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Cui Y, Li F, Zhu X, Xu J, Muhammad A, Chen Y, Li D, Liu B, Wang C, Wang Z, Ma S, Liu X, Shi Y. Alfalfa saponins inhibit oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis through the MAPK signaling pathway. Redox Rep 2022; 27:1-8. [PMID: 34931598 PMCID: PMC8725750 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2021.2017681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress could seriously affect the growth performance of piglets. As natural extracts of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), alfalfa saponins have been shown to function as antioxidants in piglets in vivo. However, few studies have investigated the effects and mechanism of alfalfa saponins against oxidative stress in piglet cells in vitro. In the current study, piglets' small intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) was explored to investigate the protective effects of alfalfa saponins on injured cells induced by H2O2. METHODS To investigate the effects and mechanism of alfalfa saponins against oxidative stress in piglet cells, the cell viability, activity of antioxidant enzymes, LDH and the amount of MDA were detected in H2O2-treated cells after the cells were pre-incubated with alfalfa saponins. The mechanism of alfalfa saponins against H2O2-induced oxidative cell damage was explored by detecting the expression of mitochondrial apoptosis-related proteins. Furthermore, the signaling pathway of alfalfa saponins in IPEC-J2 cells under oxidative stress was also investigated. RESULTS The results indicated that alfalfa saponins could rescue cell viability, elevate the activity of antioxidant enzymes and down-regulate the activity of LDH and the amount of MDA in H2O2-induced cells. CONCLUSION Alfalfa saponins could inhibit oxidative stress-induced cell mitochondrial apoptosis through the MAPK signaling pathway, thereby providing a new method for improving antioxidant stress ability by means of nutritional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalei Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junying Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abaidullah Muhammad
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Defeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Boshuai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengzhang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhichang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sen Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xule Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Herbage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Cao Y, Jiao Y, Zhan S, Liang X, Li Z, Chen J, Xiong X, Gu Z, Du X, Zheng Z. Polyamine Putrescine Regulates Oxidative Stress and Autophagy of Hemocytes Induced by Lipopolysaccharides in Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata martensii. Front Physiol 2021; 12:781324. [PMID: 34955892 PMCID: PMC8703005 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.781324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyamine putrescine (Put) is a ubiquitous small cationic amine. It plays an essential role in controlling the innate immune response. However, little is known about its function in mollusks. In this study, the Put content was observed to increase in the serum of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii after 6 and 24 h of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) increased, and nitric oxide synthase was downregulated in the Put group (i.e., combined treatment with Put and LPS) compared with that in the LPS group (i.e., combined treatment with phosphate-buffered saline and LPS). Furthermore, activities of alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase were inhibited after 6 h of LPS stimulation. The expression levels of the nuclear factor kappa B, IκB kinase, Janus kinase, and signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins genes were all significantly suppressed at 12 and 24 h in the Put group. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis grew better after being incubated with the serum from the Put group than that from the LPS group. Additionally, the Put treatment remarkably inhibited the autophagy of hemocytes mediated by the AMP-activated protein kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin-Beclin-1 pathway. This study demonstrated that Put can effectively inhibit the inflammatory response induced by LPS in pearl oysters. These results provide useful information for further exploration of the immunoregulatory functions of polyamines in bivalves and contribute to the development of immunosuppressive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Cao
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yu Jiao
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shuzhi Zhan
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xueru Liang
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhixin Li
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xinwei Xiong
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zefeng Gu
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Du
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Pearl Breeding and Processing Engineering Technology Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Science and Innovation Center for Pearl Culture, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Zhanjiang, China
