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Kume H, Harigane R, Rikimaru M. Involvement of Lysophospholipids in Pulmonary Vascular Functions and Diseases. Biomedicines 2024; 12:124. [PMID: 38255229 PMCID: PMC10813361 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular lysophospholipids (lysophosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingosine 1-phosphate, etc.), which are synthesized from phospholipids in the cell membrane, act as lipid mediators, and mediate various cellular responses in constituent cells in the respiratory system, such as contraction, proliferation, migration, and cytoskeletal organization. In addition to these effects, the expression of the adhesion molecules is enhanced by these extracellular lysophospholipids in pulmonary endothelial cells. These effects are exerted via specific G protein-coupled receptors. Rho, Ras, and phospholipase C (PLC) have been proven to be their signaling pathways, related to Ca2+ signaling due to Ca2+ dynamics and Ca2+ sensitization. Therefore, lysophospholipids probably induce pulmonary vascular remodeling through phenotype changes in smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, likely resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome due to vascular leak, pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, lysophospholipids induce the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the lungs via the enhancement of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells, potentially leading to the development of asthma. These results demonstrate that lysophospholipids may be novel therapeutic targets not only for injury, fibrosis, and hypertension in the lung, but also for asthma. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of the effects of lysophospholipids on the respiratory system, and the possibility of precision medicine targeting lysophospholipids as treatable traits of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kume
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Fukushima Medical University Aizu Medical Center, 21-2 Maeda, Tanisawa, Kawahigashi, Aizuwakamatsu City 969-3492, Fukushima, Japan; (R.H.); (M.R.)
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Henze E, Ehrlich JJ, Burkhardt RN, Fox BW, Michalski K, Kramer L, Lenfest M, Boesch JM, Schroeder FC, Kawate T. ATP-release pannexin channels are gated by lysophospholipids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.23.563601. [PMID: 37961151 PMCID: PMC10634739 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.23.563601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) serves as an extracellular messenger that mediates diverse cell-to-cell communication. Compelling evidence supports that ATP is released from cells through pannexins, a family of heptameric large pore-forming channels. However, the activation mechanisms that trigger ATP release by pannexins remain poorly understood. Here, we discover lysophospholipids as endogenous pannexin activators, using activity-guided fractionation of mouse tissue extracts combined with untargeted metabolomics and electrophysiology. We show that lysophospholipids directly and reversibly activate pannexins in the absence of other proteins. Molecular docking, mutagenesis, and single-particle cryo-EM reconstructions suggest that lysophospholipids open pannexin channels by altering the conformation of the N-terminal domain. Our results provide a connection between lipid metabolism and ATP signaling, both of which play major roles in inflammation and neurotransmission. One-Sentence Summary Untargeted metabolomics discovers a class of messenger lipids as endogenous activators of membrane channels important for inflammation and neurotransmission.
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High-cholesterol diet during pregnancy induces maternal vascular dysfunction in mice: potential role for oxidized LDL-induced LOX-1 and AT1 receptor activation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:2295-2313. [PMID: 32856035 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The lectin-like oxidized low-density-lipoprotein (oxLDL) receptor-1 (LOX-1) has been shown to induce angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1) activation, contributing to vascular dysfunction. Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by vascular dysfunction and increased LOX-1 and AT1 activation; however, whether LOX-1 and AT1 activity contributes to vascular dysfunction in preeclampsia is unknown. We hypothesized that increased oxLDL levels during pregnancy lead to LOX-1 activation and subsequent AT1 activation, resulting in vascular dysfunction. Pregnant wild-type (WT) and transgenic LOX-1 overexpressing (LOX-1tg) mice were fed a control diet (CD) or high-cholesterol diet (HCD, to impair vascular function) between gestational day (GD) 13.5-GD18.5. On GD18.5, AngII-induced vasoconstriction and methylcholine (MCh)-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation responses were assessed in aortas and uterine arteries. HCD decreased fetal weight and increased circulating oxLDL/cholesterol levels in WT, but not in LOX-1tg mice. HCD did not alter AngII responsiveness or AT1 expression in both vascular beds; however, AngII responsiveness and AT1 expression were lower in aortas from LOX-1tg compared with WT mice. In aortas from WT-CD mice, acute oxLDL exposure induced AT1-mediated vasoconstriction via LOX-1. HCD impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation and increased superoxide levels in WT aortas, but not uterine arteries. Moreover, in WT-CD mice oxLDL decreased MCh sensitivity in both vascular beds, partially via LOX-1. In summary, HCD impaired pregnancy outcomes and vascular function, and oxLDL-induced LOX-1 activation may contribute to vascular dysfunction via AT1. Our study suggests that LOX-1 could be a potential target to prevent adverse outcomes associated with vascular dysfunction in preeclampsia.
