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Mead EA, Boulghassoul-Pietrzykowska N, Wang Y, Anees O, Kinstlinger NS, Lee M, Hamza S, Feng Y, Pietrzykowski AZ. Non-Invasive microRNA Profiling in Saliva can Serve as a Biomarker of Alcohol Exposure and Its Effects in Humans. Front Genet 2022; 12:804222. [PMID: 35126468 PMCID: PMC8812725 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.804222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders worldwide. Considering the widespread occurrence of AUD, a reliable, cheap, non-invasive biomarker of alcohol consumption is desired by healthcare providers, clinicians, researchers, public health and criminal justice officials. microRNAs could serve as such biomarkers. They are easily detectable in saliva, which can be sampled from individuals in a non-invasive manner. Moreover, microRNAs expression is dynamically regulated by environmental factors, including alcohol. Since excessive alcohol consumption is a hallmark of alcohol abuse, we have profiled microRNA expression in the saliva of chronic, heavy alcohol abusers using microRNA microarrays. We observed significant changes in salivary microRNA expression caused by excessive alcohol consumption. These changes fell into three categories: downregulated microRNAs, upregulated microRNAs, and microRNAs upregulated de novo. Analysis of these combinatorial changes in microRNA expression suggests dysregulation of specific biological pathways leading to impairment of the immune system and development of several types of epithelial cancer. Moreover, some of the altered microRNAs are also modulators of inflammation, suggesting their contribution to pro-inflammatory mechanisms of alcohol actions. Establishment of the cellular source of microRNAs in saliva corroborated these results. We determined that most of the microRNAs in saliva come from two types of cells: leukocytes involved in immune responses and inflammation, and buccal cells, involved in development of epithelial, oral cancers. In summary, we propose that microRNA profiling in saliva can be a useful, non-invasive biomarker allowing the monitoring of alcohol abuse, as well as alcohol-related inflammation and early detection of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Mead
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nadia Boulghassoul-Pietrzykowska
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Mayo Clinic Health System, NWWI, Barron, WI, United States
- Department of Medicine, Capital Health, Trenton, NJ, United States
- Weight and Life MD, Hamilton, NJ, United States
| | - Yongping Wang
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Holmdel Township School, Holmdel, NJ, United States
| | - Onaiza Anees
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Virginia Commonwealth University Health, CMH Behavioral Health, South Hill, VA, United States
| | - Noah S. Kinstlinger
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Maximillian Lee
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC, MA, United States
| | - Shireen Hamza
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of the History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yaping Feng
- Waksman Genomics Core Facility, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Bioinformatics Department, Admera Health, South Plainfield, NJ, United States
| | - Andrzej Z. Pietrzykowski
- Laboratory of Adaptation, Reward and Addiction, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Weight and Life MD, Hamilton, NJ, United States
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Kumar J, Hapidin H, Get Bee YT, Ismail Z. The effects of acute ethanol administration on ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like syndrome in rats: A biochemical study. Alcohol 2016; 50:9-17. [PMID: 26626323 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Withdrawal from long-term ethanol consumption results in overexcitation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the amygdala, which induces an anxiety-like syndrome. Most alcoholics that suffer from such symptoms frequently depend on habitual drinking as self-medication to alleviate their symptoms. Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) and protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon have been reported to mediate acute and chronic effects of ethanol. This study explores the changes in mGlu5 and PKC epsilon in the amygdala following acute administration of ethanol during ethanol withdrawal (EW) induced anxiety. Male Wistar rats were fed a modified liquid diet containing low-fat cow milk, sucrose, and maltodextrin, with a gradual introduction of 2.4%, 4.8% and 7.2% ethanol for 20 days. Six hours into EW, the rats were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline and ethanol (2.5 g/kg, 20% v/v), and exposed to open-field and elevated plus maze tests. Then, amygdala tissue was dissected from the rat brain for Western blot and gene expression studies. EW-induced anxiety was accompanied by a significant increase in mGlu5, total PKC epsilon, and phosphorylated PKC epsilon protein levels, and also of mRNA of mGlu5 (GRM5) in the amygdala. Acute administration of ethanol significantly attenuated EW-induced anxiety as well as an EW-induced increase in GRM5. The acute challenge of ethanol to EW rats had little effect on the phosphorylated and total protein levels of PKC epsilon in the amygdala. Our results demonstrate that amygdala PKC epsilon may not be directly involved in the development of anxiety following EW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pre-Clinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Hermizi Hapidin