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Pinho SC, Faria MA, Melo A, Pinto E, Almeida A, Alves R, Cabrita AR, Fonseca AJ, Ferreira IM. Effect of skimmed milk on intestinal tract: Prevention of increased reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide formation. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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ATP13A2-mediated endo-lysosomal polyamine export counters mitochondrial oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31198-31207. [PMID: 33229544 PMCID: PMC7733819 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922342117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ATP13A2 cause a spectrum of related neurodegenerative disorders. ATP13A2 is a lysosomal exporter of polyamines that contributes to lysosomal health and controls cellular polyamine content. Conversely, loss of ATP13A2 leads to lysosomal dysfunction, a hallmark of neurodegeneration. Here, we show that polyamines transported by ATP13A2 provide cellular protection by lowering reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may relate to the antioxidant properties of polyamines. Consequently, dysfunctional ATP13A2 sensitizes cells to oxidative stress, which impairs mitochondria, and induces toxicity and cell death. ATP13A2-mediated polyamine transport represents a conserved pathway that protects against mitochondrial oxidative stress. The combined protective impact of ATP13A2 on lysosomal health and mitochondrial oxidative stress may explain why ATP13A2 exerts potent neuroprotective effects. Recessive loss-of-function mutations in ATP13A2 (PARK9) are associated with a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). We recently revealed that the late endo-lysosomal transporter ATP13A2 pumps polyamines like spermine into the cytosol, whereas ATP13A2 dysfunction causes lysosomal polyamine accumulation and rupture. Here, we investigate how ATP13A2 provides protection against mitochondrial toxins such as rotenone, an environmental PD risk factor. Rotenone promoted mitochondrial-generated superoxide (MitoROS), which was exacerbated by ATP13A2 deficiency in SH-SY5Y cells and patient-derived fibroblasts, disturbing mitochondrial functionality and inducing toxicity and cell death. Moreover, ATP13A2 knockdown induced an ATF4-CHOP-dependent stress response following rotenone exposure. MitoROS and ATF4-CHOP were blocked by MitoTEMPO, a mitochondrial antioxidant, suggesting that the impact of ATP13A2 on MitoROS may relate to the antioxidant properties of spermine. Pharmacological inhibition of intracellular polyamine synthesis with α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) also increased MitoROS and ATF4 when ATP13A2 was deficient. The polyamine transport activity of ATP13A2 was required for lowering rotenone/DFMO-induced MitoROS, whereas exogenous spermine quenched rotenone-induced MitoROS via ATP13A2. Interestingly, fluorescently labeled spermine uptake in the mitochondria dropped as a consequence of ATP13A2 transport deficiency. Our cellular observations were recapitulated in vivo, in a Caenorhabditis elegans strain deficient in the ATP13A2 ortholog catp-6. These animals exhibited a basal elevated MitoROS level, mitochondrial dysfunction, and enhanced stress response regulated by atfs-1, the C. elegans ortholog of ATF4, causing hypersensitivity to rotenone, which was reversible with MitoTEMPO. Together, our study reveals a conserved cell protective pathway that counters mitochondrial oxidative stress via ATP13A2-mediated lysosomal spermine export.
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Shoji H, Shimizu T. Effect of human breast milk on biological metabolism in infants. Pediatr Int 2019; 61:6-15. [PMID: 30194786 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic changes that occur during the postnatal weaning period appear to be particularly important for future health, and human breast milk is considered to provide the optimal source of nutrition for infants. Our previous studies examined the effect of feeding type on antioxidative properties, glucose and insulin metabolism, the lipid profile, metabolomics, and prostaglandin (PG) metabolism in term and preterm infants. A urinary marker of oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine) was significantly lower in breast-fed term and preterm infants than in formula-fed infants. Markers of insulin sensitivity were significantly lower and atherosclerotic indices were significantly higher in breast-fed preterm infants than in mixed-fed infants at discharge. On urinary metabolomics analysis, choline, choline metabolites, and lactic acid were significantly lower in breast-fed term infants than in formula-fed infants. Urinary PGD2 metabolite level in breast-fed term infants was also significantly lower than in formula-fed term infants. This indicates that human breast milk affects biological metabolism in early infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Shoji
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Ren H, Meng Q, Yepuri N, Du X, Sarpong JO, Cooney RN. Protective effects of glutathione on oxidative injury induced by hydrogen peroxide in intestinal epithelial cells. J Surg Res 2018; 222:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Tamarix gallica phenolics protect IEC-6 cells against H 2O 2 induced stress by restricting oxidative injuries and MAPKs signaling pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:490-498. [PMID: 28249251 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenolic compounds gained interest in the pharmaceutical research area due to their beneficial properties. Herein, antioxidant and cytoprotective capacities of T. gallica extract on H2O2-challenged rat small intestine epithelial cells were investigated. To set stress conditions, IEC-6 cultures were challenged with numerous H2O2 doses and durations. Then, 40μM H2O2 during 4h were selected to assess the cytoprotective effect of different T. gallica extract concentrations. Oxidative parameters, measured through CAT and SOD activities as well as MDA quantification were assessed. In addition, the expression of possibly involved MAPKs was also valued. Main results reported that T. gallica was rich in polyphenols and exhibited an important antioxidant activity (DPPH Assay, IC50=6μgmL-1; ABTS+ test, IC50=50μgmL-1; Fe-reducing power, EC50=100μgmL-1). The exposure of IEC-6 cultures to 40μM H2O2 during 4h caused oxidative stress manifested by (i) over 70% cell mortality, (ii) over-activity of CAT (246%), (iii) excess in MDA content (18.4nmolmg-1) and (iiii) a trigger of JNK phosphorylation. Pretreatment with T. gallica extract, especially when used at 0.25μgmL-1, restored cell viability to 122%, and normal cell morphology in H2O2-chalenged cells. In addition, this extract normalized CAT activity and MDA content (100% and 14.7nmolmg-1, respectively) to their basal levels as compared to control cells. Furthermore, stopping cell death seems to be due to dephosphorylated JNK MAPK exerted by T. gallica bioactive compounds. In all, T. gallica components provided a cross-talk between regulatory pathways leading to an efficient cytoprotection against harmful oxidative stimulus.
