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Bernabei I, So A, Busso N, Nasi S. Cartilage calcification in osteoarthritis: mechanisms and clinical relevance. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:10-27. [PMID: 36509917 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-022-00875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pathological calcification of cartilage is a hallmark of osteoarthritis (OA). Calcification can be observed both at the cartilage surface and in its deeper layers. The formation of calcium-containing crystals, typically basic calcium phosphate (BCP) and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPP) crystals, is an active, highly regulated and complex biological process that is initiated by chondrocytes and modified by genetic factors, dysregulated mitophagy or apoptosis, inflammation and the activation of specific cellular-signalling pathways. The links between OA and BCP deposition are stronger than those observed between OA and CPP deposition. Here, we review the molecular processes involved in cartilage calcification in OA and summarize the effects of calcium crystals on chondrocytes, synovial fibroblasts, macrophages and bone cells. Finally, we highlight therapeutic pathways leading to decreased joint calcification and potential new drugs that could treat not only OA but also other diseases associated with pathological calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Bernabei
- Service of Rheumatology, Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander So
- Service of Rheumatology, Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Nathalie Busso
- Service of Rheumatology, Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Nasi
- Service of Rheumatology, Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Williams CJ, Rosenthal AK. Pathogenesis of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2021; 35:101718. [PMID: 34696986 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2021.101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease is defined by the presence of calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystals in articular cartilage and is the fourth most common type of arthritis in adults. Despite its high prevalence, the etiology of CPPD disease remains unclear and no specific therapies currently exist. It has been known for several decades that abnormalities of cartilage pyrophosphate metabolism are common in patients with CPPD disease, and this classic work will be reviewed here. Recent studies of rare familial forms of CPPD disease have provided additional novel information about its pathophysiology. This work suggests that CPPD disease occurs through at least two unique and potentially intertwined biomolecular pathways. We are hopeful that a detailed understanding of the components and regulation of these pathways will lead to improved therapies for this common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene J Williams
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, 401 S. Broadway, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
| | - Ann K Rosenthal
- Clement J Zablocki Veterans Hospital, Medical College of Wisconsin, 5000 W. National Ave., Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Li Y, Liu S, Pan D, Xu B, Xing X, Zhou H, Zhang B, Zhou S, Ning G, Feng S. The potential role and trend of HIF‑1α in intervertebral disc degeneration: Friend or foe? (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:239. [PMID: 33537810 PMCID: PMC7893690 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower back pain (LBP) is one of the most common reasons for seeking medical advice in orthopedic clinics. Increasingly, research has shown that symptomatic intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is mostly related to LBP. This review first outlines the research and findings of studies into IDD, from the physiological structure of the intervertebral disc (IVD) to various pathological cascades. The vicious cycles of IDD are re-described in relation to the analysis of the relationship among the pathological mechanisms involved in IDD. Interestingly, a ‘chief molecule’ was found, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), that may regulate all other mechanisms involved in IDD. When the vicious cycle is established, the low oxygen tension activates the expression of HIF-1α, which subsequently enters into the hypoxia-induced HIF pathways. The HIF pathways are dichotomized as friend and foe pathways according to the oxygen tension of the IVD microenvironment. Combined with clinical outcomes and previous research, the trend of IDD development has been predicted in this paper. Lastly, an early precautionary diagnosis and treatment method is proposed whereby nucleus pulposus tissue for biopsy can be obtained through IVD puncture guided by B-ultrasound when the patient is showing symptoms but MRI imaging shows negative results. The assessment criteria for biopsy and the feasibility, superiority and challenges of this approach have been discussed. Overall, it is clear that HIF-1α is an indispensable reference indicator for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Shen Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Dayu Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Baoshan Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300000, P.R. China
