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Assay optimisation and technology transfer for multi-site immuno-monitoring in vaccine trials. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184391. [PMID: 29020010 PMCID: PMC5636064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immunological assays are important tools for the monitoring of responses to T-cell-inducing vaccine candidates. As these bioassays are often technically complex and require considerable experience, careful technology transfer between laboratories is critical if high quality, reproducible data that allows comparison between sites, is to be generated. The aim of this study, funded by the European Union Framework Program 7-funded TRANSVAC project, was to optimise Standard Operating Procedures and the technology transfer process to maximise the reproducibility of three bioassays for interferon-gamma responses: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), ex-vivo enzyme-linked immunospot and intracellular cytokine staining. We found that the initial variability in results generated across three different laboratories reduced following a combination of Standard Operating Procedure harmonisation and the undertaking of side-by-side training sessions in which assay operators performed each assay in the presence of an assay ‘lead’ operator. Mean inter-site coefficients of variance reduced following this training session when compared with the pre-training values, most notably for the ELISA assay. There was a trend for increased inter-site variability at lower response magnitudes for the ELISA and intracellular cytokine staining assays. In conclusion, we recommend that on-site operator training is an essential component of the assay technology transfer process and combined with harmonised Standard Operating Procedures will improve the quality, reproducibility and comparability of data produced across different laboratories. These data may be helpful in ongoing discussions of the potential risk/benefit of centralised immunological assay strategies for large clinical trials versus decentralised units.
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Ma W, Gilligan BM, Yuan J, Li T. Current status and perspectives in translational biomarker research for PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:47. [PMID: 27234522 PMCID: PMC4884396 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulating immune inhibitory pathways has been a major recent breakthrough in cancer treatment. Checkpoint blockade antibodies targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programed cell-death protein 1 (PD-1) have demonstrated acceptable toxicity, promising clinical responses, durable disease control, and improved survival in some patients with advanced melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and other tumor types. About 20 % of advanced NSCLC patients and 30 % of advanced melanoma patients experience tumor responses from checkpoint blockade monotherapy, with better clinical responses seen with the combination of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. Given the power of these new therapies, it is important to understand the complex and dynamic nature of host immune responses and the regulation of additional molecules in the tumor microenvironment and normal organs in response to the checkpoint blockade therapies. In this era of precision oncology, there remains a largely unmet need to identify the patients who are most likely to benefit from immunotherapy, to optimize the monitoring assays for tumor-specific immune responses, to develop strategies to improve clinical efficacy, and to identify biomarkers so that immune-related adverse events can be avoided. At this time, PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining using 22C3 antibody is the only FDA-approved companion diagnostic for patients with NSCLC-treated pembrolizumab, but more are expected to come to market. We here summarize the current knowledge, clinical efficacy, potential immune biomarkers, and associated assays for immune checkpoint blockade therapies in advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Ma
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 4501 X Street, Suite 3016, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Former visiting medical student from School of Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Barbara M Gilligan
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 4501 X Street, Suite 3016, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Jianda Yuan
- Immune Monitoring Core, Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, Box 386, New York, NY10065, USA.,Present address: Oncology Clinical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ07065, USA
| | - Tianhong Li
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 4501 X Street, Suite 3016, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA. .,VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA, 95655, USA.
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Mbawuike IN, Atmar RL, Patel SM, Corry DB, Winokur PL, Brady RC, Chen WH, Edwards KM, Creech CB, Walter EB, Frey SE, Belshe RB, Goll JB, Hill H, Keitel WA. Cell mediated immune responses following revaccination with an influenza A/H5N1 vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 34:547-554. [PMID: 26657997 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aims were to determine whether inactivated influenza A/H5N1 vaccine administration elicited cell mediated immune (CMI) responses and the impact of adjuvant, vaccine dose and subject age on these responses. METHODS Adults who were previously primed with either adjuvanted or unadjuvanted, inactivated, A/H5N1/Vietnam/1203/2004 (Clade 1) vaccine or unprimed (received placebo) in previous vaccine studies were randomized to receive one (primed) or two (unprimed) 15- or 90-mcg doses of inactivated, A/H5N1/Indonesia/05/05 (Clade 2) vaccine. