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Du X, Yan Y, Dai Y, Xu R. Yogurt Alleviates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice through D-Lactate. Nutrients 2024; 16:1395. [PMID: 38732641 PMCID: PMC11085661 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have investigated the immunomodulatory effects of yogurt, but the underlying mechanism remained elusive. This study aimed to elucidate the alleviating properties of yogurt on immunosuppression and proposed the underlying mechanism was related to the metabolite D-lactate. In the healthy mice, we validated the safety of daily yogurt consumption (600 μL) or D-lactate (300 mg/kg). In immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX), we evaluated the immune regulation of yogurt and D-lactate. The result showed that yogurt restored body weight, boosted immune organ index, repaired splenic tissue, recovered the severity of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions and increased serum cytokines (IgA, IgG, IL-6, IFN-γ). Additionally, yogurt enhanced intestinal immune function by restoring the intestinal barrier and upregulating the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Further studies showed that D-lactate alleviated immunosuppression in mice mainly by promoting cellular immunity. D-lactate recovered body weight and organ development, elevated serum cytokines (IgA, IgG, IL-6, IFN-γ), enhanced splenic lymphocyte proliferation and increased the mRNA level of T-bet in splenic lymphocyte to bolster Th1 differentiation. Finally, CTX is a chemotherapeutic drug, thus, the application of yogurt and D-lactate in the tumor-bearing mouse model was initially explored. The results showed that both yogurt (600 μL) and D-lactate (300 mg/kg) reduced cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression without promoting tumor growth. Overall, this study evaluated the safety, immune efficacy and applicability of yogurt and D-lactate in regulating immunosuppression. It emphasized the potential of yogurt as a functional food for immune regulation, with D-lactate playing a crucial role in its immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yongheng Yan
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 271016, China
| | - Yufeng Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ruijie Xu
- Global Health Institute, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China;
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Lee HB, Bang WY, Shin GR, Jeon HJ, Jung YH, Yang J. Isolation, Characterization, and Safety Evaluation of the Novel Probiotic Strain Lacticaseibacillus paracasei IDCC 3401 via Genomic and Phenotypic Approaches. Microorganisms 2023; 12:85. [PMID: 38257912 PMCID: PMC10821444 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the safety and properties of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei IDCC 3401 as a novel probiotic strain via genomic and phenotypic analyses. In whole-genome sequencing, the genes associated with antibiotic resistance and virulence were not detected in this strain. The minimum inhibitory concentration test revealed that L. paracasei IDCC 3401 was susceptible to all the antibiotics tested, except for kanamycin. Furthermore, the strain did not produce toxigenic compounds, such as biogenic amines and D-lactate, nor did it exhibit significant toxicity in a single-dose acute oral toxicity test in rats. Phenotypic characterization of carbohydrate utilization and enzymatic activities indicated that L. paracasei IDCC 3401 can utilize various nutrients, allowing it to grow in deficient conditions and produce health-promoting metabolites. The presence of L. paracasei IDCC 3401 supernatants significantly inhibited the growth of enteric pathogens (p < 0.05). In addition, the adhesion ability of L. paracasei IDCC 3401 to intestinal epithelial cells was found to be as superior as that of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG. These results suggest that L. paracasei IDCC 3401 is safe for consumption and provides health benefits to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Bin Lee
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongtaek-si 17957, Republic of Korea; (H.B.L.); (W.Y.B.)
| | - Won Yeong Bang
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongtaek-si 17957, Republic of Korea; (H.B.L.); (W.Y.B.)
| | - Gyu Ri Shin
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (G.R.S.); (H.J.J.)
| | - Hyeon Ji Jeon
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (G.R.S.); (H.J.J.)
| | - Young Hoon Jung
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (G.R.S.); (H.J.J.)
| | - Jungwoo Yang
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongtaek-si 17957, Republic of Korea; (H.B.L.); (W.Y.B.)
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Varada VV, Panneerselvam D, Pushpadass HA, Mallapa RH, Ram C, Kumar S. In vitro safety assessment of electrohydrodynamically encapsulated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRD7 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRD11 for probiotics use. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 6:100507. [PMID: 37215740 PMCID: PMC10196993 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to validate the safety of electrohydrodynamically encapsulated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRD7 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus CRD11 in accordance with guidelines of FAO/WHO and ICMR/DBT. In vitro assays such as mucin degradation, hemolysis of blood cells, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, possession of virulence factors, biogenic amine, and ammonia production were assessed. In results, the cross-streak and co-culture techniques revealed that CRD7 and CRD11 were compatible in vitro. Upon visual inspection through scanning electron and fluorescence microscopy, the integrity of bacterial cell membrane was confirmed even after the encapsulation process. CRD7 and CRD11 were non-hemolytic and showed negative responses to gelatinase, urease, and DNase activities. Non-mucinolytic activity of CRD7 and CRD11 was verified by measuring cell growth rate (p < 0.05) in different modified media followed by SDS-PAGE. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that both the strains did not produce biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, and tyramine). Neither of the Lactobacillus strains produced ammonia after growing in BHI broth for 5 days at 37 °C. L-lactate production was highest (p < 0.05) in CRD11 (8.83 g/L), followed by CRD7 (8.16 g/L), whereas the lowest (p < 0.05) D-lactate was registered for encapsulated CRD11 (0.33 g/L) and CRD7 (0.49 g/L). The antibiogram profile determined through minimum inhibitory concentration showed that CRD7 and CRD11 were sensitive to key antibiotics suggested by EFSA except for gentamycin and kanamycin. PCR data on virulence genes demonstrated that both strains were safe for probiotic use. Moreover, CRD7 and CRD11 strains caused insignificant (p > 0.05) changes in the cell viability of Caco-2 cells as estimated by MTT (98.94-99.50%) and NR uptake (95.42-97.03%) assays and showed sensitivity to human serum. According to the results of these evaluated attributes, it is concluded that L. plantarum CRD7 and L. rhamnosus CRD11 are safe, non-toxic to human epithelial cells, and thus may be potentially suitable for various food/feed applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Venkatesh Varada
- Rumen Biotechnology Lab., Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Divya Panneerselvam
- Dairy Engineering Section, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station, Bengaluru, India
| | - Heartwin A. Pushpadass
- Dairy Engineering Section, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Southern Regional Station, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Chand Ram
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Rumen Biotechnology Lab., Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
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Hu X, Han Z, Zhou R, Su W, Gong L, Yang Z, Song X, Zhang S, Shu H, Wu D. Altered gut microbiota in the early stage of acute pancreatitis were related to the occurrence of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1127369. [PMID: 36949815 PMCID: PMC10025409 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1127369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the most common cause of organ failure in acute pancreatitis (AP) patients, which associated with high mortality. Specific changes in the gut microbiota have been shown to influence progression of acute pancreatitis. We aimed to determine whether early alterations in the gut microbiota is related to and could predict ARDS occurrence in AP patients. Methods In this study, we performed 16S rRNA sequencing analysis in 65 AP patients and 20 healthy volunteers. The AP patients were further divided into two groups: 26 AP-ARDS patients and 39 AP-nonARDS patients based on ARDS occurrence during hospitalization. Results Our results showed that the AP-ARDS patients exhibited specific changes in gut microbiota composition and function as compared to subjects of AP-nonARDS group. Higher abundances of Proteobacteria phylum, Enterobacteriaceae family, Escherichia-Shigella genus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, but lower abundances of Bifidobacterium genus were found in AP-ARDS group compared with AP-nonARDS groups. Random forest modelling analysis revealed that the Escherichia-shigella genus was effective to distinguish AP-ARDS from AP-nonARDS, which could predict ARDS occurrence in AP patients. Conclusions Our study revealed that alterations of gut microbiota in AP patients on admission were associated with ARDS occurrence after hospitalization, indicating a potential predictive and pathogenic role of gut microbiota in the development of ARDS in AP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Hu
- Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ziying Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wan Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Song