| | - Xuewu Xing
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Central Clinical of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Hengxing Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Suzhe Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200034, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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Pamenter ME, Hall JE, Tanabe Y, Simonson TS. Cross-Species Insights Into Genomic Adaptations to Hypoxia. Front Genet 2020; 11:743. [PMID: 32849780 PMCID: PMC7387696 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over millions of years, vertebrate species populated vast environments spanning the globe. Among the most challenging habitats encountered were those with limited availability of oxygen, yet many animal and human populations inhabit and perform life cycle functions and/or daily activities in varying degrees of hypoxia today. Of particular interest are species that inhabit high-altitude niches, which experience chronic hypobaric hypoxia throughout their lives. Physiological and molecular aspects of adaptation to hypoxia have long been the focus of high-altitude populations and, within the past decade, genomic information has become increasingly accessible. These data provide an opportunity to search for common genetic signatures of selection across uniquely informative populations and thereby augment our understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptations to hypoxia. In this review, we synthesize the available genomic findings across hypoxia-tolerant species to provide a comprehensive view of putatively hypoxia-adaptive genes and pathways. In many cases, adaptive signatures across species converge on the same genetic pathways or on genes themselves [i.e., the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway). However, specific variants thought to underlie function are distinct between species and populations, and, in most cases, the precise functional role of these genomic differences remains unknown. Efforts to standardize these findings and explore relationships between genotype and phenotype will provide important clues into the evolutionary and mechanistic bases of physiological adaptations to environmental hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Pamenter
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - James E. Hall
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yuuka Tanabe
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tatum S. Simonson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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Ultrashort Time to Echo Magnetic Resonance Evaluation of Calcium Pyrophosphate Crystal Deposition in Human Menisci. Invest Radiol 2020; 54:349-355. [PMID: 30688685 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In human menisci, we aimed to investigate whether calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD) affects biomechanical and quantitative MR properties, and their zonal distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 9 cadaveric knees, sectioned triangular meniscus pieces were harvested. Samples were classified into "normal" or "CPPD" groups based upon visual inspection. Micro computed tomography scan verified CPPD. Using magnetic resonance imaging, ultrashort echo time (UTE) T2* and spin echo (SE) T2, quantitative values in 3 zones (red, red-white, and white) were determined. Using biomechanical test, indentation forces in the same zones were determined. Effects of CPPD and meniscal zone on indentation force and quantitative MR values were compared. RESULTS On UTE MRI scans, CPPD-affected menisci exhibited punctate dark regions, found mostly (92%) in avascular white and red-white zones. Indentation forces were significantly higher for CPPD samples in the red-white (all P < 0.02) and white (all P < 0.004) zones but not in the vascular red zone (all P > 0.2). Similarly, UTE T2* red zone values were similar between both groups (~6.6 milliseconds, P = 0.8), whereas in the red-white and white zones, CPPD samples had significantly lower values (~5.1 milliseconds, P = 0.005 to 0.007). In contrast, SE T2 values showed no difference with CPPD (P = 0.12 to 0.16). UTE T2*, but not SE T2, correlated significantly with indentation force (R = -0.29, P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Dark CPP deposits were detectable on UTE images featuring high signal intensity from surrounding meniscal tissue. Preliminary results indicate that CPP deposits were almost exclusively found in the avascular zones. Compared with normal, CPPD menisci featured higher indentation stiffness and lower UTE T2* values in the affected zones.
