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Reininghaus EZ, Lenger M, Schönthaler EMD, Fellendorf FT, Stross T, Schwarz M, Moll N, Reininghaus B, Dalkner N. Changes in tryptophan breakdown associated with response to multimodal treatment in depression. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1380620. [PMID: 38974918 PMCID: PMC11224482 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1380620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Research on depression showed that dysregulations in tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), and its KYN pathway metabolites are key aspects in the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms. In our previous reports, we described sex-specific changes in TRP breakdown as well as changes in KYN and KYN/TRP in association with treatment response and inflammatory and metabolic parameters. However, results of treatment effects on KYN pathway metabolites as well as how pathway changes are related to treatment response remain sparse. Objective We investigated potential changes of KYN and KYN pathway metabolites in association with therapeutic response of individuals with depression during a six-week multimodal psychiatric rehabilitation program. Methods 87 participants were divided into treatment responders and non-responders (48 responders, 39 non-responders; 38 male, 49 female; M age = 51.09; SD age = 7.70) using scores of psychological questionnaires. KYN pathway metabolites serum concentrations as well as their ratios were collected using high performance liquid chromatography. Changes over time (time of admission (t1) vs. time of discharge (t2)) were calculated using repeated measure analyses of (co)variance. Results Non-responders exhibited higher levels of 3-Hydroxyanthralinic acid (3-HAA), nicotinic acid (NA), and 3-HAA/KYN, independently of measurement time. NA levels decreased, while 3-HAA levels increased over time in both groups, independently of treatment response. 3-HK/KYN levels decreased, while KYN levels increased in non-responders, but not in responders over time. Discussion The results indicate that some compounds of the KYN pathway metabolites can be altered through multimodal long-term interventions in association with treatment response. Especially the pathway degrading KYN further down to 3-HAA and 3-HK/KYN might be decisive for treatment response in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Z. Reininghaus
- Clinical Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Lenger
- Clinical Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Elena M. D. Schönthaler
- Clinical Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Frederike T. Fellendorf
- Clinical Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tatjana Stross
- Clinical Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Schwarz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Natalie Moll
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University (LMU), Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Reininghaus
- Clinical Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nina Dalkner
- Clinical Division of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Orhan F, Schwieler L, Engberg G, Samuelsson M. Kynurenine Metabolites in CSF and Plasma in Healthy Males. Int J Tryptophan Res 2024; 17:11786469241245323. [PMID: 38665132 PMCID: PMC11044574 DOI: 10.1177/11786469241245323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, kynurenine metabolites generated by tryptophan catabolism have gained increasing attention in the context of brain diseases. The question of importance is whether there is a relationship between peripheral and central levels of these metabolites. Some of these compounds do not cross the blood-brain barrier; in particular, kynurenic acid, and most analyses of kynurenines from psychiatric patients have been performed using plasma samples. In the present study, we recruited 30 healthy volunteers with no history of psychiatric or neurological diagnosis, to analyze tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and quinolinic acid levels in CSF and plasma. In addition, kynurenic acid was analyzed in urine. The most important finding of this study is that CSF kynurenic acid levels do not correlate with those in plasma or urine. However, we found a correlation between plasma kynurenine and CSF kynurenic acid. Further, plasma kynurenine and plasma quinolinic acid were correlated. Our findings clarify the distribution of tryptophan and its metabolites in various body compartments and may serve as a guide for the analysis of these metabolites in humans. The most significant finding of the present study is that a prediction of brain kynurenic acid by of the analysis of the compound in plasma cannot be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Orhan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lilly Schwieler
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Engberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Samuelsson
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, Linköping University Hospital, Sweden
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Zhao T, Liu T, Wang L, Xie K, Tang H, Tang M. Dysfunction of neurotransmitter metabolism is associated with the severity of depression in first-diagnosed, drug-naïve depressed patients. J Affect Disord 2024; 349:332-341. [PMID: 38199403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Biochemical changes of neurotransmitters underlying major depressive disorder (MDD) are unknown. This study preliminarily explored the association between neurotransmitters with MDD and the possibility of objective laboratory prediction of neurotransmitter involvement in MDD. METHODS A total of 87 first-diagnosed, drug-naïve patients with depression and 50 healthy controls (HCs) were included in the cross-sectional study. The levels and turnovers of neurotransmitters (glutamine (GLN), glutamic acid (GLU), γ-2Aminobutiric acid (GABA), kainate (KA), vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), 3-methoxy 4-hydroxyphenyl ethylene glycol (MHPG), noradrenaline (NE), homovanillic acid (HVA), dihydroxy-phenyl acetic acid (DOPAC), dopamine (DA), tryptophane (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)) were determined and the confounding factors were adjusted. Then a correlation and a predictive analysis towards neurotransmitters for MDD were performed. RESULTS After adjusting confounding factors, GLU (OR = 1.159), (GLU+ GABA)/GLN (OR = 1.217), DOPAC (OR = 1.106), DOPAC/DA (OR = 1.089) and (DOPAC+ HVA)/DA (OR = 1.026) enacted as risk factors of MDD, while KYN (OR = 0.992) was a protective factor. GABAergic and TRPergic pathways were associated with severity of depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with depression. The predictive model for MDD (AUC = 0.775, 95%CI 0.683-0.860) consisted of KYN (OR = 0.990) and (GLU + GABA)/GLN (OR = 4.101). CONCLUSIONS First-diagnosed, drug-naïve depression patients showed abnormal neurotransmitter composition. GLU, (GLU + GABA)/GLN, DOPAC, DOPAC/DA and (DOPAC + HVA)/DA were risk factors of MDD, while KYN was a protective factor. GABAergic and TRPergic pathways were correlated with MDD clinical characteristics. KYN and (GLU + GABA)/GLN may have a predictive value for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Lu Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders and Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Kaiqiang Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hui Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Mimi Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan Province, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
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4
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Dogrul BN. Indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors as a potential treatment for somatic symptoms. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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6
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A role of serotonin and the insula in vigor: Tracking environmental and physiological resources. Behav Brain Sci 2021; 44:e136. [PMID: 34588079 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x21000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We describe a neural monitor of environmental and physiological resources that informs effort expenditure. Depending on resources and environmental stability, serotonergic and dopaminergic neuromodulations favor different behavioral controls that are organized in corticostriatal loops. This broader perspective produces some suggestions and questions that may not be covered by the foraging approach to vigor of Shadmehr and Ahmed (2020).