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Shu
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Huijun Shu, ; Dong Wu,
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Huijun Shu, ; Dong Wu,
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Roe AL, Boyte ME, Elkins CA, Goldman VS, Heimbach J, Madden E, Oketch-Rabah H, Sanders ME, Sirois J, Smith A. Considerations for determining safety of probiotics: A USP perspective. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 136:105266. [PMID: 36206977 PMCID: PMC10292223 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A history of safe use is a backbone of safety assessments for many current probiotic species, however, there is no global harmonization regarding requirements for establishing probiotic safety for use in foods and supplements. As probiotic manufacturers are increasingly seeking to use new strains, novel species, and next-generation probiotics, justification based on a significant history of use may be challenged. There are efforts underway by a variety of stakeholders, including the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), to develop best practices guidelines for assessing the quality and safety of probiotics. A current initiative of the USP seeks to provide expert advice specific to safety considerations for probiotics. Toward this goal, this review provides a helpful summary guide to global regulatory guidelines. We question the suitability of traditional animal toxicology studies designed for testing chemicals for relevance in assessing probiotic safety. This includes discussion of the use of excessive dose levels, the length of repeated dose toxicity studies needed, and the most suitable animal species used in toxicology studies. In addition, the importance of proper manufacturing practices with regard to final product safety are also included. Thus, an outline of essential parameters of a comprehensive safety assessment for a probiotic are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Roe
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | | | - Chris A Elkins
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Virginia S Goldman
- Department of Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines, Science Division, US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Emily Madden
- Department of Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines, Science Division, US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Hellen Oketch-Rabah
- Department of Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines, Science Division, US Pharmacopeial Convention, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Sanders
- International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jay Sirois
- Consumer Health Products Association, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amy Smith
- IFF Health & Biosciences, Wilmington, DE, USA
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Lee YR, Bang WY, Baek KR, Kim GH, Kang MJ, Yang J, Seo SO. Safety Evaluation by Phenotypic and Genomic Characterization of Four Lactobacilli Strains with Probiotic Properties. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2218. [PMID: 36363810 PMCID: PMC9696993 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotic Lactobacillus species are known to exert health benefits in hosts when administered in adequate quantities. A systematic safety assessment of the strains must be performed before the Lactobacillus strains can be designated as probiotics for human consumption. In this study, we selected Lactobacillus fermentum IDCC 3901, L. gasseri IDCC 3101, L. helveticus IDCC 3801, and L. salivarius IDCC 3551 as representative Lactobacilli probiotic strains and investigated their probiotic properties and potential risks through phenotypic and genomic characterization. Various assays including antimicrobial resistance, biogenic amine production, L-/D-lactate production, acute oral toxicity, and antipathogenic effect were performed to evaluate the safety of the four Lactobacillus strains. Genomic analysis using whole genome sequencing was performed to investigate virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in the genomes of the selected probiotic strains. The phenotypes of the strains such as enzymatic activity and carbohydrate utilization were also investigated. As a result, antibiotic resistances of the four Lactobacillus species were detected; however, neither antibiotic resistance-related genes nor virulence genes were found by genomic analysis. Moreover, the four Lactobacillus species did not exhibit hemolytic activity or β-glucuronidase activity. The biogenic amine production and oral acute toxicity were not shown in the four Lactobacillus species, whereas they produced D-lactate with minor ratio. The four Lactobacillus species exhibited antipathogenic effect to five pathogenic microorganisms. This study provides a way to assess the potential risks of four different Lactobacillus species and validates the safety of all four strains as probiotics for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Rim Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea
| | | | - Kwang-Rim Baek
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea
| | - Geun-Hyung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea
| | | | - Seung-Oh Seo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea
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Jung C, Kalach N, Degas V, Jeridi Y, Bertrand V, Bellaiche M. Effect of L. reuteri on bowel movements in children aged 6 months to 4 years: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:997104. [PMID: 36389355 PMCID: PMC9643683 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.997104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic constipation is common in children and often requires prolonged laxative treatment. Preliminary studies suggest that the probiotic Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) may be useful in treating constipation in children, but these preliminary results need to be replicated. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of L. reuteri in infants and young children with chronic functional constipation. METHODS A prospective double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 5 pediatric departments in France between June 2017 and June 2021. In all, 49 patients-ages 6 months to 4 years, and suffering from chronic constipation per Rome IV criteria-were randomly allocated to the test and control groups. For 4 weeks, all were orally administered 5 daily drops of the test (L. reuteri DSM 17938 at 108 colony-forming units per day) or control (placebo) treatment, respectively. Participants were clinically assessed at 4 and 8 weeks. Parents were asked to daily record the number of spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs), stool consistency, and the use of any additional laxatives. Informed consent was obtained from parents of all recruited patients, and the study was approved by both an ethics committee and the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety (ANSM). The study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03030664). RESULTS The change in SBMs relative to baseline was greater in the control group at week 4 (control: 0.27 ± 0.5; test: 0.23 ± 0.5; P = 0.01) and in the test group at week 8 (control: 0.26 ± 0.4; test: 0.22 ± 0.5; P = 0.03). At week 4, the groups did not differ in number of responders (≥3 stools per week, with no non-retentive fecal incontinence), use of rescue medication, scoring of pain during defecation (Faces Pain Scale-Revised), or stool consistency (Bristol Stool Form Scale). CONCLUSION This double-blind randomized controlled trial did not confirm the efficacy of L. reuteri for treatment of chronic functional constipation in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Jung
- Clinical Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas Kalach
- Department of Pediatrics, Groupement des Hôpitaux de L'Institut Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Vanessa Degas
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Sud Francilien, Évry, France
| | - Yasmine Jeridi
- Department of Pediatrics, Service de Gastroenterologie et Hépatologie Pédiatriques- CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Bertrand
- Department of Pediatrics, Groupe Hospitalier du Havre, Le Havre, France
| | - Marc Bellaiche
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hôpital Robert Debré (AP-HP), Paris, France
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Simonson J, Haglund K, Weber E, Fial A, Hanson L. Probiotics for the Management of Infantile Colic: A Systematic Review. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2021; 46:88-96. [PMID: 33315632 DOI: 10.1097/nmc.0000000000000691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colic is defined as periods of inconsolable crying, fussing, or irritability that have no apparent cause and present in healthy infants under 5 months of age. Although colic is a benign and self-limiting condition, it can be distressing to parents and there are few robust treatment interventions. This systematic review explored the evidence for administration of probiotics to prevent or decrease symptoms of colic. METHODS Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. SAMPLE Twenty articles were included: 15 randomized controlled trials and 5 meta-analyses. RESULTS Based on the evidence in this systematic review, the oral administration of probiotics to breastfed infants with colic resulted in at least a 50% reduction in crying time compared with placebo. Efficacy of probiotics to reduce colic symptoms in formula-fed infants needs further study. In this review, we did not find evidence to support or refute efficacy of probiotics to prevent infantile colic. Clinical Implication: Probiotics (especially the strain Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938) can safely be recommended if parents desire a treatment option for their infants with colic.
