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Albarrán Fernández V, Ballestín Martínez P, Stoltenborg Granhøj J, Borch TH, Donia M, Marie Svane I. Biomarkers for response to TIL therapy: a comprehensive review. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008640. [PMID: 38485186 PMCID: PMC10941183 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) has demonstrated durable clinical responses in patients with metastatic melanoma, substantiated by recent positive results of the first phase III trial on TIL therapy. Being a demanding and logistically complex treatment, extensive preclinical and clinical effort is required to optimize patient selection by identifying predictive biomarkers of response. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the current evidence regarding the potential impact of tumor-related factors (such as mutational burden, neoantigen load, immune infiltration, status of oncogenic driver genes, and epigenetic modifications), patient characteristics (including disease burden and location, baseline cytokines and lactate dehydrogenase serum levels, human leucocyte antigen haplotype, or prior exposure to immune checkpoint inhibitors and other anticancer therapies), phenotypic features of the transferred T cells (mainly the total cell count, CD8:CD4 ratio, ex vivo culture time, expression of exhaustion markers, costimulatory signals, antitumor reactivity, and scope of target tumor-associated antigens), and other treatment-related factors (such as lymphodepleting chemotherapy and postinfusion administration of interleukin-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Albarrán Fernández
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Ballestín Martínez
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Clínico San Carlos University Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joachim Stoltenborg Granhøj
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Troels Holz Borch
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Marco Donia
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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2
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Lu M, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Wang S, Su X. Immunotherapeutic strategy in the management of gastric cancer: molecular profiles, current practice, and ongoing trials. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2023; 35:32. [PMID: 37779128 DOI: 10.1186/s43046-023-00192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the one of the most commonly solid cancer worldwide. Although under the aggressive treatment, the poor clinical outcomes of patients with GCs have not been improved. Current studies emphasized that targeting therapies or immune response-based therapeutic strategy may be a potential approach to improve the clinical outcomes. Moreover, accumulative evidence has reported the increasing expression of PD-L1 expression in GC cells and highlighted its role in the tumor progression. Currently, great development has been established in the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and further changed the clinical practice of GC treatment and prognosis. In addition, the combination therapies with targeting therapy or traditional therapies are expected to push the development of immunotherapies. In our present review, we predominantly focus on the biomarkers and molecular profiles for immunotherapies in GCs and highlight the role and administration of ICIs-based immunotherapeutic strategies against the GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Lu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | | | - Xiaobao Su
- Department of Gastrointestinal Minimally Invasive Surgery, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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3
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Rangel Rivera GO, Dwyer CJ, Knochelmann HM, Smith AS, Aksoy A, Cole AC, Wyatt MM, Thaxton JE, Lesinski GB, Paulos CM. The degree of T cell stemness differentially impacts the potency of adoptive cancer immunotherapy in a Lef-1 and Tcf-1 dependent manner. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.08.531589. [PMID: 36945574 PMCID: PMC10028919 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.08.531589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Generating stem memory T cells (T SCM ) is a key goal for improving cancer immunotherapy. Yet, the optimal way to modulate signaling pathways that enrich T SCM properties remains elusive. Here, we discovered that the degree to which the PI3Kδ pathway is blocked pharmaceutically can generate T cells with differential levels of stemness properties. This observation was based on the progressive enrichment of transcriptional factors of stemness (Tcf-1 and Lef-1). Additional investigation revealed that T cells with high stemness features had enhanced metabolic plasticity, marked by heightened mitochondrial function and glucose uptake. Conversely, T cells with low or medium features of stemness expressed more inhibitory checkpoint receptors (Tim-3, CD39) and were vulnerable to antigen-induced cell death. Only TCR-antigen specific T cells with high stemness persisted following adoptive transfer in vivo and mounted protective immunity to melanoma tumors. Likewise, the strongest level of PI3Kδ blockade in vitro generated human tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and CAR T cells with heightened stemness properties, in turn bolstering their capacity to regress human mesothelioma tumors. We find that the level of stemness T cells possess in vitro differentially impacts their potency upon transfer in three tumor models. Mechanistically, both Lef-1 and Tcf-1 sustain anti-tumor protection by high T SCM , as deletion of either one compromised cellular therapy. Collectively, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of carefully modulating PI3Kδ signaling in T cells to confer high stemness and mediate protective responses to solid tumors.
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4
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Kazemi MH, Sadri M, Najafi A, Rahimi A, Baghernejadan Z, Khorramdelazad H, Falak R. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes for treatment of solid tumors: It takes two to tango? Front Immunol 2022; 13:1018962. [PMID: 36389779 PMCID: PMC9651159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1018962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), frontline soldiers of the adaptive immune system, are recruited into the tumor site to fight against tumors. However, their small number and reduced activity limit their ability to overcome the tumor. Enhancement of TILs number and activity against tumors has been of interest for a long time. A lack of knowledge about the tumor microenvironment (TME) has limited success in primary TIL therapies. Although the advent of engineered T cells has revolutionized the immunotherapy methods of hematologic cancers, the heterogeneity of solid tumors warrants the application of TILs with a wide range of specificity. Recent advances in understanding TME, immune exhaustion, and immune checkpoints have paved the way for TIL therapy regimens. Nowadays, TIL therapy has regained attention as a safe personalized immunotherapy, and currently, several clinical trials are evaluating the efficacy of TIL therapy in patients who have failed conventional immunotherapies. Gaining favorable outcomes following TIL therapy of patients with metastatic melanoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer has raised hope in patients with refractory solid tumors, too. Nevertheless, TIL therapy procedures face several challenges, such as high cost, timely expansion, and technical challenges in selecting and activating the cells. Herein, we reviewed the recent advances in the TIL therapy of solid tumors and discussed the challenges and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Kazemi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sadri
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Najafi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rahimi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Baghernejadan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Khorramdelazad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Falak
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Jin X, Liu Z, Yang D, Yin K, Chang X. Recent Progress and Future Perspectives of Immunotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948647. [PMID: 35844558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948647%' and 2*3*8=6*8 and 'r4tf'!='r4tf%] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common forms of solid tumours, gastric carcinoma has been revealed as the third leading cause of death worldwide. The symptom of gastric cancer is usually not obvious and thus difficult to detect at earlier stages. Therefore, gastric cancer is already in the advanced stage once detected in patients, which has a poor prognosis due to ineffective therapies and multiple resistance. Recent advance in understanding the microenvironment of cancer has significantly promoted the development of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Immunotherapy can induce immune responses in gastric cancer patients thus leads to the destruction of cancer cells. In comparison of traditional therapy, immunotherapy has demonstrated robust efficacy and tolerable toxicity. Therefore, this novel strategy for treatment of advanced gastric cancer has gain increasingly popularity. In this review, we summarize recent progress of immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer, such as immune check point inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, VEGF inhibitors, cancer vaccines and CAR-T cell therapy. We highlight immunotherapies involved in clinical applications and discuss the existing challenges of current immunotherapies and promising strategies to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Jin X, Liu Z, Yang D, Yin K, Chang X. Recent Progress and Future Perspectives of Immunotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948647. [PMID: 35844558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948647'"] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common forms of solid tumours, gastric carcinoma has been revealed as the third leading cause of death worldwide. The symptom of gastric cancer is usually not obvious and thus difficult to detect at earlier stages. Therefore, gastric cancer is already in the advanced stage once detected in patients, which has a poor prognosis due to ineffective therapies and multiple resistance. Recent advance in understanding the microenvironment of cancer has significantly promoted the development of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Immunotherapy can induce immune responses in gastric cancer patients thus leads to the destruction of cancer cells. In comparison of traditional therapy, immunotherapy has demonstrated robust efficacy and tolerable toxicity. Therefore, this novel strategy for treatment of advanced gastric cancer has gain increasingly popularity. In this review, we summarize recent progress of immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer, such as immune check point inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, VEGF inhibitors, cancer vaccines and CAR-T cell therapy. We highlight immunotherapies involved in clinical applications and discuss the existing challenges of current immunotherapies and promising strategies to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Jin X, Liu Z, Yang D, Yin K, Chang X. Recent Progress and Future Perspectives of Immunotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948647. [PMID: 35844558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948647" and 2*3*8=6*8 and "hxww"="hxww] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common forms of solid tumours, gastric carcinoma has been revealed as the third leading cause of death worldwide. The symptom of gastric cancer is usually not obvious and thus difficult to detect at earlier stages. Therefore, gastric cancer is already in the advanced stage once detected in patients, which has a poor prognosis due to ineffective therapies and multiple