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Knuplez E, Marsche G. An Updated Review of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Plasma Lysophosphatidylcholines in the Vascular System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4501. [PMID: 32599910 PMCID: PMC7350010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholines are a group of bioactive lipids heavily investigated in the context of inflammation and atherosclerosis development. While present in plasma during physiological conditions, their concentration can drastically increase in certain inflammatory states. Lysophosphatidylcholines are widely regarded as potent pro-inflammatory and deleterious mediators, but an increasing number of more recent studies show multiple beneficial properties under various pathological conditions. Many of the discrepancies in the published studies are due to the investigation of different species or mixtures of lysophatidylcholines and the use of supra-physiological concentrations in the absence of serum or other carrier proteins. Furthermore, interpretation of the results is complicated by the rapid metabolism of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) in cells and tissues to pro-inflammatory lysophosphatidic acid. Interestingly, most of the recent studies, in contrast to older studies, found lower LPC plasma levels associated with unfavorable disease outcomes. Being the most abundant lysophospholipid in plasma, it is of utmost importance to understand its physiological functions and shed light on the discordant literature connected to its research. LPCs should be recognized as important homeostatic mediators involved in all stages of vascular inflammation. In this review, we want to point out potential pro- and anti-inflammatory activities of lysophospholipids in the vascular system and highlight recent discoveries about the effect of lysophosphatidylcholines on immune cells at the endothelial vascular interface. We will also look at their potential clinical application as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Knuplez
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Soman S, Dai W, Dong L, Hitchner E, Lee K, Baughman BD, Holdsworth SJ, Massaband P, Bhat JV, Moseley ME, Rosen A, Zhou W, Zaharchuk G. Identifying cardiovascular risk factors that impact cerebrovascular reactivity: An ASL MRI study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 51:734-747. [PMID: 31294898 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To maintain cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood vessels dilate and contract in response to blood supply through cerebrovascular reactivity (CR). PURPOSE Cardiovascular (CV) disease is associated with increased stroke risk, but which risk factors specifically impact CR is unknown. STUDY TYPE Prospective longitudinal. SUBJECTS Fifty-three subjects undergoing carotid endarterectomy or stenting. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 3T, 3D pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) ASL, and T1 3D fast spoiled gradient echo (FSPGR). ASSESSMENT We evaluated group differences in CBF changes for multiple cardiovascular risk factors in patients undergoing carotid revascularization surgery. STATISTICAL TESTS PRE (baseline), POST (48-hour postop), and 6MO (6 months postop) whole-brain CBF measurements, as 129 CBF maps from 53 subjects were modeled as within-subject analysis of variance (ANOVA). To identify CV risk factors associated with CBF change, the CBF change from PRE to POST, POST to 6MO, and PRE to 6MO were modeled as multiple linear regression with each CV risk factor as an independent variable. Statistical models were performed controlling for age on a voxel-by-voxel basis using SPM8. Significant clusters were reported if familywise error (FWE)-corrected cluster-level was P < 0.05, while the voxel-level significance threshold was set for P < 0.001. RESULTS The entire group showed significant (cluster-level P < 0.001) CBF increase from PRE to POST, decrease from POST to 6MO, and no significant difference (all voxels with P > 0.001) from PRE to 6MO. Of multiple CV risk factors evaluated, only elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP, P = 0.001), chronic renal insufficiency (CRI, P = 0.026), and history of prior stroke (CVA, P < 0.001) predicted lower increases in CBF PRE to POST. Over POST to 6MO, obesity predicted lower (P > 0.001) and cholesterol greater CBF decrease (P > 0.001). DATA CONCLUSION The CV risk factors of higher SBP, CRI, CVA, BMI, and cholesterol may indicate altered CR, and may warrant different stroke risk mitigation and special consideration for CBF change evaluation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:734-747.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salil Soman
- The Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Weiying Dai
- Department of Computer Science, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Lucy Dong
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hitchner
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Los Altos Hills, California, USA
| | - Kyuwon Lee
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brittanie D Baughman
- Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto VAHCS, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Samantha J Holdsworth
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Medical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Payam Massaband
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Jyoti V Bhat
- Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto VAHCS, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Michael E Moseley
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Lucas Center for MR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Allyson Rosen
- Department of Behavioral Science and Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Greg Zaharchuk
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Rho kinase, a potential target in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1024-1030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) has an indispensable role in the erectile response. In the penis, eNOS activity and endothelial NO bioavailability are regulated by multiple post-translatlonal molecular mechanisms, such as eNOS phosphorylation, eNOS interaction with regulatory proteins and contractile pathways, and actions of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These mechanisms regulate eNOS-mediated responses under physiologic circumstances and provide various mechanisms whereby endothelial NO availability may be altered in states of vasculogenlc erectile dysfunction (ED), in view of the recent advances in the field of eNOS function in the penis and its role in penile erection, the emphasis in this review is placed on the mechanisms regulating eNOS activity and its interaction with the RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway in the physiology of penile erection and the pathophysiology of ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Musicki
- Johns Hopkins Hospital, Department of Urology, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Brandes RP, Weissmann N, Schröder K. Nox family NADPH oxidases: Molecular mechanisms of activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 76:208-26. [PMID: 25157786 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are important enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Numerous homologue-specific mechanisms control the activity of this enzyme family involving calcium, free fatty acids, protein-protein interactions, intracellular trafficking, and posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, or sumoylation. After a brief review on the classic pathways of Nox activation, this article will focus on novel mechanisms of homologue-specific activity control and on cell-specific aspects which govern Nox activity. From these findings of the recent years it must be concluded that the activity control of Nox enzymes is much more complex than anticipated. Moreover, depending on the cellular activity state, Nox enzymes are selectively activated or inactivated. The complex upstream signaling aspects of these events make the development of "intelligent" Nox inhibitors plausible, which selectively attenuate disease-related Nox-mediated ROS formation without altering physiological signaling ROS. This approach might be of relevance for Nox-mediated tissue injury in ischemia-reperfusion and inflammation and also for chronic Nox overactivation as present in cancer initiation and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P Brandes