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne-Tee Get Bee
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zalina Ismail
- BRAINetwork Centre for Neurocognitive Science, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Chen YM, Zhao JF, Liu YL, Chen J, Jiang RL. Chronic ethanol treatment of human hepatocytes inhibits the activation of the insulin signaling pathway by increasing cytosolic free calcium levels. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:739-46. [PMID: 26165524 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of ethanol treatment on the induction of intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) levels and the inhibition of the activation of the insulin signaling pathway in human hepatocytes. L‑02 cells were treated with various concentrations of ethanol for different periods of time. Cell viability and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase (AST) leakage in the culture supernatant were evaluated. Changes in [Ca(2+)](i) levels were detected by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Total RNA and protein were extracted to examine the mRNA and protein levels of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)1, IRS2, phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase (PI3K) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) and western blot analysis, respectively. Furthermore, insulin was added to the ethanol‑treated L‑02 cells, and the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and protein kinase B (PKB) were determined by western blot analysis before and after Ca(2+) blockage. No significant changes were observed in cell viability, [Ca(2+)](i) levels and in the expression and phosphorylation levels of insulin signal transduction molecules when the L‑02 cells were treated with 0.5 or 1% ethanol. However, treatment with 2 or 4% ethanol resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability and in the mRNA levels of IRS1, IRS2, PI3K (p85α) and GLUT2, as well as in an increase in ALT/AST leakage and in the [Ca(2+)](i) levels (P<0.05). The expression and phosphorylation levels of PI3K (p85α) and PKB were also inhibited by treatment with 2 or 4% ethanol. These cytological effects induced by ethanol treatment were partially reversed by Ca(2+) blockage. These results suggest that ethanol treatment inhibits the activation of the insulin signal transduction pathway in a dose‑, time‑ and Ca(2+)‑dependent manner. The inhibition of IRS1/2, PI3K (p85α), PKB and GLUT2 expression and of PI3K (p85α) and PKB phosphorylation by the high concentrations of ethanol may be the core molecular mechanism of ethanol-induced insulin resistance, and may be related to the induction of [Ca(2+)](i) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Fang Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Lin Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Lin Jiang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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Umoh NA, Walker RK, Al-Rubaiee M, Jeffress MA, Haddad GE. Acute alcohol modulates cardiac function as PI3K/Akt regulates oxidative stress. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:1847-64. [PMID: 24962888 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical manifestations of alcohol abuse on the cardiac muscle include defective contractility with the development of heart failure. Interestingly, low alcohol consumption has been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Although several hypotheses have been postulated for alcoholic cardiomyopathy and for the low-dose beneficial cardiovascular effects, the precise mechanisms and mediators remain largely undefined. We hypothesize that modulation of oxidative stress by PI3K/Akt plays a key role in the cardiac functional outcome to acute alcohol exposure. METHODS Thus, acutely exposed rat cardiac tissue and cardiocytes to low (LA: 5 mM), moderate (MA: 25 mM), and high (HA: 100 mM) alcohol were assessed for markers of oxidative stress in the presence and absence of PI3K/Akt activators (IGF-1 0.1 μM or constitutively active PI3K: Ad.BD110 transfection) or inhibitor (LY294002 1 μM or Akt-negative construct Ad.Akt(K179M) transfection). RESULTS Acute LA reduced Akt, superoxide dismutase (SOD-3) and NFκB, ERK1, and p38 MAPK gene expression. Acute HA only increased that of SOD-3 and NFκB. These effects were generally inhibited by Ad.Akt(K179M) and enhanced with Ad.BD110 transfection. In parallel, LA reduced but HA enhanced Akt activity, which was reversed by IGF-1 and inhibited by Ad.Akt(K179M), respectively. Also, LA reduced caspase 3/7 activity and oxidative stress, while HA increased both. The former was blocked, while the latter effect was enhanced by Ad.Akt(K179M). The reverse was true with PI3K/Akt activation. This translated into reduced viability with HA, with no effect with LA. On the functional level, acute LA improved cardiac output and ejection fraction, mainly through increased stroke volume. This was accompanied with enhanced end-systolic pressure-volume relationship and preload recruitable stroke work. Opposite effect was recorded for HA. LA and HA in vivo functional effects were alleviated by LY and enhanced by IGF-1 treatment. CONCLUSIONS Acute LA and HA seem to oppositely affect cardiac function through modulation of oxidative stress where PI3K/Akt plays a pivotal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nsini A Umoh
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia
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5