resistance. Recent advance in understanding the microenvironment of cancer has significantly promoted the development of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Immunotherapy can induce immune responses in gastric cancer patients thus leads to the destruction of cancer cells. In comparison of traditional therapy, immunotherapy has demonstrated robust efficacy and tolerable toxicity. Therefore, this novel strategy for treatment of advanced gastric cancer has gain increasingly popularity. In this review, we summarize recent progress of immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer, such as immune check point inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, VEGF inhibitors, cancer vaccines and CAR-T cell therapy. We highlight immunotherapies involved in clinical applications and discuss the existing challenges of current immunotherapies and promising strategies to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Jin X, Liu Z, Yang D, Yin K, Chang X. Recent Progress and Future Perspectives of Immunotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948647. [PMID: 35844558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948647'||'] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common forms of solid tumours, gastric carcinoma has been revealed as the third leading cause of death worldwide. The symptom of gastric cancer is usually not obvious and thus difficult to detect at earlier stages. Therefore, gastric cancer is already in the advanced stage once detected in patients, which has a poor prognosis due to ineffective therapies and multiple resistance. Recent advance in understanding the microenvironment of cancer has significantly promoted the development of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Immunotherapy can induce immune responses in gastric cancer patients thus leads to the destruction of cancer cells. In comparison of traditional therapy, immunotherapy has demonstrated robust efficacy and tolerable toxicity. Therefore, this novel strategy for treatment of advanced gastric cancer has gain increasingly popularity. In this review, we summarize recent progress of immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer, such as immune check point inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, VEGF inhibitors, cancer vaccines and CAR-T cell therapy. We highlight immunotherapies involved in clinical applications and discuss the existing challenges of current immunotherapies and promising strategies to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Jin X, Liu Z, Yang D, Yin K, Chang X. Recent Progress and Future Perspectives of Immunotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948647. [PMID: 35844558 PMCID: PMC9284215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common forms of solid tumours, gastric carcinoma has been revealed as the third leading cause of death worldwide. The symptom of gastric cancer is usually not obvious and thus difficult to detect at earlier stages. Therefore, gastric cancer is already in the advanced stage once detected in patients, which has a poor prognosis due to ineffective therapies and multiple resistance. Recent advance in understanding the microenvironment of cancer has significantly promoted the development of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Immunotherapy can induce immune responses in gastric cancer patients thus leads to the destruction of cancer cells. In comparison of traditional therapy, immunotherapy has demonstrated robust efficacy and tolerable toxicity. Therefore, this novel strategy for treatment of advanced gastric cancer has gain increasingly popularity. In this review, we summarize recent progress of immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer, such as immune check point inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, VEGF inhibitors, cancer vaccines and CAR-T cell therapy. We highlight immunotherapies involved in clinical applications and discuss the existing challenges of current immunotherapies and promising strategies to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Dongxiao Yang, ; Kai Yin, ; Xusheng Chang,
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Dongxiao Yang, ; Kai Yin, ; Xusheng Chang,
| | - Xusheng Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Dongxiao Yang, ; Kai Yin, ; Xusheng Chang,
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10
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Jin X, Liu Z, Yang D, Yin K, Chang X. Recent Progress and Future Perspectives of Immunotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948647. [PMID: 35844558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948647bsd3bmst] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common forms of solid tumours, gastric carcinoma has been revealed as the third leading cause of death worldwide. The symptom of gastric cancer is usually not obvious and thus difficult to detect at earlier stages. Therefore, gastric cancer is already in the advanced stage once detected in patients, which has a poor prognosis due to ineffective therapies and multiple resistance. Recent advance in understanding the microenvironment of cancer has significantly promoted the development of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Immunotherapy can induce immune responses in gastric cancer patients thus leads to the destruction of cancer cells. In comparison of traditional therapy, immunotherapy has demonstrated robust efficacy and tolerable toxicity. Therefore, this novel strategy for treatment of advanced gastric cancer has gain increasingly popularity. In this review, we summarize recent progress of immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer, such as immune check point inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, VEGF inhibitors, cancer vaccines and CAR-T cell therapy. We highlight immunotherapies involved in clinical applications and discuss the existing challenges of current immunotherapies and promising strategies to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Jin X, Liu Z, Yang D, Yin K, Chang X. Recent Progress and Future Perspectives of Immunotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948647. [PMID: 35844558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948647����%2527%2522\'\"] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common forms of solid tumours, gastric carcinoma has been revealed as the third leading cause of death worldwide. The symptom of gastric cancer is usually not obvious and thus difficult to detect at earlier stages. Therefore, gastric cancer is already in the advanced stage once detected in patients, which has a poor prognosis due to ineffective therapies and multiple resistance. Recent advance in understanding the microenvironment of cancer has significantly promoted the development of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Immunotherapy can induce immune responses in gastric cancer patients thus leads to the destruction of cancer cells. In comparison of traditional therapy, immunotherapy has demonstrated robust efficacy and tolerable toxicity. Therefore, this novel strategy for treatment of advanced gastric cancer has gain increasingly popularity. In this review, we summarize recent progress of immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer, such as immune check point inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, VEGF inhibitors, cancer vaccines and CAR-T cell therapy. We highlight immunotherapies involved in clinical applications and discuss the existing challenges of current immunotherapies and promising strategies to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Jin X, Liu Z, Yang D, Yin K, Chang X. Recent Progress and Future Perspectives of Immunotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948647. [PMID: 35844558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948647' and 2*3*8=6*8 and 'fifm'='fifm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common forms of solid tumours, gastric carcinoma has been revealed as the third leading cause of death worldwide. The symptom of gastric cancer is usually not obvious and thus difficult to detect at earlier stages. Therefore, gastric cancer is already in the advanced stage once detected in patients, which has a poor prognosis due to ineffective therapies and multiple resistance. Recent advance in understanding the microenvironment of cancer has significantly promoted the development of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Immunotherapy can induce immune responses in gastric cancer patients thus leads to the destruction of cancer cells. In comparison of traditional therapy, immunotherapy has demonstrated robust efficacy and tolerable toxicity. Therefore, this novel strategy for treatment of advanced gastric cancer has gain increasingly popularity. In this review, we summarize recent progress of immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer, such as immune check point inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, VEGF inhibitors, cancer vaccines and CAR-T cell therapy. We highlight immunotherapies involved in clinical applications and discuss the existing challenges of current immunotherapies and promising strategies to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Wang X, Diamond DJ, Forman SJ, Nakamura R. Development of CMV-CD19 bi-specific CAR T cells with post-infusion in vivo boost using an anti-CMV vaccine. Int J Hematol 2021; 114:544-553. [PMID: 34561840 PMCID: PMC8475363 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-021-03215-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of in vitro expanded, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected CD19-specific T cells can induce dramatic disease regression in patients with leukemia and lymphomas. However, the full potential of this emerging modality is hampered in some cancer settings by a significant rate of therapeutic failure arising from the attenuated engraftment and persistence of CAR-redirected T cells, and tumor relapse following adoptive transfer. Here, we discuss an advanced strategy that facilitates post-infusion in vivo boosting of CAR T cells via CMV vaccination, to mediate durable remission of B cell malignancies by engrafting a CAR molecule onto a CMV-specific T cell. We also discuss a feasible and unique platform for the generation of the CMV-CD19CAR T cells for clinical application. This new approach would overcome multiple challenges in current CAR T cell technology including: short T cell persistence, limited duration of response, and inability to re-stimulate T cells after relapse or persistent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Wang
- Department of Hematology/HCT, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Don J Diamond
- Department of Hematology/HCT, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Stephen J Forman
- Department of Hematology/HCT, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Ryotaro Nakamura
- Department of Hematology/HCT, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
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14
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Immune Aging and Immunotherapy in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137016. [PMID: 34209842 PMCID: PMC8269421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune functions decline as we age, while the incidence of cancer rises. The advent of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has not only revolutionized cancer therapy, but also spawned great interest in identifying predictive biomarkers, since only one third of patients show treatment response. The aging process extensively affects the adaptive immune system and thus T cells, which are the main target of ICB. In this review, we address age-related changes regarding the adaptive immune system with a focus on T cells and their implication on carcinogenesis and ICB. Differences between senescence, exhaustion, and anergy are defined and current knowledge, treatment strategies, and studies exploring T cell aging as a biomarker for ICB are discussed. Finally, novel approaches to improve immunotherapies and to identify biomarkers of response to ICB are presented and their potential is assessed in a comparative analysis.