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Congenital Cataract in Gpr161vl/vl Mice Is Modified by Proximal Chromosome 15. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170724. [PMID: 28135291 PMCID: PMC5279759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology and severity of human congenital cataract varies even among individuals with the same mutation, suggesting that genetic background modifies phenotypic penetrance. The spontaneous mouse mutant, vacuolated lens (vl), arose on the C3H/HeSnJ background. The mutation disrupts secondary lens fiber development by E16.5, leading to full penetrance of congenital cataract. The vl locus was mapped to a frameshift deletion in the orphan G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr161, which is expressed in differentiating lens fiber cells. When Gpr161vl/vl C3H mice are crossed to MOLF/EiJ mice an unexpected rescue of cataract is observed, suggesting that MOLF modifiers affect cataract penetrance. Subsequent QTL analysis mapped three modifiers (Modvl3-5: Modifier of vl) and in this study we characterized Modvl4 (Chr15; LOD = 4.4). A Modvl4MOLF congenic was generated and is sufficient to rescue congenital cataract and the lens fiber defect at E16.5. Additional phenotypic analysis on three subcongenic lines narrowed down the interval from 55 to 15Mb. In total only 18 protein-coding genes and 2 micro-RNAs are in this region. Fifteen of the 20 genes show detectable expression in the E16.5 eye. Subsequent expression studies in Gpr161vl/vl and subcongenic E16.5 eyes, bioinformatics analysis of C3H/MOLF polymorphisms, and the biological relevancy of the genes in the interval identified three genes (Cdh6, Ank and Trio) that likely contribute to the rescue of the lens phenotype. These studies demonstrate that modification of the Gpr161vl/vl cataract phenotype is likely due to genetic variants in at least one of three closely linked candidate genes on proximal Chr15.
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Mitton-Fitzgerald E, Gohr CM, Bettendorf B, Rosenthal AK. The Role of ANK in Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2016; 18:25. [PMID: 27032788 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-016-0574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The protein product of the progressive ankylosis gene, known as ANK, is a 492-amino acid multi-pass transmembrane protein. This protein is critical for the regulation of pyrophosphate, and gain of function ANK mutations is associated with calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Much about the structure, function, and regulation of ANK remain unstudied. This review of the current literature examines recent contributions to our understanding of ANK. We focus on new work on the function, binding partners, and regulators of ANK. A more complete understanding of this important protein may help to identify future therapeutic targets for the treatment of calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mitton-Fitzgerald
- The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295-1000, USA
| | - Claudia M Gohr
- The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295-1000, USA.
| | - Brittany Bettendorf
- The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295-1000, USA
| | - Ann K Rosenthal
- The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin and the Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, 53295-1000, USA
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9
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Li Q, Pratt CH, Dionne LA, Fairfield H, Karst SY, Sundberg JP, Uitto J. Spontaneous asj-2J mutant mouse as a model for generalized arterial calcification of infancy: a large deletion/insertion mutation in the Enpp1 gene. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113542. [PMID: 25479107 PMCID: PMC4257536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI), an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the ENPP1 gene, manifests with extensive mineralization of the cardiovascular system. The affected individuals in most cases die within the first year of life, and there is currently no effective treatment for this disorder. In this study, we characterized a spontaneous mutant mouse, asj-2J, as a model for GACI. These mice were identified as part of a phenotypic deviant search in a large-scale production colony of BALB/cJ mice at The Jackson Laboratory. They demonstrated a characteristic gait due to stiffening of the joints, with phenotypic similarity to a previously characterized asj (“ages with stiffened joints”) mouse, caused by a missense mutation in the Enpp1 gene. Complementation testing indicated that asj-2J and asj were allelic. PCR-based mutation detection strategy revealed in asj-2J mice a large, 40,035 bp, deletion spanning from intron 1 to the 3′-untranslated region of the Enpp1 gene, coupled with a 74 bp insertion. This was accompanied with a significant reduction in the plasma PPi concentration and reduced PPi/Pi ratio. As a consequence, extensive aberrant mineralization affecting the arterial vasculature, a number of internal organs, and the dermal sheath of vibrissae, a progressive biomarker of the ectopic mineralization process, was demonstrated by a combination of micro computed tomography, histopathology with calcium-specific stains, and direct chemical assay of calcium. Comparison of the asj and asj-2J mice demonstrated that the latter ones, particularly when placed on an acceleration diet high in phosphate and low in magnesium, had more extensive mineralization. Thus, the asj-2J mouse serves as a novel model for GACI, a currently intractable disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Li