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Zhu X, Hu J, Deng S, Tan Y, Qiu C, Zhang M, Ni X, Lu H, Wang Z, Li L, Luo Y, Huang S, Xiao T, Liu S, Li X, Shang D, Wen Y. Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis of the Kynurenine Pathway in Mood Disorders: Focus on Gut Microbiota Research. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:687757. [PMID: 34239441 PMCID: PMC8258344 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.687757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Emerging evidence implicates the dysregulated kynurenine pathway (KP), an immune-inflammatory pathway, in the pathophysiology of mood disorders (MD), including depression and bipolar disorder characterized by a low-grade chronic pro-inflammatory state. The metabolites of the KP, an important part of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, serve as immune system modulators linking the gut microbiota (GM) with the host central nervous system. Aim: This bibliometric analysis aimed to provide a first glimpse into the KP in MD, with a focus on GM research in this field, to guide future research and promote the development of this field. Methods: Publications relating to the KP in MD between the years 2000 and 2020 were retrieved from the Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), and analyzed in CiteSpace (5.7 R5W), biblioshiny (using R-Studio), and VOSviewer (1.6.16). Results: In total, 1,064 and 948 documents were extracted from the Scopus and WoSCC databases, respectively. The publications have shown rapid growth since 2006, partly owing to the largest research hotspot appearing since then, “quinolinic acid.” All the top five most relevant journals were in the neuropsychiatry field, such as Brain Behavior and Immunity. The United States and Innsbruck Medical University were the most influential country and institute, respectively. Journal co-citation analysis showed a strong tendency toward co-citation of research in the psychiatry field. Reference co-citation analysis revealed that the top four most important research focuses were “kynurenine pathway,” “psychoneuroimmunology,” “indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase,” and “proinflammatory cytokines,” and the most recent focus was “gut-brain axis,” thus indicating the role of the KP in bridging the GM and the host immune system, and together reflecting the field’s research foundations. Overlap analysis between the thematic map of keywords and the keyword burst analysis revealed that the topics “Alzheimer’s disease,” “prefrontal cortex,” and “acid,” were research frontiers. Conclusion: This comprehensive bibliometric study provides an updated perspective on research associated with the KP in MD, with a focus on the current status of GM research in this field. This perspective may benefit researchers in choosing suitable journals and collaborators, and aid in the further understanding of the field’s hotspots and frontiers, thus facilitating future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqing Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinqing Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhua Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqian Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojia Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoyang Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanzhang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yayan Luo
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Neuropsychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanqing Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shujing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China
| | - Dewei Shang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuguan Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Translational Medicine of Mental Disorders, Guangzhou, China
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Zhu X, Zhao J, Dai F, Xu W, Chen L, Xiao X, Tao Z, Zhang C. Selective recognition of tryptophan by a methylpillar[5]arene-based supramolecular fuorescent probe. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 250:119381. [PMID: 33422874 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein we present a simple fluorescence quenching method to selectively recognise and determine L-tryptophan (L-Trp) out of other 19 natural amino acids. Methylpillar[5]arene (MeP5), which is employed as a macrocyclic fluorescent probe, exhibits fluorescence activity in the solution of poor solvents because of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect. Fluorescence quenching of MeP5 in the solution of EtOH/CH2Cl2 (98/2, v/v) was observed upon the addition of L-Trp whereas other 19 natural amino acids did not bring about obvious change in fluorescence intensity. 1H NMR titration, fluorescence spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and theoretical analysis revealed that L-Trp can be encapsulated into the cavity of MeP5 to form a stable 1:1 host-guest inclusion complex which accounts for the quenching characteristics. The proposed procedure in this investigation offers an attractive and promising method for the selective detection of L-Trp in a mixture of natural amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Feifei Dai
- Taizhou Institute of Product Quality and Safety Inspection, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Weitao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Zhu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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[L-tryptophan as dietetic supplement and treatment for hot flashes, astenia, and insomnia in cancer patients]. NUTR HOSP 2021; 38:568-574. [PMID: 33752438 DOI: 10.20960/nh.03404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Introduction: in women with breast cancer and gynecologic cancer, as well as in men with prostate carcinoma, hot flashes, asthenia, and insomnia are common and bothersome symptoms that impair quality of life. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of tryptophan intake as a treatment for hot flushes, asthenia, and insomnia in patients with prostate, breast, and uterine cervical cancer. Materials and methods: intervention study without a control group at the HUCA Radiation Oncology Service, from July 2018 to July 2019. A total of 60 patients with prostate, breast, or uterine cervical cancer who had received treatment with radiotherapy and hormone therapy, and who presented with hot flushes, asthenia, and insomnia were included. L-tryptophan was administered at a dose of 3 g per day. Results: a significant increase in serum tryptophan levels at the end of the study (p < 0.001) and a significant decrease in the scores of the study symptoms were reported. Although statistical significance was not found, a significant improvement in each symptom was observed, as well as an improvement in quality of life (p < 0.001). Conclusions: the study suggests that, in patients with breast, prostate, or uterine cervical cancer, and symptoms such as hot flushes, asthenia, and insomnia, the administration of tryptophan as a nutritional supplement is well tolerated, improves quality of life, and is associated with improvement in the scale scores of the symptoms of interest, although no statistically significant relationship with increased blood tryptophan levels was found.
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10
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Xu W, Feng H, Zhao W, Huang C, Redshaw C, Tao Z, Xiao X. Amino acid recognition by a fluorescent chemosensor based on cucurbit[8]uril and acridine hydrochloride. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1135:142-149. [PMID: 33070851 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A new fluorescent chemosensor comprised of cucurbit[8]uril (Q[8]) and acridine hydrochloride (AC) has been designed and utilized for the recognition of amino acids. The AC was encapsulated by the Q[8] cavity and formed a 1:2 host-guest inclusion complex both in solution (aqueous) and in the solid-state. Whilst free AC is known to be strongly fluorescent, this strong fluorescence was quenched in the inclusion complex Q [8]-AC. This non-fluorescent complex Q[8]-AC was capable of serving as a fluorescence "off-on" probe, and was able to recognize either L-Phe or L-Trp via the competitive interaction between L-Phe or L-Trp. Moreover, the pH responsive nature of the probe allowed for the detection of basic amino acids, namely L-Arg, L-His, or L-Lys). As a result, a fluorescence method for the detection of five amino acids using a single system has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Huaming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Chunhua Huang
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, China Geological Survey, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Zhu Tao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Matino D, Afraz S, Zhao G, Tieu P, Gargaro M, Fallarino F, Iorio A. Tolerance to FVIII: Role of the Immune Metabolic Enzymes Indoleamine 2,3 Dyoxigenase-1 and Heme Oxygenase-1. Front Immunol 2020; 11:620. [PMID: 32351505 PMCID: PMC7174632 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of neutralizing anti-FVIII antibodies is a major complication in the treatment of patients affected by hemophilia A. The immune response to FVIII is a complex, multi-factorial process that has been extensively studied for the past two decades. The reasons why only a proportion of hemophilic patients treated with FVIII concentrates develop a clinically significant immune response is incompletely understood. The "danger theory" has been proposed as a possible explanation to interpret the findings of some observational clinical studies highlighting the possible detrimental impact of inflammatory stimuli at the time of replacement therapy on inhibitor development. The host immune system is often challenged to react to FVIII under steady state or inflammatory conditions (e.g., bleeding, infections) although fine tuning of mechanisms of immune tolerance can control this reactivity and promote long-term unresponsiveness to the therapeutically administered factor. Recent studies have provided evidence that multiple interactions involving central and peripheral mechanisms of tolerance are integrated by the host immune system with the environmental conditions at the time of FVIII exposure and influence the balance between immunity and tolerance to FVIII. Here we review evidences showing the involvement of two key immunoregulatory oxygenase enzymes (IDO1, HO-1) that have been studied in hemophilia patients and pre-clinical models, showing that the ability of the host immune system to induce such regulatory proteins under inflammatory conditions can play important roles in the balance between immunity and tolerance to exogenous FVIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Matino