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Seydlová G, Halada P, Fišer R, Toman O, Ulrych A, Svobodová J. DnaK and GroEL chaperones are recruited to the Bacillus subtilis membrane after short-term ethanol stress. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 112:765-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Adams DR, Ron D, Kiely PA. RACK1, A multifaceted scaffolding protein: Structure and function. Cell Commun Signal 2011; 9:22. [PMID: 21978545 PMCID: PMC3195729 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-9-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) is a member of the tryptophan-aspartate repeat (WD-repeat) family of proteins and shares significant homology to the β subunit of G-proteins (Gβ). RACK1 adopts a seven-bladed β-propeller structure which facilitates protein binding. RACK1 has a significant role to play in shuttling proteins around the cell, anchoring proteins at particular locations and in stabilising protein activity. It interacts with the ribosomal machinery, with several cell surface receptors and with proteins in the nucleus. As a result, RACK1 is a key mediator of various pathways and contributes to numerous aspects of cellular function. Here, we discuss RACK1 gene and structure and its role in specific signaling pathways, and address how posttranslational modifications facilitate subcellular location and translocation of RACK1. This review condenses several recent studies suggesting a role for RACK1 in physiological processes such as development, cell migration, central nervous system (CN) function and circadian rhythm as well as reviewing the role of RACK1 in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Adams
- Department of Life Sciences, and Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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Qu W, Zhao L, Peng X, Yang X, Ying C, Hao L, Sun X. Biphasic effects of chronic ethanol exposure on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in primary cultured rat skeletal muscle cells: role of the Akt pathway and GLUT4. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27:47-53. [PMID: 21218507 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND mild or moderate chronic alcohol intake has been shown to be associated with increased insulin sensitivity, while chronic alcohol abuse demonstrates a contrary effect. The mechanism underlying this biphasic effect has not yet been clarified. We investigated whether chronic ethanol exposure mediates biphasic changes on insulin sensitivity and whether the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway is involved in vitro. METHODS primary cultured rat skeletal muscle cells were exposed to ethanol (0-400 mM) for 24 h. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by the (3) H-labelled 2-deoxyglucose uptake assay. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, cytosol and cell membrane glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4), as well as the Akt phosphorylated form, were analyzed by Western blots. RESULTS biphasic effects of ethanol on insulin sensitivity were observed in primary cultured skeletal muscle cells in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the untreated group, 50 and 100 mM concentrations of ethanol resulted in a significant increase in 2-deoxyglucose uptake by 29 and 28%, respectively, while higher concentrations of ethanol (200, 400 mM) showed a significant decrease in 2-deoxyglucose uptake by 28 and 47%, respectively. The changes in glucose transport activity were in line with the changes in Akt Ser473 phosphorylation and GLUT4 expression in an ethanol dose-dependent biphasic manner. The phosphorylation of Akt and GLUT4 protein contents were up-regulated after treatment with low concentrations of ethanol (50, 100 mM) and down-regulated with high concentrations of ethanol (200, 400 mM) for 24 h. CONCLUSION ethanol mediates biphasic changes on insulin sensitivity at least in part via the Akt pathway and GLUT4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
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8
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Wallace NA, Belancio VP, Faber Z, Deininger P. Feedback inhibition of L1 and alu retrotransposition through altered double strand break repair kinetics. Mob DNA 2010; 1:22. [PMID: 20979631 PMCID: PMC3164224 DOI: 10.1186/1759-8753-1-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cells adapt to various chronic toxic exposures in a multitude of ways to minimize further damage and maximize their growth potential. Expression of L1 elements in the human genome can be greatly deleterious to cells, generating numerous double strand breaks (DSBs). Cells have been reported to respond to chronic DSBs by altering the repair of these breaks, including increasing the rate of homology independent DSB repair. Retrotransposition is strongly affected by proteins involved in DSB repair. Therefore, L1 expression has the potential to be a source of chronic DSBs and thus bring about the changes in cellular environment that could ultimately restrict its own retrotransposition. RESULTS We demonstrate that constitutive L1 expression leads to quicker DSB repair and decreases in the retrotransposition potential of L1 and other retrotransposons dependent on L1 expression for their mobility. This cellular adaptation results in reduced sensitivity to L1 induced toxicity. These effects can be induced by constitutive expression of the functional L1 ORF2 alone, but not by the constitutive expression of an L1 open reading frame 2 with mutations to its endonuclease and reverse transcriptase domains. This adaptation correlates with the relative activity of the L1 introduced into the