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Abstract
Genital elephantiasis is a severe form of lymphedema of the groin. It is characterized by progressive enlargement and distortion of the genitals, presenting significant physical, psychological, and social challenges to the affected individuals. Although pharmacological treatment of filariasis is well-established in the medical field, the surgical management of genital elephantiasis can be varied and confusing. This review article provides an in-depth analysis of the etiology, classification, severity grading, and various effective surgical treatment and reconstructive modalities commonly employed by surgeons since the early twentieth century. We also discuss how a combination approach of ablation, soft tissue coverage, and lymphatic reconstruction is viable for treating genital elephantiasis. By examining the literature, we hope to provide insights into how surgery plays a role in the holistic management of genital elephantiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Mingfa Sun
- Department of Surgery, Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Service, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Yamamoto
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Wright T, Babula M, Schwartz J, Wright C, Danesh N, Herbst K. Lipedema Reduction Surgery Improves Pain, Mobility, Physical Function, and Quality of Life: Case Series Report. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2023; 11:e5436. [PMID: 38046224 PMCID: PMC10688775 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Lipedema is a chronic inflammatory subcutaneous adipose-rich connective tissue disease affecting millions of women worldwide. Disproportionate fat accumulation on the extremities characterized by heaviness, tenderness, and swelling can affect function, mobility, and quality of life. Treatments include conservative measures and lipedema reduction surgery (LRS). Here, we report lipedema comorbidities and surgical techniques, outcomes measures, and complications after LRS. Methods This is a single outpatient clinic retrospective chart review case series of comorbidities and complications in 189 women with lipedema. Bioelectrical impedance analyses, knee kinematics, gait, physical examinations, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System, and RAND Short Form-36 questionnaires collected before and after LRS were analyzed for 66 of the 189 women. Hemoglobin levels were measured by transdermal hemoglobin monitor (Masimo noninvasive hemoglobin monitoring; Irvine, Calif.). Results Common comorbidities in 189 women were hypermobile joints (50.5%), spider/varicose veins (48.6/24.5%), arthritis (29.1%), and hypothyroidism (25.9%). The most common complication in 5.5% of these women after LRS was lightheadedness with a 2-g reduction or more in hemoglobin. After conservative measures and LRS in 66 women, significant improvements (P ≤ 0.0009) were found for: (1) knee flexion (10 degrees); (2) gait; (3) Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System T-score (16%); (4) mobility questions: gait velocity, rising from a chair, stair ascent; (5) RAND Short Form-36 scores: physical functioning, energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, social function, general health; (6) and Bioelectrical impedance analyses total and segmental body fat mass. Conclusion LRS provided significant improvements to women with lipedema using direct physical measurements and validated outcome measures, comparable to those seen after total knee replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jaime Schwartz
- Total Lipedema Care, Beverly Hills, California and Tucson, Ariz
| | - Corbin Wright
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Mo
| | - Noah Danesh
- Total Lipedema Care, Beverly Hills, California and Tucson, Ariz
| | - Karen Herbst
- Total Lipedema Care, Beverly Hills, California and Tucson, Ariz
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Huang Y, Carlsson L, Jogeland K, Samuelsson M, Larsson L, Jonsborg C. Management of complications after skin surgery relevant for melanoma in the trunk and extremities during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case series report. World J Surg Oncol 2023; 21:280. [PMID: 37670317 PMCID: PMC10478401 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-023-03084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with melanoma have been found to be at greater risk of adverse outcomes including mortality after contacting COVID-19. Management of postsurgical complications presented additional challenges by potentially increasing exposure to COVID-19 through repeated inpatient admissions to hospital during the pandemic. We report four cases for which skin flaps, lymph ligation, and split-thickness skin graft (STSG) were successfully used in the treatment of complications in the trunk and extremities after wide local excision (WLE). This study details the operative experience in management of postsurgical complications for melanoma in the trunk and extremities during a 6-month period at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. CASE PRESENTATION We present 4 cases detailing management of complications that occurred after wide local excisions performed for melanoma during Feb. to Oct. 2020. Case 1: A 90-year-old man who experienced wound dehiscence and necrosis on the shoulder after non-radical excision for an aggressive melanoma and underwent the side-to-side closure after ellipse formed WLE with modified tangent-to-circle method. Case 2: An 80-year-old man who had undergone excision for melanoma in his left upper arm and histopathology did not show radically. Two weeks after the excision, he underwent a WLE and direct reconstruction with double rotation skin flap. Case 3: A 55-year-old man that experienced a large wound dehiscence on his back due to WLE. He underwent an advanced double skin flap operation. Case 4: A 36-year-old woman who had a lymphorrhea and graft necrosis after WLE and STSG on the right lower leg. A combination of micro lymph ligation and re-STSG was performed. One month after the operation, all wounds had healed. There was no clinical evidence of tumor recurrence after 8 months post procedure. CONCLUSIONS Severe complications (e.g., large wound dehiscence, necrosis, or lymphorrhea) following wide local excision of melanoma are infrequent but must be swiftly and appropriately managed, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic to decrease the likelihood of COVID-19 infection and impaired oncology outcomes from delaying systemic cancer therapy due to the complications in primary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglai Huang
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boras Hospital, Boras, Sweden.