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15
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Razavi A, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Pawelek J, Rezaei N. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for melanoma. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:209-223. [PMID: 33481629 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1880895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a cancer treatment. After initial therapeutic success for hematologic malignancies, this approach has been extended for the treatment of solid tumors including melanoma. AREAS COVERED T cells need to be reprogramed to recognize specific antigens expressed only in tumor cells, a difficult problem since cancer cells are simply transformed normal cells. Tumor antigens, namely, CSPG4, CD70, and GD2 have been targeted by CAR-T cells for melanoma. Moreover, different co-stimulatory signaling domains need to be selected to direct T cell fate. In this review, various approaches for the treatment of melanoma and their effectiveness are comprehensively reviewed and the current status, challenges, and future perspective of CAR-T cell therapy for melanoma are discussed. Literature search was accomplished in three databases (PubMed, Google scholar, and Clinicaltrials.gov). Published papers and clinical trials were screened and relevant documents were included by checking pre-defined eligibility criteria. EXPERT OPINION Despite obstacles and the risk of adverse events, CAR T cell therapy could be used for patients with treatment-resistant cancer. Clinical trials are underway to determine the efficacy of this approach for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadehsadat Razavi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biology Sciences, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - John Pawelek
- Department of Dermatology and the Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Innamarato P, Pilon-Thomas S. Reactive myelopoiesis and the onset of myeloid-mediated immune suppression: Implications for adoptive cell therapy. Cell Immunol 2020; 361:104277. [PMID: 33476931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) in combination with lymphodepleting chemotherapy is an effective strategy to induce the eradication of cancer, providing long-term regressions in patients. However, only a minority of patients that receive ACT with tumor-specific T cells exhibit durable benefit. Thus, there is an urgent need to characterize mechanisms of resistance and define strategies to alleviate immunosuppression in the context of ACT in cancer. This article reviews the importance of lymphodepleting regimens in promoting the optimal engraftment and expansion of T cells in hosts after adoptive transfer. In addition, we discuss the role of concomitant immunosuppression and the accumulation of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) during immune recovery after lymphodepleting regimens and mobilization regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Innamarato
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shari Pilon-Thomas
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
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17
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Xie J, Fu L, Jin L. Immunotherapy of gastric cancer: Past, future perspective and challenges. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 218:153322. [PMID: 33422778 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is considered as the third leading cause of deaths and the fifth most common cancers worldwide. Common treatment approaches include chemotherapy, radiation, gastric resection and targeted therapies. The emergence of gastric cancer immunotherapy has already shown some promising results and have altered the therapeutic procedures. Now, different combination therapies as well as novel immunotherapies targeting new molecules have been proposed. Despite ongoing investigations on the therapeutic options and significant advancements in this regard, the disease is poorly prognosed. In fact, limited therapeutic options and delayed diagnosis lead to the progression, dissemination and metastasis of the disease. Current immunotherapies are mostly based on cytotoxic immunocytes, monoclonal antibodies and gene transferred vaccines. The use of Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have grown rapidly. In this review, we aimed to explore perspective and progression of different approaches of immunotherapy in the treatment of GC and the clinical outcomes reported so far. We also summarized the tumor immunosurveillance and tumor immunoescape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liping Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China.
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18
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Liu X, Hoft DF, Peng G. Senescent T cells within suppressive tumor microenvironments: emerging target for tumor immunotherapy. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1073-1083. [PMID: 32118585 DOI: 10.1172/jci133679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional state of the preexisting T cells in the tumor microenvironment is a key determinant for effective antitumor immunity and immunotherapy. Increasing evidence suggests that immunosenescence is an important state of T cell dysfunction that is distinct from exhaustion, a key strategy used by malignant tumors to evade immune surveillance and sustain the suppressive tumor microenvironment. Here, we discuss the phenotypic and functional characteristics of senescent T cells and their role in human cancers. We also explore the possible mechanisms and signaling pathways responsible for induction of T cell senescence by malignant tumors, and then discuss potential strategies to prevent and/or reverse senescence in tumor-specific T cells. A better understanding of these critical issues should provide novel strategies to enhance cancer immunotherapy.
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19
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Characteristics of Malignant Pleural Effusion Resident CD8 + T Cells from a Heterogeneous Collection of Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176178. [PMID: 32867034 PMCID: PMC7503595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While T cell-based cancer immunotherapies have shown great promise, there remains a need to understand how individual metastatic tumor environments impart local T cell dysfunction. At advanced stages, cancers that metastasize to the pleural space can result in a malignant pleural effusion (MPE) that harbors abundant tumor and immune cells, often exceeding 108 leukocytes per liter. Unlike other metastatic sites, MPEs are readily and repeatedly accessible via indwelling catheters, providing an opportunity to study the interface between tumor dynamics and immunity. In the current study, we examined CD8+ T cells within MPEs collected from patients with heterogeneous primary tumors and at various stages in treatment to determine (1) if these cells possess anti-tumor activity following removal from the MPE, (2) factors in the MPE that may contribute to their dysfunction, and (3) the phenotypic changes in T cell populations that occur following ex vivo expansion. Co-cultures of CD8+ T cells with autologous CD45- tumor containing cells demonstrated cytotoxicity (p = 0.030) and IFNγ production (p = 0.003) that inversely correlated with percent of myeloid derived suppressor cells, lactate, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) within the MPE. Ex vivo expansion of CD8+ T cells resulted in progressive differentiation marked by distinct populations expressing decreased CD45RA, CCR7, CD127, and increased inhibitory receptors. These findings suggest that MPEs may be a source of tumor-reactive T cells and that the cellular and acellular components suppress optimal function.
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20
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Battram AM, Bachiller M, Martín-Antonio B. Senescence in the Development and Response to Cancer with Immunotherapy: A Double-Edged Sword. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124346. [PMID: 32570952 PMCID: PMC7352478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence was first described as a physiological tumor cell suppressor mechanism that leads to cell growth arrest with production of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype known as SASP. The main role of SASP in physiological conditions is to attract immune cells to clear senescent cells avoiding tumor development. However, senescence can be damage-associated and, depending on the nature of these stimuli, additional types of senescence have been described. In the context of cancer, damage-associated senescence has been described as a consequence of chemotherapy treatments that were initially thought of as a tumor suppressor mechanism. However, in certain contexts, senescence after chemotherapy can promote cancer progression, especially when immune cells become senescent and cannot clear senescent tumor cells. Moreover, aging itself leads to continuous inflammaging and immunosenescence which are responsible for rewiring immune cells to become defective in their functionality. Here, we define different types of senescence, pathways that activate them, and functions of SASP in these events. Additionally, we describe the role of senescence in cancer and its treatments, including how aging and chemotherapy contribute to senescence in tumor cells, before focusing on immune cell senescence and its role in cancer. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic interventions to reverse cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M. Battram
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.M.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Mireia Bachiller
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.M.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Beatriz Martín-Antonio
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.M.B.); (M.B.)