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Wu X, Cao W, Jia G, Zhao H, Chen X, Wu C, Tang J, Wang J, Liu G. New insights into the role of spermine in enhancing the antioxidant capacity of rat spleen and liver under oxidative stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 3:85-90. [PMID: 29767047 PMCID: PMC5941080 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress can damage cellular antioxidant defense and reduce livestock production efficiency. Spermine is a ubiquitous cellular component that plays important roles in stabilizing nucleic acids, modulating cell growth and differentiation, and regulating ion channel activities. Spermine has the potential to alleviate the effects of oxidative stress. However, to date no information is available about the effect of spermine administration on antioxidant property of the liver and spleen in any mammalian in vivo system. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of spermine on rat liver and spleen under oxidative stress. Rats received intragastric administration of either 0.4 μmol/g body weight of spermine or saline once a day for 3 days. The rats in each treatment were then injected with either diquat or sterile saline at 12 mg/kg body weight. Liver and spleen samples were collected 48 h after the last spermine ingestion. Results showed that regardless of diquat treatment, spermine administration significantly reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content by 23.78% in the liver and by 5.75% in the spleen, respectively (P < 0.05). Spermine administration also enhanced the catalase (CAT) activity, anti-hydroxyl radical (AHR) capacity and glutathione (GSH) content by 38.68%, 15.53% and 1.32% in the spleen, respectively (P < 0.05). There were interactions between spermine administration and diquat injection about anti-superoxide anion (ASA), AHR capacity, CAT activity, GSH content, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the liver and about ASA capacity and T-AOC in the spleen of weaned rats (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, spermine administration significantly increased the AHR capacity, CAT activity, GSH content, and T-AOC by 40.23%, 31.15%, 30.25%, 35.37% in the liver, respectively (P < 0.05) and increased the T-AOC by 8% in the spleen of weaned rats (P < 0.05). Compared with the diquat group, spermine + diquat group significantly increased ASA capacity by 15.63% in the liver and by 73.41% in the spleen of weaned rats, respectively (P < 0.05). Results demonstrate that spermine administration can increase the antioxidant capacity in the liver and spleen and can enhance the antioxidant status in the spleen and liver under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjian Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Caimei Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiayong Tang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China
- Corresponding author.