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Lee BS, Ban OH, Bang WY, Chae SA, Oh S, Park C, Lee M, Kim SJ, Yang J, Jung YH. Safety assessment of Lactobacillus reuteri IDCC 3701 based on phenotypic and genomic analysis. ANN MICROBIOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-021-01622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Lactobacillus reuteri is one of the most largely studied human-commensal bacteria and widely used as a form of probiotics. Safety of probiotics has become increasingly important for human consumption due to increasing health-concerns in food industry. In this study, the safety of L. reuteri IDCC 3701 isolated from human breast milk was thoroughly investigated.
Methods
Whole-genome sequence analysis was performed to identify antibiotic resistance and toxigenicity of L. reuteri IDCC 3701. Phenotypic analysis such as minimal inhibitory concentration, β-hemolysis, extracellular enzyme activity, and the production of biological amines and L/D-lactate, was investigated. Finally, acute oral toxicity test was performed to access L. reuteri IDCC 3701 safety.
Results
Although multiple resistances to gentamicin and kanamycin were observed in L. reuteri IDCC 3701, it was revealed that these resistances are intrinsic and not transferable through whole-genome analysis. In addition, various phenotypic analysis concerning hemolysis, enzyme activity, and D-lactate production did not show any negative results. Although L. reuteri IDCC 3701 harbors a histidine decarboxylase gene, no biogenic amines were detected. Finally, L. reuteri IDCC 3701 exhibited no evidence of acute toxicity according to an in vivo study.
Conclusion
Our findings demonstrate that L. reuteri IDCC 3701 is considered to be safe for human consumption as probiotics based on the in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Žuntar I, Petric Z, Bursać Kovačević D, Putnik P. Safety of Probiotics: Functional Fruit Beverages and Nutraceuticals. Foods 2020; 9:E947. [PMID: 32708933 PMCID: PMC7404568 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, fruit juice consumption has increased. Their rise in popularity can be attributed to the belief that they are a quick way to consuming a dietary portion of fruit. Probiotics added to fruit juices produce various bioactive compounds, thus probiotic fruit juices can be considered as a new type of functional foods. Such combinations could improve nutritional properties and provide health benefits of fruit juices, due to delivering positive health attributes from both sources (fruit juices and probiotics). However, this review discusses the other side of the same coin, i.e., the one that challenges general beliefs that probiotics are undoubtedly safe. This topic deserves more acknowledgments from the medical and nutritional literature, as it is highly important for health care professionals and nutritionists who must be aware of potential probiotic issues. Still, clinical trials have not adequately questioned the safety of probiotics, as they are generally considered safe. Therefore, this reviews aims to give an evidence-based perspective of probiotic safety, focusing on probiotic fruit beverages and nutraceuticals, by providing documented clinical case reports and studies. Finally, the paper deals with some additional insights from the pharmacological and toxicological point of views, such as pharmacological repercussions of probiotics on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Žuntar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Zvonimir Petric
- Unit of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Department of Pharmacology at the Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden;
| | - Danijela Bursać Kovačević
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Predrag Putnik
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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Probiotics and Preterm Infants: A Position Paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition and the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Working Group for Probiotics and Prebiotics. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2020; 70:664-680. [PMID: 32332478 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
More than 10,000 preterm infants have participated in randomised controlled trials on probiotics worldwide, suggesting that probiotics in general could reduce rates of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), sepsis, and mortality. Answers to relevant clinical questions as to which strain to use, at what dosage, and how long to supplement are, however, not available. On the other hand, an increasing number of commercial products containing probiotics are available from sometimes suboptimal quality. Also, a large number of units around the world are routinely offering probiotic supplementation as the standard of care despite lacking solid evidence. Our recent network meta-analysis identified probiotic strains with greatest efficacy regarding relevant clinical outcomes for preterm neonates. Efficacy in reducing mortality and morbidity was found for only a minority of the studied strains or combinations. In the present position paper, we aim to provide advice, which specific strains might potentially be used and which strains should not be used. In addition, we aim to address safety issues of probiotic supplementation to preterm infants, who have reduced immunological capacities and occasional indwelling catheters. For example, quality reassurance of the probiotic product is essential, probiotic strains should be devoid of transferable antibiotic resistance genes, and local microbiologists should be able to routinely detect probiotic sepsis. Provided all safety issues are met, there is currently a conditional recommendation (with low certainty of evidence) to provide either Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC53103 or the combination of Bifidobacterium infantis Bb-02, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12, and Streptococcus thermophilus TH-4 in order to reduce NEC rates.
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Nath A, Molnár MA, Csighy A, Kőszegi K, Galambos I, Huszár KP, Koris A, Vatai G. Biological Activities of Lactose-Based Prebiotics and Symbiosis with Probiotics on Controlling Osteoporosis, Blood-Lipid and Glucose Levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 54:medicina54060098. [PMID: 30513975 PMCID: PMC6306850 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54060098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lactose-based prebiotics are synthesized by enzymatic- or microbial- biotransformation of lactose and have unique functional values. In this comprehensive review article, the biochemical mechanisms of controlling osteoporosis, blood-lipid, and glucose levels by lactose-based prebiotics and symbiosis with probiotics are reported along with the results of clinical investigations. Interaction between lactose-based prebiotics and probiotics reduces osteoporosis by (a) transforming insoluble inorganic salts to soluble and increasing their absorption to gut wall; (b) maintaining and protecting mineral absorption surface in the intestine; (c) increasing the expression of calcium-binding proteins in the gut wall; (d) remodeling osteoclasts and osteoblasts formation; (e) releasing bone modulating factors; and (f) degrading mineral complexing phytic acid. Lactose-based prebiotics with probiotics control lipid level in the bloodstream and tissue by (a) suppressing the expressions of lipogenic- genes and enzymes; (b) oxidizing fatty acids in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue; (c) binding cholesterol with cell membrane of probiotics and subsequent assimilation by probiotics; (d) enzymatic-transformations of bile acids; and (e) converting cholesterol to coprostanol and its defecation. Symbiosis of lactose-based prebiotics with probiotics affect plasma glucose level by (a) increasing the synthesis of gut hormones plasma peptide-YY, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2 from entero-endocrine L-cells; (b) altering glucose assimilation and metabolism; (c) suppressing systematic inflammation; (d) reducing oxidative stress; and (e) producing amino acids. Clinical investigations show that lactose-based prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharide improves mineral absorption and reduces hyperlipidemia. Another lactose-based prebiotic, lactulose, improves mineral absorption, and reduces hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. It is expected that this review article will be of benefit to food technologists and medical practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Nath
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
- Soós Ernő Water Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Üllő út., H-3 Nagykanizsa, Hungary.
| | - Máté András Molnár
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Attila Csighy
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Kornélia Kőszegi
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ildikó Galambos
- Soós Ernő Water Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Üllő út., H-3 Nagykanizsa, Hungary.