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS/Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Carrer Rosselló 149-153, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-227-45-28; Fax: +34-93-312-94-07
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21
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Gorabi AM, Hajighasemi S, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. Cell transfer-based immunotherapies in cancer: A review. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:790-800. [PMID: 31633881 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In cell transfer therapy (CTT), immune cells such as innate immune-derived natural killer cells and dendritic cells as well as acquired immune-related T lymphocytes such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and cytokine-activated or genetically modified peripheral blood T cells are used in the management of cancer. These therapies are increasingly becoming the most used treatment modality in cancer after tumor resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. In adoptive cell transfer, the lymphocytes isolated from either a donor or the patient are modified ex vivo and reinfused to target malignant cells. Transferring in vitro-manipulated immune cells produces a continuous antitumor immune response. In this review, we evaluate the recent advances in CTT for the management of various malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armita M Gorabi
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Hajighasemi
- Faculty of Paramedicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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22
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Patrick M, Weng NP. Expression and regulation of telomerase in human T cell differentiation, activation, aging and diseases. Cell Immunol 2019; 345:103989. [PMID: 31558266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are essential for chromosomal integrity. Telomere shortening during cell division restricts cellular proliferative capacity and leads to cellular senescence when critically shortened telomere lengths are reached. Similar to hematopoietic stem cells, T cells can upregulate telomerase activity to compensate for telomere loss incurred during proliferation in response to engagement of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) or exposure to homeostatic cytokines. However, this compensation for telomere loss by telomerase in T cells is imperfect or limited, as shortening of T cell telomeres is observed in human aging and during in vitro longterm culture. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the expression and regulation of telomerase in human T cells and changes of telomerase expression during development, activation, differentiation, aging and disease conditions. In conclusion, we discuss how controlled enhancement of telomerase activity could be a potential strategy to improve T cell function in the elderly and in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Patrick
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Nan-Ping Weng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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23
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Poorebrahim M, Sadeghi S, Fakhr E, Abazari MF, Poortahmasebi V, Kheirollahi A, Askari H, Rajabzadeh A, Rastegarpanah M, Linē A, Cid-Arregui A. Production of CAR T-cells by GMP-grade lentiviral vectors: latest advances and future prospects. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2019; 56:393-419. [PMID: 31314617 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2019.1633512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells represent a paradigm shift in cancer immunotherapy and a new milestone in the history of oncology. In 2017, the Food and Drug Administration approved two CD19-targeted CAR T-cell therapies (Kymriah™, Novartis, and Yescarta™, Kite Pharma/Gilead Sciences) that have remarkable efficacy in some B-cell malignancies. The CAR approach is currently being evaluated in multiple pivotal trials designed for the immunotherapy of hematological malignancies as well as solid tumors. To generate CAR T-cells ex vivo, lentiviral vectors (LVs) are particularly appealing due to their ability to stably integrate relatively large DNA inserts, and to efficiently transduce both dividing and nondividing cells. This review discusses the latest advances and challenges in the design and production of CAR T-cells, and the good manufacturing practices (GMP)-grade production process of LVs used as a gene transfer vehicle. New developments in the application of CAR T-cell therapy are also outlined with particular emphasis on next-generation allogeneic CAR T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Poorebrahim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Solmaz Sadeghi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Elham Fakhr
- Department of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Mohammad Foad Abazari
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Vahdat Poortahmasebi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Asma Kheirollahi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Askari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Alireza Rajabzadeh
- Applied Cell Sciences and Tissue Engineering Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Malihe Rastegarpanah
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Aija Linē
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre , Riga , Latvia
| | - Angel Cid-Arregui
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,Targeted Tumor Vaccines Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg , Germany
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24
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Prata LGPL, Ovsyannikova IG, Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL. Senescent cell clearance by the immune system: Emerging therapeutic opportunities. Semin Immunol 2018; 40:101275. [PMID: 31088710 PMCID: PMC7061456 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Senescent cells (SCs) arise from normal cells in multiple organs due to inflammatory, metabolic, DNA damage, or tissue damage signals. SCs are non-proliferating but metabolically active cells that can secrete a range of pro-inflammatory and proteolytic factors as part of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Senescent cell anti-apoptotic pathways (SCAPs) protect SCs from their own pro-apoptotic SASP. SCs can chemo-attract immune cells and are usually cleared by these immune cells. During aging and in multiple chronic diseases, SCs can accumulate in dysfunctional tissues. SCs can impede innate and adaptive immune responses. Whether immune system loss of capacity to clear SCs promotes immune system dysfunction, or conversely whether immune dysfunction permits SC accumulation, are important issues that are not yet fully resolved. SCs may be able to assume distinct states that interact differentially with immune cells, thereby promoting or inhibiting SC clearance, establishing a chronically pro-senescent and pro-inflammatory environment, leading to modulation of the SASP by the immune cells recruited and activated by the SASP. Therapies that enhance immune cell-mediated clearance of SCs could provide a lever for reducing SC burden. Such therapies could include vaccines, small molecule immunomodulators, or other approaches. Senolytics, drugs that selectively eliminate SCs by transiently disabling their SCAPs, may prove to alleviate immune dysfunction in older individuals and thereby accelerate immune-mediated clearance of SCs. The more that can be understood about the interplay between SCs and the immune system, the faster new interventions may be developed to delay, prevent, or treat age-related dysfunction and the multiple senescence-associated chronic diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa G P Langhi Prata
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St., S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St., S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Tamara Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St., S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - James L Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St., S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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25
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Pilipow K, Scamardella E, Puccio S, Gautam S, De Paoli F, Mazza EM, De Simone G, Polletti S, Buccilli M, Zanon V, Di Lucia P, Iannacone M, Gattinoni L, Lugli E. Antioxidant metabolism regulates CD8+ T memory stem cell formation and antitumor immunity. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122299. [PMID: 30232291 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) immunotherapy benefits from early differentiated stem cell memory T (Tscm) cells capable of persisting in the long term and generating potent antitumor effectors. Due to their paucity ex vivo, Tscm cells can be derived from naive precursors, but the molecular signals at the basis of Tscm cell generation are ill-defined. We found that less differentiated human circulating CD8+ T cells display substantial antioxidant capacity ex vivo compared with more differentiated central and effector memory T cells. Limiting ROS metabolism with antioxidants during naive T cell activation hindered terminal differentiation, while allowing expansion and generation of Tscm cells. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), the most effective molecule in this regard, induced transcriptional and metabolic programs characteristic of self-renewing memory T cells. Upon ACT, NAC-generated Tscm cells established long-term memory in vivo and exerted more potent antitumor immunity in a xenogeneic model when redirected with CD19-specific CAR, highlighting the translational relevance of NAC as a simple and inexpensive method to improve ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pilipow
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eloise Scamardella
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Puccio
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sanjivan Gautam
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Federica De Paoli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilia Mc Mazza
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele De Simone
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marta Buccilli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Zanon
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Di Lucia
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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26
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Carrozza F, Santoni M, Piva F, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Scarpelli M, Montironi R, Battelli N, Tamberi S. Emerging immunotherapeutic strategies targeting telomerases in genitourinary tumors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 131:1-6. [PMID: 30293699 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase activity and telomere length are essential for the pathogenesis of several human diseases, including genitourinary tumors. Telomerase constitutes a complex system that includes human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), human telomerase RNA component (hTR) and telomerase associated protein 1 (TEP1), which are overexpressed in tumor cells compared to normal cells and are involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), bladder (BC) and prostate cancer (PCa). In addition, telomerase degraded peptide fragments expressed on the surface of tumor cells lead to their recognition by immune cells. On this scenario, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown effective anti-tumor activity of hTERT-tailored strategies in genitourinary tumors, including active immunotherapy with hTERT-peptide vaccines and passive immunotherapy with hTERT-transduced T cell infusion. This review emphasizes the role of telomerase in the carcinogenesis and progression of genitourinary tumors, thus underlying the potential of emerging telomerase-tailored immunotherapies in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
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27