| | - Lena Carlsson
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boras Hospital, Boras, Sweden
| | - Karin Jogeland
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boras Hospital, Boras, Sweden
| | - Marianne Samuelsson
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boras Hospital, Boras, Sweden
| | - Lars Larsson
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boras Hospital, Boras, Sweden
| | - Catarina Jonsborg
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boras Hospital, Boras, Sweden
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van la Parra RFD, Deconinck C, Pirson G, Servaes M, Fosseprez P. Lipedema: What we don't know. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2023; 84:302-312. [PMID: 37390539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2023.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipedema is a loose connective tissue disease characterized by a disproportionate accumulation of adipose tissue in the limbs of women. Despite its incidence of 10-20%, lipedema is often underdiagnosed and misdiagnosed. OBJECTIVES This review aims to outline current, available evidence regarding this enigmatic syndrome and gives a synopsis of the subjects that are still unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS PubMed and Embase searches were conducted to identify relevant articles on lipedema pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. RESULTS Lipedema can be considered a disease of the adipocytes or a circulatory disorder of the lymphatics. The relationship between lymphatics and adipose tissue remains controversial. The clinical distinction between lipedema, lymphedema, phlebolymphedema, and lipolymphedema can be difficult. Diagnoses often coexist, further complicating the diagnosis of lipedema, which is currently made on clinical grounds alone. The value of diagnostic imaging studies is unclear. Liposuction appears to be an effective treatment and significantly improves symptoms. CONCLUSION Diagnosing lipedema remains a challenge due to its heterogeneous presentation, co-existing diseases, and lack of objective diagnostic imaging. Further directions for research include the effect of excess skin resection surgery on lymphatic drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F D van la Parra
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, CHU UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
| | - C Deconinck
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, CHU UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - G Pirson
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, CHU UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - M Servaes
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, CHU UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Ph Fosseprez
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery, CHU UCL Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
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Comparison of the Effectiveness of Liposuction for Lower Limb versus Upper Limb Lymphedema. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051727. [PMID: 36902514 PMCID: PMC10003574 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Liposuction is the most frequently performed debulking procedure in patients with lymphedema. However, it remains uncertain whether liposuction is equally effective for upper extremity lymphedema (UEL) and lower extremity lymphedema (LEL). In this study, we retrospectively compared the effectiveness of liposuction according to whether it was performed for LEL or UEL, and identified factors associated with outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS All patients had been treated at least once by lymphovenous anastomosis or vascularized lymphatic transplant before liposuction but without sufficient volume reduction. The patients were divided into an LEL group and a UEL group, and then subdivided further according to whether they completed their planned compression therapy into an LEL compliance group, an LEL non-compliance group, a UEL compliance group, and a UEL non-compliance group. The reduction rates in LEL (REL) and in UEL (REU) were compared between the groups. RESULTS In total, 28 patients with unilateral lymphedema were enrolled (LEL compliance group, n = 12; LEL non-compliance group, n = 6; UEL compliance group, n = 10; UEL non-compliance group, n = 0). The non-compliance rate was significantly higher in the LEL group than in the UEL group (p = 0.04). REU was significantly higher than REL (100.1 ± 37.3% vs. 59.3 ± 49.4%; p = 0.03); however, there was no significant difference between REL in the LEL compliance group (86 ± 31%) and REU in the UEL group (101 ± 37%) (p = 0.32). CONCLUSION Liposuction seems to be more effective in UEL than in LEL, probably because the compression therapy required for management after liposuction is easier to implement for UEL. The lower pressure and smaller coverage area required for postoperative management after liposuction in the upper limb may explain why liposuction is more effective in UEL than in LEL.
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Lasso JM, Alonso-Farto JC. Indocyanine green-guided liposuction for patients presenting with residual nonpitting edema after lymphovenous anastomosis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2022; 75:2482-2492. [PMID: 35387757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2022.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lymphovenous anastomoses (LVA) techniques for the treatment of lymphedema are well defined, and results restoring lymph function are reported in the literature. However, unsatisfactory results (poor-responders) are common, leading to persistent nonpitting edema. Blind liposuction eliminates fat and fibrous tissue but may result in inadvertent damage to the lymph vessel system. Indocyanine green imaging of the lymphatic system provides the potential preservation of functioning lymphatics while conducting liposuction to address the excess adipose and fibrous tissue in these patients. Our study reports the results of a prospectively conducted technique in patients with nonpitting edema after failing previous LVA. It consists of indocyanine green-guided liposuction. PATIENTS AND METHOD Twenty poor-responders patients to LVA who presented with persistent nonpitting edema were operated with liposuction. Limb volume measurements, SPECT-CT/lymphoscintigraphy, and ICG lymphography were recorded and complemented with a satisfaction inquiry. RESULTS The overall percentage of volume reduction was 46.2% after liposuction (p = 0.001). None of our patients reported any set back with respect to the improvements they had achieved after LVA nor new infections. Satisfaction showed a mean improvement of 5 points in a 20-point scale. SPECT-CT/lymphoscintigraphy showed further improvements in 17 cases after liposuction, such as dermal back-flow reduction, spots along the lymphatic system, or lymph nodes not described in preoperative reports, without showing significant differences when compared with overall volume reduction (p = 0.12). CONCLUSION Controlled liposuction with ICG seems to be an effective technique for the reduction of residual non-pitting edema in poor responder patients after LVA. Overall, volume excess reduction after liposuction was 42.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lasso
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital Genertal Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
| | - J C Alonso-Farto
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Multimodality Approach to Lymphedema Surgery Achieves and Maintains Normal Limb Volumes: A Treatment Algorithm to Optimize Outcomes. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030598. [PMID: 35160049 PMCID: PMC8836570 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical treatment of advanced lymphedema is challenging and outcomes are suboptimal. Physiologic procedures including lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) and vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) improve lymphatic flow but cannot reverse fibrofatty tissue deposition, whereas liposuction removes fibrofatty tissue but cannot prevent disease progression. The adjunctive use of nanofibrillar collagen scaffolds (BioBridgeTM) can promote lymphangiogenesis. We report a treatment algorithm utilizing a multimodality approach to achieve sustained normal limb volumes in patients with stage II-III lymphedema. A retrospective review of late stage II-III lymphedema patients treated with liposuction, physiologic procedures, and BioBridgeTM from 2016 through 2019 was conducted. Treatment outcome in the form of excess volume reduction is reported. Total of 14 patients underwent surgical treatment of late stage II and III lymphedema according to our triple therapy algorithm. Patients had a baseline median volume excess of 29% (19.8, 43.3%). The median volume excess was improved to 0.5% (−4.3, 3.8%) at 14.4 months from the first stage surgery (p < 0.05) and further improved to −1.0% (−3.3, 1.3%) after triple therapy with BB placement at 24.6 months. A triple therapy surgical treatment algorithm can optimize outcomes and achieve sustained normalization of limb volume in late stage II-III lymphedema. The incorporation of nanofibrillar collagen scaffold technology allows for improved and sustained volume reduction.