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - C. Herbert Pratt
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Louise A. Dionne
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | | | - Son Yong Karst
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - John P. Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is implicated as a major cause of low back pain. The alternated phenotypes, reduced cell survival, decreased metabolic activity, loss of matrix production and dystrophic mineralization of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells may be key contributors to progressive IVD degeneration. IVD is the largest avascular structure in the body, characterized by low oxygen tension in vivo. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a master transcription factor that is induced upon hypoxia and directs coordinated cellular responses to hypoxic environments. This review summarizes relevant studies concerning the involvement of HIF in the regulation of biological behaviors of NP cells. We describe current data on the expression of HIF in NP cells and further discuss the various roles that HIF plays in the regulation of the phenotype, survival, metabolism, matrix production and dystrophic mineralization of NP cells. Here, we conclude that HIF may be a promising target for the prevention and treatment of IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Xin Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Zhou X, Cui Y, Zhou X, Han J. Phosphate/pyrophosphate and MV-related proteins in mineralisation: discoveries from mouse models. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:778-90. [PMID: 22719218 PMCID: PMC3372882 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.4538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During the process of matrix vesicle (MV)-mediated initiation of mineralisation, chondrocytes and osteoblasts mineralise the extracellular matrix by promoting the seeding of basic calcium phosphate crystals of hydroxyapatite (HA) along the collagen fibrils. This orchestrated process is carefully regulated by the balanced action of propagators and inhibitors of calcification. The primary antagonistic regulators of extracellular matrix mineralisation are phosphate (Pi) and inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). Studies in mouse models and in humans have established critical roles for Pi/PPi homeostasis in biomineralisation. In this review, we present the regulators of Pi/PPi, as derived from animal models, and discuss their clinical relevance to physiological and pathological mineralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhou
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Key Laboratory for Rare Disease Research of Shandong Province, Shandong, China
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Mohazab L, Koivisto L, Jiang G, Kytömäki L, Haapasalo M, Owen G, Wiebe C, Xie Y, Heikinheimo K, Yoshida T, Smith C, Heino J, Häkkinen L, McKee M, Larjava H. Critical role for αvβ6 integrin in enamel biomineralization. J Cell Sci 2012; 126:732-44. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth enamel has the highest degree of biomineralization of all vertebrate hard tissues. During the secretory stage of enamel formation, ameloblasts deposit an extracellular matrix that is in direct contact with ameloblast plasma membrane. Although it is known that integrins mediate cell-matrix adhesion and regulate cell signaling in most cell types, the receptors that regulate ameloblast adhesion and matrix production are not well characterized. Thus, we hypothesized that αvβ6 integrin is expressed in ameloblasts where it regulates biomineralization of enamel. Human and mouse ameloblasts were found to express both β6 integrin mRNA and protein. The maxillary incisors of Itgb6−/− mice lacked yellow pigment and their mandibular incisors appeared chalky and rounded. Molars of Itgb6−/− mice showed signs of reduced mineralization and severe attrition. The mineral-to-protein ratio in the incisors was significantly reduced in Itgb6−/− enamel, mimicking hypomineralized amelogenesis imperfecta. Interestingly, amelogenin-rich extracellular matrix abnormally accumulated between the ameloblast layer of Itgb6−/− mouse incisors and the forming enamel surface, and also between ameloblasts. This accumulation was related to increased synthesis of amelogenin, rather than to reduced removal of the matrix proteins. This was confirmed in cultured ameloblast-like cells, which did not use αvβ6 integrin as an endocytosis receptor for amelogenins, although it participated in cell adhesion on this matrix indirectly via endogenously produced matrix proteins. In summary, integrin αvβ6 is expressed by ameloblasts and it plays a crucial role in regulating amelogenin deposition/turnover and subsequent enamel biomineralization.