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- ECCPS, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Member of the DZL, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Komers R. Rho kinase inhibition in diabetic kidney disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 76:551-9. [PMID: 23802580 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases of the Rho family and their down-stream effectors Rho associated kinases (ROCKs) are the molecules that converge a spectrum of pathophysiological signals triggered by the diabetic milieu and represent promising molecular targets for nephroprotective treatment in diabetes. The review discusses recent studies exploring the consequences of diabetes-induced Rho-ROCK activation in the kidney and the effects of ROCK inhibition (ROCKi) in experimental diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Studies in models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes have indicated blood pressure-independent nephroprotective actions of ROCKi in DKD. The underlying mechanisms include attenuation of diabetes-induced increases in renal expression of prosclerotic cytokines and extracellular matrix, anti-oxidant effects and protection of mitochondrial function, resulting in slower development of glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. The studies have also shown antiproteinuric effects of ROCKi that could be related to reductions in permeability of the glomerular barrier and beneficial effects on podocytes. Glomerular haemodynamic mechanisms might also be involved. Despite remaining questions in this field, such as the effects in podocytes later in the course of DKD, specificity of currently available ROCKi, or the roles of individual ROCK isoforms, recent evidence in experimental diabetes suggests that ROCKi might in future broaden the spectrum of treatments available for patients with DKD. This is supported by the evidence generated in models of non-diabetic kidney disease and in clinical studies in patients with various cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radko Komers
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Loirand G, Sauzeau V, Pacaud P. Small G Proteins in the Cardiovascular System: Physiological and Pathological Aspects. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:1659-720. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Small G proteins exist in eukaryotes from yeast to human and constitute the Ras superfamily comprising more than 100 members. This superfamily is structurally classified into five families: the Ras, Rho, Rab, Arf, and Ran families that control a wide variety of cell and biological functions through highly coordinated regulation processes. Increasing evidence has accumulated to identify small G proteins and their regulators as key players of the cardiovascular physiology that control a large panel of cardiac (heart rhythm, contraction, hypertrophy) and vascular functions (angiogenesis, vascular permeability, vasoconstriction). Indeed, basal Ras protein activity is required for homeostatic functions in physiological conditions, but sustained overactivation of Ras proteins or spatiotemporal dysregulation of Ras signaling pathways has pathological consequences in the cardiovascular system. The primary object of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current progress in our understanding of the role of small G proteins and their regulators in cardiovascular physiology and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervaise Loirand
- INSERM, UMR S1087; University of Nantes; and CHU Nantes, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Sauzeau
- INSERM, UMR S1087; University of Nantes; and CHU Nantes, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Pacaud
- INSERM, UMR S1087; University of Nantes; and CHU Nantes, l'Institut du Thorax, Nantes, France
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Ayata C, Shin HK, Dileköz E, Atochin DN, Kashiwagi S, Eikermann-Haerter K, Huang PL. Hyperlipidemia disrupts cerebrovascular reflexes and worsens ischemic perfusion defect. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:954-62. [PMID: 23486293 PMCID: PMC3677117 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a highly prevalent risk factor for coronary and cervical atherosclerosis and stroke. However, even in the absence of overt atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia disrupts endothelial and smooth muscle function. We investigated the impact of hyperlipidemia on resting-brain perfusion, fundamental cerebrovascular reflexes, and dynamic perfusion defect during acute focal ischemia in hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E knockout mice before the development of flow-limiting atherosclerotic stenoses. Despite elevated blood pressures, absolute resting cerebral blood flow was reduced by 20% in apolipoprotein E knockout compared with wild type when measured by [(14)C]-iodoamphetamine technique. Noninvasive, high spatiotemporal resolution laser speckle flow imaging revealed that the lower autoregulatory limit was elevated in apolipoprotein E knockout mice (60 vs. 40 mm Hg), and cortical hyperemic responses to hypercapnia and functional activation were attenuated by 30% and 64%, respectively. Distal middle cerebral artery occlusion caused significantly larger perfusion defects and infarct volumes in apolipoprotein E knockout compared with wild type. Cerebrovascular dysfunction showed a direct relationship to the duration of high-fat diet. These data suggest that hyperlipidemia disrupts cerebral blood flow regulation and diminishes collateral perfusion in acute stroke in the absence of hemodynamically significant atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cenk Ayata
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown 02129, Massachusetts, USA.
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Vicinanza R, Coppotelli G, Malacrino C, Nardo T, Buchetti B, Lenti L, Celi FS, Scarpa S. Oxidized low-density lipoproteins impair endothelial function by inhibiting non-genomic action of thyroid hormone-mediated nitric oxide production in human endothelial cells. Thyroid 2013; 23:231-8. [PMID: 23072587 PMCID: PMC3569959 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone (TH) plays an important role in the modulation of cardiac function, including contractility and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)), the active form of TH, induces the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase via PI3K/AKT non-genomic signaling. Hypothyroidism is associated with an increase in SVR and serum low-density lipoproteins (LDL) levels, and accumulation of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) may impair endothelial-dependent vascular relaxation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of both native LDL (nLDL) and oxLDL on T(3)-mediated AKT phosphorylation, nitric oxide (NO), and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production in human endothelial cells. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to either nLDL or oxLDL for 3 hours and then stimulated with T(3) (10(-7) M) or pretreated with an antioxidant mixture of vitamins E and C for 12 hours before treatment with LDL. An analysis of AKT phosphorylation was performed by Western blot, and NO production was evaluated by using 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate. Intracellular production of cGMP was measured by enzymatic immunoassay. LDL oxidation was carried out by incubating LDL with CuSO(4), and α-tocopherol content of LDL was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS OxLDL impaired T(3)-mediated AKT phosphorylation at serine 473 and significantly decreased the production of both NO (oxLDL+T(3) vs. T(3), 9.79±0.5 AU vs. 80.75±2.8 AU, mean±standard deviation, p<0.0001) and cGMP. Furthermore, pretreatment with the antioxidant mixture obviated the inhibitory effect of LDL on T(3) action. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrate that oxLDL may contribute to a blunting of the non-genomic action of T(3) and impair the effect of T(3) on NO and cGMP production in endothelial cells. These data suggest that oxLDL, apart from inducing the atherosclerotic process, may also promote a mechanism of peripheral resistance to T(3,) further amplifying the impact of hypothyroidism on endothelial function by increasing SVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Vicinanza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The Rho GTPases and their downstream effectors Rho-associated kinases (ROCKs) appear to be the molecules that converge numerous pathophysiological signals triggered by the diabetic milieu and represent promising molecular targets for nephroprotective treatment in diabetes. The review discusses recent studies exploring the consequences of diabetes-induced Rho-ROCK activation in the kidney and the effects of ROCK inhibition (ROCKi) in experimental diabetic nephropathy. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies in models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes have indicated blood-pressure-independent nephroprotective actions of ROCKi in diabetic nephropathy. The underlying mechanisms include attenuation of diabetes-induced increases in renal expression of prosclerotic cytokines and extracellular matrix, resulting in slower development of glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. The studies have also shown antiproteinuric affects of ROCKi that could be related to reductions in permeability of glomerular barrier and beneficial effects on podocytes. Moreover hemodynamic mechanisms might be also involved. SUMMARY Despite remaining questions in this field, such as the specificity of currently available ROCKi, or the roles of individual ROCK isoforms, recent evidence in experimental diabetes, together with evidence generated in models of nondiabetic kidney disease and in clinical studies in patients with various cardiovascular disorders, suggest that ROCKi might in future broaden the spectrum of treatments available for patients with diabetic nephropathy.