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Scheffel MJ, Scurti G, Wyatt MM, Garrett-Mayer E, Paulos CM, Nishimura MI, Voelkel-Johnson C. N-acetyl cysteine protects anti-melanoma cytotoxic T cells from exhaustion induced by rapid expansion via the downmodulation of Foxo1 in an Akt-dependent manner. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:691-702. [PMID: 29396710 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic outcomes for adoptive cell transfer (ACT) therapy are constrained by the quality of the infused T cells. The rapid expansion necessary to obtain large numbers of cells results in a more terminally differentiated phenotype with decreased durability and functionality. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) protects against activation-induced cell death (AICD) and improves anti-tumor efficacy of Pmel-1 T cells in vivo. Here, we show that these benefits of NAC can be extended to engineered T cells and significantly increases T-cell survival within the tumor microenvironment. The addition of NAC to the expansion protocol of human TIL13838I TCR-transduced T cells that are under evaluation in a Phase I clinical trial, demonstrated that findings in murine cells extend to human cells. Expansion of TIL13838I TCR-transduced T cells in NAC also increased their ability to kill target cells in vitro. Interestingly, NAC did not affect memory subsets, but diminished up-regulation of senescence (CD57) and exhaustion (PD-1) markers and significantly decreased expression of the transcription factors EOMES and Foxo1. Pharmacological inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway ablates the decrease in Foxo1 induced by NAC treatment of activated T cells. This suggests a model in which NAC through PI3K/Akt activation suppresses Foxo1 expression, thereby impacting its transcriptional targets EOMES, PD-1, and granzyme B. Taken together, our results indicate that NAC exerts pleiotropic effects that impact the quality of TCR-transduced T cells and suggest that the addition of NAC to current clinical protocols should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Scheffel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, MSC 250504, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Gina Scurti
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Megan M Wyatt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, MSC 250504, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Chrystal M Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, MSC 250504, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | | | - Christina Voelkel-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, MSC 250504, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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Scheffel MJ, Scurti G, Simms P, Garrett-Mayer E, Mehrotra S, Nishimura MI, Voelkel-Johnson C. Efficacy of Adoptive T-cell Therapy Is Improved by Treatment with the Antioxidant N-Acetyl Cysteine, Which Limits Activation-Induced T-cell Death. Cancer Res 2017; 76:6006-6016. [PMID: 27742673 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although adoptive transfer of autologous tumor antigen-specific T-cell immunotherapy can produce remarkable clinical efficacy, most patients do not achieve durable complete responses. We hypothesized that reducing susceptibility of T cells to activation-induced cell death (AICD), which increases during the rapid in vitro expansion of therapeutic T cells before their infusion, might improve the persistence of adoptively transferred cells. Our investigations revealed that repetitive stimulation of the T-cell receptor (TCR) induced AICD, as a result of activating the DNA damage response pathway through ATM-mediated Ser15 phosphorylation of p53. Activation of this DNA damage response pathway also occurred upon antigen-specific restimulation in TCR-transduced TIL1383I T cells prepared for adoptive transfer to patients as part of a clinical trial. Notably, treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) significantly reduced upregulation of the DNA damage marker γH2AX, subsequent ATM activation, and cell death. In the Pmel mouse model of melanoma, the presence of NAC during ex vivo T-cell expansion improved the persistence of adoptively transferred cells, reduced tumor growth, and increased survival. Taken together, our results offer a preclinical proof of concept for the addition of NAC to current therapeutic T-cell expansion protocols, offering immediate potential to improve the quality and therapeutic efficacy of adoptive T-cell therapeutics infused into patients. Cancer Res; 76(20); 6006-16. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Scheffel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Gina Scurti
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Patricia Simms
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Christina Voelkel-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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29
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Immunotherapy comes of age: Immune aging & checkpoint inhibitors. J Geriatr Oncol 2017; 8:229-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Kaartinen T, Luostarinen A, Maliniemi P, Keto J, Arvas M, Belt H, Koponen J, Mäkinen PI, Loskog A, Mustjoki S, Porkka K, Ylä-Herttuala S, Korhonen M. Low interleukin-2 concentration favors generation of early memory T cells over effector phenotypes during chimeric antigen receptor T-cell expansion. Cytotherapy 2017; 19:689-702. [PMID: 28411126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive T-cell therapy offers new options for cancer treatment. Clinical results suggest that T-cell persistence, depending on T-cell memory, improves efficacy. The use of interleukin (IL)-2 for in vitro T-cell expansion is not straightforward because it drives effector T-cell differentiation but does not promote the formation of T-cell memory. We have developed a cost-effective expansion protocol for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells with an early memory phenotype. METHODS Lymphocytes were transduced with third-generation lentiviral vectors and expanded using CD3/CD28 microbeads. The effects of altering the IL-2 supplementation (0-300 IU/mL) and length of expansion (10-20 days) on the phenotype of the T-cell products were analyzed. RESULTS High IL-2 levels led to a decrease in overall generation of early memory T cells by both decreasing central memory T cells and augmenting effectors. T memory stem cells (TSCM, CD95+CD45RO-CD45RA+CD27+) were present variably during T-cell expansion. However, their presence was not IL-2 dependent but was linked to expansion kinetics. CD19-CAR T cells generated in these conditions displayed in vitro antileukemic activity. In summary, production of CAR T cells without any cytokine supplementation yielded the highest proportion of early memory T cells, provided a 10-fold cell expansion and the cells were functionally potent. DISCUSSION The number of early memory T cells in a T-cell preparation can be increased by simply reducing the amount of IL-2 and limiting the length of T-cell expansion, providing cells with potentially higher in vivo performance. These findings are significant for robust and cost-effective T-cell manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kaartinen
- Advanced Cell Therapy Centre, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Annu Luostarinen
- Advanced Cell Therapy Centre, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pilvi Maliniemi
- Advanced Cell Therapy Centre, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland; Research & Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joni Keto
- Research & Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Arvas
- Research & Development, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heini Belt
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jonna Koponen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Angelica Loskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Satu Mustjoki
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Porkka
- Hematology Research Unit Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Korhonen
- Advanced Cell Therapy Centre, Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Bowers JS, Nelson MH, Majchrzak K, Bailey SR, Rohrer B, Kaiser AD, Atkinson C, Gattinoni L, Paulos CM. Th17 cells are refractory to senescence and retain robust antitumor activity after long-term ex vivo expansion. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e90772. [PMID: 28289713 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy for solid tumors relies on infusing large numbers of T cells to mediate successful antitumor responses in patients. While long-term rapid-expansion protocols (REPs) produce sufficient numbers of CD8+ T cells for treatment, they also cause decline in the cell's therapeutic fitness. In contrast, we discovered that IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells (Th17 cells) do not require REPs to expand 5,000-fold over 3 weeks. Also, unlike Th1 cells, Th17 cells do not exhibit hallmarks of senescence or apoptosis, retaining robust antitumor efficacy in vivo. Three-week-expanded Th17 cells eliminated melanoma as effectively as Th17 cells expanded for 1 week when infused in equal numbers into mice. However, treating mice with large recalcitrant tumors required the infusion of all cells generated after 2 or 3 weeks of expansion, while the cell yield obtained after 1-week expansion was insufficient. Long-term-expanded Th17 cells also protected mice from tumor rechallenge including lung metastasis. Importantly, 2-week-expanded human chimeric antigen receptor-positive (CAR+) Th17 cells also retained their ability to regress human mesothelioma, while CAR+ Th1 cells did not. Our results indicate that tumor-reactive Th17 cells are an effective cell therapy for cancer, remaining uncompromised when expanded for a long duration owing to their resistance to senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Bowers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Dermatology.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle H Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Dermatology.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kinga Majchrzak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Dermatology.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stefanie R Bailey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Dermatology.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Baerbel Rohrer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Luca Gattinoni
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chrystal M Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Dermatology.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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32
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Cohen JE, Merims S, Frank S, Engelstein R, Peretz T, Lotem M. Adoptive cell therapy: past, present and future. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:183-196. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a potent inhibitor of tumor growth with curative potential, constituting in many eyes the future of antineoplastic therapy. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is a form of immunotherapy in which autologous cancer-cognate lymphocytes are expanded and modified ex vivo and re-infused to combat the tumor. This review follows the evolvement of ACT and treatment protocols, focusing on unresolved dilemmas regarding this treatment while providing evidence for its effectiveness in refractory patients. Future directions of ACT are discussed, in particular with regard to genetic engineering of autologous cells, and the role of ACT in the era of checkpoint inhibitors is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Cohen
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sharon Merims
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stephen Frank
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roni Engelstein
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamar Peretz
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michal Lotem
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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33
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Yang F, Jin H, Wang J, Sun Q, Yan C, Wei F, Ren X. Adoptive Cellular Therapy (ACT) for Cancer Treatment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 909:169-239. [PMID: 27240459 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7555-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) with various lymphocytes or antigen-presenting cells is one stone in the pillar of cancer immunotherapy, which relies on the tumor-specific T cell. The transfusion of bulk T-cell population into patients is an effective treatment for regression of cancer. In this chapter, we summarize the development of various strategies in ACT for cancer immunotherapy and discuss some of the latest progress and obstacles in technical, safety, and even regulatory aspects to translate these technologies to the clinic. ACT is becoming a potentially powerful approach to cancer treatment. Further experiments and clinical trials are needed to optimize this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Jin
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Cihui Yan
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China. .,Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.