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NLRP3 inflammasome plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of hydroxyapatite-associated arthropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:14867-72. [PMID: 21856950 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory and catabolic cytokine IL-1β has been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) by mediating synovial inflammation and cartilage degeneration. Although synovial macrophages are suggested to be the source of IL-1β, the mechanism remains unclear. Ectopic deposition of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals in joints is closely associated with OA and other arthropathies, but the precise role of HA in arthritis pathogenesis has not been clearly demonstrated. Here we show that HA crystals of a particular size and shape can stimulate robust secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 from murine macrophages in a NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent manner. HA-induced inflammasome activation is dependent on potassium efflux, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lysosomal damage, but independent of cell death. Mice lacking the inflammasome components are protected against HA-induced neutrophilic inflammation in the air-pouch model of synovitis, and they show decreased joint pathology accompanying spontaneous HA deposition in the ank-deficient mouse model of arthritis. Moreover, calcium crystal positive synovial fluids from some OA patients exhibited inflammasome-stimulatory activity in vitro. These results demonstrate that the NLRP3 inflammasome mediates the pathological effect of HA crystals in vitro and in vivo and suggest a critical role for the inflammasome in the pathogenesis of OA.
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Skubutyte R, Markova D, Freeman TA, Anderson DG, Dion AS, Williams CJ, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. Hypoxia-inducible factor regulation of ANK expression in nucleus pulposus cells: possible implications in controlling dystrophic mineralization in the intervertebral disc. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:2707-15. [PMID: 20496369 DOI: 10.1002/art.27558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since nucleus pulposus cells reside under conditions of hypoxia, we determined if the expression of ANK, a pyrophosphate transporter, is regulated by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) proteins. METHODS Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses were used to measure ANK expression in nucleus pulposus cells from rats and humans. Transfections were performed to determine the effect of HIF-1/2 on ANK promoter activity. RESULTS ANK was expressed in embryonic and mature rat discs. Oxygen-dependent changes in ANK expression in nucleus pulposus cells were minimal. However, silencing of HIF-1α and HIF-2α resulted in increased ANK expression and up-regulation of promoter activity. HIF-mediated suppression of ANK was validated by measuring promoter activity in HIF-1β-null embryonic fibroblasts. Under conditions of hypoxia, there was induction of promoter activity in the null cells as compared with the wild-type cells. Overexpression of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in nucleus pulposus cells resulted in a significant suppression of ANK promoter activity. Since the ANK promoter contains 2 hypoxia-responsive elements (HREs), we performed site-directed mutagenesis and measured promoter activity. We found that HIF-1 can bind to either of the HREs and can suppress promoter activity; in contrast, HIF-2 was required to bind to both HREs in order to suppress activity. Finally, analysis of human nucleus pulposus tissue showed that while ANK was expressed in normal tissue, there was increased expression of ANK along with alkaline phosphatase in the degenerated state. CONCLUSION Both HIF-1 and HIF-2 serve as negative regulators of ANK expression in the disc. We propose that baseline expression of ANK in the disc serves to prevent mineral formation under physiologic conditions.