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sajjad Afraz
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - George Zhao
- McMaster Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Tieu
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Alfonso Iorio
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Ünüvar S, Erge D, Kılıçarslan B, Gözükara Bağ HG, Çatal F, Girgin G, Baydar T. Neopterin Levels and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Activity as Biomarkers of Immune System Activation and Childhood Allergic Diseases. Ann Lab Med 2019; 39:284-290. [PMID: 30623620 PMCID: PMC6340854 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2019.39.3.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although Th2 immune activation is predominant in allergic diseases, neopterinlevels and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO)-1 activity (kynurenine:tryptophan ratio), which reflect Th1 immune activity, increase with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) stimulation. We investigated neopterin, tryptophan, and kynurenine levels as biomarkersof the Th1 immune system activation and changes in IDO-1 activityin children with asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis, as well as the relationship between these biomarkers and the total IgE level, age, and disease severity. Methods We divided 205 children (80 girls and 125 boys, four months to 17 years old) into four groups: controls, patients with asthma, patients with allergic rhinitis, and patients with atopic dermatitis. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected. Neopterin levels were determined by an enzyme immunoassay. Tryptophan and kynurenine levels were analyzed using HPLC. IDO-1 enzyme activity was calculated using tryptophan and kynurenine levels. IgE levels were measured. The Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Conover post-hoc method were used for statistical analysis. Results Neopterin, tryptophan, and kynurenine levels were higher and IgE levels and IDO-1 enzyme activity were lower in patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis than in controls (P<0.05). Patients with atopic dermatitis showed higher neopterin, tryptophan, and kynurenine levels, higher IDO-1 activity, and lower IgE levels thancontrols (P<0.05). Conclusions The Th1/Th2 balance is disrupted in children with allergic diseases, concomitant with increased Th1-mediated immune response activation and reduced IgEproduction, which is promoted by Th2-type cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songül Ünüvar
- İnönü University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Duygu Erge
- Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Allergy & Immunollogy, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Bilge Kılıçarslan
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ferhat Çatal
- İnönü University, TurgutOzal Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Gözde Girgin
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Terken Baydar
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey
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Kundu BK, Singh R, Tiwari R, Nayak D, Mukhopadhyay S. An amide probe as a selective Al3+ and Fe3+ sensor inside the HeLa and a549 cell lines: Pictet–Spengler reaction for the rapid detection of tryptophan amino acid. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00138g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Newly synthesized amide-based probe for the selective and specific detection of (i) Al3+ or Fe3+ ions as a cation sensor and (ii) tryptophan as an amino acid sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut Kumar Kundu
- Discipline of Chemistry
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore 453552
- India
| | - Rinky Singh
- Discipline of Chemistry
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore 453552
- India
| | - Ritudhwaj Tiwari
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering
- School of Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore 453552
- India
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering
- School of Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore 453552
- India
| | - Suman Mukhopadhyay
- Discipline of Chemistry
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore 453552
- India
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Mohamed RA, Galal O, Mohammed AR, El-Abhar HS. Tropisetron modulates peripheral and central serotonin/insulin levels via insulin and nuclear factor kappa B/receptor for advanced glycation end products signalling to regulate type-2 diabetes in rats. RSC Adv 2018; 8:11908-11920. [PMID: 35539384 PMCID: PMC9079279 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13105d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its known central effect, 5% of serotonin is found centrally, while around 95% is found peripherally. Serotonin is stored and co-released with insulin upon pancreatic islets stimulation by glucose. This fact raises the curiosity regarding its possible role in diabetes. Hence, in this study, we assessed the possible modulatory effects of tropisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, on type 2 diabetes mellitus models in rats. The rats were allocated into two groups: normal and diabetic. The latter group was treated with metformin (500 mg kg-1, p.o.), tropisetron (1 and 2 mg kg-1, i.p.), and a combination of metformin and tropisetron (1 mg kg-1). The different treatment regimens corrected glucose and lipid homeostasis manifested by the decrease in serum levels of glucose, fructosamine, homeostasis model of insulin resistance, triglycerides, total cholesterol, free fatty acid, as well as receptor for advanced glycation end products. Additionally, the treatments elevated levels of insulin, serotonin, and homeostasis model of β-cell function. On the molecular level, treatments corrected the altered insulin signaling cascade (phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1, phosphorylated protein kinase B, and glucose transporter 4), and inhibited β-catenin and phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B p65 in the assessed soleus skeletal muscle. A similar pattern was duplicated in the hippocampus. This study provided evidence for the role of tropisetron on type 2 diabetes mellitus via modulating the insulin signaling cascade (insulin, phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1, phosphorylated protein kinase B, and glucose transporter 4), improving lipid/glucose profile, decreasing inflammatory markers (receptor for advanced glycation end products, and phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B p65), as well as increasing 5-HT and reducing β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Ali Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA) 26 July Mehwar Road Intersection with Wahat Road 6th October City Cairo 12566 Egypt +20-002-01224611087
| | - Omneya Galal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA) 26 July Mehwar Road Intersection with Wahat Road 6th October City Cairo 12566 Egypt +20-002-01224611087
| | - Ahmed Refaat Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA) 26 July Mehwar Road Intersection with Wahat Road 6th October City Cairo 12566 Egypt +20-002-01224611087
| | - Hanan Salah El-Abhar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Cairo Egypt
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Haverkamp GL, Loosman WL, Schouten RW, Franssen CF, Kema IP, van Diepen M, Dekker FW, Siegert CE, Honig A. Differences in the association of inflammation and tryptophan with depressive symptoms between white and non-white chronic dialysis patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2018; 50:76-82. [PMID: 29065338 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Possibly, different biochemical parameters are involved in the development of depressive symptoms in white and non-white dialysis patients. We examined whether the association between inflammation and depressive symptoms and between tryptophan and depressive symptoms differs between white and non-white dialysis patients and whether the association between inflammation and depressive symptoms is mediated by tryptophan degradation along the kynurenine pathway in both groups. METHOD Depressive symptoms were measured with the BDI-II. HsCRP, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNFα and tryptophan and its degradation products kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine were measured in 270 white and 220 non-white patients. RESULTS The presence of depressive symptoms was significantly higher in non-white patients (51%) than in white patients (37%) (P<0.01). Among white patients, HsCRP was significantly associated with depressive symptoms (β=0.6 (95% CI: 0.1-1.2)). Among non-white patients, significant associations with depressive symptoms were found for both HsCRP (β=1.0 (95% CI: 0.1-2.0)) and IL-6 (β=2.6 (95% CI: 0.8-4.4)). Tryptophan levels were only significantly associated with depressive symptoms in non-white patients (β=-0.3 (95% CI: -0.4--0.1)). Tryptophan degradation along the kynurenine pathway did not mediate the association between inflammatory markers and depressive symptoms in either group. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that for white and non-white dialysis patients different biochemical parameters are associated with depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud L Haverkamp