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RFPL3 and CBP synergistically upregulate hTERT activity and promote lung cancer growth. Oncotarget 2016; 6:27130-45. [PMID: 26318425 PMCID: PMC4694978 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
hTERT is the key component of telomerase and its overactivation contributes to maintaining telomere length and cell immortalization. Previously, we identified RFPL3 as a new transcription activator of hTERT in lung cancers. However, the exact mechanism of RFPL3 in mediating hTERT activation and its associated signal regulatory network remain unclear. In this study, we found that RFPL3 colocalized and interacted directly with CBP in the nucleus of lung cancer cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarrays of lung cancers revealed the simultaneous overexpression of both RFPL3 and CBP predicted relatively poor prognosis. Furthermore, we confirmed their synergistic stimulation on hTERT expression and tumor cell growth. The binding of RFPL3 to hTERT promoter was reduced markedly when CBP was knocked down by its specific siRNA or suppressed by its inhibitor in lung cancer cells with stable overexpression of RFPL3. When one of the two proteins RFPL3 and CBP was upregulated or downregulated, whereas the another remains unchanged, hTERT expression and telomerase activity were activated or repressed accordingly. In the meantime, the growth of lung cancer cells was also promoted or attenuated accordingly. Furthermore, we also found that RFPL3 coordinated with CBP to upregulate hTERT through the CBP-induced acetylation of RFPL3 protein and their co-anchoring at hTERT promoter region. Collectively, our results reveal a new mechanism of hTERT regulation in lung cancer cells and suggest the RFPL3/CBP/hTERT signaling pathway may be a new targets for lung cancer treatment.
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35
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Novosiadly R, Kalos M. High-content molecular profiling of T-cell therapy in oncology. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2016; 3:16009. [PMID: 27626060 PMCID: PMC5008264 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical data have revealed the remarkable potential for T-cell-modulating agents to induce potent and durable responses in a subset of cancer patients. In this review, we discuss molecular approaches, platforms, and strategies that enable a broader interrogation of the activity of agents that modulate the activity of tumor-specific T cells, to more comprehensively understand how and why the agents succeed and fail, as well as examples of data sets generated in clinical trials that have provided important insights into the biological activity of T-cell therapies and that support further rational development of this exciting treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Novosiadly
- Department of Cancer Immunobiology, Eli Lilly and Company , New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Kalos
- Department of Cancer Immunobiology, Eli Lilly and Company , New York, New York, USA
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36
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Zikich D, Schachter J, Besser MJ. Predictors of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte efficacy in melanoma. Immunotherapy 2015; 8:35-43. [PMID: 26653685 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, the increasing knowledge in cellular immunology and tumor-host immune interactions, led to the development of immunotherapy approaches. Immunotherapy, based on adoptive cell transfer of ex vivo activated and expanded tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs), has shown promising clinical results in patients with metastatic melanoma. TIL therapy yields response rates of around 50% and significant survival benefit in refractory melanoma patients, even after failing other immunotherapies, such as checkpoint inhibitors or cytokine-based therapy. Identifying predictors of TIL efficacy and detection of TIL subsets with specific reactivity against the patient's tumor might be an important milestone toward further improvement of clinical responses and prolonged survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragoslav Zikich
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Jacob Schachter
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Michal J Besser
- The Ella Lemelbaum Institute for Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, 52621 Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Department of Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
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37
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Enhancement of the in vivo persistence and antitumor efficacy of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells through the delivery of modified TERT mRNA. Cell Discov 2015; 1:15040. [PMID: 27462436 PMCID: PMC4860832 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating tumors, demonstrating its efficiency in eliminating several hematological malignancies in recent years. However, a major obstacle associated with current chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy is that the limited replicative lifespan of chimeric antigen receptor T cells prohibits the long-term persistence and expansion of these cells in vivo, potentially hindering the long-term therapeutic effects of chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy. Here we showed that the transient delivery of modified mRNA encoding telomerase reverse transcriptase to human chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting the CD19 antigen (CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells) would transiently elevate the telomerase activity in these cells, leading to increased proliferation and delayed replicative senescence without risk of insertion mutagenesis or immortalization. Importantly, compared to conventional CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells, after the transient delivery of telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA, these CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells showed improved persistence and proliferation in mouse xenograft tumor models of human B-cell malignancies. Furthermore, the transfer of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells after the transient delivery of telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA enhanced long-term antitumor effects in mouse xenograft tumor models compared with conventional CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cell transfer. The results of the present study provide an effective and safe method to improve the therapeutic potential of chimeric antigen receptor T cells, which might be beneficial for treating other types of cancer, particularly solid tumors.