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected and analyzed from a subset of vaccinees to assess CMI responses using IFN-γ and granzyme B ELISPOT assays. Cytokine measurements were performed on PBMC supernatants after stimulation with H5N1 virus. RESULTS PBMCs were available from 177 participants; 88 and 89 received 15-mcg and 90-mcg of unadjuvanted clade 2 vaccine, respectively. Following H5N1 clade 1 stimulation, IFN-γ but not granzyme B normalized spot-forming cell numbers had statistically significant increased numbers at each of the post-vaccination timepoints compared to baseline in pooled analyses of all vaccine doses and age groups. Clade 2 stimulation resulted in statistically significant increased numbers of IFN-γ cells only 180 days following the last vaccination. Responses were similar among younger and older study participants, as were responses among those primed with alum-adjuvanted or non-adjuvanted clade 1 H5N1 vaccines. The dosage of clade 2 vaccine did not impact CMI responses among primed subjects, but responses were statistically significantly greater in unprimed recipients of the 90-mcg dosage compared to unprimed recipients of the 15-mcg dosage. IFN-γ levels in the supernatants of stimulated PBMC were strongly correlated with IFN-γ ELISPOT results. CONCLUSION CMI responses occur in adults administered influenza A/H5N1 inactivated influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent N Mbawuike
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Shital M Patel
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - David B Corry
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Patricia L Winokur
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Rebecca C Brady
- Gamble Program for Clinical Studies, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Wilbur H Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - C Buddy Creech
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Duke Clinical Vaccine Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sharon E Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Robert B Belshe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | | | - Wendy A Keitel
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Shaib W, Goldstein D, El-Rayes BF. Peptide Vaccines for Treatment of Colon Cancer: Have We Made Progress? CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-014-0250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Malyguine AM, Strobl S, Dunham K, Shurin MR, Sayers TJ. ELISPOT Assay for Monitoring Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) Activity in Cancer Vaccine Clinical Trials. Cells 2012; 1:111-26. [PMID: 24710418 PMCID: PMC3901085 DOI: 10.3390/cells1020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The profiling and monitoring of immune responses are key elements in the evaluation of the efficacy and development of new biotherapies, and a number of assays have been introduced for analyzing various immune parameters before, during, and after immunotherapy. The choice of immune assays for a given clinical trial depends on the known or suggested immunomodulating mechanisms associated with the tested therapeutic modality. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity represents a key mechanism in the immune response to various pathogens and tumors. Therefore, the selection of monitoring methods for the appropriate assessment of cell-mediated cytotoxicity is thought to be crucial. Assays that can detect both cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) frequency and function, such as the IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) have gained increasing popularity for monitoring clinical trials and in basic research. Results from various clinical trials, including peptide and whole tumor cell vaccination and cytokine treatment, have shown the suitability of the IFN-γ ELISPOT assay for monitoring T cell responses. However, the Granzyme B ELISPOT assay and Perforin ELISPOT assay may represent a more direct analysis of cell-mediated cytotoxicity as compared to the IFN-γ ELISPOT, since Granzyme B and perforin are the key mediators of target cell death via the granule-mediated pathway. In this review we analyze our own data and the data reported by others with regard to the application of various modifications of ELISPOT assays for monitoring CTL activity in clinical vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoli M Malyguine
- Applied and Developmental Research Support Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Susan Strobl
- Applied and Developmental Research Support Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Kimberly Dunham
- Applied and Developmental Research Support Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Michael R Shurin
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Thomas J Sayers
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Bordignon V, Cordiali-Fei P, Rinaldi M, Signori E, Cottarelli A, Zonfrillo M, Ensoli F, Rasi G, Fuggetta MP. Evaluation of antigen specific recognition and cell mediated cytotoxicity by a modified lysispot assay in a rat colon carcinoma model. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2012; 31:9. [PMID: 22296726 PMCID: PMC3395825 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes represent potent effector cells of the adaptive immune response against viruses as well as tumours. Therefore assays capable at exploring the generation and function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes represent an important objective for both clinical and experimental settings. Methods Here we show a simple and reproducible assay for the evaluation of antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes based on a LysiSpot technique for the simultaneous determination of antigen-specific IFN-γ production and assessment of tumor cytolysis. The assay was developed within an experimental model of colorectal carcinoma, induced by the colorectal tumor cell line DHD-K12 that induces tumors in BDIX rats and, in turn, elicits a tumor- specific immune response. Results Using DHD-K12 cells transfected to express Escherichia coli β-galactosidase as target cells, and by the fine setting of spot colours detection, we have developed an in vitro assay that