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Prosdocimo DA, Wyler SC, Romani AM, O'Neill WC, Dubyak GR. Regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by extracellular pyrophosphate homeostasis: synergistic modulation by cyclic AMP and hyperphosphatemia. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 298:C702-13. [PMID: 20018951 PMCID: PMC2838579 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00419.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a multifaceted process involving gain of calcification inducers and loss of calcification inhibitors. One such inhibitor is inorganic pyrophosphate (PP(i)), and regulated generation and homeostasis of extracellular PP(i) is a critical determinant of soft-tissue mineralization. We recently described an autocrine mechanism of extracellular PP(i) generation in cultured rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) that involves both ATP release coupled to the ectophosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatase ENPP1 and efflux of intracellular PP(i) mediated or regulated by the plasma membrane protein ANK. We now report that increased cAMP signaling and elevated extracellular inorganic phosphate (P(i)) act synergistically to induce calcification of these VSMC that is correlated with progressive reduction in ability to accumulate extracellular PP(i). Attenuated PP(i) accumulation was mediated in part by cAMP-dependent decrease in ANK expression coordinated with cAMP-dependent increase in expression of TNAP, the tissue nonselective alkaline phosphatase that degrades PP(i). Stimulation of cAMP signaling did not alter ATP release or ENPP1 expression, and the cAMP-induced changes in ANK and TNAP expression were not sufficient to induce calcification. Elevated extracellular P(i) alone elicited only minor calcification and no significant changes in ANK, TNAP, or ENPP1. In contrast, combined with a cAMP stimulus, elevated P(i) induced decreases in the ATP release pathway(s) that supports ENPP1 activity; this resulted in markedly reduced rates of PP(i) accumulation that facilitated robust calcification. Calcified VSMC were characterized by maintained expression of multiple SMC differentiation marker proteins including smooth muscle (SM) alpha-actin, SM22alpha, and calponin. Notably, addition of exogenous ATP (or PP(i) per se) rescued cAMP + phosphate-treated VSMC cultures from progression to the calcified state. These observations support a model in which extracellular PP(i) generation mediated by both ANK- and ATP release-dependent mechanisms serves as a critical regulator of VSMC calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenick A Prosdocimo
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve Univ., School of Medicine, 2109 Adelbert Rd., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Hirose J. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of calcium deposition diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/ijr.09.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Oxygen tension regulates the expression of ANK (progressive ankylosis) in an HIF-1-dependent manner in growth plate chondrocytes. J Bone Miner Res 2009; 24:1869-78. [PMID: 19419319 PMCID: PMC2765931 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.090512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The proximal promoter region of ANK, a gene that codes for a protein that regulates the transport of inorganic pyrophosphate, contains two hypoxia responsive elements (HREs); therefore, we studied the expression and function of ANK at different oxygen tensions. ATDC5 and N1511 clonal chondrocytic cells were cultured in either hypoxia (2% O(2)) or normoxia (21% O(2)). Transcript and protein levels of ANK were depressed in hypoxic conditions, as were levels of extracellular pyrophosphate (ePPi). To determine whether HIF-1 was involved in the oxemic response, Hif-1alpha knockdown cells were exposed to varying oxygen conditions and ANK expression was assessed. Knockdown of Hif-1alpha resulted in low levels of expression of ANK in hypoxia and normoxia. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays explored the binding of Hif-1alpha to ANK HREs and showed that Hif-1alpha is able to bind to the HREs of ANK more avidly in normoxia than in hypoxia. Furthermore, functional studies of Hif-1alpha activity using luciferase reporter assays of wildtype and mutagenized HREs showed that only HRE-1 binds Hif-1alpha in normoxia. Expression of ANK in growth plate and articular cartilage was low in hypoxic regions of the tissues, and higher levels of ANK expression were observed in the synovium and meniscus in regions that have a normally higher oxygen tension. The data suggest that ANK expression and function in vitro and in vivo are repressed in hypoxic environments and that the effect is regulated by HIF-1.