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Yoshida S, Koshima I, Imai H, Roh S, Mese T, Uchiki T, Sasaki A, Nagamatsu S. Effect of Postoperative Compression Therapy on the Success of Liposuction in Patients with Advanced Lower Limb Lymphedema. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214852. [PMID: 34768372 PMCID: PMC8584961 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: There is limited information on postoperative care after liposuction for lymphedema limb. The aim of this retrospective study was to identify the threshold compression pressure and other factors that lead liposuction for lower limb lymphedema to success. Materials and Methods: Patients were divided according to whether they underwent compression therapy with both stockings and bandaging (SB group), stockings alone (S group), or bandaging alone (B group) for 6 months after liposuction. The postoperative compression pressure and rate of improvement were compared according to the postoperative compression method. We also investigated whether it was possible to decrease the compression pressure after 6 months. Liposuction was considered successful if improvement rate was >15. Results: Mean compression pressure was significantly lower in the S group than in the SB group or B group. The liposuction success rate was significantly higher in the SB group than in the B group or S group. There was not a significant difference between the values at 6 months after liposuction and at 6 months after a decrease in compression pressure in the successful group. Conclusion: Our results suggest that stable high-pressure postoperative compression therapy is key to the success of liposuction for lower limb lymphedema and is best achieved by using both stockings and bandages. The postoperative compression pressure required for liposuction to be successful was >40 mmHg on the lower leg and >20 mmHg on the thigh. These pressures could be decreased after 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Yoshida
- The International Center for Lymphedema, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (I.K.); (H.I.); (S.R.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-82-257-5555; Fax: +81-82-257-5851
| | - Isao Koshima
- The International Center for Lymphedema, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (I.K.); (H.I.); (S.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Hirofumi Imai
- The International Center for Lymphedema, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (I.K.); (H.I.); (S.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Solji Roh
- The International Center for Lymphedema, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (I.K.); (H.I.); (S.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Toshiro Mese
- The International Center for Lymphedema, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; (I.K.); (H.I.); (S.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Toshio Uchiki
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan; (T.U.); (A.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Ayano Sasaki
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan; (T.U.); (A.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Shogo Nagamatsu
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan; (T.U.); (A.S.); (S.N.)
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Brazio PS, Nguyen DH. Combined Liposuction and Physiologic Treatment Achieves Durable Limb Volume Normalization in Class II-III Lymphedema: A Treatment Algorithm to Optimize Outcomes. Ann Plast Surg 2021; 86:S384-S389. [PMID: 33976067 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000002695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Outcomes of surgical lymphedema treatment are currently suboptimal. Physiologic procedures including lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) and vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) reestablish lymphatic flow but cannot correct fibroadipose deposition, whereas liposuction alone cannot prevent disease progression. We propose a treatment algorithm combining liposuction with LVA or VLNT that can achieve normal limb volumes and prevent disease progression in stage II-III lymphedema. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review of patients undergoing liposuction and physiologic lymphedema operations at our institution between January 2016 and June 2019. Patients were assigned to treatment groups according to their clinical presentation: physiologic first, followed by no further treatment (physiologic only) or liposuction (physiologic then liposuction); liposuction then physiologic; or simultaneous. Preoperative patient characteristics and sequence of operations were recorded. Compression garment usage was self-reported. Limb volumes were approximated as a truncated cone. RESULTS Twenty-one patients met the inclusion criteria. The liposuction then physiologic group had significantly higher stage and excess limb volume at baseline, whereas the physiologic first groups had lower excess volume. While the physiologic only group had predominantly stage I disease, the patients who later required liposuction (physiologic then liposuction group) all had stage II disease. All groups achieved 82% to 106% mean excess volume reduction, and volume reduction was maintained for up to 2.4 years. Compression garment class was not reduced, but mean postoperative compression duration decreased from 12.5 to 7.5 h/d (P = 0.003). Ten of 11 patients with history of cellulitis had no further recurrence. CONCLUSION Lymphedema represents a continuum of fluid and fibroadipose disease. Accurate staging and timely treatment with physiologic procedures and liposuction can normalize limb volume. We propose a treatment algorithm to optimize outcomes. Patients with predominantly nonpitting presentation benefit from liposuction to maximize removal of fibroadipose tissue and optimize postoperative compression, followed by LVA or VLNT to improve lymphatic drainage. Patients with primarily pitting edema are best treated with physiologic procedures initially, reserving selective liposuction as a second stage. Patients with mixed presentation are best served by single-stage combination procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S Brazio
- From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