allows the recognition of cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced in BDIX rats as well as the assessment of anti-tumour cytotoxicity. The method highlighted that in the present experimental model the tumour antigen-specific immune response was bound to killing target cells in the proportion of 55%, while 45% of activated cells were not cytotoxic but released IFN-γ. Moreover in this model by an ELISPOT assay we demonstrated the specific recognition of a nonapeptide epitope called CSH-275 constitutionally express in DHD-K12 cells. Conclusions The assay proved to be highly sensitive and specific, detecting even low frequencies of cytotoxic/activated cells and providing the evaluation of cytokine-expressing T cells as well as the extent of cytotoxicity against the target cells as independent functions. This assay may represent an important tool to be adopted in experimental settings including the development of vaccines or immune therapeutic strategies
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bordignon
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
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Malyguine AM, Strobl SL, Shurin MR. Immunological monitoring of the tumor immunoenvironment for clinical trials. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:239-247. [PMID: 22080408 PMCID: PMC11028845 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of immunotherapeutic clinical trials has undergone a considerable change in the last decade resulting in a general agreement that immune monitoring should guide the development of cancer vaccines. The emphasis on immune cell functions and quantitation of antigen-specific T cells have been playing a major role in the attempts to establish meaningful correlations between therapy-induced alterations in immune responses and clinical endpoints. However, one significant unresolved issue in modern immunotherapy is that when a tumor-specific cellular immune response is observed following the course of immunotherapy, it does not always lead to clinically proven cancer regression. This disappointing lack of a correlation between the tumor-specific cytotoxic immune responses and the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy may be explained, among other reasons, by the notion that the analysis of any single immunological parameter is not sufficient to provide clinically feasible information about the complex interactions between different cell subsets in the peripheral blood and immune, tumor, and stromal cells in the tumor milieu. By contrast, a systemic approach is required for improving the quality of a serial monitoring to ensure that it adequately and reliably measures potential changes induced in patients by administered vaccines or immunomodulators. Comprehensive evaluation of the balance between the immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive compartments of the immune system could be critical for a better understanding of how a given immunotherapy works or does not work in a particular clinical trial. New approaches to characterize tumor-infiltrating leukocytes, their phenotypic, biochemical, and genetic characteristics within the tumor microenvironment need to be developed and validated and should complement current monitoring techniques. These immune-monitoring assays for the local tumor immunoenvironment should be developed, validated, and standardized for reliability and consistency in order to establish the overall performance standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoli M Malyguine
- Laboratory of Cell-Mediated Immunity, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Susan L Strobl
- Laboratory of Cell-Mediated Immunity, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Michael R Shurin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Clinical Immunopathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Abstract
During more than 25 years of application in immunological sciences, ELISPOT has been established as a routine, robust, versatile, and reliable assay. From basic research to clinical immune monitoring, ELISPOT is being used to address the quantification and (to a lesser extent) functional characterization of immune cells secreting different molecules in the context of health and disease, immune intervention, and therapy in humans and other species [Kalyuzhny (Ed.) (2005) Handbook of Elispot: methods and protocols, Vol. 302, Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ]. Over the last decade, ELISPOT assays have been increasingly implemented as an immune-monitoring tool in clinical trials [Schmittel et al. J Immunother 23:289-295, 2000; Whiteside Immunol Invest 29:149-162, 2000; Nagata et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1037:10-15, 2004; Cox et al. (2005) Cellular immune assays for evaluation of vaccine efficacy in developing countries., In Manual of Clinical Immunology Laboratory (Rose, N. R., Hamilton, R. G., and Detrick, B., Eds.), p 301, ASM Press, Washington, DC; Cox et al. Methods 38:274-282, 2006]. While the principles of the original protocol have changed little since its first introduction [Czerkinsky J Immunol Methods 110:29-36, 1988], individual laboratories have adapted assay procedures based on experimental needs, availability of reagents and equipment, obtained recommendations, and gained experience, leading to a wide disparity of applied ELISPOT protocols with inevitable consequences. This chapter addresses the resulting challenges for ELISPOT use in clinical trial settings, and discusses the influence of harmonization strategies as a tool for overcoming these challenges. Furthermore, harmonization is discussed in the context of assay standardization and validation strategies.