| | - Klára Pásztorné Huszár
- Department of Refrigeration and Livestock Product Technology, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 43⁻45, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - András Koris
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gyula Vatai
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Ménesi st 44, HU-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
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Makrgeorgou A, Leonardi‐Bee J, Bath‐Hextall FJ, Murrell DF, Tang MLK, Roberts A, Boyle RJ. Probiotics for treating eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 11:CD006135. [PMID: 30480774 PMCID: PMC6517242 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006135.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eczema is a common chronic skin condition. Probiotics have been proposed as an effective treatment for eczema; their use is increasing, as numerous clinical trials are under way. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2008, which suggested that probiotics may not be an effective treatment for eczema but identified areas in which evidence was lacking. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of probiotics for treating patients of all ages with eczema. SEARCH METHODS We updated our searches of the following databases to January 2017: the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), in the Cochrane Library, the Global Resource of Eczema Trials (GREAT) database, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), and Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS). We searched five trials registers and checked the reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews for further references to relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We also handsearched a number of conference proceedings. We updated the searches of the main databases in January 2018 and of trials registries in March 2018, but we have not yet incorporated these results into the review. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of probiotics (live orally ingested micro-organisms) compared with no treatment, placebo, or other active intervention with no probiotics for the treatment of eczema diagnosed by a doctor. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures as expected by Cochrane. We recorded adverse events from the included studies and from a separate adverse events search conducted for the first review. We formally assessed reporting bias by preparing funnel plots, and we performed trial sequential analysis for the first primary outcome - eczema symptoms at the end of active treatment.We used GRADE to assess the quality of the evidence for each outcome (in italic font). MAIN RESULTS We included 39 randomised controlled trials involving 2599 randomised participants. We included participants of either gender, aged from the first year of life through to 55 years (only six studies assessed adults), who had mild to severe eczema. Trials were undertaken in primary and secondary healthcare settings, mainly in Europe or Asia. Duration of treatment ranged from four weeks to six months, and duration of follow-up after end of treatment ranged from zero to 36 months. We selected no standard dose: researchers used a variety of doses and concentrations of probiotics. The probiotics used were bacteria of the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria species, which were taken alone or combined with other probiotics, and were given with or without prebiotics. Comparators were no treatment, placebo, and other treatments with no probiotics.For all results described in this abstract, the comparator was no probiotics. Active treatment ranged from six weeks to three months for all of the following results, apart from the investigator-rated eczema severity outcome, for which the upper limit of active treatment was 16 weeks. With regard to score, the higher the score, the more severe were the symptoms. All key results reported in this abstract were measured at the end of active treatment, except for adverse events, which were measured during the active treatment period.Probiotics probably make little or no difference in participant- or parent-rated symptoms of eczema (13 trials; 754 participants): symptom severity on a scale from 0 to 20 was 0.44 points lower after probiotic treatment (95% confidence interval (CI) -1.22 to 0.33; moderate-quality evidence). Trial sequential analysis shows that target sample sizes of 258 and 456, which are necessary to demonstrate a minimum mean difference of -2 and -1.5, respectively, with 90% power, have been exceeded, suggesting that further trials with similar probiotic strains for this outcome at the end of active treatment may be futile.We found no evidence suggesting that probiotics make a difference in QoL for patients with eczema (six studies; 552 participants; standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.03, 95% CI -0.36 to 0.42; low-quality evidence) when measured by the participant or the parent using validated disease-specific QoL instruments.Probiotics may slightly reduce investigator-rated eczema severity scores (24 trials; 1596 participants). On a scale of 0 to 103 for total Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD), a score combining investigator-rated eczema severity score and participant scoring for eczema symptoms of itch and sleep loss was 3.91 points lower after probiotic treatment than after no probiotic treatment (95% CI -5.86 to -1.96; low-quality evidence). The minimum clinically important difference for SCORAD has been estimated to be 8.7 points.We noted significant to extreme levels of unexplainable heterogeneity between the results of individual studies. We judged most studies to be at unclear risk of bias; six studies had high attrition bias, and nine were at low risk of bias overall.We found no evidence to show that probiotics make a difference in the risk of adverse events during active treatment (risk ratio (RR) 1.54, 95% CI 0.90 to 2.63; seven trials; 402 participants; low-quality evidence). Studies in our review that reported adverse effects described gastrointestinal symptoms. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Evidence suggests that, compared with no probiotic, currently available probiotic strains probably make little or no difference in improving patient-rated eczema symptoms. Probiotics may make little or no difference in QoL for people with eczema nor in investigator-rated eczema severity score (combined with participant scoring for eczema symptoms of itch and sleep loss); for the latter, the observed effect was small and of uncertain clinical significance. Therefore, use of probiotics for the treatment of eczema is currently not evidence-based. This update found no evidence of increased adverse effects with probiotic use during studies, but a separate adverse events search from the first review revealed that probiotic treatment carries a small risk of adverse events.Results show significant, unexplainable heterogeneity between individual trial results. Only a small number of studies measured some outcomes.Future studies should better measure QoL scores and adverse events, and should report on new probiotics. Researchers should also consider studying subgroups of patients (e.g. patients with atopy or food allergies, adults) and standardising doses/concentrations of probiotics given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areti Makrgeorgou
- West Ambulatory Care HospitalDepartment of DermatologyDalnair StreetGlasgowUKG3 8SJ
| | - Jo Leonardi‐Bee
- The University of NottinghamDivision of Epidemiology and Public HealthClinical Sciences BuildingNottingham City Hospital NHS Trust Campus, Hucknall RoadNottinghamUKNG5 1PB
| | - Fiona J Bath‐Hextall
- University of NottinghamSchool of Health SciencesB Floor, South Block LinkQueens Medical CentreNottinghamUKNG7 2HA
| | - Dedee F Murrell
- St George Hospital & University of New South WalesDepartment of DermatologyBelgrave StKogarahSydneyNSWAustralia2217
| | - Mimi LK Tang
- Royal Children's HospitalDepartment of Allergy and ImmunologyFlemington RoadMelbourneVictoriaAustralia3052
- Murdoch Childrens Research InstituteAllergy and Immune DisordersFlemington RoadParkvilleMelbourneVictoriaAustralia3052
- The University of MelbourneDepartment of PaediatricsMelbourneAustralia
| | - Amanda Roberts
- Nottingham Support Group for Carers of Children with EczemaNottinghamUKNG5 4FG
| | - Robert J Boyle
- Imperial College LondonSection of Paediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineWright Fleming BuildingNorfolk PlaceLondonUKW2 1PG
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Łukasik J, Salminen S, Szajewska H. Rapid review shows that probiotics and fermented infant formulas do not cause d-lactic acidosis in healthy children. Acta Paediatr 2018; 107:1322-1326. [PMID: 29603358 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Extensive ongoing research on probiotics and infant formulas raises a number of safety questions. One concern is the potential influence of d-lactic acid-containing preparations on the health of infants and children. The aim of this review was to summarise the available knowledge on the ingestion of d-lactic acid-producing bacteria, acidified infant formulas and fermented infant formulas as a potential cause of paediatric d-lactic acidosis. METHODS A Medline database search was performed in July 2017, with no restrictions on the language, article type or publication date. The 1715 search results were screened for clinical trials, review articles, case series and case reports of relevance to the topic. RESULTS We identified five randomised controlled trials from 2005 to 2017 covering 544 healthy infants and some case reports and experimental studies. No clinically relevant adverse effects of d-lactic acid-producing probiotics and fermented infant formulas were described in healthy children. However, a harmless, subclinical accumulation of d-lactate was theoretically possible. The only known cases of paediatric d-lactic acidosis occurred in patients with short bowel syndrome or, historically, in infants fed with acidified formulas. CONCLUSION Our main finding was that probiotics and fermented formulas did not cause d-lactic acidosis in healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Łukasik
- Department of Paediatrics; The Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
| | - S Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - H Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics; The Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw Poland
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15
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Vitetta L, Coulson S, Thomsen M, Nguyen T, Hall S. Probiotics, D-Lactic acidosis, oxidative stress and strain specificity. Gut Microbes 2017; 8:311-322. [PMID: 28080206 PMCID: PMC5570418 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1279379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of an implicit living microscopic world, composed primarily of bacteria, has been known for centuries. The exact mechanisms that govern the contribution of bacteria to human health and disease have only recently become the subject of intense research efforts. Within this very evident shift in paradigms, the rational design of probiotic formulations has led to the creation of an industry that seeks to progress the engineering of probiotic bacteria that produce metabolites that may enhance human host health and prevent disease. The promotion of probiotics is often made in the absence of quality scientific and clinically plausible data. The latest incursions into the probiotic market of claims have posited the amelioration of oxidative stress via potent antioxidant attributes or limiting the administration of probiotics to those species that do not produce D-Lactic acid (i.e., claims that D-Lactic acid acidosis is linked to chronic health conditions) or are strain-specific (shaping an industry point of difference) for appraising a therapeutic effect. Evidence-based research should guide clinical practice, as there is no place in science and medicine that supports unsubstantiated claims. Extravagant industry based notions continue to fuel the imprimatur of distrust and skepticism that is leveled by scientists and clinicians at an industry that is already rife with scientific and medical distrust and questionable views on probiotics. Ignoring scientifically discordant data, when sorting through research innovations and false leads relevant to the actions of probiotics, drives researcher discomfit and keeps the bar low, impeding the progress of knowledge. Biologically plausible posits are obligatory in any research effort; companies formulating probiotics often exhibit a lack of analytical understanding that then fuels questionable investigations failing to build on research capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vitetta