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Forner-Cordero I, Forner-Cordero A, Szolnoky G. Update in the management of lipedema. INT ANGIOL 2021; 40:345-357. [PMID: 33870676 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-9590.21.04604-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lipedema is a chronic feminine disease that causes abnormal fat deposition in lower limbs and occasionally upper limbs. Easy bruising and pain are common. Lipedema patients suffer from both physical and psychological disability. Despite the relatively high prevalence and the impact on the quality of life, little is known about the disease. The majority of patients are misdiagnosed as lymphedema or obesity. The objective was to perform a non-systematic review on lipedema literature, related to diagnosis and therapy. Regarding pathophysiology, alterations are not exclusively confined to adipose tissue. Lymphatic dysfunction, cardiovascular variations, blood capillary fragility and increased permeability are common. Patients often present with neurological alterations and hormonal malfunction. Elevated cutaneous sodium has been documented. Due to the absence of a defined etiology, evidence-based research is difficult in the management of lipedema. The setting of realistic expectations is important for both patient and medical care provider. The major aims of the management are multimodal for improvements in the quality of life; reduction in heaviness and pain, reshaping the affected limbs, weight control, improvements in mobility. Compression garments, physical therapy, exercise regimens, diet and psychological counseling are necessities. For selected patients, surgical treatment is an added option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Forner-Cordero
- Lymphedema Unit, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain -
| | | | - Győző Szolnoky
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Abstract
ZusammenfassungDas Lymphödem ist eine multifaktorielle Erkrankung, die durch Ödem, interstitielle Fibrose und, im späteren Verlauf, durch Fettgewebsablagerungen charakterisiert ist. Das klinische Erscheinungsbild variiert je nach Stadium und geht mit unterschiedlich großen physischen, psychologischen und sozioökonomischen Einschränkungen einher.Ein Lymphödem kann sowohl primär aufgrund genetisch bedingter abnormer Entwicklungsabläufe auftreten als auch sekundär als Folge von Trauma, Bestrahlung oder Infektion. Die Unterscheidung in primäres und sekundäres Lymphödem gibt dabei neben der Ursache auch Rückschlüsse über die zu erwartenden Erfolgsaussichten einer mikrochirurgischen Intervention.In der plastischen und rekonstruktiven Chirurgie kann durch zweierlei Verfahren eine Verbesserung des Krankheitsbildes erzielt werden. Einerseits durch ablative Verfahren, wie beispielsweise die Liposuktion oder Resektion von überschüssigem Gewebe, und andererseits durch physiologische, mikro- und supermikrochirurgische Techniken zur Wiederherstellung des Lymphabtransportes, wie beispielsweise die vaskularisierte Lymphknotentransplantation („vascularized lymph node transfer“, VLNT) und die Anlage lymphovenöser Anastomosen (LVA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines E. Tinhofer
- Plastische und Rekonstruktive Chirurgie, Abteilung für Chirurgie, Göttlicher-Heiland-Krankenhaus
| | - Johannes Steinbacher
- Plastische und Rekonstruktive Chirurgie, Abteilung für Chirurgie, Göttlicher-Heiland-Krankenhaus
| | - Chieh-Han J. Tzou
- Plastische und Rekonstruktive Chirurgie, Abteilung für Chirurgie, Göttlicher-Heiland-Krankenhaus
- TZOU MEDICAL, Lymphödemzentrum Wien
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Aksoy H, Karadag AS, Wollina U. Cause and management of lipedema-associated pain. Dermatol Ther 2020; 34:e14364. [PMID: 33001552 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipedema is a painful, underdiagnosed adipose tissue disorder, characterized by symmetrical swelling of the extremities due to subcutaneous fat deposition in the buttocks, thighs, legs, and arms, sparing the most distal part of the extremities. Although etiology and pathogenesis of lipedema is unclear, possible role of hormonal and genetic factors have been proposed previously. Patients with lipedema suffer from pain, easy bruising, tenderness, and disfigurement. Pain is the leading symptom in lipedema. Since the pain is associated with depression and impaired quality of life, reduction of pain is the major therapeutic approach. Pain in lipedema is attributed to allodynia, exaggerated sympathetic signaling, and estrogens. Although the mechanism of pain in lipedema is uncertain, effective treatment of lipedema should provide a satisfactory pain reduction. Efficacy of the conservative treatment is a matter of debate. Microcannular tumescent liposuction is the most effective therapeutic option for lipedema. There is a large body of evidence that this procedure significantly reduces pain in patients with lipedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Aksoy
- Department of Dermatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Serap Karadag
- Department of Dermatology, Istanbul Medeniyet University, School of Medicine, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Technical University, Dresden, Germany
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Water-jet-assisted liposuction for the treatment of lipedema: Standardized treatment protocol and results of 63 patients. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 73:1637-1644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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van de Pas CB, Boonen RS, Stevens S, Willemsen S, Valkema R, Neumann M. Does tumescent liposuction damage the lymph vessels in lipoedema patients? Phlebology 2019; 35:231-236. [PMID: 31674863 PMCID: PMC7178148 DOI: 10.1177/0268355519885217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Lymphatic insufficiency might play a significant role in the pathophysiology
of lipoedema. Liposuction is up to now the best treatment. As liposuction is
invasive, the technique could destruct parts of the lymphatic system and by
this aggravate the lymphatic component and/or induce lymphoedema. We
investigated the function of the lymphatic system in lipoedema patients
before and after tumescent liposuction and thus whether tumescent
liposuction can be regarded as a safe treatment. Methods Lymphoscintigraphy was performed to quantify the lymph outflow of 117
lipoedema patients. Mean clearance percentages of radioactive protein loaded
after 1 min with respect to the total injected dose and corrected for decay
of the radiopharmaceutical in the subcutaneous lymphatics were used as
functional quantitative parameters as well as the clearance percentages and
inguinal uptake 2 h post injection. The results of lymphatic function in
lipoedema patients were compared with values obtained from normal healthy
volunteers. We also compared 50 lymphoscintigraphies out of the previous 117
lipoedema patients before and six months after tumescent liposuction. Results In 117 lipoedema patients clearance 2 h post injection in the right and left
foot was disturbed in 79.5 and 87.2% respectively. The inguinal uptake 2 h