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Butterfield LH, Palucka AK, Britten CM, Dhodapkar MV, Håkansson L, Janetzki S, Kawakami Y, Kleen TO, Lee PP, Maccalli C, Maecker HT, Maino VC, Maio M, Malyguine A, Masucci G, Pawelec G, Potter DM, Rivoltini L, Salazar LG, Schendel DJ, Slingluff CL, Song W, Stroncek DF, Tahara H, Thurin M, Trinchieri G, van Der Burg SH, Whiteside TL, Wigginton JM, Marincola F, Khleif S, Fox BA, Disis ML. Recommendations from the iSBTc-SITC/FDA/NCI Workshop on Immunotherapy Biomarkers. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:3064-76. [PMID: 21558394 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To facilitate development of innovative immunotherapy approaches, especially for treatment concepts exploiting the potential benefits of personalized therapy, there is a need to develop and validate tools to identify patients who can benefit from immunotherapy. Despite substantial effort, we do not yet know which parameters of antitumor immunity to measure and which assays are optimal for those measurements. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The iSBTc-SITC (International Society for Biological Therapy of Cancer-Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer), FDA (Food and Drug Administration), and NCI (National Cancer Institute) partnered to address these issues for immunotherapy of cancer. Here, we review the major challenges, give examples of approaches and solutions, and present our recommendations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Although specific immune parameters and assays are not yet validated, we recommend following standardized (accurate, precise, and reproducible) protocols and use of functional assays for the primary immunologic readouts of a trial; consideration of central laboratories for immune monitoring of large, multi-institutional trials; and standardized testing of several phenotypic and functional potential potency assays specific to any cellular product. When reporting results, the full QA (quality assessment)/QC (quality control) should be conducted and selected examples of truly representative raw data and assay performance characteristics should be included. Finally, to promote broader analysis of multiple aspects of immunity, and gather data on variability, we recommend that in addition to cells and serum, RNA and DNA samples be banked (under standardized conditions) for later testing. We also recommend that sufficient blood be drawn to allow for planned testing of the primary hypothesis being addressed in the trial, and that additional baseline and posttreatment blood is banked for testing novel hypotheses (or generating new hypotheses) that arise in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Porebski G, Gschwend-Zawodniak A, Pichler WJ. In vitro diagnosis of T cell-mediated drug allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:461-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zaritskaya L, Shurin MR, Sayers TJ, Malyguine AM. New flow cytometric assays for monitoring cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:601-16. [PMID: 20518716 PMCID: PMC2911950 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The exact immunologic responses after vaccination that result in effective antitumor immunity have not yet been fully elucidated and the data from ex vivo T-cell assays have not yet defined adequate surrogate markers for clinical efficacy. A more detailed knowledge of the specific immune responses that correlate with positive clinical outcomes should help to develop better or novel strategies to effectively activate the immune system against tumors. Furthermore, clinically relevant material is often limited and, thus, precludes the ability to perform multiple assays. The two main assays currently used to monitor lymphocyte-mediated cytoxicity in cancer patients are the (51)Cr-release assay and IFN-gamma ELISpot assay. The former has a number of disadvantages, including low sensitivity, poor labeling and high spontaneous release of isotope from some tumor target cells. Additional problems with the (51)Cr-release assay include difficulty in obtaining autologous tumor targets, and biohazard and disposal problems for the isotope. The ELISpot assays do not directly measure cytotoxic activity and are, therefore, a surrogate marker of cyotoxic capacity of effector T cells. Furthermore, they do not assess cytotoxicity mediated by the production of the TNF family of death ligands by the cytotoxic cells. Therefore, assays that allow for the simultaneous measurement of several parameters may be more advantageous for clinical monitoring. In this respect, multifactor flow cytometry-based assays are a valid addition to the currently available immunologic monitoring assays. Use of these assays will enable detection and enumeration of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their specific effector functions and any correlations with clinical responses. Comprehensive, multifactor analysis of effector cell responses after vaccination may help to detect factors that determine the success or failure of a vaccine and its immunological potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Zaritskaya
- Applied and Developmental Research Support Program, SAIC-Frederick,
Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Michael R Shurin
- Departments of Pathology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh
Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas J Sayers
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National
Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Anatoli M Malyguine
- Applied and Developmental Research Support Program, SAIC-Frederick,
Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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Zawodniak A, Lochmatter P, Yerly D, Kawabata T, Lerch M, Yawalkar N, Pichler WJ. In vitro detection of cytotoxic T and NK cells in peripheral blood of patients with various drug-induced skin diseases. Allergy 2010; 65:376-84. [PMID: 19793058 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytotoxic cells are involved in most forms of drug-induced skin diseases. Till now, no in vitro test addressed this aspect of drug-allergic responses. Our report evaluates whether drug-induced cytotoxic cells can be detected in peripheral blood of nonacute patients with different forms of drug hypersensitivity, and also whether in vitro detection of these cells could be helpful in drug-allergy diagnosis. METHODS GranzymeB enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot-forming (ELISPOT) and cell surface expression of the degranulation marker CD107a were evaluated on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 12 drug-allergic patients in remission state and 16 drug-exposed healthy controls. RESULTS In 10/12 allergic patients culprit but not irrelevant drug elicited granzymeB release after 48-72 h stimulation. It was clearly positive in patients with high proliferative response to the drug, measured in lymphocyte transformation tests. In patients, who showed moderate or low proliferation and low drug-response in granzymeB ELISPOT, overnight preincubation with interleukin (IL)-7/IL-15 enhanced drug-specific granzymeB release and allowed to clearly identify the offending agent. CD107a staining was positive on CD4+/CD3+, CD8+/CD3+ T cells as well as CD56+/CD3- natural killer cells. None of the drug-exposed healthy donors reacted to the tested drugs and allergic patients reacted only to the offending, but not to tolerated drugs. CONCLUSION GranzymeB ELISPOT is a highly specific in vitro method to detect drug-reacting cytotoxic cells in peripheral blood of drug-allergic patients even several years after disease manifestation. Together with IL-7/IL-15 preincubation, it may be helpful in indentifying the offending drug even in some patients with weak proliferative drug-response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zawodniak
- Division of Allergology, Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology/Allergology Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Di Tomaso T, Mazzoleni S, Wang E, Sovena G, Clavenna D, Franzin A, Mortini P, Ferrone S, Doglioni C, Marincola FM, Galli R, Parmiani G, Maccalli C. Immunobiological characterization of cancer stem cells isolated from glioblastoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:800-13. [PMID: 20103663 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-2730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer stem cells (CSC) have been isolated from human tumors, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The aims of this study were the immunobiological characterization of GBM CSCs and the assessment of whether these cells represent suitable targets for immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN GBM CSC lines and their fetal bovine serum (FBS)-cultured non-CSC pair lines were generated and examined by flow cytometry for expression of known tumor antigens, MHC-I and MHC-II molecules, antigen-processing machinery components, and NKG2D ligands. In addition, immunogenicity and immunosuppression of such cell lines for autologous or allogeneic T lymphocytes were tested by cytokine secretion (ELISPOT) or proliferation (carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester) assays, respectively. RESULTS Both GBM CSC and FBS lines were weakly positive and negative for MHC-I, MHC-II, and NKG2D ligand molecules, respectively. Antigen-processing machinery molecules were also defective in both cell types. Upregulation of most molecules was induced by IFNs or 5-Aza deoxycytidine, although more efficiently in FBS than in CSCs. Patient T-cell responses, mediated by both TH1 and the TH2 subsets, against autologous CSC could be induced in vitro. In addition, CSC but not their paired FBS tumor lines inhibited T-cell proliferation of healthy donors. Notably, a differential gene signature that was confirmed at the protein levels for some immunologic-related molecules was also found between CSC and FBS lines. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate lower immunogenicity and higher suppressive activity of GBM CSC compared with FBS lines. The immunogenicity, however, could be rescued by immune modulation leading to anti-GBM T cell-mediated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Di Tomaso
- Department of Pathology, San Raffaele Foundation Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Functional characterization of alloreactive T cells identifies CD25 and CD71 as optimal targets for a clinically applicable allodepletion strategy. Blood 2010; 115:396-407. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-08-235895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractImmunotherapy with allodepleted donor T cells (ADTs) improves immunity after T cell–depleted stem cell transplantation, but infection/relapse remain problematic. To refine this approach, we characterized the expression of surface markers/cytokines on proliferating alloreactive T cells (ATs). CD25 was expressed on 83% of carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl esterdim ATs, confirming this as an excellent target for allodepletion. Seventy percent of CD25− ATs expressed CD71 (transferrin receptor), identifying this as a novel marker to target ATs persisting after CD25 depletion. Comparison of residual alloreactivity after combined CD25/71 versus CD25 immunomagnetic depletion showed enhanced depletion of alloreactivity to host with CD25/71 depletion in both secondary (2°) mixed lymphocyte reactions (P < .01) and interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assays (P < .05) with no effect on third-party responses. In pentamer/interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assays, antiviral responses to cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and adenovirus were preserved after CD25/71 allodepletion. CD25/71 ADTs can be redirected to recognize leukemic targets through lentiviral transfer of a chimeric anti-CD19ζ T-cell receptor. Finally, we have established conditions for clinically applicable CD25/71 allodepletion under European Union Good Manufacturing Practice conditions, resulting in highly effective, reproducible, and selective depletion of ATs (median residual alloreactivity to host in 2° mixed lymphocyte reaction of 0.39% vs third-party response of 62%, n = 5). This strategy enables further clinical studies of adoptive immunotherapy with larger doses of ADTs to enhance immune reconstitution after T cell-depleted stem cell transplantation.