cells. CONCLUSIONS The increased number of DSBs resulting from constitutive expression of L1 results in a more rapid rate of repair. The cellular response to this L1 expression also results in attenuation of retrotransposition and reduced sensitivity of the cells to negative consequences of L1 ORF2 expression. The influence does not appear to be through RNA interference. We believe that the increased rate of DSB repair is the most likely cause of the attenuation of retrotransposition. These alterations act as a fail safe mechanism that allows cells to escape the toxicity associated with the unchecked L1 expression. This gives cells that overexpress L1, such as tumor cells, the ability to survive the high levels of expression. However, the increased rate of break repair may come at the cost of accuracy of repair of the lesion, resulting in increased genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Wallace
- Tulane Cancer Center and the Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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9
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Spanagel R. Alcoholism: A Systems Approach From Molecular Physiology to Addictive Behavior. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:649-705. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is an integral part of daily life in many societies. The benefits associated with the production, sale, and use of alcoholic beverages come at an enormous cost to these societies. The World Health Organization ranks alcohol as one of the primary causes of the global burden of disease in industrialized countries. Alcohol-related diseases, especially alcoholism, are the result of cumulative responses to alcohol exposure, the genetic make-up of an individual, and the environmental perturbations over time. This complex gene × environment interaction, which has to be seen in a life-span perspective, leads to a large heterogeneity among alcohol-dependent patients, in terms of both the symptom dimensions and the severity of this disorder. Therefore, a reductionistic approach is not very practical if a better understanding of the pathological processes leading to an addictive behavior is to be achieved. Instead, a systems-oriented perspective in which the interactions and dynamics of all endogenous and environmental factors involved are centrally integrated, will lead to further progress in alcohol research. This review adheres to a systems biology perspective such that the interaction of alcohol with primary and secondary targets within the brain is described in relation to the behavioral consequences. As a result of the interaction of alcohol with these targets, alterations in gene expression and synaptic plasticity take place that lead to long-lasting alteration in neuronal network activity. As a subsequent consequence, alcohol-seeking responses ensue that can finally lead via complex environmental interactions to an addictive behavior.
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Logrip ML, Janak PH, Ron D. Escalating ethanol intake is associated with altered corticostriatal BDNF expression. J Neurochem 2009; 109:1459-68. [PMID: 19453942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a chronically relapsing condition, indicative of long-term neuronal adaptations maintaining the disease even after prolonged abstinence. Previously, we identified brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the dorsal striatum as the central mediator of a homeostatic mechanism which is activated by acute alcohol (ethanol) exposure and functions to decrease the sensitivity of rodents to ethanol-related behaviors. We hypothesized that extensive exposure to ethanol would result in dysregulation of this BDNF-mediated protective mechanism, accompanied by heightened ethanol intake. In this study, we demonstrate that while a single bout of ethanol intake increases BDNF mRNA expression in the dorsal striatum, this effect is no longer observed after 6 weeks of daily ethanol access. Additionally, 6 weeks of ethanol consumption decreases BDNF in the cortex, a main source of BDNF for the striatum. Importantly, these ethanol-induced changes in BDNF levels are not ameliorated by 2 weeks' abstinence. Together, these data suggest that the BDNF pathway, which is activated following a single bout of ethanol drinking, breaks down by the end of 6 weeks of access and does not recover its protective function after a 2-week deprivation period. These results suggest that the persistence of altered BDNF signaling may contribute to the inflexibility of addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian L Logrip
- The Gallo Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
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Szumlinski KK, Abernathy KE, Oleson EB, Klugmann M, Lominac KD, He DY, Ron D, During M, Kalivas PW. Homer isoforms differentially regulate cocaine-induced neuroplasticity. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006; 31:768-77. [PMID: 16160706 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Homer proteins modulate neuroplasticity in excitatory synapses and are dynamically regulated by cocaine. Whereas acute cocaine elevates immediate-early gene (short) isoforms of Homer1 in the nucleus accumbens, withdrawal from repeated cocaine administration downregulates the expression of constitutive Homer1 isoforms. The present study determined whether or not this downregulation in constitutive Homer expression in the accumbens is necessary for enduring alterations in cocaine-induced changes in the brain and behavior. The long vs short Homer isoforms were overexpressed in the rat nucleus accumbens during drug abstinence, and the adaptations elicited by repeated cocaine on glutamate transmission and motor behavior were measured. It was found that both chronic and acute overexpression of constitutive, but not short, Homer isoforms abolished cocaine-induced sensitization of locomotor hyperactivity and prevented the development of glutamate abnormalities in the accumbens, including the reduction in basal extracellular glutamate content and the sensitized glutamate response to a subsequent cocaine challenge injection. Together, these data indicate that the enduring reduction of long Homer isoforms in the nucleus accumbens of cocaine-withdrawn rats is necessary for the expression of cocaine-induced neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Szumlinski