post injection in the right and left groin was disturbed in 60.3 and 64.7%
respectively. In 50 lipoedema patients mean clearance and inguinal uptake
after tumescent liposuction were slightly improved, 0.01 (p = 0.37) versus
0.02 (p = 0.02), respectively. This is statistically not relevant in
clearance. Conclusion Lipoedema legs have a delayed lymph transport. Tumescent liposuction does not
diminish the lymphatic function in lipoedema patients, thus tumescent
liposuction can be regarded as a safe treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantalle B van de Pas
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Polikliniek de Blaak, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Kliniek De Medici, Blaricum, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sten Willemsen
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roelf Valkema
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martino Neumann
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Hoffner M, Ohlin K, Svensson B, Manjer J, Hansson E, Troëng T, Brorson H. Liposuction Gives Complete Reduction of Arm Lymphedema following Breast Cancer Treatment-A 5-year Prospective Study in 105 Patients without Recurrence. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2018; 6:e1912. [PMID: 30324078 PMCID: PMC6181505 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arm lymphedema is a well-recognized complication after breast cancer surgery that negatively impacts patients' quality of life, both physiologically and psychologically. Lymph stasis and inflammation result in excess formation of adipose tissue, which makes removal of the deposited subcutaneous fat necessary to eliminate the excess volume. Liposuction, combined with postoperative controlled compression therapy (CCT), is the only treatment that gives complete reduction of the excess volume. The aim of this study was to evaluate the 5-year results after liposuction in combination with CCT. METHODS Patients consecutively operated on between 1993 and 2012 were identified from the lymphedema registry, comprising all patients with nonpitting lymphedema treated with liposuction and CCT in our department. Standardized forms were used to collect pre-, peri-, and postoperative data. RESULTS One hundred five women with nonpitting edema were treated. The mean interval between the breast cancer operation and lymphedema start was 2.9 ± 5.0 years, the mean duration of lymphedema was 10 ± 7.4 years, and the preoperative mean excess volume was 1,573 ± 645 ml. The mean volume aspirated was 1,831 ± 599 ml. Postoperative mean reduction 5 years postoperatively was 117% ± 26% as compared with the healthy arm. CONCLUSION Liposuction is an effective method for the treatment of chronic, nonpitting, arm lymphedema resistant to conservative treatment. The volume reduction remains complete after 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Hoffner
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Blekinge Hospital, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Karin Ohlin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Barbro Svensson
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonas Manjer
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Emma Hansson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Troëng
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Brorson
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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16
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Reich-Schupke S, Schmeller W, Brauer WJ, Cornely ME, Faerber G, Ludwig M, Lulay G, Miller A, Rapprich S, Richter DF, Schacht V, Schrader K, Stücker M, Ure C. S1-Leitlinie Lipödem. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018; 15:758-768. [PMID: 28677176 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13036_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Die vorliegende überarbeitete Leitlinie zum Lipödem wurde unter der Federführung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Phlebologie (DGP) erstellt und finanziert. Die Inhalte beruhen auf einer systematischen Literaturrecherche und dem Konsens von acht medizinischen Fachgesellschaften und Berufsverbänden. Die Leitlinie beinhaltet Empfehlungen zu Diagnostik und Therapie des Lipödems. Die Diagnose ist dabei auf der Basis von Anamnese und klinischem Befund zu stellen. Charakteristisch ist eine umschriebene, symmetrisch lokalisierte Vermehrung des Unterhautfettgewebes an den Extremitäten mit deutlicher Disproportion zum Stamm. Zusätzlich finden sich Ödeme, Hämatomneigung und eine gesteigerte Schmerzhaftigkeit der betroffenen Körperabschnitte. Weitere apparative Untersuchungen sind bisher besonderen Fragestellungen vorbehalten. Die Erkrankung ist chronisch progredient mit individuell unterschiedlichem und nicht vorhersehbarem Verlauf. Die Therapie besteht aus vier Säulen, die individuell kombiniert und an das aktuelle Beschwerdebild angepasst werden sollten: komplexe physikalische Entstauungstherapie (manuelle Lymphdrainage, Kompressionstherapie, Bewegungstherapie, Hautpflege), Liposuktion und plastisch-chirurgische Interventionen, Ernährung und körperliche Aktivität sowie ggf. additive Psychotherapie. Operative Maßnahmen sind insbesondere dann angezeigt, wenn trotz konsequent durchgeführter konservativer Therapie noch Beschwerden bestehen bzw. eine Progredienz des Befundes und/oder der Beschwerden auftritt. Eine begleitend zum Lipödem bestehende morbide Adipositas sollte vor einer Liposuktion therapeutisch angegangen werden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Malte Ludwig
- Gefäßzentrum, Benedictus Krankenhaus Tutzingen GmbH & Co. KG, Tutzingen
| | - Gerd Lulay
- Gefäß- und Lymphzentrum Nord-West am Mathias-Spital, Rheine
| | | | | | | | - Vivien Schacht
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Venerologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
| | - Klaus Schrader
- FA für Allgemeinmedizin, Phlebologie, Lymphologe BVL/DGL(TM)
| | - Markus Stücker
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum
| | - Christian Ure
- Lymphklinik Wolfsberg, Landeskrankenhaus Wolfsberg, Österreich
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17