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Pre-protective effect of lipoic acid on injury induced by H2O2 in IPEC-J2 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 378:73-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Carvalho EB, Maga EA, Quetz JS, Lima IFN, Magalhães HYF, Rodrigues FAR, Silva AVA, Prata MMG, Cavalcante PA, Havt A, Bertolini M, Bertolini LR, Lima AAM. Goat milk with and without increased concentrations of lysozyme improves repair of intestinal cell damage induced by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. BMC Gastroenterol 2012; 12:106. [PMID: 22883300 PMCID: PMC3439704 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-12-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) causes diarrhea, malnutrition and poor growth in children. Human breast milk decreases disease-causing bacteria by supplying nutrients and antimicrobial factors such as lysozyme. Goat milk with and without human lysozyme (HLZ) may improve the repair of intestinal barrier function damage induced by EAEC. This work investigates the effect of the milks on intestinal barrier function repair, bacterial adherence in Caco-2 and HEp-2 cells, intestinal cell proliferation, migration, viability and apoptosis in IEC-6 cells in the absence or presence of EAEC. METHODS Rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6, ATCC, Rockville, MD) were used for proliferation, migration and viability assays and human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2, ATCC, Rockville, MD) and human larynx carcinoma (HEp-2, ATCC, Rockville, MD) cells were used for bacterial adhesion assays. Goats expressing HLZ in their milk were generated and express HLZ in milk at concentration of 270 μg/ml. Cells were incubated with pasteurized milk from either transgenic goats expressing HLZ or non-transgenic control goats in the presence and absence of EAEC strain 042 (O44:H18). RESULTS Cellular proliferation was significantly greater in the presence of both HLZ transgenic and control goat milk compared to cells with no milk. Cellular migration was significantly decreased in the presence of EAEC alone but was restored in the presence of milk. Milk from HLZ transgenic goats had significantly more migration compared to control milk. Both milks significantly reduced EAEC adhesion to Caco-2 cells and transgenic milk resulted in less colonization than control milk using a HEp-2 assay. Both milks had significantly increased cellular viability as well as less apoptosis in both the absence and presence of EAEC. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated that goat milk is able to repair intestinal barrier function damage induced by EAEC and that goat milk with a higher concentration of lysozyme offers additional protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice B Carvalho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology & INCT-Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Zagierski M, Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz A, Jankowska A, Krzykowski G, Korzon M, Kaminska B. Maternal smoking decreases antioxidative status of human breast milk. J Perinatol 2012; 32:593-7. [PMID: 22031046 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2011.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of maternal smoking on antioxidative capacity and intensity of oxidative damage in breast milk. STUDY DESIGN The study group (n=30) was comprised of postpartum women who declared smoking more than five cigarettes per day during pregnancy and lactation (confirmed by the urinalysis of cotinine concentration), and their newborns. Control group included 29 non-smoking postpartum women and their newborns. Colostrum samples were collected on the 3rd day after delivery and breast milk samples between the 30th and the 32nd day after delivery. Morning maternal and neonatal urine samples were obtained on the day of the mature milk sampling. Isoprostane concentrations in colostrum/mature milk and urine were determined immunoenzymatically. Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) of colostrum/breast milk was determined by Rice-Evans and Miller method. RESULT Colostrum TAS in smokers was significantly lower than in non-smokers (P=0.006). In both groups, the TAS of mature milk was higher compared with colostrum, but significant differences were observed amongst smokers only (P=0.001). In smokers the isoprostane concentration of mature milk was significantly higher than the colostrum concentration (P=0.001). Significant inverse correlation between maternal urinary isoprostane concentration and the TAS of mature breast milk was observed in smokers (R=-0.525, P=0.023), but not in non-smokers (R=0.161, P=0.422). CONCLUSION This study revealed that maternal smoking triggers harmful effects on an infant by impairing pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance of breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zagierski
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is good evidence to suggest that human breast milk has antioxidant properties. Our primary goal was to investigate the antioxidant properties of human milk in a combined in vitro digestion/cell culture model that more closely replicates conditions in the gastrointestinal system of the preterm infant. MATERIALS AND METHODS An in vitro digestion model was developed that incorporates both gastric and intestinal phases, based on reported luminal pH, digestive enzyme levels, and transit times observed in preterm infants. To mimic the human intestinal mucosa, 2 cell lines--Caco-2BBE and HT29-MTX--were cocultured on Matrigel, an artificial basement membrane substrate. Intracellular oxidative stress was measured with 2 broadly selective oxidant-sensitive dyes, and oxidative DNA damage was assessed by means of single-cell gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Enterocyte differentiation and mucin secretion were observed by 14 seeding of cultures. Direct exposure to digested milk resulted in a loss of transepithelial electrical resistance; however, exogenous mucin mitigated this loss. Data suggested that both milk and digested milk alleviated oxidative stress in the coculture, and both reduced hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative DNA damage, as demonstrated by the comet assay. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that breast milk reduces oxidative stress in a cell culture model representative of the intestinal mucosa, and also confirmed the suitability of this combined in vitro digestion/cell culture system for investigating the physiologic effects of enteral nutrients such as breast milk, under conditions similar to those existing in the gastrointestinal system of the preterm infant.