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,Medlab Clinical Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,CONTACT Professor Luis Vitetta ; Medlab Clinical Ltd and, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. 2015
| | - Samantha Coulson
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Thomsen
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,Medlab Clinical Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tony Nguyen
- Medlab Clinical Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sean Hall
- Medlab Clinical Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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16
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Goncerzewicz A, Misiewicz A, Owczarek L, Jasińska U, Skąpska S. The Effect of a Newly Developed Oat-Banana Fermented Beverage with a Beta-glucan Additive on ldhL Gene Expression in Streptococcus thermophilus T KM 3 KKP 2030p. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:773-780. [PMID: 27565144 PMCID: PMC5059402 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The number of people who cannot consume dairy products due to intolerance or allergies to food components is increasing. Consumers are increasingly searching for alternative, nondairy beverages which have an advantageous effect on the body and which stimulate gut microflora. Previous studies have shown that Streptococcus thermophilus TKM3 KKP 2030p can be an efficient starter culture for the fermentation of plant material and can also ensure an acceptable sensory profile and a high number of lactic acid bacteria during 4 week cold storage. The aim of this study was to determine the relative gene expression of the L-lactate dehydrogenase gene (ldhL) in selected strain using the RT qPCR technique at particular time points. The gene expression experiments were conducted in laboratory broth (LABm) and fruit-cereal (OBPromOat) matrix with a beta-glucan additive. Levels of gene relative expression in the selected strain in these two media were correlated with the amount of L-lactate produced. The results showed that the plant matrix stimulated stronger ldhL gene expression in the first 4 h of the experiment (although the synthesis of L-lactate was less than in laboratory broth). This study broadens existing knowledge of the transcriptional mechanisms which arise from the adaptation of the analyzed strain to different habitats during L-lactate synthesis. This could contribute to the development of new alternative food products for people who show intolerance to milk proteins or lactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Goncerzewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Culture Collection of Industrial Microorganisms, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Misiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Culture Collection of Industrial Microorganisms, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lubomiła Owczarek
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Jasińska
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Skąpska
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Cekola PL, Czerkies LA, Storm HM, Wang MH, Roberts J, Saavedra JM. Growth and Tolerance of Term Infants Fed Formula With Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2015; 54:1175-84. [PMID: 25758426 DOI: 10.1177/0009922815574076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactobacillus reuteri has been studied for its safety and beneficial effects in infants. This study assessed growth of infants fed a partially hydrolyzed whey formula with L reuteri. METHODS Healthy term infants were randomized to 1 of 2 formulas (partially hydrolyzed whey formula with (PRO) or without (CON) L reuteri from 14 to 112 days of age. Anthropometric measures were assessed at 14, 28, 56, 84, and 112 days of age. Tolerance records were completed 2 days prior to each visit. RESULTS A total of 122 subjects completed study per protocol (60 PRO, 62 CON). No differences were seen in daily weight gain, length, or head circumference. Overall, between groups, there were no significant differences in formula intake, stool frequency, color, consistency, flatulence, frequency of spit-up/vomiting, mood, sleep, or incidence of adverse events. CONCLUSION Infants fed probiotic formula had similar growth to infants fed control formula. Both formulas were well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mei H Wang
- Statistical Consulting, LLC, Portage, MI, USA
| | - James Roberts
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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18
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Pariza MW, Gillies KO, Kraak-Ripple SF, Leyer G, Smith AB. Determining the safety of microbial cultures for consumption by humans and animals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:164-71. [PMID: 26165564 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fermented foods and feeds have been consumed for millennia, and microorganisms isolated from traditional fermentations have been used as probiotics. There is interest in developing new microbial cultures for these uses, but to date safety evaluation procedures have only been discussed in general terms. We propose a comprehensive approach for determining the safety of microbial cultures that lack an established history of safe use for their intended new applications. Three scenarios are considered: (1) substantially increased exposure to a culture that has an established record of safety in a more limited application; (2) a new strain without a history of safe use that was isolated from a food or feed that has a history of safe use; and (3) a new strain isolated from a non-food or non-feed source. Our safety evaluation process is based on scientific procedures and is in the form of a decision tree composed of 13 questions. Our decision tree for determining the safety of microbial cultures for consumption by humans or animals is modeled on previous decision trees that are used worldwide to evaluate the safety of microbial enzymes for use in human food or animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Pariza
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Amy B Smith
- DuPont Nutrition and Health, Madison, WI, USA
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19
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Lee LY, Bharani R, Biswas A, Lee J, Tran LA, Pecquet S, Steenhout P. Normal growth of infants receiving an infant formula containing Lactobacillus reuteri, galacto-oligosaccharides, and fructo-oligosaccharide: a randomized controlled trial. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol 2015; 1:9. [PMID: 27057326 PMCID: PMC4823692 DOI: 10.1186/s40748-015-0008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The safety of an infant formula containing a new mixture of the prebiotics galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) and the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri needs to be evaluated. METHODS Healthy term infants in Singapore were randomly assigned (using computer-generated allocation sequences) to receive exclusively an experimental infant formula containing L. reuteri, GOS (5.50 g/L), and FOS (0.36 g/L) or a control formula containing only L. reuteri from enrollment (7-14 days of age) to 4 months of age. The primary objective of this trial was to demonstrate that weight change between birth and 4 months of age in infants fed the experimental formula was not inferior to World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth standards. The non-inferiority margin was -0.5 standard deviations (SD). The secondary objectives were to compare changes in anthropometric measurements (weight, length, body mass index, and head circumference), digestive tolerance, stool bacterial counts, urinary D- and L- lactate concentrations, and adverse events in the two formula groups. RESULTS The intention-to-treat (ITT) population included all randomized infants stratified by gender, (experimental group, N = 68 and control group, N = 72). The per-protocol (PP) population included 61 infants in the experimental and 62 infants in the control groups. The change in weight-for-age z-score between birth and 4 months was +0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI]: +0.63 to +1.23) SD in the experimental group and +0.92 (95% CI: +0.62 to +1.22) SD in the control group in the PP population, indicating non-inferior weight gain in both formulas groups compared with WHO standards. The ITT population had similar results. Liquid stools occurred more frequently in the experimental compared with the control group and median bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and enterococci counts were higher in the experimental group (p < 0.05). Other secondary outcomes were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS Infant formula containing L. reuteri + GOS/FOS supports normal growth and is safe. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT01010113.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Ye Lee
- />Department of Neonatology, National University Health System, NUHS Tower Block 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
- />Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roshan Bharani
- />Department of Neonatology, National University Health System, NUHS Tower Block 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Agnihotri Biswas
- />Department of Neonatology, National University Health System, NUHS Tower Block 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
- />Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiun Lee
- />Department of Neonatology, National University Health System, NUHS Tower Block 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
- />Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liên-Anh Tran
- />Nestle Clinical Development Unit, Nestec Ltd, Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Pecquet
- />Nestle Clinical Development Unit, Nestec Ltd, Vevey, Switzerland
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The multifaceted role of commensal microbiota in homeostasis and gastrointestinal diseases. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:321241. [PMID: 25759839 PMCID: PMC4352444 DOI: 10.1155/2015/321241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract houses a complex and diverse community of microbes. In recent years, an increased understanding of the importance of intestinal microbiota for human physiology has been gained. In the steady state, commensal microorganisms have a symbiotic relationship with the host and possess critical and distinct functions, including directly influencing immunity. This means that recognition of commensal antigens is necessary for the development of complete immune responses. Therefore, the immune system must face the challenge of maintaining mucosal homeostasis while dealing with undue passage of commensal or pathogenic microbes, as well as the host nutritional status or drug use. Disruption of this fine balance has been associated with the development of several intestinal inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms involved in the modulation of host-microbe interactions and how the breakdown of this homeostatic association can lead to intestinal inflammation and pathology.