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Ding WG, Toyoda F, Ueyama H, Matsuura H. Lysophosphatidylcholine enhances IKs currents in cardiac myocytes through activation of G protein, PKC and Rho signaling pathways. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 50:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ohkawara H, Ishibashi T, Shiomi M, Sugimoto K, Uekita H, Kamioka M, Takuwa Y, Teramoto T, Maruyama Y, Takeishi Y. RhoA and Rac1 changes in the atherosclerotic lesions of WHHLMI rabbits. J Atheroscler Thromb 2009; 16:846-56. [PMID: 20032577 DOI: 10.5551/jat.2394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The activation of RhoA and Rac1 is crucial for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This study investigated the changes of unprocessed and mature forms of RhoA and Rac1 in the progression of atherosclerosis. METHODS Unprocessed and geranylgeranylated forms of RhoA and Rac1 in aortic atherosclerotic lesions were separated by the Triton X-114 partition method using Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHLMI) rabbits prone to myocardial infarction. The activation of RhoA and Rac1 was determined by membrane translocation and pull-down assays. RESULTS The levels of unprocessed RhoA and Rac1 of the aortas were higher at 7 months than 3 months, accompanied by increased levels of total RhoA and Rac1. Membrane-bound RhoA and Rac1 levels of the aortas at 7 months were significantly increased compared with those at 3 months, consistent with the results of GTP-loading. Unprocessed and activated forms of RhoA and Rac1 had gradually decreas at 15 and 24 months compared to 7 months. CONCLUSIONS We show evidence of marked increases in unprocessed RhoA and Rac1 with enhanced activities in the progression of atherosclerosis in WHHLMI rabbits. This is important for better understanding of the pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia-dependent atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ohkawara
- Department of Cardiology and Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
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Sheikh AM, Nagai A, Ryu JK, McLarnon JG, Kim SU, Masuda J. Lysophosphatidylcholine induces glial cell activation: role of rho kinase. Glia 2009; 57:898-907. [PMID: 19115379 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a major phospholipid component of atherogenic oxidized LDL, is implicated in atherosclerosis and, recently, in neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated the immunomodulatory functions of LPC in the central nervous system (CNS) using both an in vivo rat model, and in vitro culture systems of human primary astrocytes and a microglia cell line, HMO6. Compared with PBS injection, 20 nmol LPC-injection into the rat striatum increased astrocyte and microglial accumulation and elevated iNOS expression; concomitantly a time-dependent decrease in number of neurons was exhibited. In vitro studies on astrocytes and HMO6 cells showed that LPC increased the gene expression of proinflammatory factors IL-1beta, COX-2, and GM-CSF. LPC also induced chemotactic responses in HMO6 cells. Inhibition of rho kinase by fasudil, Y27632, or expressing a dominant negative form of rho kinase inhibited the LPC-induced IL-1beta mRNA expression in both astrocytes and HMO6. Moreover, intraperitoneal fasudil injection inhibited the LPC-induced microglial accumulation and iNOS expression and also was effective in protecting against neuronal loss. Silencing G2A, a specific receptor for LPC, inhibited proinflammatory gene expression and HMO6 migration. Overall, our results indicate that LPC induced considerable neuroinflammatory reactivity in glia mediated by rho kinase-dependent pathways with inhibition of these pathways conferring significant extents of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Md Sheikh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shimane University School of Medicine, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Japan
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Eichhorn B, Muller G, Leuner A, Sawamura T, Ravens U, Morawietz H. Impaired vascular function in small resistance arteries of LOX-1 overexpressing mice on high-fat diet. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 82:493-502. [PMID: 19289377 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS LOX-1 is a major vascular receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). In this study, we analysed the impact of LOX-1 overexpression and high dietary fat intake on vascular function in small resistance arteries. METHODS AND RESULTS Relaxation of mesenteric arteries was measured using a wire myograph. Compared with the control group, mice overexpressing LOX-1 on a high-fat diet (FD) had preserved vascular smooth muscle relaxation, but impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation via NO. Vascular NO availability was decreased by exaggerated formation of reactive oxygen species and decreased endothelial NO synthase expression. Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)-mediated relaxation via cytochrome P450 metabolites was increased in LOX-1 + FD animals, but did not completely compensate for the loss of NO. Currents of calcium-activated potassium channels with large conductance (BKCa channels) were measured by the voltage-clamp method. The BKCa current amplitudes were not altered in endothelial cells, but highly increased in vascular smooth muscle cells from resistance arteries of LOX-1-overexpressing mice on FD. BK(Ca) currents were activated by low-dose H2O2 and cytochrome P450 metabolites 11,12-EET and 14,15-EET as EDHF in control mice. CONCLUSION LOX-1 overexpression and FD caused functional changes in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells of small resistance arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Eichhorn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Kowalsky GB, Byfield FJ, Levitan I. oxLDL facilitates flow-induced realignment of aortic endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295:C332-40. [PMID: 18562483 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00335.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alignment of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) in the direction of the flow is considered a key factor in maintaining endothelial integrity in an active hemodynamic environment. Our recent studies showed that exposure to oxidized LDL (oxLDL), one of the major proatherogenic lipoproteins, significantly increases the stiffness of human aortic ECs, suggesting that oxLDL may have a significant impact on the sensitivity of ECs to mechanical stimuli. In this study, we show that oxLDL strongly enhances the ability of ECs to realign in the direction of the flow and facilitates the formation of F-actin stress fibers under static and flow conditions. The impact of oxLDL on the flow-induced realignment is observed on whole cell and single-fiber levels. We also show that, similar to the effect of oxLDL on endothelial stiffness, the impact of oxLDL on flow-induced realignment can be simulated by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin-induced cholesterol depletion, supporting the hypothesis that oxLDL acts as cholesterol acceptor, rather than cholesterol donor, for ECs. Finally, we propose that oxLDL/cholesterol depletion-induced sensitization of ECs to flow may be a result of an increase in cellular stiffness and a respective increase in membrane-cytoskeleton tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B Kowalsky