- Department of Nephrology, OLVG west, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, OLVG west, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim L Loosman
- Department of Nephrology, OLVG west, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, OLVG west, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert W Schouten
- Department of Nephrology, OLVG west, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, OLVG west, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Casper F Franssen
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ido P Kema
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Merel van Diepen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Friedo W Dekker
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carl E Siegert
- Department of Nephrology, OLVG west, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan Honig
- Department of Psychiatry, OLVG west, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kim YK, Won E. The influence of stress on neuroinflammation and alterations in brain structure and function in major depressive disorder. Behav Brain Res 2017; 329:6-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Involvement of Host Defense Mechanisms against Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Anhedonic and Despair-Like Behaviors in Mice. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00007-17. [PMID: 28138019 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00007-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a pathogen relevant to psychiatric disorders. We recently showed that reactivation of chronic T. gondii infection induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that depression-like behaviors are mediated via a host defense mechanism against invading pathogens; proximate mechanisms of this behavioral hypothesis remain unclear. In the present study, we investigate the contribution of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), inflammation, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) to anhedonic and despair-related behaviors in T. gondii-infected mice by using sucrose preference and forced-swim tests, respectively. First, we confirmed that BALB/c mice exhibited both sickness and depression-like behaviors during acute infection. Treatment of infected wild-type mice with minocycline (anti-inflammatory drug) abated sickness and anhedonic and despair-like behaviors, whereas in T. gondii-infected mice, treatment normalized kynurenine/tryptophan (Kyn/Trp) ratios in both plasma and brain tissue. Additionally, T. gondii infection failed to induce anhedonic and despair-like behaviors or increase the Kyn/Trp ratio in immunocompromised (IFN-γ-/-) mice, whereas sickness behavior was observed in both immunocompetent and IFN-γ-/- mice following infection. Furthermore, treatment with 1-methyl tryptophan (an IDO inhibitor) did not affect locomotor activity, attenuated clinical scores and anhedonic and despair-like behaviors, and resulted in normal Kyn/Trp ratios in T. gondii-infected wild-type mice. Although low levels of serotonin and dopamine were observed in the brain during acute and chronic infections, anhedonic and despair-like behaviors were not detected in the chronic stage of infection. Collectively, our results demonstrated that immune enhancement in response to infection with T. gondii resulted in IFN-γ production, IDO activation, and inflammation associated with anhedonic and despair-like behaviors.
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Won E, Kim YK. Stress, the Autonomic Nervous System, and the Immune-kynurenine Pathway in the Etiology of Depression. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 14:665-73. [PMID: 27640517 PMCID: PMC5050399 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666151208113006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system is one of the major neural pathways activated by stress. In situations that are often associated with chronic stress, such as major depressive disorder, the sympathetic nervous system can be continuously activated without the normal counteraction of the parasympathetic nervous system. As a result, the immune system can be activated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These inflammatory conditions have been repeatedly observed in depression. In the search for the mechanism by which the immune system might contribute to depression, the enhanced activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by pro-inflammatory cytokines has been suggested to play an important role. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is the first enzyme in the kynurenine pathway that converts tryptophan to kynurenine. Elevated activity of this enzyme can cause imbalances in downstream kynurenine metabolites. This imbalance can induce neurotoxic changes in the brain and create a vulnerable glial-neuronal network, which may render the brain susceptible to depression. This review focuses on the interaction between stress, the autonomic nervous system and the immune system which can cause imbalances in the kynurenine pathway, which may ultimately lead to major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Ansan Hospital, College of Medicine, 123 Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan 425-021, Republic of Korea
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20
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Assessment of Depression Prevalence and Its Relation With Interleukin 18 One Year After Renal Transplantation. Am J Ther 2016; 23:e1579-e1585. [DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Du H, Wang K, Su L, Zhao H, Gao S, Lin Q, Ma X, Zhu B, Dong X, Lou Z. Metabonomic identification of the effects of the Zhimu-Baihe saponins on a chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced rat model of depression. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 128:469-479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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22
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Steenbergen L, Jongkees BJ, Sellaro R, Colzato LS. Tryptophan supplementation modulates social behavior: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:346-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Mahmoud ME, Ihara F, Fereig RM, Nishimura M, Nishikawa Y. Induction of depression-related behaviors by reactivation of chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 298:125-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Chen WZ, Liu S, Chen FF, Zhou CJ, Yu J, Zhuang CL, Shen X, Chen BC, Yu Z. Prevention of postoperative fatigue syndrome in rat model by ginsenoside Rb1 via down-regulation of inflammation along the NMDA receptor pathway in the hippocampus. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:239-47. [PMID: 25747983 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative fatigue syndrome (POFS) is a common complication which decelerates recovery after surgery. The present study investigated the anti-fatigue effect of ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) through the inflammatory cytokine-mediated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor pathway. A POFS rat model was created by major small intestinal resection and assessed with an open field test. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, high performance liquid chromatography and a transmission electron microscopic analysis were used to determine typical biochemical parameters in the hippocampus. Our results showed that POFS rats exhibited fatigue associated with an increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and NMDA receptor 1, higher (kynurenine)/(tryptophan) and (kynurenine)/(kynurenic acid) on postoperative days 1 and 3, and an increased expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) on postoperative day 1. Degenerated neurons were found in the hippocampus of POFS rats. The NMDA receptor antagonist MK801 had a significant effect on central fatigue on postoperative day 1. GRb1 had no effect on IDO or tryptophan metabolism, but exhibited a significant effect on POFS by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines and NMDA receptor 1. These data suggested that inflammatory cytokines could activate tryptophan metabolism to cause POFS through the NMDA receptor pathway. GRb1 had an anti-fatigue effect on POFS by reducing inflammatory cytokines and NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhe Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
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Teraishi T, Hori H, Sasayama D, Matsuo J, Ogawa S, Ota M, Hattori K, Kajiwara M, Higuchi T, Kunugi H. (13)C-tryptophan breath test detects increased catabolic turnover of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway in patients with major depressive disorder. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15994. [PMID: 26524975 PMCID: PMC4630584 DOI: 10.1038/srep15994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered tryptophan-kynurenine (KYN) metabolism has been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD). The L-[1-(13)C]tryptophan breath test ((13)C-TBT) is a noninvasive, stable-isotope tracer method in which exhaled (13)CO2 is attributable to tryptophan catabolism via the KYN pathway. We included 18 patients with MDD (DSM-IV) and 24 age- and sex-matched controls. (13)C-tryptophan (150 mg) was orally administered and the (13)CO2/(12)CO2 ratio in the breath was monitored for 180 min. The cumulative recovery rate during the 180-min test (CRR0-180; %), area under the Δ(13)CO2-time curve (AUC; %*min), and the maximal Δ(13)CO2 (Cmax; %) were significantly higher in patients with MDD than in the controls (p = 0.004, p = 0.008, and p = 0.002, respectively). Plasma tryptophan concentrations correlated negatively with Cmax in both the patients and controls (p = 0.020 and p = 0.034, respectively). Our results suggest that the (13)C-TBT could be a novel biomarker for detecting a subgroup of MDD with increased tryptophan-KYN metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Teraishi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Daimei Sasayama
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Junko Matsuo