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Wang Q, Ornstein M, Kaufman HL. Imaging the immune response to monitor tumor immunotherapy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:1427-37. [PMID: 19803763 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The goal of cancer immunotherapy is to promote antitumor immunity, and novel approaches include vaccination, adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive T cells, and administration of monoclonal antibodies and small molecules that target immune regulatory pathways. The molecular and cellular events responsible for tumor rejection are not completely defined and correlative studies have been used to help understand the mechanisms and extent of immune activation and tumor regression with these approaches. The real-time monitoring of immune responses to immunotherapy has been challenging as specific cell subsets may be difficult to define, and molecular pathways have evolved functionally diverse outcomes in different cells and in different tissues. Recently, improvements in optics and digital imaging have led to novel imaging techniques that make it possible to track the migration of individual immune cells ex vivo and in vivo, and to detect the dynamic interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells or tumor cells within complex microenvironments, including lymphoid tissue and established tumors. This review will explain some of the more established imaging techniques and discuss their role in monitoring the immune response in patients treated with various tumor immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Horlock C, Stott B, Dyson J, Ogg G, McPherson T, Jones L, Sewell AK, Wooldridge L, Cole DK, Stebbing J, Savage P. ELISPOT and functional T cell analyses using HLA mono-specific target cells. J Immunol Methods 2009; 350:150-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lochmatter P, Zawodniak A, Pichler WJ. In Vitro Tests in Drug Hypersensitivity Diagnosis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2009; 29:537-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Tahara H, Sato M, Thurin M, Wang E, Butterfield LH, Disis ML, Fox BA, Lee PP, Khleif SN, Wigginton JM, Ambs S, Akutsu Y, Chaussabel D, Doki Y, Eremin O, Fridman WH, Hirohashi Y, Imai K, Jacobson J, Jinushi M, Kanamoto A, Kashani-Sabet M, Kato K, Kawakami Y, Kirkwood JM, Kleen TO, Lehmann PV, Liotta L, Lotze MT, Maio M, Malyguine A, Masucci G, Matsubara H, Mayrand-Chung S, Nakamura K, Nishikawa H, Palucka AK, Petricoin EF, Pos Z, Ribas A, Rivoltini L, Sato N, Shiku H, Slingluff CL, Streicher H, Stroncek DF, Takeuchi H, Toyota M, Wada H, Wu X, Wulfkuhle J, Yaguchi T, Zeskind B, Zhao Y, Zocca MB, Marincola FM. Emerging concepts in biomarker discovery; the US-Japan Workshop on Immunological Molecular Markers in Oncology. J Transl Med 2009; 7:45. [PMID: 19534815 PMCID: PMC2724494 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Supported by the Office of International Affairs, National Cancer Institute (NCI), the "US-Japan Workshop on Immunological Biomarkers in Oncology" was held in March 2009. The workshop was related to a task force launched by the International Society for the Biological Therapy of Cancer (iSBTc) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to identify strategies for biomarker discovery and validation in the field of biotherapy. The effort will culminate on October 28th 2009 in the "iSBTc-FDA-NCI Workshop on Prognostic and Predictive Immunologic Biomarkers in Cancer", which will be held in Washington DC in association with the Annual Meeting. The purposes of the US-Japan workshop were a) to discuss novel approaches to enhance the discovery of predictive and/or prognostic markers in cancer immunotherapy; b) to define the state of the science in biomarker discovery and validation. The participation of Japanese and US scientists provided the opportunity to identify shared or discordant themes across the distinct immune genetic background and the diverse prevalence of disease between the two Nations. Converging concepts were identified: enhanced knowledge of interferon-related pathways was found to be central to the understanding of immune-mediated tissue-specific destruction (TSD) of which tumor rejection is a representative facet. Although the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) likely mediates the inflammatory process leading to tumor rejection, it is insufficient by itself and the associated mechanisms need to be identified. It is likely that adaptive immune responses play a broader role in tumor rejection than those strictly related to their antigen-specificity; likely, their primary role is to trigger an acute and tissue-specific inflammatory response at the tumor site that leads to rejection upon recruitment of additional innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Other candidate systemic and/or tissue-specific biomarkers were recognized that might be added to the list of known entities applicable in immunotherapy trials. The need for a systematic approach to biomarker discovery that takes advantage of powerful high-throughput technologies was recognized; it was clear from the current state of the science that immunotherapy is still in a discovery phase and only a few of the current biomarkers warrant extensive validation. It was, finally, clear that, while current technologies have almost limitless potential, inadequate study design, limited standardization and cross-validation among laboratories and suboptimal comparability of data remain major road blocks. The institution of an interactive consortium for high throughput molecular monitoring of clinical trials with voluntary participation might provide cost-effective solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Tahara
- Department of Surgery and Bioengineering, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marimo Sato
- Department of Surgery and Bioengineering, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Magdalena Thurin
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Ena Wang
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Center for Human Immunology (CHI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Mary L Disis
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Robert W Franz Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97213, USA
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Samir N Khleif
- Cancer Vaccine Section, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Jon M Wigginton
- Discovery Medicine-Oncology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center of Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Yasunori Akutsu
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, 75204, USA
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Oleg Eremin
- Section of Surgery, Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Wolf Hervé Fridman
- Centre de la Reserche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Paris Descarte University, 75270 Paris, France
| | | | - Kohzoh Imai
- Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - James Jacobson
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Masahisa Jinushi
- Department of Surgery and Bioengineering, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kanamoto