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38
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Cancer immunotherapy utilizing gene-modified T cells: From the bench to the clinic. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:46-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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39
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Pato A, Eisenberg G, Machlenkin A, Margalit A, Cafri G, Frankenburg S, Merims S, Peretz T, Lotem M, Gross G. Messenger RNA encoding constitutively active Toll-like receptor 4 enhances effector functions of human T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26212048 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy of cancer employs a large number of ex-vivo-propagated T cells which recognize their targets either by virtue of their endogenous T cell receptor (TCR) or via genetic reprogramming. However, both cell-extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms often diminish the in-vivo potency of these therapeutic T cells, limiting their clinical efficacy and broader use. Direct activation of human T cells by Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands induces T cell survival and proliferation, boosts the production of proinflammatory cytokines and augments resistance to regulatory T cell (Treg) suppression. Removal of the TLR ligand-binding region results in constitutive signalling triggered by the remaining cytosolic Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. The use of such TIR domains therefore offers an ideal means for equipping anti-tumour T cells with the arsenal of functional attributes required for improving current clinical protocols. Here we show that constitutively active (ca)TLR-4 can be expressed efficiently in human T cells using mRNA electroporation. The mere expression of caTLR-4 mRNA in polyclonal CD8 and CD4 T cells induced the production of interferon (IFN)-γ, triggered the surface expression of CD25, CD69 and 4-1BB and up-regulated a panel of cytokines and chemokines. In tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes prepared from melanoma patients, caTLR-4 induced robust IFN-γ secretion in all samples tested. Furthermore, caTLR-4 enhanced the anti-melanoma cytolytic activity of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and augmented the secretion of IFN-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for at least 4 days post-transfection. Our results demonstrate that caTLR-4 is capable of exerting multiple T cell-enhancing effects and can potentially be used as a genetic adjuvant in adoptive cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pato
- Laboratory of Immunology, MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat, Shmona.,Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem
| | - G Eisenberg
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem
| | - A Machlenkin
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem
| | - A Margalit
- Laboratory of Immunology, MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat, Shmona.,Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper, Galilee
| | - G Cafri
- Laboratory of Immunology, MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat, Shmona.,Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Frankenburg
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem
| | - S Merims
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem
| | - T Peretz
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem
| | - M Lotem
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem
| | - G Gross
- Laboratory of Immunology, MIGAL - Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat, Shmona.,Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper, Galilee
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40
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Donia M, Junker N, Ellebaek E, Andersen MH, Straten PT, Svane IM. Characterization and comparison of 'standard' and 'young' tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes for adoptive cell therapy at a Danish translational research institution. Scand J Immunol 2015; 75:157-67. [PMID: 21955245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with ex vivo expanded tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in combination with IL-2 is an effective treatment for metastatic melanoma. Modified protocols of cell expansion may allow the treatment of most enrolled patients and improve the efficacy of adoptively transferred cells. The aims of this study were to establish and validate the novel 'Young TIL' method at our institution and perform a head-to-head comparison of clinical-grade products generated with this protocol opposed to the conventional 'Standard TIL', which we are currently using in a pilot ACT trial for patients with melanoma. Our results confirm that 'Young TILs' display an earlier differentiation state, with higher CD27 and lower CD56 expression. In addition, CD8(+) TILs expressing CD27 had longer telomeres compared with the CD27(-). A recently described subset of NK cells, endowed with a high expression of CD56 (CD56(bright)), was detected for the first time in both types of cultures but at a higher frequency on Young TILs. Young and Standard TILs' reactivity against autologous tumours was similar, with significant expression of TNF-α/IFN-γ/CD107a by CD8(+) TILs detected in all cultures analysed. However, either slow expansion with high-dose IL-2 only or large numerical expansion with a rapid expansion protocol, which is required for current therapeutic protocols, significantly modified TIL phenotype by reducing the frequency of less differentiated, cancer-specific TILs. These studies further support the adoption of the Young TIL method in our current ACT trial and highlight the importance of continuous quality control of expansion protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Donia
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyDepartment of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - N Junker
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyDepartment of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - E Ellebaek
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyDepartment of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - M H Andersen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyDepartment of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - P T Straten
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyDepartment of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - I M Svane
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, DenmarkDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, ItalyDepartment of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
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41
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Nayar S, Dasgupta P, Galustian C. Extending the lifespan and efficacies of immune cells used in adoptive transfer for cancer immunotherapies-A review. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1002720. [PMID: 26155387 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.1002720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells used in adoptive cell-transfer immunotherapies against cancer include dendritic cells (DCs), natural-killer cells, and CD8+ T-cells. These cells may have limited efficacy due to their lifespan, activity, and immunosuppressive effects of tumor cells. Therefore, increasing longevity and activity of these cells may boost their efficacy. Four cytokines that can extend immune effector-cell longevity are IL-2, IL-7, IL-21, and IL-15. This review will discuss current knowledge on effector-cell lifespans and the mechanisms by which IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 can extend effector-cell longevity. We will also discuss how lifespan and efficacy of these cells can be regulated to allow optimal clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Nayar
- MRC Centre for Transplantation; Kings College London; Guys Hospital ; London, UK
| | - Prokar Dasgupta
- MRC Centre for Transplantation; Kings College London; Guys Hospital ; London, UK
| | - Christine Galustian
- MRC Centre for Transplantation; Kings College London; Guys Hospital ; London, UK
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Beloki L, Ciaurriz M, Mansilla C, Zabalza A, Perez-Valderrama E, Samuel ER, Lowdell MW, Ramirez N, Olavarria E. CMV-specific T cell isolation from G-CSF mobilized peripheral blood: depletion of myeloid progenitors eliminates non-specific binding of MHC-multimers. J Transl Med 2014; 12:317. [PMID: 25406933 PMCID: PMC4243324 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T cell infusion to immunocompromised patients following allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (allo-HSCT) is able to induce a successful anti-viral response. These cells have classically been manufactured from steady-state apheresis samples collected from the donor in an additional harvest prior to G-CSF mobilization, treatment that induces hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilization to the periphery. However, two closely-timed cellular collections are not usually available in the unrelated donor setting, which limits the accessibility of anti-viral cells for adoptive immunotherapy. CMV-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) manufacture from the same G-CSF mobilized donor stem cell harvest offers great regulatory advantages, but the isolation using MHC-multimers is hampered by the high non-specific binding to myeloid progenitors, which reduces the purity of the cellular product. METHODS In the present study we describe an easy and fast method based on plastic adherence to remove myeloid cell subsets from 11 G-CSF mobilized donor samples. CMV-specific CTLs were isolated from the non-adherent fraction using pentamers and purity and yield of the process were compared to products obtained from unmanipulated samples. RESULTS After the elimination of unwanted cell subtypes, non-specific binding of pentamers was notably reduced. Accordingly, following the isolation process the purity of the obtained cellular product was significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS G-CSF mobilized leukapheresis samples can successfully be used to isolate antigen-specific T cells with MHC-multimers to be adoptively transferred following allo-HSCT, widening the accessibility of this therapy in the unrelated donor setting. The combination of the clinically translatable plastic adherence process to the antigen-specific cell isolation using MHC-multimers improves the quality of the therapeutic cellular product, thereby reducing the clinical negative effects associated with undesired alloreactive cell infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorea Beloki
- Oncohematology Research Group, Navarrabiomed - Miguel Servet Foundation, Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Miriam Ciaurriz
- Oncohematology Research Group, Navarrabiomed - Miguel Servet Foundation, Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Mansilla
- Oncohematology Research Group, Navarrabiomed - Miguel Servet Foundation, Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Amaya Zabalza
- Oncohematology Research Group, Navarrabiomed - Miguel Servet Foundation, Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Estela Perez-Valderrama
- Oncohematology Research Group, Navarrabiomed - Miguel Servet Foundation, Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Edward R Samuel
- Department of Haematology, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Mark W Lowdell
- Department of Haematology, University College London Medical School, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Natalia Ramirez
- Oncohematology Research Group, Navarrabiomed - Miguel Servet Foundation, Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Olavarria
- Oncohematology Research Group, Navarrabiomed - Miguel Servet Foundation, Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. .,Department of Haematology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Navarra Health Service, Pamplona, Spain.