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Reich-Schupke S, Schmeller W, Brauer WJ, Cornely ME, Faerber G, Ludwig M, Lulay G, Miller A, Rapprich S, Richter DF, Schacht V, Schrader K, Stücker M, Ure C. S1 guidelines: Lipedema. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018; 15:758-767. [PMID: 28677175 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present, revised guidelines on lipedema were developed under the auspices of and funded by the German Society of Phlebology (DGP). The recommendations are based on a systematic literature search and the consensus of eight medical societies and working groups. The guidelines contain recommendations with respect to diagnosis and management of lipedema. The diagnosis is established on the basis of medical history and clinical findings. Characteristically, there is a localized, symmetrical increase in subcutaneous adipose tissue in arms and legs that is in marked disproportion to the trunk. Other findings include edema, easy bruising, and increased tenderness. Further diagnostic tests are usually reserved for special cases that require additional workup. Lipedema is a chronic, progressive disorder marked by the individual variability and unpredictability of its clinical course. Treatment consists of four therapeutic mainstays that should be combined as necessary and address current clinical symptoms: complex physical therapy (manual lymphatic drainage, compression therapy, exercise therapy, and skin care), liposuction and plastic surgery, diet, and physical activity, as well as psychotherapy if necessary. Surgical procedures are indicated if - despite thorough conservative treatment - symptoms persist, or if there is progression of clinical findings and/or symptoms. If present, morbid obesity should be therapeutically addressed prior to liposuction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gabriele Faerber
- Vascular Center, Benedictus Hospital Tutzingen GmbH & Co. KG, Tutzingen, Germany
| | - Malte Ludwig
- Center for Vascular and Lymphatic Medicine Nord-West at the Mathias Hospital, Rheine, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefan Rapprich
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Dreifaltigkeits-Krankenhaus University Teaching Hospital Wesseling, Germany
| | - Dirk Frank Richter
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venereology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Vivien Schacht
- Board-certified in General Medicine, Phlebology, Lymphology BVL/DGL(TM)
| | - Klaus Schrader
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Stücker
- Institute for Vascular Medicine, Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Christian Ure
- Wolfsberg Clinical Center for Lymphatic Disorders, Wolfsberg State Hospital, Austria
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18
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Depairon M, Tomson D, Lessert C, Mazzolai L. [Lipedema, the Unknown]. PRAXIS 2018; 107:1071-1076. [PMID: 30278840 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipedema, the Unknown Abstract. Lipoedema patients suffer from the widespread ignorance of their pathology. Considering its chronic, progressive and invalidating character, the early diagnosis of the disease must constitute the challenge of their caregivers in order to limit medical wanderings and the occurrence of complex clinical pictures. Treatments allow the reduction of lipedema and its long-term control. Management must be individualized according to the stage of the disease. The adherence of the patient, the supervision and the support of the practitioner are essential for obtaining the best results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Depairon
- 1 Médecin-adjoint, PD&MER, Service d'Angiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)
| | - Didier Tomson
- 1 Médecin-adjoint, PD&MER, Service d'Angiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)
| | - Claudia Lessert
- 1 Médecin-adjoint, PD&MER, Service d'Angiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)
| | - Lucia Mazzolai
- 2 Département Cœur et Vaisseaux, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)
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19
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Lymphocele Following Liposuction in the Thigh. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2017; 41:1408-1412. [PMID: 28664307 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-017-0930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocele has not been reported as a complication after liposuction. In this study, we present the case of a patient who developed a cystic lesion after liposuction in her right thigh. The cyst could contract and evolve. The diagnosis of pseudobursa seroma (late seroma) was first considered. However, lymphoscintigraphy showed that lymphatic fluid accumulated in the cyst, and lymphatic vessel connected with it. The final diagnose was a lymphocele. After interventional therapy and conservative treatment failed, the lymphocele was resected. The subcutaneous soft tissue around the cyst was divided into bundles and then ligated with the purpose of blocking lymph leakage from the lymphatic duct. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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20
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Liposuction in the Treatment of Lipedema: A Longitudinal Study. Arch Plast Surg 2017; 44:324-331. [PMID: 28728329 PMCID: PMC5533060 DOI: 10.5999/aps.2017.44.4.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipedema is a condition consisting of painful bilateral increases in subcutaneous fat and interstitial fluid in the limbs with secondary lymphedema and fibrosis during later stages. Combined decongestive therapy (CDT) is the standard of care in most countries. Since the introduction of tumescent technique, liposuction has been used as a surgical treatment option. The aim of this study was to determine the outcome of liposuction used as treatment for lipedema. Methods Twenty-five patients who received 72 liposuction procedures for the treatment of lipedema completed a standardized questionnaire. Lipedema-associated complaints and the need for CDT were assessed for the preoperative period and during 2 separate postoperative follow-ups using a visual analog scale and a composite CDT score. The mean follow-up times for the first postoperative follow-up and the second postoperative follow-up were 16 months and 37 months, respectively. Results Patients showed significant reductions in spontaneous pain, sensitivity to pressure, feeling of tension, bruising, cosmetic impairment, and general impairment to quality of life from the preoperative period to the first postoperative follow-up, and these results remained consistent until the second postoperative follow-up. A comparison of the preoperative period to the last postoperative follow-up, after 4 patients without full preoperative CDT were excluded from the analysis, indicated that the need for CDT was reduced significantly. An analysis of the different stages of the disease also indicated that better and more sustainable results could be achieved if patients were treated in earlier stages. Conclusions Liposuction is effective in the treatment of lipedema and leads to an improvement in quality of life and a decrease in the need for conservative therapy.