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Jin S, Ray RM, Johnson LR. TNF-alpha/cycloheximide-induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells requires Rac1-regulated reactive oxygen species. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294:G928-37. [PMID: 18218673 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00219.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Previously we have shown that both Rac1 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK1/2) are key proapoptotic molecules in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha/cycloheximide (CHX)-induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells, whereas the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in apoptosis is unclear. The present studies tested the hypothesis that Rac1-mediated ROS production is involved in TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. In this study, we showed that TNF-alpha/CHX-induced ROS production and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced oxidative stress increased apoptosis. Inhibition of Rac1 by a specific inhibitor NSC23766 prevented TNF-alpha-induced ROS production. The antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), or rotenone (Rot), the mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitor, attenuated mitochondrial ROS production and apoptosis. Rot also prevented JNK1/2 activation during apoptosis. Inhibition of Rac1 by expression of dominant negative Rac1 decreased TNF-alpha-induced mitochondrial ROS production. Moreover, TNF-alpha-induced cytosolic ROS production was inhibited by Rac1 inhibition, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase), and NAC. In addition, DPI inhibited TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis as judged by morphological changes, DNA fragmentation, and JNK1/2 activation. Mitochondrial membrane potential change is Rac1 or cytosolic ROS dependent. Lastly, all ROS inhibitors inhibited caspase-3 activity. Thus these results indicate that TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis requires Rac1-dependent ROS production in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Jin
- Dept. of Physiology, Univ. of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Ave., Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Abstract
AIM Heat shock proteins (Hsps) have been detected in various tissues, including those in the intestines, and play a role in cellular protection. Polyamines, such as spermine (SPM), are found in human milk (HM) and act as antioxidants. We hypothesized that the antioxidative property of SPM is related to the expression of Hsp and examined this relationship in an intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) line. METHOD (i) Confluent IEC-6 cells were exposed to mild heat shock (43 degrees C, 1 h) and then allowed to recover at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was applied to induce oxidative stress and cell viability was evaluated. (ii) Cells were exposed to mild heat shock or pre-incubated with HM or pre-incubated with 5 microM SPM for 24 h. Hsp70 expression in IEC-6 cells was analysed by Western blot. RESULTS The survival rate of cells treated with mild heat shock after H(2)O(2) challenge was significantly higher than that of non-pretreated cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated that Hsp70 was expressed in IEC-6 cells treated with mild heat shock but not in IEC-6 cells pre-incubated with HM or 5 microM SPM. CONCLUSION Mild heat shock treatment induces Hsp70, which acts as an antioxidant in IEC-6 cells, but HM or SPM does not induce Hsp70 in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Shoji
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Shoji H, Oguchi S, Shinohara K, Shimizu T, Yamashiro Y. Effects of iron-unsaturated human lactoferrin on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in intestinal epithelial cells. Pediatr Res 2007; 61:89-92. [PMID: 17211147 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000250198.22735.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human milk (HM) contains various bioactive antioxidants. Lactoferrin (Lf) has been assumed to be one of the major antioxidants in HM. We examined the antioxidative properties of iron-unsaturated human Lf (apo-hLf, the major form of Lf in HM) in two intestinal epithelial cell lines: (1) An intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6) were preincubated for 24 h with either 50 microg/mL of apo-hLf, iron-saturated human Lf (holo-hLf), iron-unsaturated bovine transferrin (apo-bTf), or 800 ng/mL of the iron-chelating compound deferoxamine (DFX), followed by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) challenge to induce oxidative stress. Survival rates were significantly higher in the cells preincubated with apo-hLf and DFX than those preincubated with holo-hLf. (2) Caco-2 cells were preincubated with or without apo-hLf for 24 h, followed by an H2O2 challenge. Intracellular oxidative stress was assessed by a fluorescent probe, 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA). Fluorescent intensity of cell images and cell homogenates was significantly lower in the cells preincubated with apo-hLF than those preincubated without apo-hLF. Our study indicates that apo-hLf alleviates H2O2-induced oxidative damage in intestinal cells due to the iron-chelating capacity. Therefore, Lf in HM may act as an antioxidant in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Shoji
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan.
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