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Shintaro Ogawa
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Miho Ota
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hattori
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kajiwara
- Yokohama College of Pharmacy, 601 Matano-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 245-0066, Japan.,Tri-X Biomedical, Inc., 4-12-5-406, Minamiyawata, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-0023, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Higuchi
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kunugi
- Department of Mental Disorder Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1, Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
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Baranyi A, Meinitzer A, Breitenecker RJ, Amouzadeh-Ghadikolai O, Stauber R, Rothenhäusler HB. Quinolinic Acid Responses during Interferon-α-Induced Depressive Symptomatology in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection - A Novel Aspect for Depression and Inflammatory Hypothesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137022. [PMID: 26368809 PMCID: PMC4569409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this exploratory study is to gain for the first time a more comprehensive picture of the impact of changes of quinolinic acid concentrations on depressive symptomatology during and after IFN-α therapy. METHODS The quinolinic acid concentrations of 35 HCV patients are examined in a prospective survey over the entire period of IFN-α treatment as well as three months later at six different times (baseline, one, three, six and nine months after the beginning of IFN-α treatment, and after the end of treatment). RESULTS During IFN-α treatment Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores rise significantly. At the same time there is greater activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, with a resulting increase in plasma kynurenine concentrations. Compared to baseline values quinolinic acid concentrations increase significantly during therapy, reflecting an increased neurotoxic challenge. In addition, patients with higher scores in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale at six and nine months after starting therapy show significantly higher levels of quinolinic acid concentration. CONCLUSIONS The increase of quinolinic acid during IFN-α therapy might contribute to depressive symptomatology through the neurotoxic challenge caused by quinolinic acid. Subsequently, our exploratory study results support the inflammatory hypothesis of depression. The awareness of relevant risk factors of IFN-α treatment-induced depression is essential to develop preventative treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Baranyi
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Andreas Meinitzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert J. Breitenecker
- Alpen-Adria Universität Klagenfurt, Department of Innovation Management and Entrepreneurship, Klagenfurt, Austria
| | | | - Rudolf Stauber
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Wang Q, Liu D, Song P, Zou MH. Tryptophan-kynurenine pathway is dysregulated in inflammation, and immune activation. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2015; 20:1116-43. [PMID: 25961549 DOI: 10.2741/4363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The kynurenine (Kyn) pathway is the major route for tryptophan (Trp) metabolism, and it contributes to several fundamental biological processes. Trp is constitutively oxidized by tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase in liver cells. In other cell types, it is catalyzed by an alternative inducible indoleamine-pyrrole 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) under certain pathophysiological conditions, which consequently increases the formation of Kyn metabolites. IDO is up-regulated in response to inflammatory conditions as a novel marker of immune activation in early atherosclerosis. Besides, IDO and the IDO-related pathway are important mediators of the immunoinflammatory responses in advanced atherosclerosis. In particular, Kyn, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and quinolinic acid are positively associated with inflammation, oxidative stress (SOX), endothelial dysfunction, and carotid artery intima-media thickness values in end-stage renal disease patients. Moreover, IDO is a potential novel contributor to vessel relaxation and metabolism in systemic infections, which is also activated in acute severe heart attacks. The Kyn pathway plays a key role in the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease by regulating inflammation, SOX, and immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,
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Yang Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Han Z, Chen A, Pan S, Liang S, Wang S. System responses to chronic cold stress probed via1H NMR spectroscopy in plasma and urine matrices. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1425-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00033e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic pathways in plasma and urine revealed the biochemical changes under chronic cold stress from a systematic and holistic view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Yang
- School of Basic Courses
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yaling Wang
- School of Basic Courses
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Jingli Zhang
- School of Basic Courses
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Han
- School of Basic Courses
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Ali Chen
- School of Medicine and Chemical Industry
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Sina Pan
- School of Basic Courses
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Shengwang Liang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shumei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
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Botwinick IC, Pursell L, Yu G, Cooper T, Mann JJ, Chabot JA. A biological basis for depression in pancreatic cancer. HPB (Oxford) 2014; 16:740-3. [PMID: 24467653 PMCID: PMC4113256 DOI: 10.1111/hpb.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma frequently present with depression the symptoms of which may precede cancer diagnosis, suggesting that the pathophysiology of depression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma may result from biological changes that are induced by the presence of the tumour itself. The present study was conducted to test a hypothesized relationship with the kynurenine pathway, which has been implicated in both depression and tumour-induced immunosuppression. METHODS 17 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma were recruited and completed mood questionnaires (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy -Pancreatic Cancer, Beck Depression Inventory and the Beck Anxiety Inventory) and blood testing for serum levels of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid and quinolinic acid. Tumour burden was determined from pathology reports (tumour size and nodal involvement). RESULTS Findings indicated a negative correlation between mood scores and the plasma kynurenic acid : tryptophan ratio in plasma, and a positive correlation between tumour burden and plasma kynurenine level. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that pancreatic cancer may influence mood via the kynurenine pathway. The relationship of the kynurenine pathway with pancreatic tumour burden should be explored further in large multicentre studies because a better understanding of this physiology might have significant clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Pursell
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - Gary Yu
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - Tom Cooper
- Department of Analytical Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Nathan Kline InstituteOrangeburg, NM, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
| | - John A Chabot
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical CenterNew York, NY, USA
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Asymmetric dimethylarginine responses during interferon-α-induced depression in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Psychosom Med 2014; 76:197-207. [PMID: 24608038 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the association of depressive symptoms with asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA). Patients with chronic hepatitis C infection were examined during interferon-α (IFN-α) treatment, which is often associated with treatment-induced depression. The associations between IFN-α-induced depressive symptoms with ADMA and SDMA levels were prospectively investigated until 3 months after treatment. METHODS Psychiatric and biological assessments were obtained at six different time points: before, during (at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months), and after the end of IFN-α treatment. RESULTS During IFN-α treatment, 22 (53.7%) patients fulfilled the criteria for a treatment-related depressive disorder at least once during treatment. The increase in ADMA levels from baseline (depression group: 0.63 [0.08] μM, no depression group: 0.69 [0.08] μM) in response to IFN-α treatment was considerably higher in patients with IFN-α treatment-induced depressive episodes compared with patients without treatment-induced depressive episodes (3 months after the start of treatment: depression group: 0.72 [0.08] μM, no depression group: 0.72 [0.11] μM; ADMA: repeated-measure design analysis of variance [time × depression]: F(5,151) = 2.446, p = .036). The increase in SDMA was not associated with treatment-induced depression. CONCLUSIONS Depression in response to IFN-α treatment is associated with elevated ADMA levels. These findings are relevant to nitric oxide-related biological pathways linking depression to increased cardiovascular disease risk. Future studies are needed to clarify the role of serotonin in these pathways and may lead to preventative treatment strategies.