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Hansen-Hagge TE, Baumeister E, Bauer T, Schmiedeke D, Renné T, Wanner C, Galle J. Transmission of oxLDL-derived lipid peroxide radicals into membranes of vascular cells is the main inducer of oxLDL-mediated oxidative stress. Atherosclerosis 2007; 197:602-11. [PMID: 17950298 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidatively modified LDL is generally accepted to be an important elicitor of pro-mitotic, pro-inflammatory, and atherogenic effects in vascular cells. The uptake of oxLDL and concomitant activation of the O(2)*-producing NAD(P)H oxidase and/or oxLDL as a self-contained emitter of O(2)* are believed to trigger these malfunctions. The following observations allowed reinvestigating the mode of oxLDL-induced stress: (1) we observed that artery smooth muscle primary cells internalize fluorescently labelled oxidized or acetylated LDL considerably less efficient than endothelial cells. (2) Both types of cells, however, displayed an oxLDL concentration dependent level of oxidative stress as monitored by the oxidation of carboxy-H2DCFDA to fluorescent carboxy-DCF. A dose dependent decrease of dihydroethidine oxidation to oxyethidine implied an oxLDL-induced depletion of the cellular energy pool. The release of O(2)* by exogenous oxLDL, as postulated above, did not sufficiently explain intracellular stress because the fluorescence was only marginally blocked by antioxidative enzymes (SOD, catalase) or substances (L-NAME, DMSO, DMHP, DMTU). We were able to reveal a third mode of oxLDL-induced stress by showing with the help of a fluorescent, oxidizable lipid analogue (BODIPY 581/591 C(11)) that oxLDL-derived lipid peroxides and radicals migrate into cellular membranes giving rise to a chronic inoculation of the vascular cells with oxidative chain reactions. The novel data may help to design adequate therapeutic strategies against oxLDL-induced cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Hansen-Hagge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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20
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Levitan I, Gooch KJ. Lipid rafts in membrane-cytoskeleton interactions and control of cellular biomechanics: actions of oxLDL. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:1519-34. [PMID: 17576163 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-cytoskeleton coupling is known to play major roles in a plethora of cellular responses, such as cell growth, differentiation, polarization, motility, and others. In this review, the authors discuss the growing amount of evidence indicating that membrane-cytoskeleton interactions are regulated by the lipid composition of the plasma membrane, suggesting that cholesterol-rich membrane domains (lipid rafts), including caveolae, are essential for membrane-cytoskeleton coupling. Several models for raft-cytoskeleton interactions are discussed. Also described is the evidence suggesting that raft-cytoskeleton interactions play key roles in several cytoskeleton-dependent processes, particularly in the regulation of cellular biomechanical properties. To address further the physiological significance of raft-cytoskeleton coupling, the authors focus on the impact of oxidized low density lipoproteins, one of the major cholesterol carriers and proatherogenic factors, on the integrity of lipid rafts/caveolae, and on the organization of the cytoskeleton. Finally, the authors review the recent studies showing that oxLDL and cholesterol depletion have similar impacts on the biomechanical properties of vascular endothelial cells, which in turn affect endothelial angiogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Levitan
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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21
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Grisk O, Frauendorf T, Schlüter T, Klöting I, Kuttler B, Krebs A, Lüdemann J, Rettig R. Impaired coronary function in Wistar Ottawa Karlsburg W rats—a new model of the metabolic syndrome. Pflugers Arch 2007; 454:1011-21. [PMID: 17473932 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-007-0267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk for coronary heart disease. The underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The present study was designed to investigate coronary function in Wistar Ottawa Karlsburg W (WOKW) rats, a new animal model of the metabolic syndrome. The responses of coronary artery segments from WOKW and Dark Agouti (DA) control rats of different ages to several physiological vasoconstrictors and vasodilators were measured in a small vessel wire myograph, and potential mechanisms involved in the differential responses between the two strains were investigated. WOKW showed increased alpha(1)-adrenoceptor-mediated coronary constriction at 3 and 10 months of age, as well as seriously blunted beta-adrenoceptor-mediated coronary relaxation at 16 months of age. Responses to non-adrenergic agonists were not altered in WOKW compared to DA. The alpha(1)-adrenoceptor-mediated coronary constriction in WOKW was completely blocked by rho-kinase inhibition. Induced hyperinsulinemia did not cause increased alpha(1)-adrenoceptor-mediated coronary constriction or impaired beta-adrenoceptor-mediated coronary relaxation in DA. The association between blunted coronary beta-adrenoceptor responsiveness and the metabolic syndrome was confirmed in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. We conclude that the metabolic syndrome in WOKW rats is associated with impaired coronary function due to altered adrenoceptor sensitivity. The latter may contribute to inappropriately elevated coronary tone in insulin-resistant subjects, especially when sympathetic activity to the heart is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Grisk
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Physiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswalder Str. 11c, 17495, Karlsburg, Germany.