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van de Heijning BJM, Berton A, Bouritius H, Goulet O. GI symptoms in infants are a potential target for fermented infant milk formulae: a review. Nutrients 2014; 6:3942-67. [PMID: 25255831 PMCID: PMC4179197 DOI: 10.3390/nu6093942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides pre- and pro-biotic-containing infant formulae, fermented infant formulae are commonly used to relieve or prevent symptoms of gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort in young infants. During the fermentation process in cow's milk-based formulae, the beneficial bacteria modulate the product by forming several beneficial compounds, which contribute to the alleviation of the symptoms observed. This review summarizes the clinical evidence on the impact of fermented infant formulae on common pediatric GI-symptoms. The potential mechanisms involved are discussed: i.e., the lactose and protein (in-) digestibility, effects on gastric emptying and gut transit and modulation of the colonic microbiota. Although initial evidence indicates a beneficial effect of fermented formulae on GI discomfort in newborns, validation and confirmation of the clinical proof obtained so far is warranted, as well as further research to (more fully) understand the mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amelie Berton
- Nutricia Research, Early Life Nutrition, P.O. Box 80141, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Hetty Bouritius
- Nutricia Research, Early Life Nutrition, P.O. Box 80141, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Olivier Goulet
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology-Hepatology and Nutrition, Necker Children's Hospital, University of Paris, 75015 Paris, France.
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Papagaroufalis K, Fotiou A, Egli D, Tran LA, Steenhout P. A Randomized Double Blind Controlled Safety Trial Evaluating d-Lactic Acid Production in Healthy Infants Fed a Lactobacillus reuteri-containing Formula. Nutr Metab Insights 2014; 7:19-27. [PMID: 24812520 PMCID: PMC3999946 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s14113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND d-Lactic acidosis in infants fed lactic acid bacteria-containing products is a concern. METHODS The primary objective of this non-inferiority trial was to compare urinary d-lactic acid concentrations during the first 28 days of life in infants fed formula containing Lactobacillus reuteri (1.2 × 106 colony forming units (CFU)/ml) with those fed a control formula. The non-inferiority margin was set at a two-fold increase in d-lactic acid (0.7 mmol/mol creatinine, log-transformed). Healthy term infants in Greece were enrolled between birth and 72 hours of age, and block randomized to a probiotic (N = 44) or control (N = 44) group. They were exclusively fed their formulae until 28 days of age and followed up at 7, 14, 28, 112, and 168 ± 3 days. Anthropometric measurements were taken at each visit and tolerance recorded until 112 days. Urine was collected before study formula intake and at all visits up to 112 days and blood at 14 days. RESULTS d-Lactic acid concentration in the probiotic group was below the non-inferiority margin at 28 days: treatment effect −0.03 (95% confidence interval [CI]: [−0.48 to 0.41]) mmol/mol creatinine but was above the non-inferiority margin at 7 and 14 days—treatment effect 0.50 (95% CI: [0.05–0.96]) mmol/mol creatinine and 0.45 (95% CI: [0.00–0.90]) mmol/mol creatinine, respectively. Blood acid excess and pH, anthropometry, tolerance, and adverse events (AEs) were not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSION Intake of L. reuteri-containing formula was safe and did not cause an increase in d-lactic acid beyond two weeks.
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Butel MJ. Probiotics, gut microbiota and health. Med Mal Infect 2014; 44:1-8. [PMID: 24290962 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human gut is a huge complex ecosystem where microbiota, nutrients, and host cells interact extensively, a process crucial for the gut homeostasis and host development with a real partnership. The various bacterial communities that make up the gut microbiota have many functions including metabolic, barrier effect, and trophic functions. Hence, any dysbiosis could have negative consequences in terms of health and many diseases have been associated to impairment of the gut microbiota. These close relationships between gut microbiota, health, and disease, have led to great interest in using probiotics (i.e. live micro-organisms), or prebiotics (i.e. non-digestible substrates) to positively modulate the gut microbiota to prevent or treat some diseases. This review focuses on probiotics, their mechanisms of action, safety, and major health benefits. Health benefits remain to be proven in some indications, and further studies on the best strain(s), dose, and algorithm of administration to be used are needed. Nevertheless, probiotic administration seems to have a great potential in terms of health that justifies more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-J Butel
- Écosystème intestinal, probiotiques, antibiotiques (EA 4065), université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, 4, avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
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DiRienzo DB. Effect of probiotics on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: implications for heart-healthy diets. Nutr Rev 2013; 72:18-29. [DOI: 10.1111/nure.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Metabolic fate of ochratoxin A as a coffee contaminant in a dynamic simulator of the human colon. Food Chem 2013; 141:3291-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kent RM, Guinane CM, O'Connor PM, Fitzgerald GF, Hill C, Stanton C, Ross RP. Production of the antimicrobial peptides Caseicin A and B by Bacillus isolates growing on sodium caseinate. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 55:141-8. [PMID: 22642665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2012.03271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to identify Bacillus isolates capable of degrading sodium caseinate and subsequently to generate bioactive peptides with antimicrobial activity. METHODS AND RESULTS Sodium caseinate (2.5% w/v) was inoculated separately with 16 Bacillus isolates and allowed to ferment overnight. Protein breakdown in the fermentates was analysed using gel permeation-HPLC (GP-HPLC) and screened for peptides (<3-kDa) with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Caseicin A (IKHQGLPQE) and caseicin B (VLNENLLR), two previously characterized antimicrobial peptides, were identified in the fermentates of both Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis isolates. The caseicin peptides were subsequently purified by RP-HPLC and antimicrobial assays indicated that the peptides maintained the previously identified inhibitory activity against the infant formula pathogen Cronobacter sakazakii. CONCLUSIONS We report a new method using Bacillus sp. to generate two previously characterized antimicrobial peptides from casein. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study highlights the potential to exploit Bacillus sp. or the enzymes they produce for the generation of bioactive antimicrobial peptides from bovine casein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Kent