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Horse gram- an underutilized nutraceutical pulse crop: a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 52:2489-99. [PMID: 25892749 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Horse gram is an underutilized pulse crop grown in wide range of adverse climatic conditions. It occupies an important place in human nutrition and has rich source of protein, minerals, and vitamins. Besides nutritional importance, it has been linked to reduced risk of various diseases due to presence of non-nutritive bioactive substances. These bioactive substances such as phytic acid, phenolic acid, fiber, enzymatic/proteinase inhibitors have significant metabolic and/or physiological effects. The importance of horse gram was well recognized by the folk/alternative/traditional medicine as a potential therapeutic agent to treat kidney stones, urinary diseases, piles, common cold, throat infection, fever etc. The inception of nutraceutical concept and increasing health consciousness the demand of nutraceutical and functional food is increased. In recent years, isolation and utilization of potential antioxidants from legumes including horse gram are increased as it decreases the risk of intestinal diseases, diabetes, coronary heart disease, prevention of dental caries etc. Keeping in view the increasing demand of food having nutraceutical values, the present review ascribed with recent scientific knowledge towards the possibilities of exploring the horse gram, as a source of food and nutraceuticals compounds.
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Effects of acute treatment with a tryptophan-rich protein hydrolysate on plasma amino acids, mood and emotional functioning in older women. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4595-610. [PMID: 24858376 PMCID: PMC4231284 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Effective functioning of the neurotransmitter serotonin is important for optimal cognitive and emotional function. Dietary supplements able to increase availability to the brain of the precursor amino acid, tryptophan (TRP), and thereby enhance serotonin synthesis, can have measurable impact on these psychological processes. OBJECTIVES This study involves a randomised controlled trial of a TRP-rich egg-white protein hydrolysate (DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Switzerland) on plasma amino acids, cognition, mood and emotional processing in older women. METHODS Following a baseline test day without treatment, 60 healthy women aged 45-65 years received drinks containing either 2 or 4 g of TRP-rich protein hydrolysate product or 3.11 g casein hydrolysate as a control. One hour later, they undertook a 2-h battery of cognitive and emotional tests. RESULTS The TRP-rich protein hydrolysate produced the expected dose-dependent increase in the ratio of plasma TRP to competing large neutral amino acids. TRP-rich protein hydrolysate (2 g only) prevented both the decline in wellbeing and increase in fatigue seen over the test session in the control group. This treatment dose resulted in a significant shift in emotional processing towards positive words and reduced negative bias in assessing negative facial expressions. Effects on cognition were small and not statistically reliable and are not reported here. However, there was no evidence for any adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of a low dose of TRP-rich protein hydrolysate may have beneficial effects on emotional function that could promote feelings of wellbeing, possibly conferring resistance to deterioration in mood in healthy subjects or depressive episodes.
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Özer Z, Gök S, Altan H, Severcan F. Concentration-based measurement studies of L-tryptophan using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 68:95-100. [PMID: 24405959 DOI: 10.1366/13-07165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
L-Tryptophan is an extremely important amino acid for a variety of biological functions in living organisms. In this study we were able to measure changes in the concentration of L-tryptophan when incorporated into pellets with polyethylene as a host. The changes were measured both through the characteristic absorption bands of the C11 and C12 bonds in the low terahertz frequency range and using changes in the refractive index where pellets with higher concentrations of L-tryptophan showed higher refractive indices. The volumetric concentration of L-tryptophan in the polyethylene pellet was accurately determined with a simple model that explains the contribution to the complex refractive index for the resultant sample due to the two constituent materials. These measurements show that terahertz time-domain techniques can be applied to detect variation in concentration of certain amino acids rapidly by examining the relative phase delay and amplitude change of the terahertz transients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Özer
- Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Cankaya Ankara, Turkey
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Korf J, Bosker F. The depressed patient in a biological world: on philosophical and diagnostic strategies. J Eval Clin Pract 2013; 19:514-21. [PMID: 23692237 DOI: 10.1111/jep.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVE We questioned: what kind of relationships between mental and neurobiological levels of complexity is or could become useful in the psychiatric practice? The concept of mind and associated mood states defended here is that they are physically emergent, subjective, qualitative, unified features of the brain. We compared our neurobiological assessment also to psychoanalytical practice (first person's perspective). ARGUMENT Applied to recent work on major depressive disorder (MDD), our ideas are among other supported by clinical and experimental studies on sleep deprivation, deep brain stimulation and epidemiological assessments of time-to-recovery. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS We suggest that depression is a transient state of the brain, that is mutually exclusive to the state of pleasure (in the Freudian context), rather than a disorder or disease with a characteristic time course (like many reversible somatic diseases). MDD can best be described with stochastic transition models, which is discussed in the context of a presumed brain serotonin dysfunction in depression. Our ideas invite a reconsideration of some concepts underlying current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Korf
- University Centre of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Murakami Y, Hoshi M, Imamura Y, Arioka Y, Yamamoto Y, Saito K. Remarkable role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan metabolites in infectious diseases: potential role in macrophage-mediated inflammatory diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:391984. [PMID: 23476103 PMCID: PMC3588179 DOI: 10.1155/2013/391984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), the L-tryptophan-degrading enzyme, plays a key role in the immunomodulatory effects on several types of immune cells. Originally known for its regulatory function during pregnancy and chronic inflammation in tumorigenesis, the activity of IDO1 seems to modify the inflammatory state of infectious diseases. The pathophysiologic activity of L-tryptophan metabolites, kynurenines, is well recognized. Therefore, an understanding of the regulation of IDO1 and the subsequent biochemical reactions is essential for the design of therapeutic strategies in certain immune diseases. In this paper, current knowledge about the role of IDO1 and its metabolites during various infectious diseases is presented. Particularly, the regulation of type I interferons (IFNs) production via IDO1 in virus infection is discussed. This paper offers insights into new therapeutic strategies in the modulation of viral infection and several immune-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Murakami
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Kolodziej L. Investigation of the kynurenine pathway in Indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase deficient mice with inflammatory arthritis. Transgenic Res 2013; 22:1049-54. [PMID: 23417792 PMCID: PMC3781305 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9696-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid involved in the protein synthesis, cognition, and immunity. Oxidative catabolism of tryptophan is executed by the sets of biochemical reactions collectively referred to as the kynurenine pathway. In the immune system, two distinct enzymes, Indoleamne 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and Indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) can initiate metabolic flux through the kynurenine pathway. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease driven by the exacerbated immune response towards self antigens and characterized by the chronic inflammatory reaction of the diarthrodial joints. Collagen induced arthritis (CIA) is an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. Using CIA in wild type (WT) and mice deficient with Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (Ido1KO), it was of interest to test the impact of Ido1 deletion on the concentration of tryptophan and its catabolites as well as on mRNA expression for other genes on the kynurenine pathway. Here, when compared with samples taken from naïve WT animals and those with CIA, it was found that only in the inguinal lymph nodes (iLN) taken from Ido1KO mice with CIA tryptophan concentration was significantly increased. In contrast, mRNA expression for Ido2 was decreased in naïve as well as in the diseased iLN taken from Ido1KO mice. Deletion of Ido1 and reduced mRNA expression for Ido2 neither affected the concentration of the downstream metabolites of tryptophan nor mRNA expression for downstream genes on the kynurenine pathway in iLN. Moreover, the concentration of kynurenine in sera of mice with CIA was significantly decreased in Ido1KO mice with arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kolodziej