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22
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Tölle M, Giebing G, Tietge UJ, Jankowski J, Jankowski V, Henning L, Hörl MP, Weiss W, Zidek W, van der Giet M. Diguanosine pentaphosphate: an endogenous activator of Rho-kinase possibly involved in blood pressure regulation. J Hypertens 2007; 24:1991-2000. [PMID: 16957559 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000244948.87911.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rho-kinase activity is increased in cardiovascular disease and in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Few endogenous factors are known that activate the Rho-kinase pathway. Stimulation of P2Y receptors activates the Rho-kinase pathway. Recently identified diguanosine pentaphosphate (Gp5G) possibly activates P2Y receptors. In this study, Gp5G was identified and quantified in human plasma. The influence of Gp5G on vascular tone was studied. METHODS Gp5G in human plasma was purified to homogeneity by several steps. Gp5G was quantified and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and enzymatic analysis. The vasoactive effects of Gp5G were studied in the isolated perfused rat kidney and after intra-aortic application. Activation of Rho-kinase was measured using western blot analysis. RESULTS The plasma level of Gp5G in healthy donors is 9.47 +/- 4.97 nmol/l. Gp5G increases contractile responses induced by angiotensin II in a dose-dependent way [ED50 (-log mol) angiotensin II: 10.9 +/- 0.1; angiotensin II plus Gp5G (100 nmol/l): 11.5 +/- 0.1]. P2 receptor antagonists inhibited the Gp5G-induced increase in angiotensin II vasoconstriction. MRS2179, a selective P2Y1 receptor antagonist, had no effect on Gp5G-mediated angiotensin II potentiation. Rho-kinase inhibition by Y27632 abolished the Gp5G-induced increase of contractile responses to angiotensin II. Concentrations of 10 nmol/l Gp5G activated the translocation of RhoA from the cytosolic to the membranous fraction indicating the activation of Rho-kinase. The intra-aortic application of 100 pmol Gp5G significantly increased mean arterial blood pressure by 13.5 +/- 4.2 mmHg. CONCLUSION Gp5G is an endogenous activator of Rho-kinase, which might affect vascular tone control by Rho-kinase at physiological levels. Gp5G activates P2Y4&6 receptors, and might play a role in physiological and pathophysiological vascular tone control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Tölle
- Charite - Campus Benjamin Franklin, Department of Nephrology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Hu E, Lee D. Rho kinase as potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases: opportunities and challenges. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 9:715-36. [PMID: 16083339 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.9.4.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rho kinase (ROCK) belongs to a family of Ser/Thr protein kinases that are activated via interaction with the small GTP-binding protein RhoA. Growing evidence suggests that RhoA and ROCK participate in a variety of important physiological functions in vasculature including smooth muscle contraction, cell proliferation, cell adhesion and migration, and many aspects of inflammatory responses. As these processes mediate the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease, modulation of the Rho/ROCK signalling pathway is a potential strategy for targeting an array of cardiovascular indications. Two widely employed ROCK inhibitors, fasudil and Y-27632, have provided preliminary but compelling evidence supporting the potential cardiovascular benefits of ROCK inhibition in preclinical animal disease models and in the clinic. This review summarises the molecular biology of ROCK and its biological functions in smooth muscle, endothelium and other vascular tissues. In addition, there will be a focus on recent progress demonstrating the benefits of ROCK inhibition in several animal models of cardiovascular diseases. Finally, recent progress in the identification of novel ROCK inhibitors and challenges associated with their development for clinical use will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erding Hu
- Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular and Urogenital Drug Discovery, Department of Vascular Biology, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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24
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25
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Morawietz H, Erbs S, Holtz J, Schubert A, Krekler M, Goettsch W, Kuss O, Adams V, Lenk K, Mohr FW, Schuler G, Hambrecht R. Endothelial Protection, AT1 Blockade and Cholesterol-Dependent Oxidative Stress: The EPAS Trial. Circulation 2006; 114:I296-301. [PMID: 16820589 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.105.001313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins and angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor blockers reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. In the Endothelial Protection, AT1 blockade and Cholesterol-Dependent Oxidative Stress (EPAS) trial, impact of independent or combined statin and AT1 receptor blocker therapy on endothelial expression of anti-atherosclerotic and proatherosclerotic genes and endothelial function in arteries of patients with coronary artery disease were tested. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixty patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery were randomized 4 weeks before surgery to: (A) control without inhibition of renin-angiotensin system or statin; (B) statin (pravastatin 40 mg/d); (C) AT1 blockade (irbesartan 150 mg/d); or (D) combination of statin and AT1 blocker in same dosages. Primary end point was a priori therapy-dependent regulation of an anti-atherosclerotic endothelial expression quotient Q including mRNA expression (in arbitrary units measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction) of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and C-type natriuretic peptide, divided by expression of oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor LOX-1 and NAD(P)H oxidase subunit gp91phox in left internal mammary arteries biopsies obtained by CABG surgery; 49 patients completed the study. Statin therapy increased lnQ from 3.2+/-0.4 to 4.4+/-0.4 significantly versus control. AT(1) blockade showed a trend to increase lnQ to 4.2+/-0.5. Combination of statin and AT1 blocker further increased lnQ to 5.1+/-0.6, but a putative interaction of both therapies in lnQ was not significant. Furthermore, preoperative therapy with statin, AT1 blocker and their combination improved endothelial function in internal mammary artery rings. CONCLUSIONS Statin and AT1 blocker therapy independently and in combination improve an anti-atherosclerotic endothelial expression quotient and endothelial function.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/administration & dosage
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/therapeutic use
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Biphenyl Compounds/administration & dosage
- Biphenyl Compounds/therapeutic use
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Cholesterol/blood
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Coronary Artery Bypass
- Coronary Disease/surgery
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Elective Surgical Procedures
