism to the relative resistance of ESN to HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wildeman Zapata
- Group of Immunovirology, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Cagliani R, Fumagalli M, Riva S, Pozzoli U, Comi GP, Menozzi G, Bresolin N, Sironi M. The signature of long-standing balancing selection at the human defensin beta-1 promoter. Genome Biol 2008; 9:R143. [PMID: 18817538 PMCID: PMC2592704 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-9-r143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defensins, small endogenous peptides with antimicrobial activity, are pivotal components of the innate immune response. A large cluster of defensin genes is located on human chromosome 8p; among them the beta defensin 1 (DEFB1) promoterhas been extensively studied since discovery that specific polymorphisms and haplotypes associate with asthma and atopy, susceptibility to severe sepsis, as well as HIV and Candida infection predisposition. RESULTS Here, we characterize the sequence variation and haplotype structure of the DEFB1 promoter region in six human populations. In all of them, we observed high levels of nucleotide variation, an excess of intermediate-frequency alleles, reduced population differentiation and a genealogy with common haplotypes separated by deep branches. Indeed, a significant departure from the expectation of evolutionary neutrality was observed in all populations and the possibility that this is due to demographic history alone was ruled out. Also, we verified that the selection signature is restricted to the promoter region and not due to a linked balanced polymorphism. A phylogeny-based estimation indicated that the two major haplotype clades separated around 4.5 million years ago, approximately the time when the human and chimpanzee lineages split. CONCLUSION Altogether, these features represent strong molecular signatures of long-term balancing selection, a process that is thought to be extremely rare outside major histocompatibility complex genes. Our data indicate that the DEFB1 promoter region carries functional variants and support previous hypotheses whereby alleles predisposing to atopic disorders are widespread in modern societies because they conferred resistance to pathogens in ancient settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Cagliani
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bioinformatic Lab, Via don L. Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
| | - Matteo Fumagalli
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bioinformatic Lab, Via don L. Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
- Bioengineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Pzza L. da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Riva
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bioinformatic Lab, Via don L. Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
| | - Uberto Pozzoli
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bioinformatic Lab, Via don L. Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli and Regina Elena Foundation, Via F. Sforza 35, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Menozzi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bioinformatic Lab, Via don L. Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bioinformatic Lab, Via don L. Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli and Regina Elena Foundation, Via F. Sforza 35, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bioinformatic Lab, Via don L. Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini (LC), Italy
| |
Collapse
|