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College London, Arthritis Research UK Building, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, 65 Aspenlea Road, London, W6 8LH, UK,
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Li C, Shang D, Wang Y, Li J, Han J, Wang S, Yao Q, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Xu Y, Jiang W, Li X. Characterizing the network of drugs and their affected metabolic subpathways. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47326. [PMID: 23112813 PMCID: PMC3480395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental issue in biology and medicine is illustration of the overall drug impact which is always the consequence of changes in local regions of metabolic pathways (subpathways). To gain insights into the global relationship between drugs and their affected metabolic subpathways, we constructed a drug-metabolic subpathway network (DRSN). This network included 3925 significant drug-metabolic subpathway associations representing drug dual effects. Through analyses based on network biology, we found that if drugs were linked to the same subpathways in the DRSN, they tended to share the same indications and side effects. Furthermore, if drugs shared more subpathways, they tended to share more side effects. We then calculated the association score by integrating drug-affected subpathways and disease-related subpathways to quantify the extent of the associations between each drug class and disease class. The results showed some close drug-disease associations such as sex hormone drugs and cancer suggesting drug dual effects. Surprisingly, most drugs displayed close associations with their side effects rather than their indications. To further investigate the mechanism of drug dual effects, we classified all the subpathways in the DRSN into therapeutic and non-therapeutic subpathways representing drug therapeutic effects and side effects. Compared to drug side effects, the therapeutic effects tended to work through tissue-specific genes and these genes tend to be expressed in the adrenal gland, liver and kidney; while drug side effects always occurred in the liver, bone marrow and trachea. Taken together, the DRSN could provide great insights into understanding the global relationship between drugs and metabolic subpathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunquan Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Desi Shang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junwei Han
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyuan Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianlan Yao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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Vikström Bergander L, Cai W, Klocke B, Seifert M, Pongratz I. Tryptamine serves as a proligand of the AhR transcriptional pathway whose activation is dependent of monoamine oxidases. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1542-51. [PMID: 22865928 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in mediating the biological effect to environmental pollutants is well established. However, accumulated evidence indicates a wide range of physiological and pathological functions mediated by the AhR, suggesting the existence of endogenous AhR ligand(s). The nature of an AhR ligand remain elusive; however, it is known that the AhR is activated by several compounds, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or the tryptophan photoproduct 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole. In this study, we show that physiological concentrations of tryptamine (TA) lead to induction of cytochrome P4501A1 transcription through an AhR-dependent mechanism. In addition, we show that activation of the AhR by TA requires a functional monoamino oxidase system, suggesting that TA acts as an AhR proligand possibly by converting to a high-affinity AhR ligand. Taken together, we show a possible mechanism, through which AhR signaling is activated by endogenous conversion of TA involving monoamine oxidases.
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Gao X, Zheng X, Li Z, Zhou Y, Sun H, Zhang L, Guo X, Du G, Qin X. Metabonomic study on chronic unpredictable mild stress and intervention effects of Xiaoyaosan in rats using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:690-699. [PMID: 21718771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY Xiaoyaosan (XYS), a famous Chinese prescription, composed of Radix Bupleuri (Bupleurum chinense DC.), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels), Radix Paeoniae Alba (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.), Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.), Poria (Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf), Radix Glycyrrhizae (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.), Herba Menthae (Mentha haplocalyx Briq.), and Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), has been widely used in the clinic for treating mental disorders. Behavior and biochemical analyses indicate XYS has obvious anti-depression activity. However, there is no report on the effects of XYS using a metabolomics approach. AIM OF THE STUDY Depression is a prevalent complex psychiatric disorder and its pathophysiological mechanism is not yet well understood. This paper was designed to study metabonomic characters of the depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and the therapeutic effects of XYS, classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in treating the depression. MATERIAL AND METHODS A plasma metabonomics method based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to classify and reveal the differences between the model group and control group. In turns, the concentration of these differences was analyzed with t-test to determine whether XYS was possible to influence the metabolic pattern induced by CUMS. RESULTS The significant difference in metabolic profiling was observed from model group compared with drug-dose group by using the PCA, indicating the recovery effect of XYS on CUMS rats. Some significantly changed metabolites like glycine, glucose and hexadecanoic acid have been identified. These biochemical changes are related to the disturbance in amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism and glycometabolism, which are helpful to further understand the CUMS and the therapeutic mechanism of XYS. CONCLUSIONS Metabonomic approach is helpful to further understanding the pathophysiology of depression and assisting in clinical diagnosis of depression and is also a valuable tool for studying the essence of Chinese medicine's syndrome theory and therapeutic effect mechanism of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No. 92, Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, People's Republic of China
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Li X, Li C, Shang D, Li J, Han J, Miao Y, Wang Y, Wang Q, Li W, Wu C, Zhang Y, Li X, Yao Q. The implications of relationships between human diseases and metabolic subpathways. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21131. [PMID: 21695054 PMCID: PMC3117879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the challenging problems in the etiology of diseases is to explore the relationships between initiation and progression of diseases and abnormalities in local regions of metabolic pathways. To gain insight into such relationships, we applied the “k-clique” subpathway identification method to all disease-related gene sets. For each disease, the disease risk regions of metabolic pathways were then identified and considered as subpathways associated with the disease. We finally built a disease-metabolic subpathway network (DMSPN). Through analyses based on network biology, we found that a few subpathways, such as that of cytochrome P450, were highly connected with many diseases, and most belonged to fundamental metabolisms, suggesting that abnormalities of fundamental metabolic processes tend to cause more types of diseases. According to the categories of diseases and subpathways, we tested the clustering phenomenon of diseases and metabolic subpathways in the DMSPN. The results showed that both disease nodes and subpathway nodes displayed slight clustering phenomenon. We also tested correlations between network topology and genes within disease-related metabolic subpathways, and found that within a disease-related subpathway in the DMSPN, the ratio of disease genes and the ratio of tissue-specific genes significantly increased as the number of diseases caused by the subpathway increased. Surprisingly, the ratio of essential genes significantly decreased and the ratio of housekeeping genes remained relatively unchanged. Furthermore, the coexpression levels between disease genes and other types of genes were calculated for each subpathway in the DMSPN. The results indicated that those genes intensely influenced by disease genes, including essential genes and tissue-specific genes, might be significantly associated with the disease diversity of subpathways, suggesting that different kinds of genes within a disease-related subpathway may play significantly differential roles on the diversity of diseases caused by the corresponding subpathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Bio-Pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, and College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Johnson CY, Sharp L, Cotton SC, Harris CA, Gray NM, Little J. Human papillomavirus infection and anxiety: analyses in women with low-grade cervical cytological abnormalities unaware of their infection status. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21046. [PMID: 21698168 PMCID: PMC3116883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women testing positive for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection experience increased levels of anxiety that have been attributed to fears of stigmatization and developing cervical cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between HPV infection and anxiety in women who were unaware they had been tested specifically for HPV, to determine if any anxiety experienced by HPV-positive women could be due to causes other than learning of test results. METHODS This study was nested within a randomised controlled trial of management of women with abnormal cervical cytology conducted in the United Kingdom with recruitment between 1999 and 2002. At baseline, prior to having a sample taken for HPV testing, the results of which were not disclosed, women were assessed for anxiety using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and asked about fears of developing cervical cancer ("cancer worries"); this assessment was repeated at 12, 18, 24, and 30 months of follow-up. Logistic regression and generalized estimating equations were used for the cross-sectional (baseline) and longitudinal analyses, respectively. RESULTS Among the 2842 participants, there was no association between HPV status and anxiety among white women. Among non-white women, however, anxiety was less common among HPV-positive than HPV-negative women (adjusted odds ratio 0.41, 95% confidence interval 0.22 to 0.77). Among non-smokers, cancer worry was more common in HPV-positive than HPV-negative women; the opposite association was observed among ex-smokers. CONCLUSIONS Associations between HPV status and anxiety may be explained by factors other than learning of test results and may vary by ethnicity and lifestyle factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Y Johnson