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Thouverey C, Bechkoff G, Pikula S, Buchet R. Inorganic pyrophosphate as a regulator of hydroxyapatite or calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate mineral deposition by matrix vesicles. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:64-72. [PMID: 18603452 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathological mineralization is induced by unbalance between pro- and anti-mineralization factors. In calcifying osteoarthritic joints, articular chondrocytes undergo terminal differentiation similar to that in growth plate cartilage and release matrix vesicles (MVs) responsible for hydroxyapatite (HA) or calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) deposition. Inorganic pyrophosphate (PP(i)) is a likely source of inorganic phosphate (P(i)) to sustain HA formation when hydrolyzed but also a potent inhibitor preventing apatite mineral deposition and growth. Moreover, an excess of PP(i) can lead to CPPD formation, a marker of pathological calcification in osteoarthritic joints. It was suggested that the P(i)/PP(i) ratio during biomineralization is a turning point between physiological and pathological mineralization. The aim of this work was to determine the conditions favoring either HA or CPPD formation initiated by MVs. METHODS MVs were isolated from 17-day-old chicken embryo growth plate cartilages and subjected to mineralization in the presence of various P(i)/PP(i) ratios. The mineralization kinetics and the chemical composition of minerals were determined, respectively, by light scattering and infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS The formation of HA is optimal when the P(i)/PP(i) molar ratio is above 140, but is completely inhibited when the ratio decreases below 70. The retardation of any mineral formation is maximal at P(i)/PP(i) ratio around 30. CPPD is exclusively produced by MVs when the ratio is below 6, but it is inhibited for the ratio exceeding 25. CONCLUSIONS Our findings are consistent with the P(i)/PP(i) ratio being a determinant factor leading to pathological mineralization or its inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thouverey
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Korostishevsky M, Vistoropsky Y, Malkin I, Kobyliansky E, Livshits G. Anthropometric and bone-related biochemical factors are associated with different haplotypes of ANKH locus. Ann Hum Biol 2008; 35:535-46. [PMID: 18821330 DOI: 10.1080/03014460802304588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human homologue of the mouse progressive ankylosis (ANKH) gene is one of the key genetic factors involved in bone mineralization. Previous studies have shown that plasma levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are associated with the distal region of the ANKH gene, whereas skeletal size measurements are associated with the promoter region. AIM The present study examines the possible phenotype-haplotype specificity of the associations in these two gene regions. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The total sample consists of 1249 healthy individuals (mean age = 47.7, SD = 16.8) from 404 nuclear families. Fifteen interrelated anthropometric measurements were transformed into two principal components, reflecting body size and mass. Those, plus circulating levels of PTH and OPG, were subjected to association analysis, using transmission disequilibrium tests (TDTs) with ANKH gene. From 805 to 1150 individuals per SNP were genotyped. RESULTS In the proximal region (rs3006069-rs835154-rs835141), associations were found between the A-A-C haplotype and the first principal component reflecting body size (p < or = 0.048), whereas another haplotype, G-G-C, was associated with the first principal component, reflecting the body mass (p < or = 0.008). In the distal region of ANKH (rs39968-rs696294-rs875525), the A-A-C haplotype was found to be associated with OPG plasma levels (p < or = 0.001), whereas the G-A-C haplotype was associated with PTH circulating concentrations (p < or = 0.025). CONCLUSION Taken together, the results show discrimination between the corresponding regions and haplotypes, suggesting trait-specific gene variants that influenced bone-related phenotypic variation in the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Korostishevsky
- Human Population Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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George A, Veis A. Phosphorylated proteins and control over apatite nucleation, crystal growth, and inhibition. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4670-93. [PMID: 18831570 PMCID: PMC2748976 DOI: 10.1021/cr0782729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne George
- Department of Oral Biology, Brodie Tooth Development Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Cheshier SH, Kalani MYS, Pendakaur A, Higgins D, Kahn D, Shendel S, Shuer L. Two-year-old girl with cervicomedullary junction stenosis and an unknown type of skeletal dysplasia. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2008; 2:200-2. [PMID: 18759602 DOI: 10.3171/ped/2008/2/9/200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The authors present a novel case of skeletal dysplasia in a 2.8-year-old girl. The patient presented with progressive lower cranial nerve palsy and myelopathy due to constriction at the cervicomedullary junction caused by overgrowth of the occipital bone of the foramen magnum and the C-1. She also had prominent bone overgrowth of the superior orbital ridges, resulting in excessive stretching of periorbital skin and an inability to fully close her eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Henry Cheshier
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94505, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and basic calcium phosphate crystals are common components of osteoarthritic synovial fluids and define subsets of patients with inflammatory or rapidly destructive arthritis. Recent literature concerning clinical and etiologic aspects of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and basic calcium phosphate crystal arthritis are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Recent literature reminds us of the propensity of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease to mimic other syndromes affecting the elderly. Several new studies reinforce the prevalence and significance of extra-articular calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposits, and demonstrate the presence of basic calcium phosphate-like whitlockite crystals in intervertebral discs. Current work serves to increase our appreciation for the complex role of the putative pyrophosphate transporter, ANKH, in healthy and diseased cartilage. The application of newer radiographic techniques to the diagnosis of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease holds promise for easier and more accurate identification of these crystal deposits in vivo. Work demonstrating the efficacy of a crystal poison in an animal model of osteoarthritis provides good evidence for a pathogenic role of calcium crystals in osteoarthritis, and hope for new therapies for these diseases. SUMMARY Continued work will further our understanding of these common crystals and their associated clinical syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann K Rosenthal
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53295-1000, USA.