- Department of Surgery and Bioengineering, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazunori Kato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Thomas O Kleen
- Cellular Technology Ltd, Shaker Heights, Ohio, 44122, USA
| | - Paul V Lehmann
- Cellular Technology Ltd, Shaker Heights, Ohio, 44122, USA
| | - Lance Liotta
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, 10900, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Illman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Michele Maio
- Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department. of Oncology, University, Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, Aviano, 53100, Italy
| | - Anatoli Malyguine
- Laboratory of Cell Mediated Immunity, SAIC-Frederick, Inc. NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
| | - Giuseppe Masucci
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
| | - Hisahiro Matsubara
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shawmarie Mayrand-Chung
- The Biomarkers Consortium (BC), Public-Private Partnership Program, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
- Department of Cancer Vaccine, Department of Immuno-gene Therapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - A Karolina Palucka
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, 75204, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, 10900, USA
| | - Zoltan Pos
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Center for Human Immunology (CHI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, IRCCS Foundation, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, 20100, Italy
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiku
- Department of Cancer Vaccine, Department of Immuno-gene Therapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Howard Streicher
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, DCTD, NCI, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - David F Stroncek
- Cell Therapy Section (CTS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Hiroya Takeuchi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Toyota
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Wada
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Julia Wulfkuhle
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, 10900, USA
| | - Tomonori Yaguchi
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yingdong Zhao
- Biometric Research Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | | | - Francesco M Marincola
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Center for Human Immunology (CHI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the applicability of a flow cytometry-based cytotoxicity (FC) assay previously developed by our laboratory, for monitoring cancer vaccine trials. The assay simultaneously measures effector cell degranulation and target cell death. Clinically relevant samples consisted of frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from vaccinated melanoma patients with known response to the melanoma peptide g209. Both PBMC and 7 day in vitro-stimulated lymphocyte from patient samples were used as effector cells in the FC assay. Activity against the relevant g209 and the control g280 peptide measured in the FC assay was directly compared with results obtained from the Granzyme B enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay and the standard 51Cr-release assay run in tandem. The FC assay detected low or no activity when PBMC were used as effector cells. Using cytotoxic T lymphocytes as effector cells, little or no effector cell degranulation or cytotoxicity was measured in the FC assay in prevaccination samples. After vaccination, an increase in both degranulation and target cell death could be determined when target cells were pulsed with g209. No or low reactivity was found against g280 at any time point. Our findings exhibited excellent correlation between CD107a expression and GrB secretion and also Annexin V binding to target cells and specific lysis measured in the 51Cr-release assay. Results obtained from the FC assay were highly reproducible. Therefore, the FC assay may be applied to vaccine trial monitoring and allows the measurement of effector cell degranulation and target cell death simultaneously in a single sample.
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Ni X, Richmond HM, Liao XM, Decker WK, Shiue LH, Shpall EJ, Duvic M. Induction of T-cell responses against cutaneous T-cell lymphomas ex vivo by autologous dendritic cells transfected with amplified tumor mRNA. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:2631-2639. [PMID: 18480841 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sézary syndrome (SzS), the leukemic variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, is incurable. Dendritic cells (DCs) transfected with tumor mRNA can stimulate antitumor immunity in certain cancer patients. In this study, we determined whether mRNAs from Sézary cells could be used for loading DCs and stimulating antitumor immunity. Autologous DCs were generated from monocytes of the peripheral blood from 10 patients with SzS. Total RNA was extracted from Sézary cells and amplified by T7 in vitro transcription. The induction of antitumor IFN-gamma and granzyme B (GrB)-producing cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) by RNA-transfected DCs was determined by ELISPOT assays. We found that IFN-gamma was required for IL-12p70 production by monocyte-derived DCs from SzS. The oncogenic transcription factor Twist and the tyrosine kinase receptor EphA4 were expressed in total RNA from Sézary cells and the paired amplified mRNAs. RNA-transfected DCs induced antitumor IFN-gamma-producing CTLs in 7 of 10 subjects and GrB-producing CTLs in 6 of 9 subjects. Both CD3+CD8+ T cells and CD4+CD25+ T cells were expanded without induction of regulatory T cells. These data support the concept of using tumor mRNA for a vaccine strategy that requires small amounts of tumor cells without need for specific antigens in patients with SzS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ni
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Heather M Richmond
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xingsheng M Liao
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA; Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William K Decker
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Therapy, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lisa H Shiue
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cell Therapy, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Madeleine Duvic
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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21