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21
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Fibro-Lipo-Lymph-Aspiration With a Lymph Vessel Sparing Procedure to Treat Advanced Lymphedema After Multiple Lymphatic-Venous Anastomoses. Ann Plast Surg 2017; 78:184-190. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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23
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Hadamitzky C, Pabst R, Gordon K, Vogt PM. Surgical procedures in lymphedema management. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2014; 2:461-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Surgical Treatment for Lymphedema: Optimal Timing and Optimal Techniques. J Am Coll Surg 2013; 216:1221-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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MR lymphography of lymphatic vessels in lower extremity with gynecologic oncology-related lymphedema. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50319. [PMID: 23209708 PMCID: PMC3509000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To characterize lymphatic vessel morphology in lower extremity lymphedema using MR lymphography at 3T. Study Design Forty females with lower extremity lymphedema secondary to gynecologic carcinoma treatment underwent MR lymphography (MRL) at 3T. Lymphatic vessel morphology in normal and affected limbs was compared. Results The median diameter of the lymphatic vessels in swollen calf and thigh were significantly larger than that in the contralateral calf and thigh, respectively (p<0.05). The median number of lymphatic vessels visualized in normal calf was less than that in the lymphedematous calf (p<0.01), while no significant difference was found between the normal thigh and swollen thigh. Lymphatic vessel number in the affected calf was significantly greater than that in affected thigh and the mean diameter of affected calf was also significantly wider than that of affected thigh (p<0.01). Mean diameter of lymphatic vessels in the affected calf was significantly different between stage I and stage III (p<0.05), but not significantly different between stages I and II, and between stages II and III (p>0.05). The median number of lymphatic vessels for affected calf showed significant difference between stage I and stage III, and between stage II and stage III (p<0.05), but no significant difference between stage I and stage II (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in mean diameter or median number of lymphatic vessels in the affected thigh found between different stages (p>0.05). Conclusion There are significant differences in the number or diameter of lymphatic vessels between normal and affected limbs and there are significant differences for affected calf between early and late stages of lymphedema; therefore, MR lymphography can be helpful in diagnosis or clinical staging for lower extremity with gynecologic oncology-related lymphedema.
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Abstract
Lipedema is a clinical entity frequently misdiagnosed or confound with primary lymphedema. Lipedema is a disorder of adipose tissue that occurs almost exclusively in obese women. It is characterized by bilateral enlargement from hip to ankle due to abnormal depositions of subcutaneous fat associated with often mild edema, usually sparing the feet. Disease onset is usually at or soon after puberty. Lipedema results in considerable frustration and distress resulting from the cosmetic appearance. Patients may complain of pain, tenderness, easy bruising of the affected areas with moderate to severe sensitivity to digital pressure or pinching. Imaging studies using computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, lymphoscintigraphy are not indicated, except if the diagnosis is atypic or doubtful. Long-term evolution may alter lymphatic system and lead to a lipo-lymphedema with specific complications such as cellulitis. Lipedema management is not codified and included weight loss (poorly improving leg appearance or discomfort), psychological counselling and compression therapy. Liposuction, especially using tumescent local anaesthesia, may reduce edema, spontaneous pain, sensitivity to pressure, bruising and improve appearance resulting in a important increase in quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vignes
- Unité de lymphologie, centre national de référence des maladies vasculaires rares (lymphœdèmes primaires), hôpital Cognacq-Jay, 15, rue Eugène-Millon, 75015 Paris, France.