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Zaka R, Stokes D, Dion AS, Kusnierz A, Han F, Williams CJ. P5L mutation in Ank results in an increase in extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate during proliferation and nonmineralizing hypertrophy in stably transduced ATDC5 cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R164. [PMID: 17067391 PMCID: PMC1794507 DOI: 10.1186/ar2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ank is a multipass transmembrane protein that regulates the cellular transport of inorganic pyrophosphate. In the progressive ankylosis (ank) mouse, a premature termination mutation at glutamic acid 440 results in a phenotype characterized by inappropriate deposition of basic calcium phosphate crystals in skeletal tissues. Mutations in the amino terminus of ANKH, the human homolog of Ank, result in familial calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease. It has been hypothesized that these mutations result in a gain-of-function with respect to the elaboration of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate. To explore this issue in a mineralization-competent system, we stably transduced ATDC5 cells with wild-type Ank as well as with familial chondrocalcinosis-causing Ank mutations. We evaluated the elaboration of inorganic pyrophosphate, the activity of pyrophosphate-modulating enzymes, and the mineralization in the transduced cells. Expression of transduced protein was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and by ELISA. Levels of inorganic pyrophosphate were measured, as were the activities of nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase. We also evaluated the expression of markers of chondrocyte maturation and the nature of the mineralization phase elaborated by transduced cells. The cell line expressing the proline to leucine mutation at position 5 (P5L) consistently displayed higher levels of extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate and higher phosphodiesterase activity than the other transduced lines. During hypertrophy, however, extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate levels were modulated by alkaline phosphatase activity in this cell system, resulting in the deposition of basic calcium phosphate crystals only in all transduced cell lines. Cells overexpressing wild-type Ank displayed a higher level of expression of type X collagen than cells transduced with mutant Ank. Other markers of hypertrophy and terminal differentiation, such as alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, and runx2, were not significantly different in cells expressing wild-type or mutant Ank in comparison with cells transduced with an empty vector or with untransduced cells. These results suggest that the P5L Ank mutant is capable of demonstrating a gain-of-function with respect to extracellular inorganic pyrophosphate elaboration, but this effect is modified by high levels of expression of alkaline phosphatase in ATDC5 cells during hypertrophy and terminal differentiation, resulting in the deposition of basic calcium phosphate crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raihana Zaka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - David Stokes
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Arnold S Dion
- College of Graduate Studies, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Anna Kusnierz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Fei Han
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Charlene J Williams
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Abstract
Pathologic new bone formation occurs in response to a variety of stimuli. Heterotopic and orthotopic bone formation can interfere with the normal function of the joint and can contribute to disability in inflammatory joint diseases. Syndesmophyte formation and progressive ankylosis are characteristic features of spondyloarthropathies, including psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, and they can be regarded as abnormal bone remodeling. Successful blocking of inflammation in patients with spondyloarthropathy apparently fails to halt progression of ankylosis in cohort studies. This suggests that though they may be linked in some way, bone formation and inflammation are largely independent phenomena. Indeed, new bone formation also occurs in diseases such as osteoarthritis and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Therefore, therapeutic strategies in spondyloarthropathy ideally should control both inflammation and bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt de Vlam
- University Hospitals Leuven, Division of Rheumatology, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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