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Maccalli C, Di Cristanziano V, Fodale V, Corsi D, D'Agostino G, Petrangeli V, Laurenti L, Guida S, Mazzocchi A, Arienti F, Perrone MP, Castelli C, Rivoltini L, Zagonel V, Tartaglia M, Parmiani G, Belardelli F. Induction of Both CD8+ and CD4+ T-Cell–Mediated Responses in Colorectal Cancer Patients by Colon Antigen-1. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:7292-303. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Truong DQ, Cornet A, Wieërs G, Robert A, Reding R, Latinne D. Pre- and post-transplant monitoring of granzyme B enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay in pediatric liver recipients. Transpl Immunol 2008; 19:215-9. [PMID: 18602007 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study aims to investigate potential role of granzyme B enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (GrB ELISPOT) for immunological monitoring in pediatric liver transplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 28 pediatric recipients were serially tested for GrB-producing donor-reactive cells at day 0 pre-transplantation (baseline) and days 7, 14, and 28 post-transplantation. RESULTS At baseline, no difference of GrB value was found in acute rejection (14/28) compared to normal graft function patients (day 0: 4(3.9) spots versus 5(2.9) spots, respectively: p=0.65). At day 7 post-transplantation, acute rejection patients showed frequencies of GrB ELISPOT higher than those with normal graft function, but the differences observed were not statistically significant (day 7: 15(4.9) spots versus 10(4.0) spots, respectively: p=0.55). GrB increased significantly at day 7 from baseline in the rejection group (15(4.9) spots versus 4(3.9), respectively p=0.04), whereas corresponding changes were not significant in the group without rejection (10(4.0) versus 5(2.9), respectively: p=0.15). CONCLUSION GrB ELISPOT pre-transplantation could not predict the occurrence of early post-transplant acute rejection; similarly frequencies at days 7, 14 and 28 could not be correlated with acute rejection in pediatric liver recipients. However, a kinetic study of GrB ELISPOT could be helpful to predict or confirm early rejection in the small group of liver allograft recipients analyzed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Quang Truong
- Pediatric Liver Transplant Program, Saint-Luc University Clinics, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Analysis and Characterization of Antitumor T-cell Response After Administration of Dendritic Cells Loaded With Allogeneic Tumor Lysate to Metastatic Melanoma Patients. J Immunother 2008; 31:101-12. [DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e318159f5ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Malyguine A, Strobl S, Zaritskaya L, Baseler M, Shafer-Weaver K. New approaches for monitoring CTL activity in clinical trials. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 601:273-84. [PMID: 17713015 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-72005-0_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a modification of the ELISPOT assay that measures Granzyme B (GrB) release from cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The GrB ELISPOT assay is a superior alternative to the 51Cr-release assay since it is significantly more sensitive and provides an estimation of cytotoxic effector cell frequency. Additionally, unlike the IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay, the GrB ELISPOT directly measures the release of a cytolytic protein. We report that the GrB ELISPOT can be utilized to measure ex vivo antigen-specific cytotoxicity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from cancer patients vaccinated with a peptide-based cancer vaccine. We compare the reactivity of patients' PBMCs in the GrB ELISPOT, with reactivity in the tetramer, IFN-gamma ELISPOT and chromium (51Cr)-release assays. Differences in immune response over all assays tested were found between patients, and four response patterns were observed. Reactivity in the GrB ELISPOT was more closely associated with cytotoxicity in the 51Cr-release assay than the tetramer or IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays. We also optimized the GrB ELISPOT assay to directly measure immune responses against autologous primary tumor cells in vaccinated cancer patients. A perforin ELISPOT assay was also adapted to evaluate peptide-stimulated reactivity of PMBCs from vaccinated melanoma patients. Modifications of the ELISPOT assay described in this chapter allow a more comprehensive evaluation of low-frequency tumor-specific CTLs and their specific effector functions and can provide a valuable insight into immune responses in cancer vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoli Malyguine
- Applied and Developmental Research Support Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA.
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Guinn BA, Kasahara N, Farzaneh F, Habib NA, Norris JS, Deisseroth AB. Recent Advances and Current Challenges in Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1065-71. [PMID: 17375068 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in animal studies, where the cure of the majority of mice with pre-established (albeit early-stage) tumors has become almost standard, human clinical trials have been much less successful. Here we describe some of the most recent advances in the specialist field of tumor immunology and immunotherapy, highlighting salient work to identify key problem areas and potential solutions. We make particular note of recent developments in adoptive therapy; whole-cell, DNA, and peptide vaccines; and antibody therapy. We also describe the revival of interest in regulatory T cells and conclude by detailing the need for clinical trial read-out autonomy and methods to predict which patients will respond to a particular treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara-ann Guinn
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, The Rayne, Institute, London, UK.
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26
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Abstract
The need to quantitate and monitor immune responses of large patient cohorts with standardized techniques is increasing due to the growing range of treatment options for hepatitis B and hepatitis C, the development of combination therapies, and candidate experimental vaccines for HCV. In addition, advances in immunological techniques have provided new tools for detailed phenotypic and functional analysis of cellular immune responses. At present, there is substantial variation in laboratory protocols, reagents, controls and analysis and presentation of results. Standardization of immunological assays would therefore allow better comparison of results amongst individual laboratories and patient cohorts. The EASL-sponsored and AASLD-endorsed Monothematic Conference on Clinical Immunology in Viral Hepatitis was held at the University College London, United Kingdom, Oct 7-8, 2006 to bring together investigators with research experience in clinical immunology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections for in-depth discussion, critical evaluation and standardization of immunological assays. This report summarizes the information presented and discussed at the conference, but is not intended to represent a consensus statement. Our aim is to highlight topics and issues that were supported by general agreement and those that were controversial, as well as to provide suggestions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, 10 Center Drive, Room 9B16, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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