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27
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Mehrara BJ, Zampell JC, Suami H, Chang DW. Surgical management of lymphedema: past, present, and future. Lymphat Res Biol 2012; 9:159-67. [PMID: 22066746 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2011.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in surgical management of lymphedema have provided options for patients who have failed conservative management with manual lymphatic massage and/or compression garments. The purpose of this review is to provide a historical background to the surgical treatment of lymphedema and how these options have evolved over time. In addition, we aim to delineate the various types of surgical approaches available, indications for surgery, and reported outcomes. Our goal is to increase awareness of these options and foster research to improve their outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak J Mehrara
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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28
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Schmeller W, Hueppe M, Meier-Vollrath I. Tumescent liposuction in lipoedema yields good long-term results. Br J Dermatol 2011; 166:161-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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30
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Langendoen S, Habbema L, Nijsten T, Neumann H. Lipoedema: from clinical presentation to therapy. A review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161:980-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Eryilmaz T, Kaya B, Ozmen S, Kandal S. Suction-assisted lipectomy for treatment of lower-extremity lymphedema. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2009; 33:671-3. [PMID: 19434444 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-009-9351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lymphedema typically occurs on the extremities and affects millions of people throughout the world. Although currently there is no single treatment proven effective for lymphedema in every patient, suction-assisted lipectomy has been shown to be effective in some patients. Suction-assisted lipectomy offers patients with lower-extremity lymphedema a less invasive, less morbid surgical option compared with traditional excisional techniques. In this article we present a case of lymphedema reduction with suction-assisted lipectomy in a patient with bilateral lower-extremity lymphedema.
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32
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Water jet-assisted liposuction for patients with lipoedema: histologic and immunohistologic analysis of the aspirates of 30 lipoedema patients. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2009; 33:153-62. [PMID: 18663515 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-008-9214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipoedema is a fat distribution disorder causing massive, bilaterally symmetrical enlargement of the lower and in some cases the upper extremities in women. The atraumatic, anatomically appropriate procedure of water jet-assisted liposuction available today represents a promising treatment for these patients who generally suffer from severe subjective and objective impairment. Liposuction treatment can bring long-term improvement if the operative technique focuses on lymph vessel preservation. Immunohistologic analyses show minimal evidence of lymph vessel structures in lipoaspirates. The histologic analysis of the aspirates documents a relatively specific removal ("apheresis") of primarily intact lipocytes with low vascular amount.
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33
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Qi F, Gu J, Shi Y, Yang Y. Treatment of upper limb lymphedema with combination of liposuction, myocutaneous flap transfer, and lymph-fascia grafting: A preliminary study. Microsurgery 2009; 29:29-34. [DOI: 10.1002/micr.20567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Schacht V, Luedemann W, Abels C, Berens von Rautenfeld D. Anatomy of the Subcutaneous Lymph Vascular Network of the Human Leg in Relation to the Great Saphenous Vein. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:87-93. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Outcome Analysis of Combined Lipoabdominoplasty versus Conventional Abdominoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008; 121:1821-1829. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e31816b1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Schmeller W, Meier-Vollrath I. Tumescent liposuction: a new and successful therapy for lipedema. J Cutan Med Surg 2007; 10:7-10. [PMID: 17241565 DOI: 10.1007/7140.2006.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipedema is a rare and painful disease in women. Until recently, it could be treated only by conservative methods (combined physical therapy). OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy and safety of surgery (liposuction) concerning appearance and associated complaints. METHODS Twenty-eight patients, who had undergone conservative therapy over a period of years, were treated by liposuction under tumescent local anesthesia with vibrating microcannulas. Twenty-one could be reevaluated after an average of 12.2 (1-26) months. RESULTS All showed great improvement, with normalization of body proportions. Additionally, spontaneous pain, sensitivity to pressure, and bruising either disappeared completely or improved markedly. Other than minor swelling for a few days, no complications could be observed following surgery. All patients reported a tremendous increase in their quality of life. Physical therapy had to be continued to a much lower degree. CONCLUSION Tumescent liposuction has proved to be a safe and effective treatment for lipedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Schmeller
- Hanse-Clinic, Clinic for Liposuction, Esthetic Dermatology and Surgery, Luebeck, Germany.
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37
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Greene AK, Slavin SA, Borud L. Treatment of Lower Extremity Lymphedema with Suction-Assisted Lipectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 118:118e-121e. [PMID: 17016168 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000237020.29209.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arin K Greene
- Boston, Mass. From the Division of Plastic Surgery and Lymphedema Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School
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Abstract
A technique for lipectomy used on rolls of fat in the back is presented. It is proposed that multiplanar and aggressive liposuction in this region exaggerates the feminine waist and results in a lifting effect on the fat rolls. It is proposed that suction performed in a vertical way creates a new vertical collagen framework that supports skin in an antigravitational manner. Fat from fat rolls is aggressively suctioned in a multiplanar way to obtain a very thin adipose flap. The direction of suction is always perpendicular to the axis of the fat roll. The location of the incisions is cranial or caudal to the fat roll. This means they are vertical or longitudinal to the body axis. All the patients showed a marked improvement in both the clinical and photographic evaluations. The percentage of correction to the waist curvature was 26%. Only 11% of the patients showed minimal cutaneous irregularities (residual fat and depressions). Fat removal by multiplanar liposuction accomplished in a vertical way on the back rolls produces excellent results. The improvement results from the thin cutaneous flap needing to redrape over a longer concave waist curvature. On the other hand, the cutaneous flap readapts better in a vertical way because the new vertical collagen framework supports skin in an antigravitational manner. With this technique, postoperative edema is minimized. Lymph vessels have the same vertical direction from top to bottom, and thus are less injured.
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39
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Lynch PM, Schmid-Schönbein GW. Literature watch. Parker LH, Schmidt M, Jin S-W, Gray AM, Beis D, Pham T, Frantz G, Paliert S, Hillan K, Stainier DYR, de Sauvage FJ, Ye W. The endothelial-cell-derived secreted factor Egf17 regulates vascular tube formation. Nature 2004; 428(6984):754-758. Lymphat Res Biol 2005; 2:96-100. [PMID: 15615491 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2004.2.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Lynch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA
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