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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Sulemankhil I, Parent M, Jones ML, Feng Z, Labbé A, Prakash S. In vitro and in vivo characterization and strain safety of Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30253 for probiotic applications. Can J Microbiol 2012; 58:776-87. [DOI: 10.1139/w2012-050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30253 was shown to have potential as a probiotic by reducing the proinflammatory chemokine interleukin-8. Moreover, this strain was evaluated, by in vitro and in vivo techniques, for its safety for human consumption. The identity of the strain was investigated by metabolic profiling and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and in vitro safety evaluations were performed by molecular and metabolic techniques. Genetic analysis was confirmed by assessing the minimum inhibitory concentration to a panel of antibiotics, showing that the strain was susceptible to 8 antibiotics tested. The ability of the strain to produce potentially harmful by-products and antimicrobial compounds was evaluated, showing that the strain does not produce biogenic amines and does not show bacteriocin activity or reuterin production. A 28-day repeated oral dose study was conducted in normal Sprague–Dawley rats to support the in vivo strain safety. Oral administration of the strain resulted in no changes in general condition and no clinically significant changes to biochemical and haematological markers of safety relative to vehicle control treated animals. This comprehensive assessment of safety of L. reuteri NCIMB 30253 supports the safety of the strain for use as a probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Sulemankhil
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiology and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Mathieu Parent
- Micropharma Limited, 141 avenue du President Kennedy, Université du Québec a Montréal, Biological Sciences Building, 5th Floor, Suite 5569, Montréal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
| | - Mitchell Lawrence Jones
- Micropharma Limited, 141 avenue du President Kennedy, Université du Québec a Montréal, Biological Sciences Building, 5th Floor, Suite 5569, Montréal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
| | - Zhenqian Feng
- Micropharma Limited, 141 avenue du President Kennedy, Université du Québec a Montréal, Biological Sciences Building, 5th Floor, Suite 5569, Montréal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
| | - Alain Labbé
- Micropharma Limited, 141 avenue du President Kennedy, Université du Québec a Montréal, Biological Sciences Building, 5th Floor, Suite 5569, Montréal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
| | - Satya Prakash
- Biomedical Technology and Cell Therapy Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Physiology and Artificial Cells and Organs Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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Agustina R, Kok FJ, van de Rest O, Fahmida U, Firmansyah A, Lukito W, Feskens EJM, van den Heuvel EGHM, Albers R, Bovee-Oudenhoven IMJ. Randomized trial of probiotics and calcium on diarrhea and respiratory tract infections in Indonesian children. Pediatrics 2012; 129:e1155-64. [PMID: 22492764 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of calcium and probiotics on the incidence and duration of acute diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in low-socioeconomic communities of Jakarta, Indonesia. METHODS We conducted a 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 494 healthy children aged 1 to 6 years who received low-lactose milk with low calcium content (LC; ∼50 mg/day; n = 124), regular calcium content (RC; ∼440 mg/day; n = 126), RC with 5.10(8) colony-forming units per day of Lactobacillus casei CRL431 (casei; n = 120), or RC with 5.10(8) colony-forming units per day of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM17938 (reuteri; n = 124). Number and duration of diarrhea and ARTIs episodes were primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. RESULTS Incidence of World Health Organization-defined diarrhea (≥3 loose/liquid stools in 24 hours) was not significantly different between RC and LC (relative risk [RR]: 0.99 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.62-1.58]), between casei and RC (RR: 1.21 [95% CI: 0.76-1.92]), or between reuteri and RC (RR: 0.76 [95% CI: 0.46-1.25]) groups. Incidence of all reported diarrhea (≥2 loose/liquid stools in 24 hours) was significantly lower in the reuteri versus RC group (RR: 0.68 [95% CI: 0.46-0.99]). Irrespective of the definition used, reuteri significantly reduced diarrhea incidence in children with lower nutritional status (below-median height-and-weight-for-age z score). None of the interventions affected ARTIs. CONCLUSIONS RC milk, alone or with L casei, did not reduce diarrhea or ARTIs in Indonesian children. L reuteri may prevent diarrhea, especially in children with lower nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Agustina
- SEAMEO RECFON (Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Center for Food and Nutrition), University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Evaluation of clinical safety and tolerance of a Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 supplement capsule: a randomized control trial. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 63:313-20. [PMID: 22561556 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A significant number of human clinical trials have reported no adverse effects associated with consumption of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri). In the present study, the clinical safety and toxicology of oral ingestion of supplement capsules containing L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 was investigated. A randomized group of 131 subjects received a dose of 2.9×10⁹ CFU L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 capsules (n=67) or placebo capsules (n=64) twice daily for 9 weeks. Clinical chemistry and hematological parameters of safety were analyzed. The frequency, duration and intensity of adverse events (AE)s and clinical significance of safety parameters were recorded for both groups. No clinically significant differences between the probiotic capsule and placebo capsule treated groups were detected in either the blood clinical chemistry or hematology results. The frequency and intensity of AEs was similar in the two groups. These results demonstrate that administration of a twice daily dose of 2.9×10⁹ CFU was safe and well tolerated in the population evaluated over 9 weeks.
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Evaluation of safety and tolerance of microencapsulated Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 in a yogurt formulation: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2216-23. [PMID: 22425689 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Probiotic organisms have shown promise in treating diseases. Previously, we have reported on the efficacy of microencapsulated Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 in a yogurt formulation at lowering serum cholesterol levels in otherwise healthy hypercholesterolemic adults. This study investigates the safety and toxicology of oral ingestion of microencapsulated L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 in a yogurt formulation. A randomized group of 120 subjects received a dose of 5 × 10(10) CFU microencapsulated L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 in yogurt (n=59) or placebo yogurt (n=61) twice/day for 6 weeks. Clinical chemistry and hematological parameters of safety were analyzed. Fecal samples were collected at these time points for the analysis of deconjugated bile acids. The frequency, duration and intensity of adverse events (AEs) and clinical significance of safety parameters were recorded for both groups. No clinically significant differences between the probiotic yogurt and placebo yogurt treated groups were detected in either the blood clinical chemistry or hematology results and there was no significant increase in fecal deconjugated bile acids (P>0.05) between treated and control groups. The frequency and intensity of AEs was similar in the two groups. These results demonstrate the safe use of this formulation in food.