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Kesarwani P, Al-Khami AA, Scurti G, Thyagarajan K, Kaur N, Husain S, Fang Q, Naga OS, Simms P, Beeson G, Voelkel-Johnson C, Garrett-Mayer E, Beeson CC, Nishimura MI, Mehrotra S. Promoting thiol expression increases the durability of antitumor T-cell functions. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6036-6047. [PMID: 25164014 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo-expanded CD8(+) T cells used for adoptive immunotherapy generally acquire an effector memory-like phenotype (TEM cells). With regard to therapeutic applications, two undesired features of this phenotype in vivo are limited persistence and reduced antitumor efficacy, relative to CD8(+) T cells with a central memory-like phenotype (TCM cells). Furthermore, there is incomplete knowledge about all the differences between TEM and TCM cells that may influence tumor treatment outcomes. Given that TCM cells survive relatively longer in oxidative tumor microenvironments, we investigated the hypothesis that TCM cells possess relatively greater antioxidative capacity than TEM cells. Here, we report that TCM cells exhibit a relative increase compared with TEM cells in the expression of cell surface thiols, a key target of cellular redox controls, along with other antioxidant molecules. Increased expression of redox regulators in TCM cells inversely correlated with the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, proliferative capacity, and glycolytic enzyme levels. Notably, T-cell receptor-transduced T cells pretreated with thiol donors, such as N-acetyl cysteine or rapamycin, upregulated thiol levels and antioxidant genes. A comparison of antitumor CD8(+) T-cell populations on the basis of surface thiol expression showed that thiol-high cells persisted longer in vivo and exerted superior tumor control. Our results suggest that higher levels of reduced cell surface thiols are a key characteristic of T cells that can control tumor growth and that profiling this biomarker may have benefits to adoptive T-cell immunotherapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kesarwani
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Amir A Al-Khami
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Gina Scurti
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University, Maywood, IL 60153
| | | | - Navtej Kaur
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Shahid Husain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Quan Fang
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Osama S Naga
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Patricia Simms
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Gyda Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | | | - Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Craig C Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | | | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
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Jensen MC, Riddell SR. Design and implementation of adoptive therapy with chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells. Immunol Rev 2014; 257:127-44. [PMID: 24329794 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A major advance in adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT) is the ability to efficiently endow patient's T cells with reactivity for tumor antigens through the stable or regulated introduction of genes that encode high affinity tumor-targeting T-cell receptors (TCRs) or synthetic chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Case reports and small series of patients treated with TCR- or CAR-modified T cells have shown durable responses in a subset of patients, particularly with B-cell malignancies treated with T cells modified to express a CAR that targets the CD19 molecule. However, many patients do not respond to therapy and serious on and off-target toxicities have been observed with TCR- and CAR-modified T cells. Thus, challenges remain to make ACT with gene-modified T cells a reproducibly effective and safe therapy and to expand the breadth of patients that can be treated to include those with common epithelial malignancies. This review discusses research topics in our laboratories that focus on the design and implementation of ACT with CAR-modified T cells. These include cell intrinsic properties of distinct T-cell subsets that may facilitate preparing therapeutic T-cell products of defined composition for reproducible efficacy and safety, the design of tumor targeting receptors that optimize signaling of T-cell effector functions and facilitate tracking of migration of CAR-modified T cells in vivo, and novel CAR designs that have alternative ligand binding domains or confer regulated function and/or survival of transduced T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Jensen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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45
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A new hope in immunotherapy for malignant gliomas: adoptive T cell transfer therapy. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:326545. [PMID: 25009822 PMCID: PMC4070364 DOI: 10.1155/2014/326545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to highly incurable malignant gliomas due to tumor-specific cytotoxicity, minimal side effect, and a durable antitumor effect by memory T cells. But, antitumor activities of endogenously activated T cells induced by immunotherapy such as vaccination are not sufficient to control tumors because tumor-specific antigens may be self-antigens and tumors have immune evasion mechanisms to avoid immune surveillance system of host. Although recent clinical results from vaccine strategy for malignant gliomas are encouraging, these trials have some limitations, particularly their failure to expand tumor antigen-specific T cells reproducibly and effectively. An alternative strategy to overcome these limitations is adoptive T cell transfer therapy, in which tumor-specific T cells are expanded ex vivo rapidly and then transferred to patients. Moreover, enhanced biologic functions of T cells generated by genetic engineering and modified immunosuppressive microenvironment of host by homeostatic T cell expansion and/or elimination of immunosuppressive cells and molecules can induce more potent antitumor T cell responses and make this strategy hold promise in promoting a patient response for malignant glioma treatment. Here we will review the past and current progresses and discuss a new hope in adoptive T cell therapy for malignant gliomas.
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46
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Sim GC, Chacon J, Haymaker C, Ritthipichai K, Singh M, Hwu P, Radvanyi L. Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte Therapy for Melanoma: Rationale and Issues for Further Clinical Development. BioDrugs 2014; 28:421-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s40259-014-0097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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47
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Qian Y, Yang L, Cao S. Telomeres and telomerase in T cells of tumor immunity. Cell Immunol 2014; 289:63-9. [PMID: 24727158 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are specific nucleoprotein structures at the end of a eukaryotic chromosomes characterized by repeats of the sequence TTAGGG and regulated by the enzyme telomerase which prevents their degradation, loss, rearrangement and end-to-end fusion. During activation, T lymphocytes actively divide, albeit through only a finite number of cell divisions due to shortening of telomeres. However, studies have demonstrated that human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), thought to be the major component regulating telomerase activity, can enhance the proliferation of T cells when overexpressed. There are many treatments for cancers, most of which are targeting the telomere and telomerase of tumor cells. However, the hTERT-transduced T cells improve their potential for proliferation, making them an appropriate cell resource for tumor adoptive immunotherapy, a procedure whereby T cells are isolated from patients, expanded ex vivo and eventually delivered back into the patients, provides a new approach for tumor therapy through improved overall survival rates in cancer patients. In this review, we will focus on the telomerase activity in T cells, the regulation of telomerase activity, and hTERT-transduced T cells used in adoptive immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Qian
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China; Research Center of Lung Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China; Research Center of Lung Cancer, Tianjin, China.
| | - Shui Cao
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, China; Research Center of Lung Cancer, Tianjin, China.
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49
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Abstract
The decline of the immune system appears to be an intractable consequence of aging, leading to increased susceptibility to infections, reduced effectiveness of vaccination and higher incidences of many diseases including osteoporosis and cancer in the elderly. These outcomes can be attributed, at least in part, to a phenomenon known as T cell replicative senescence, a terminal state characterized by dysregulated immune function, loss of the CD28 costimulatory molecule, shortened telomeres and elevated production of proinflammatory cytokines. Senescent CD8 T cells, which accumulate in the elderly, have been shown to frequently bear antigen specificity against cytomegalovirus (CMV), suggesting that this common and persistent infection may drive immune senescence and result in functional and phenotypic changes to the T cell repertoire. Senescent T cells have also been identified in patients with certain cancers, autoimmune diseases and chronic infections, such as HIV. This review discusses the in vivo and in vitro evidence for the contribution of CD8 T cell replicative senescence to a plethora of age-related pathologies and a few possible therapeutic avenues to delay or prevent this differentiative end-state in T cells. The age-associated remodeling of the immune system, through accumulation of senescent T cells has farreaching consequences on the individual and society alike, for the current healthcare system needs to meet the urgent demands of the increasing proportions of the elderly in the US and abroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Chou
- Dept of Pathology &Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1732, USA
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50
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Abstract
The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon/transposase DNA plasmid system is used to genetically modify cells for long-term transgene expression. We adapted the SB system for human application and generated T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for CD19. Electrotransfer of CD19-specific SB DNA plasmids in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and propagation on CD19 artificial antigen presenting cells was used to numerically expand CD3 T cells expressing CAR. By day 28 of coculture, >90% of expanded CD3 T cells expressed CAR. CAR T cells specifically killed CD19 target cells and consisted of subsets expressing biomarkers consistent with central memory, effector memory, and effector phenotypes. CAR T cells contracted numerically in the absence of the CD19 antigen, did not express SB11 transposase, and maintained a polyclonal TCR Vα and TCR Vβ repertoire. Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that CAR T cells preserved the telomere length. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization showed CAR transposon integrated on average once per T-cell genome. CAR T cells in peripheral blood can be detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction at a sensitivity of 0.01%. These findings lay the groundwork as the basis of our first-in-human clinical trials of the nonviral SB system for the investigational treatment of CD19 B-cell malignancies (currently under 3 INDs: 14193, 14577, and 14739).
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