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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12
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Spurzem JR, Veys T, Devasure J, Sisson JH, Wyatt TA. Ethanol treatment reduces bovine bronchial epithelial cell migration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2005; 29:485-92. [PMID: 15834212 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000158830.21657.bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic ethanol abuse is associated with significant lung disease. Excessive alcohol intake increases risk for a variety of respiratory tract diseases, including pneumonia and bronchitis. Damage to airway epithelium is critical to the pathogenesis of airway disorders such as chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The ability of the airway epithelium to repair itself is an important step in the resolution of airway inflammation and disease. Ethanol exposure is known to modulate signaling systems in bronchial epithelial cells. We hypothesize that chronic ethanol exposure down-regulates the adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate signaling cascade in airway epithelial cells, resulting in decreased epithelial cell migration and repair. METHODS We evaluated the effect of ethanol on primary cultures of bovine bronchial epithelial cells in in vitro models of cell migration, wound repair, cell attachment, and cell spreading. RESULTS Ethanol causes a concentration-dependent effect on closure of mechanical wounds in cell monolayers. Pretreatment of cells with 100 mm ethanol for 24 hr further slows wound closure. Ethanol pretreatment also reduced the protein kinase A response to wounding and made the cells unresponsive to stimuli of protein kinase A that accelerate wound closure. The effects of ethanol on cell migration in wound closure were confirmed in another assay of migration, the Boyden chamber cell migration assay. Prolonged treatment with ethanol also reduced other cell functions, such as spreading and attachment, which are necessary for epithelial repair. CONCLUSIONS Ethanol modulates signaling systems that are relevant to airway injury and repair, suggesting that chronic, heavy ethanol ingestion has a detrimental impact on airway repair. Impaired response to inflammation and injury may contribute to chronic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Spurzem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5300, USA.
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13
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McGough NNH, He DY, Logrip ML, Jeanblanc J, Phamluong K, Luong K, Kharazia V, Janak PH, Ron D. RACK1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a homeostatic pathway that regulates alcohol addiction. J Neurosci 2005; 24:10542-52. [PMID: 15548669 PMCID: PMC6730316 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3714-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholism is a devastating disease that manifests as uncontrolled drinking. Consumption of alcohol is regulated by neurochemical systems within specific neural circuits, but endogenous systems that may counteract and thus suppress the behavioral effects of ethanol intake are unknown. Here we demonstrate that BDNF plays a role in reducing the behavioral effects of ethanol, including consumption, in rodents. We found that decreasing the levels of BDNF leads to increased behavioral responses to ethanol, whereas increases in the levels of BDNF, mediated by the scaffolding protein RACK1, attenuate these behaviors. Interestingly, we found that acute exposure of neurons to ethanol leads to increased levels of BDNF mRNA via RACK1. Importantly, acute systemic administration of ethanol and voluntary ethanol consumption lead to increased levels of BDNF expression in the dorsal striatum. Taken together, these findings suggest that RACK1 and BDNF are part of a regulatory pathway that opposes adaptations that lead to the development of alcohol addiction.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol Drinking/metabolism
- Alcohol Drinking/psychology
- Alcoholism/metabolism
- Alcoholism/psychology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/biosynthesis
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Corpus Striatum/drug effects
- Corpus Striatum/metabolism
- Ethanol/administration & dosage
- Ethanol/pharmacology
- Gene Products, tat/genetics
- Hippocampus/cytology
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Homeostasis
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors for Activated C Kinase
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Self Administration
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy N H McGough
- Ernest Gallo Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
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