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Coccorullo P, Strisciuglio C, Martinelli M, Miele E, Greco L, Staiano A. Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938) in infants with functional chronic constipation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Pediatr 2010; 157:598-602. [PMID: 20542295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the beneficial effects of Lactobacillus reuteri (DSM 17938) in infants with functional chronic constipation. STUDY DESIGN A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study was conducted from January 2008 to December 2008 in 44 consecutive infants at least 6 months old (mean age+/-SD, 8.2+/-2.4 SD; male/female, 24/20) admitted to the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and Motility Unit of the Department of Pediatrics, University "Federico II" of Naples, with a diagnosis of functional chronic constipation. The 44 infants with chronic constipation were randomly assigned to 2 groups: group A (n=22) received supplementation with the probiotic L reuteri (DSM 17938) and group B (n=22) received an identical placebo. Primary outcome measures were frequency of bowel movements per week, stool consistency, and presence of inconsolable crying episodes, recorded in a daily diary by parents. RESULTS Infants receiving L reuteri (DSM 17938) had a significantly higher frequency of bowel movements than infants receiving a placebo at week 2 (P=.042), week 4 (P=.008), and week 8 (P=.027) of supplementation. In the L reuteri group, the stool consistency was reported as hard in 19 infants (86.4%) at baseline, in 11 infants (50%) at week 2, and in 4 infants (18.2%) at weeks 4 and 8. However, there was no significant difference between L reuteri and placebo groups in the stool consistency at all weeks (P=.63, week 2; P=.38, week 4; P=.48, week 8). Similarly, there was no statistically difference in the 2 groups in the presence of inconsolable crying episodes. No adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS The administration of L reuteri (DSM 17938) in infants with chronic constipation had a positive effect on bowel frequency, even when there was no improvement in stool consistency and episodes of inconsolable crying episodes. Because of their safety profile, probiotics may be an attractive option in the treatment of functional constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Coccorullo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Sanders ME, Akkermans LMA, Haller D, Hammerman C, Heimbach J, Hörmannsperger G, Huys G, Levy DD, Lutgendorff F, Mack D, Phothirath P, Solano-Aguilar G, Vaughan E. Safety assessment of probiotics for human use. Gut Microbes 2010; 1:164-85. [PMID: 21327023 PMCID: PMC3023597 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.1.3.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The safety of probiotics is tied to their intended use, which includes consideration of potential vulnerability of the consumer or patient, dose and duration of consumption, and both the manner and frequency of administration. Unique to probiotics is that they are alive when administered, and unlike other food or drug ingredients, possess the potential for infectivity or in situ toxin production. Since numerous types of microbes are used as probiotics, safety is also intricately tied to the nature of the specific microbe being used. The presence of transferable antibiotic resistance genes, which comprises a theoretical risk of transfer to a less innocuous member of the gut microbial community, must also be considered. Genetic stability of the probiotic over time, deleterious metabolic activities, and the potential for pathogenicity or toxicogenicity must be assessed depending on the characteristics of the genus and species of the microbe being used. Immunological effects must be considered, especially in certain vulnerable populations, including infants with undeveloped immune function. A few reports about negative probiotic effects have surfaced, the significance of which would be better understood with more complete understanding of the mechanisms of probiotic interaction with the host and colonizing microbes. Use of readily available and low cost genomic sequencing technologies to assure the absence of genes of concern is advisable for candidate probiotic strains. The field of probiotic safety is characterized by the scarcity of studies specifically designed to assess safety contrasted with the long history of safe use of many of these microbes in foods.
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Hol J, de Jongste JC, Nieuwenhuis EE. Quoting a landmark paper on the beneficial effects of probiotics. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 124:1354-6.e9. [PMID: 19818483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Dobrogosz WJ, Peacock TJ, Hassan HM. Evolution of the Probiotic Concept. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2010; 72:1-41. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(10)72001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics have been proposed as an effective treatment for eczema, and recently a number of clinical trials have been undertaken. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of probiotics for the treatment of eczema SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register (to April 2008), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 2,2008) MEDLINE (from 2003 to April 2008), EMBASE (from 2005 to April 2008), PsycINFO, AMED and LILACS (from inception to April 2008) and ISI Web of Science (to December 2006) and reference lists of articles. We also searched registries of ongoing clinical trials, conference proceedings and searched for adverse events. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of live orally ingested microorganisms for the treatment of eczema. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently applied eligibility criteria, assessed the quality of trials and extracted data. We contacted study authors for more information where necessary. We recorded adverse events from the included studies, and from the separate adverse events search. MAIN RESULTS Twelve randomised controlled trials involving 781 participants met the inclusion criteria. All trial participants were children. There was no significant difference in participant or parent-rated symptom scores in favour of probiotic treatment (5 trials, 313 participants). Symptom severity on a scale from 0 to 20 was 0.90 points lower after probiotic treatment than after placebo (95%CI -1.04, 2.84; p = 0.36).There was also no significant difference in participant or parent-rated overall eczema severity in favour of probiotic treatment (3 trials, 150 participants). There was no significant difference in investigator rated eczema severity between probiotic and placebo treatments (7 trials, 588 participants). On a scale from 0 to 102 investigator rated eczema severity was 2.46 points lower after probiotic treatment than after placebo treatment (95%CI -2.53, 7.45 p = 0.33). Significant heterogeneity was noted between the results of individual studies, which may be explained by the use of different probiotic strains. Subgroup analysis by age of participant, severity of eczema, presence of atopy or presence of food allergy did not identify a population with different treatment outcomes to the population as a whole. The adverse events search identified some case reports of infections and bowel ischaemia caused by probiotics. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The evidence suggests that probiotics are not an effective treatment for eczema, and probiotic treatment carries a small risk of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert John Boyle
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 3052.
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Snydman D. The Safety of Probiotics. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46 Suppl 2:S104-11; discussion S144-51. [DOI: 10.1086/523331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The composition of the intestinal microflora may be different in individuals with atopic eczema from those without this condition, and such differences may precede the development of eczema. Probiotics are live bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tract and provide a health benefit to the host. Probiotics added to infant feeds have the potential to prevent sensitisation of infants to dietary allergens. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of probiotics given to infants for the prevention of allergic disease or food hypersensitivity. SEARCH STRATEGY This included searches of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Issue 1, 2007), MEDLINE (1966 - February 2007), EMBASE, PREMEDLINE, abstracts of conference proceedings and citations of published articles, and expert informants. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials that compare the use of a probiotic to no probiotic; or the use a specific probiotic compared to a different probiotic; or a probiotic with added prebiotic to control. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Assessment of trial quality, data extraction and synthesis of data were performed using standard methods of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. MAIN RESULTS Twelve studies were eligible for inclusion. Allergic disease and / or food hypersensitivity outcomes were assessed by 6 studies enrolling 2080 infants, but outcomes for only 1549 infants were reported. Studies generally had adequate randomisation, allocation concealment and blinding of treatment. However, the findings of this review should be treated with caution due to excess losses in patient follow-up (17% to 61%). Meta-analysis of five studies reporting the outcomes of 1477 infants found a significant reduction in infant eczema (typical RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.70, 0.95). However, there was significant and substantial heterogeneity between studies. One study reported that the difference in eczema between groups persisted to 4 years age. When the analysis was restricted to studies reporting atopic eczema (confirmed by skin prick test or specific IgE), the findings were no longer significant (typical RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.62, 1.02). All studies reporting significant benefits used probiotic supplements containing L. rhamnosus and enrolled infants at high risk of allergy. No other benefits were reported for any other allergic disease or food hypersensitivity outcome. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence to recommend the addition of probiotics to infant feeds for prevention of allergic disease or food hypersensitivity. Although there was a reduction in clinical eczema in infants, this effect was not consistent between studies and caution is advised in view of methodological concerns regarding included studies. Further studies are required to determine whether the findings are reproducible.
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Savino F, Pelle E, Palumeri E, Oggero R, Miniero R. Lactobacillus reuteri (American Type Culture Collection Strain 55730) versus simethicone in the treatment of infantile colic: a prospective randomized study. Pediatrics 2007; 119:e124-30. [PMID: 17200238 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal was to test the hypothesis that oral administration of Lactobacillus reuteri in a prospective randomized study would improve symptoms of infantile colic. METHODS Ninety breastfed colicky infants were assigned randomly to receive either the probiotic L. reuteri (10(8) live bacteria per day) or simethicone (60 mg/day) each day for 28 days. The mothers avoided cow's milk in their diet. Parents monitored daily crying times and adverse effects by using a questionnaire. RESULTS Eighty-three infants completed the trial: 41 in the probiotic group and 42 in the simethicone group. The infants were similar regarding gestational age, birth weight, gender, and crying time at baseline. Daily median crying times in the probiotic and simethicone groups were 159 minutes/day and 177 minutes/day, respectively, on the seventh day and 51 minutes/day and 145 minutes/day on the 28th day. On day 28, 39 patients (95%) were responders in the probiotic group and 3 patients (7%) were responders in the simethicone group. No adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSIONS In our cohort, L. reuteri improved colicky symptoms in breastfed infants within 1 week of treatment, compared with simethicone, which suggests that probiotics may have a role in the treatment of infantile colic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Savino
- Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia, 94 10126 Turin, Italy.
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