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Hypercholesterolemia/complications
- Hypercholesterolemia/drug therapy
- Irbesartan
- Mammary Arteries/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- NADPH Oxidase 2
- NADPH Oxidases/biosynthesis
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type/biosynthesis
- Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics
- Oxidative Stress
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Pravastatin/administration & dosage
- Pravastatin/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/physiology
- Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects
- Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/biosynthesis
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/genetics
- Tetrazoles/administration & dosage
- Tetrazoles/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Morawietz
- Department of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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26
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Parker TA, Roe G, Grover TR, Abman SH. Rho kinase activation maintains high pulmonary vascular resistance in the ovine fetal lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 291:L976-82. [PMID: 16815887 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00512.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that maintain high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in the fetal lung are poorly understood. Activation of the Rho kinase signal transduction pathway, which promotes actin-myosin interaction in vascular smooth muscle cells, is increased in the pulmonary circulation of adult animals with experimental pulmonary hypertension. However, the role of Rho kinase has not been studied in the fetal lung. We hypothesized that activation of Rho kinase contributes to elevated PVR in the fetus. To address this hypothesis, we studied the pulmonary hemodynamic effects of brief (10 min) intrapulmonary infusions of two specific Rho kinase inhibitors, Y-27632 (15-500 microg) and HA-1077 (500 microg), in chronically prepared late-gestation fetal lambs (n = 9). Y-27632 caused potent, dose-dependent pulmonary vasodilation, lowering PVR from 0.67 +/- 0.18 to 0.16 +/- 0.02 mmHg x ml(-1) x min(-1) (P < 0.01) at the highest dose tested without lowering systemic arterial pressure. Despite brief infusions, Y-27632-induced pulmonary vasodilation was sustained for 50 min. HA-1077 caused a similar fall in PVR, from 0.39 +/- 0.03 to 0.19 +/- 0.03 (P < 0.05). To study nitric oxide (NO)-Rho kinase interactions in the fetal lung, we tested the effect of Rho kinase inhibition on pulmonary vasoconstriction caused by inhibition of endogenous NO production with nitro-L-arginine (L-NA; 15-30 mg), a selective NO synthase antagonist. L-NA increased PVR by 127 +/- 73% above baseline under control conditions, but this vasoconstrictor response was completely prevented by treatment with Y-27632 (P < 0.05). We conclude that the Rho kinase signal transduction pathway maintains high PVR in the normal fetal lung and that activation of the Rho kinase pathway mediates pulmonary vasoconstriction after NO synthase inhibition. We speculate that Rho kinase plays an essential role in the normal fetal pulmonary circulation and that Rho kinase inhibitors may provide novel therapy for neonatal pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Parker
- Pediatric Heart Lung Center and Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, USA.
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27
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Mahmoud AH. Comparative Study Between Carnosine and Fluvastatin in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/jas.2006.1725.1730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Zhang R, Rodrigues B, MacLeod KM. Lysophosphatidylcholine potentiates phenylephrine responses in rat mesenteric arterial bed through modulation of thromboxane A2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 317:355-61. [PMID: 16394197 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.097964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) plays important physiological and pathophysiological roles in the cardiovascular system. Despite this, there is little information about its effects on vasore-activity of resistance vessels. The present study was designed to characterize the effects of LPC in the isolated perfused rat mesenteric arterial bed (MAB) and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of the changes it produced. Perfusion with 10 microM LPC for 40 min did not significantly affect basal perfusion pressure or reactivity of MAB to the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine (PE) but almost completely abolished the maximal endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine (Ach), reducing it from 93 +/- 5 to 7 +/- 4% (p < 0.001). After washout of LPC for 60 min, the vasodilator response to Ach partially recovered, whereas the vasoconstrictor response to PE was markedly enhanced, the pD(2) value increasing from 7.50 +/- 0.04 to 8.13 +/- 0.15 and maximum response to 199 +/- 24% of control (p < 0.001). Pretreatment with either indomethacin, a nonselective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, or SQ-29548 [[1S-[1a,2a(Z),3a,4a]]-7-[3-[[2-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]hydrazino] methyl]-7-oxabicyclo [2.2.1]hept-2-yl]-5-heptanoic acid], a selective thromboxane receptor antagonist, completely prevented the potentiation of the PE response after washout of LPC. In untreated MABs, only the highest concentration of PE produced a significant increase in thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) production (assessed by enzyme-immunoassay of thromboxane B(2) levels). This was prevented by perfusion with LPC but was significantly increased after LPC washout. The basal release of TxA(2) was not modified by LPC. These results demonstrate that LPC exerts both immediate and residual effects on the reactivity of the rat MAB and that these effects are at least partially due to modification of PE-induced TxA(2) production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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29
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Burnett AL. Metabolic syndrome, endothelial dysfunction, and erectile dysfunction: Association and management. Curr Urol Rep 2005; 6:470-5. [PMID: 16238922 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-005-0043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome, the criteria for which include glucose intolerance, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, has rapidly become understood to have a major association with erectile dysfunction (ED). On a mechanistic level, their common grounds may involve endothelial dysfunction, although the conditions of oxidative stress understood to be a pathologic element of the syndrome also may affect various components of the vascular biology of the penis. The foremost importance of recognizing the association between ED and the metabolic syndrome is that addressing ED presentations may afford opportunities to identify and improve a major adverse health profile and thereby promote health maintenance objectives for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur L Burnett
- The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe Street, Marburg 407, Baltimore, MD 21287-2411, USA.