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
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Hansen F, de Oliveira DL, Amaral FUÍ, Guedes FS, Schneider TJ, Tumelero AC, Hansel G, Schmidt KH, Giacomini ACVV, Torres FV. Effects of chronic administration of tryptophan with or without concomitant fluoxetine in depression-related and anxiety-like behaviors on adult rat. Neurosci Lett 2011; 499:59-63. [PMID: 21640158 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety play an important role in decreasing quality of life worldwide. Since tryptophan is a serotonin precursor and low levels of serotonin seems to be related to depression, the effect of oral tryptophan has been investigated for possible potentiation of the action of antidepressant drugs. We investigated the effects of chronically administered tryptophan (50mg/kg/day, p.o.) with or without concomitant fluoxetine (10mg/kg/day, s.c.) on adult rats regarding depression-related and anxiety-like behaviors. Tryptophan levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured 4h after a single administration of daily dosages of chronic treatments. We found that tryptophan increased depressive-related behavior, but did not alter anxiety-like behavior. However, fluoxetine decreased depression-related behavior and was anxiogenic. Tryptophan with concomitant fluoxetine did not alter anxiety-like behavior. Moreover, our data suggests that the antidepressant effect of fluoxetine was not enhanced by concomitant administration of tryptophan, which could be associated with increased levels of tryptophan in CSF. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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van der Plasse G, Feenstra MGP. WITHDRAWN: Is acute tryptophan depletion a valid method to assess central serotonergic function? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011:S0149-7634(11)00053-4. [PMID: 21435352 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey van der Plasse
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Psychiatry, PO Box 85500, 3508 GAUtrecht,The Netherlands
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Lee M, Jayathilake K, Dai J, Meltzer HY. Decreased plasma tryptophan and tryptophan/large neutral amino acid ratio in patients with neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenia: relationship to plasma cortisol concentration. Psychiatry Res 2011; 185:328-33. [PMID: 20699195 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is the precursor of kynurenine and kynurenic acid, an α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist and a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, both of which have been implicated in schizophrenia (SCH), as well as of serotonin. Glucocorticoids can activate the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway and lower plasma tryptophan concentrations. Some previous studies have reported decreases in the plasma tryptophan concentration and the tryptophan/large neutral amino acid (LNAA) ratio, a measure reflecting the brain tryptophan concentration, in patients with SCH. However, the influence of plasma cortisol, which has been reported to be increased in patients with SCH, on plasma tryptophan levels has not been examined in prior studies. Thus, we examined plasma tryptophan concentrations, tryptophan/LNAA ratios, and their relationships with plasma cortisol concentrations in treatment-resistant SCH (TR-SCH) patients, in non-treatment-resistant SCH (NTR-SCH) patients, and in normal controls (NC). Plasma tryptophan concentrations were significantly lower in TR-SCH patients (n=74) than in NTR-SCH patients (n=85) and NC subjects (n=55). In addition, tryptophan/LNAA ratios were significantly lower in TR-SCH patients than in NC subjects. No difference was observed in either measure between NTR-SCH patients and NC subjects. Tryptophan/LNAA ratios and plasma tryptophan concentrations showed a significant negative correlation and a trend-level correlation, respectively, with plasma cortisol concentrations in TR-SCH patients, but not in NTR-SCH patients or in NC subjects. These results suggest the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway may be particularly relevant to TR-SCH and that this may be influenced by the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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Li ZY, Zheng XY, Gao XX, Zhou YZ, Sun HF, Zhang LZ, Guo XQ, Du GH, Qin XM. Study of plasma metabolic profiling and biomarkers of chronic unpredictable mild stress rats based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:3539-3546. [PMID: 21080506 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A metabolomic investigation of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats was carried out. Plasma obtained from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats treated by CUMS was analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Thirty-seven metabolites were identified among the detected compounds. Subsequent data analysis using the t test and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant metabolic changes in the rats' plasma after CUMS treatment. Clear separation between the model and control group was achieved, and the level of twelve metabolites, including amino acids, sugar, organic acids and fatty acids, were significantly different between plasma samples from the controls and CUMS group. These observations suggested that the depressed state may be associated with perturbation of amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism and glycometabolism. The study suggested that the metabolomics approach could be used as a potential powerful tool to investigate the biochemical change in certain physiopathological conditions, such as depression, as an early diagnostic means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, No.92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
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48
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Kynurenine metabolism in health and disease. Amino Acids 2010; 41:1173-83. [PMID: 20972599 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Kynurenine is a small molecule derived from tryptophan when this amino acid is metabolised via the kynurenine pathway. The biological activity of kynurenine and its metabolites (kynurenines) is well recognised. Therefore, understanding the regulation of the subsequent biochemical reactions is essential for the design of therapeutic strategies which aim to interfere with the kynurenine pathway. However, kynurenine concentration in the body may not only be determined by the efficiency of kynurenine synthesis but also by the rate of kynurenine clearance. In this review, current knowledge about the mechanisms of kynurenine production and routes of its clearance is presented. In addition, the involvement of kynurenine and its metabolites in the biology of different T cell subsets (including Th17 cells and regulatory T cells) and neuronal cells is discussed.
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Le Floc'h N, Otten W, Merlot E. Tryptophan metabolism, from nutrition to potential therapeutic applications. Amino Acids 2010; 41:1195-205. [PMID: 20872026 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0752-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is an indispensable amino acid that should to be supplied by dietary protein. Apart from its incorporation into body proteins, tryptophan is the precursor for serotonin, an important neuromediator, and for kynurenine, an intermediary metabolite of a complex metabolic pathway ending with niacin, CO(2), and kynurenic and xanthurenic acids. Tryptophan metabolism within different tissues is associated with numerous physiological functions. The liver regulates tryptophan homeostasis through degrading tryptophan in excess. Tryptophan degradation into kynurenine by immune cells plays a crucial role in the regulation of immune response during infections, inflammations and pregnancy. Serotonin is synthesized from tryptophan in the gut and also in the brain, where tryptophan availability is known to influence the sensitivity to mood disorders. In the present review, we discuss the major functions of tryptophan and its role in the regulation of growth, mood, behavior and immune responses with regard to the low availability of this amino acid and the competition between tissues and metabolic pathways for tryptophan utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Le Floc'h
- INRA, UMR, Système d'Elevage, Nutrition Animale et Humaine, Saint Gilles, France.
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de Jonge P, Rosmalen JG, Kema IP, Doornbos B, van Melle JP, Pouwer F, Kupper N. Psychophysiological biomarkers explaining the association between depression and prognosis in coronary artery patients: A critical review of the literature. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2010; 35:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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