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Galle J, Hansen-Hagge T, Wanner C, Seibold S. Impact of oxidized low density lipoprotein on vascular cells. Atherosclerosis 2005; 185:219-26. [PMID: 16288760 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Revised: 09/29/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized LDL (OxLDL) is a proatherogenic lipoprotein, accumulating in the vascular wall and contributing to the pathogenesis of vascular dysfunction early in the development of atherosclerosis. Enhanced serum levels of OxLDL, as well as antibodies against its epitopes, are predictive for endothelial dysfunction and coronary heart disease. While enhanced oxidative stress is one factor triggering formation of OxLDL, OxLDL itself has been identified as a potent stimulus for vascular oxygen radical formation, causing a vicious circle. OxLDL-induced O(2)(-) formation, largely through activation of NADPH oxidase, but also through uncoupling of endothelial NO-synthase and through direct O(2)(-) release, leads to endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, OxLDL-induced O(2)(-) formation has a strong impact on tissue remodeling, resulting in either cell growth - proliferation or hyperplasia - or apoptotic cell death. The effect of OxLDL on cell cycle regulation is mediated by activation of the small GTPase RhoA and consequent regulation of p27(KIP1), a key enzyme of the cell cycle. In addition, OxLDL-induced activation of RhoA sensitizes the contractile apparatus of the vessel wall, enhancing the contractile tonus and favoring vasospasm. Thus, through a variety of mechanisms, OxLDL importantly contributes to vascular dysfunction and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Galle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany.
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31
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Gutstein WH, Pérez CA. Contribution of vasoconstriction to the origin of atherosclerosis: a conceptual study. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2005; 14:257-61. [PMID: 15542376 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Research during the past century has clearly shown that endothelial injury (EI) and/or endothelial dysfunction (ED) are among the major events determining the onset of atherosclerosis. Included in the events that may elicit endothelial damage, vasoconstriction (VC) has received relatively little attention. This conceptual review attempts to show that in elastic and conduit arteries, VC is not only capable of producing EI/ED, but is also closely associated with many recognized proatherogenic stimuli. Of related interest is the observation that a number of suspected antiatherogenic stimuli oppose VC by their vasodilatory effects, lending further support to this relationship. In addition, recent developments in the knowledge of the molecular basis of VC (including the role of specific inhibitors) are discussed, and their potential for preventing lesion formation and thus becoming novel therapeutic alternatives against the onset of atherosclerosis are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Gutstein
- New York Medical College, Department of Pathology, Valhalla, New York, USA.
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Abstract
The focus of this article is on the cellular uptake mechanism of the family of binary actin ADP-ribosylating toxins from clostridia. These toxins are special-type AB toxins, because they are composed of two nonlinked proteins, which have to assemble on the surface of eukaryotic cells to act cytotoxically. The enzymatically active component (A), ADP-ribosylates G-actin in the cytosol of target cells. This leads to a complete depolymerization of the actin filaments and, thereby, to rounding up of cultured cells. The second component of these toxins, the binding/translocation component (B), mediates the transport of the enzyme component into the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Barth
- Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Otto-Krayer-Haus, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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Ott C, Iwanciw D, Graness A, Giehl K, Goppelt-Struebe M. Modulation of the expression of connective tissue growth factor by alterations of the cytoskeleton. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:44305-11. [PMID: 12951326 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309140200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the cytoskeletal architecture was shown to regulate the expression of CTGF (connective tissue growth factor, CCN2). The microtubule disrupting agents nocodazole and colchicine strongly up-regulated CTGF expression, which was prevented upon stabilization of the microtubules by paclitaxel. As a consequence of microtubule disruption, RhoA was activated and the actin stress fibers were stabilized. Both effects were related to CTGF induction. Overexpression of constitutively active RhoA induced CTGF synthesis. Interference with RhoA signaling by simvastatin, toxinB, C3 toxin, and Y27632 prevented up-regulation of CTGF. Likewise, direct disintegration of the actin cytoskeleton by latrunculin B interfered with nocodazole-mediated up-regulation of CTGF expression. Disassembly of actin fibers by cytochalasin D, however, unexpectedly increased CTGF expression indicating that the content of F-actin per se was not the major determinant for CTGF gene expression. Given the fact that cytochalasin D sequesters G-actin, a decrease in G-actin increased CTGF, while increased levels of G-actin corresponded to reduced CTGF expression. These data link alterations in the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton to the expression of CTGF and provide a molecular basis for the observation that CTGF is up-regulated in cells exposed to mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ott
- Medizinische Klinik IV, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 8, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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