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Lovasova V, Bem R, Chlupac J, Dubsky M, Husakova J, Nemcova A, Fronek J. Animal experimental models of ischemic limbs - A systematic review. Vascul Pharmacol 2023; 153:107237. [PMID: 37802406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2023.107237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this systematic review is to summarize the available animal models of ischemic limbs, and to provide an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of each animal model and individual method of limb ischemia creation. METHODS A review of literature was conducted using the PubMed and Web of Science pages. Various types of experimental animals and surgical approaches used in creating ischemic limbs were evaluated. Other outcomes of interest were the specific characteristics of the individual experimental animals, and duration of tissue ischemia. RESULTS The most commonly used experimental animals were mice, followed by rabbits, rats, pigs, miniature pigs, and sheep. Single or double arterial ligation and excision of the entire femoral artery was the most often used method of ischemic limb creation. Other methods comprised single or double arterial electrocoagulation, use of ameroid constrictors, photochemically induced thrombosis, and different types of endovascular methods. The shortest duration of tissue ischemia was 7 days, the longest 90 days. CONCLUSIONS This review shows that mice are among the most commonly used animals in limb ischemia research. Simple ligation and excision of the femoral artery is the most common method of creating an ischemic limb; nevertheless, it can result in acute rather than chronic ischemia. A two-stage sequential approach and methods using ameroid constrictors or endovascular blinded stent grafts are more suitable for creating a gradual arterial occlusion typically seen in humans. Selecting the right mouse strain or animal with artificially produced diabetes or hyperlipidaemia is crucial in chronic ischemic limb research. Moreover, the observation period following the onset of ischemia should last at least 14 days, preferably 4 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Lovasova
- Transplant Surgery Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Robert Bem
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Chlupac
- Transplant Surgery Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Dubsky
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Husakova
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Nemcova
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Fronek
- Transplant Surgery Department, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Qin L, Cui J, Li J. Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Blood Pressure Response to Exercise in Peripheral Artery Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms, Human Studies, to Intervention Strategy Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810622. [PMID: 36142521 PMCID: PMC9505475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) regulates the contraction of vascular smooth muscle and leads to a change in arterial blood pressure (BP). It was observed that SNA, vascular contractility, and BP are heightened in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) during exercise. The exercise pressor reflex (EPR), a neural mechanism responsible for BP response to activation of muscle afferent nerve, is a determinant of the exaggerated exercise-induced BP rise in PAD. Based on recent results obtained from a series of studies in PAD patients and a rat model of PAD, this review will shed light on SNA-driven BP response and the underlying mechanisms by which receptors and molecular mediators in muscle afferent nerves mediate the abnormalities in autonomic activities of PAD. Intervention strategies, particularly non-pharmacological strategies, improving the deleterious exercise-induced SNA and BP in PAD, and enhancing tolerance and performance during exercise will also be discussed.
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Qin L, Li J. Sympathetic Nerve Control of Blood Pressure Response during Exercise in Peripheral Artery Disease and Current Application of Experimental Disease Models. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE & RESEARCH 2021; 9:204-209. [PMID: 33392512 DOI: 10.34297/ajbsr.2020.09.001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD), the blood supply directed to the lower limbs is reduced. This results in severe limb ischemia and thereby intermittent claudicating which is characterized by pain in lower limbs that occurs with walking and is relieved by rest. Of note, PAD can extremely affect the quality of living of patients and increase high risk of coronary and cerebral vascular accidents. However, effective treatments of PAD are still challenging in clinics. A number of reports have demonstrated the beneficial effects of supervised exercise on symptoms of PAD patients. This review will summarize results obtained from recent human and animal studies, which include the abnormalities in sympathetic control of blood pressure response during exercise in PAD, and rationality of animal models used for study human PAD. Nonetheless, additional in-depth studies are necessary to better explore the underlying mechanisms of the exaggerated responses of sympathetic nerve and blood pressure in PAD at molecular and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qin
- Heart & Vascular Institute, The Penn State University College of Medicine, US
| | - Jianhua Li
- Heart & Vascular Institute, The Penn State University College of Medicine, US
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Wang T, Su H, Gu J, Chen Q, Xu Q, Chen BT. Evaluation of skeletal muscle perfusion in a canine hind limb ischemia model using CT perfusion imaging. Diagn Interv Radiol 2019; 26:28-33. [PMID: 31650969 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2019.18478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate skeletal muscle perfusion in a canine hind limb ischemia model using CT perfusion imaging (CTPI). METHODS Twelve beagles underwent embolization at the branch of the left deep femoral artery. The right hind limbs were used as controls. CTPI was performed immediately after embolization. The perfusion parameters of the regions of interest (ROI), including blood volume (BV), blood flow (BF), mean transit time (MTT) and permeability (PMB), were obtained in both the lateral and posterior hind limb muscle groups. RESULTS After embolization, the BV, BF and PMB values in the lateral muscles of the left hind limbs were significantly lower than those in the right hind limbs (P > 0.05), and the MTT was significantly prolonged (P > 0.05). The values for BV, BF, MTT and PMB in the posterior muscles of the left hind limbs were not significantly different from those in the right hind limbs (P > 0.05). The values for BV, BF and PMB in the lateral muscles of the left hind limbs were significantly lower than those in the posterior muscles of the left hind limbs (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION CTPI could be used to evaluate skeletal muscle perfusion in a canine model, which may have clinical relevance in lower limb ischemia and vascular reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China;Department of Diagnostic Radiology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Haobo Su
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianping Gu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan Xu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bihong T Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
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Noninvasive Monitoring of Allogeneic Stem Cell Delivery with Dual-Modality Imaging-Visible Microcapsules in a Rabbit Model of Peripheral Arterial Disease. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:9732319. [PMID: 31001343 PMCID: PMC6437732 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9732319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies, although promising for treating peripheral arterial disease (PAD), often suffer from low engraftment rates and the inability to confirm the delivery success and track cell distribution and engraftment. Stem cell microencapsulation combined with imaging contrast agents may provide a means to simultaneously enhance cell survival and enable cell tracking with noninvasive imaging. Here, we have evaluated a novel MRI- and X-ray-visible microcapsule formulation for allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) delivery and tracking in a large animal model. Bone marrow-derived MSCs from male New Zealand White rabbits were encapsulated using a modified cell encapsulation method to incorporate a dual-modality imaging contrast agent, perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB). PFOB microcapsules (PFOBCaps) were then transplanted into the medial thigh of normal or PAD female rabbits. In vitro MSC viability remained high (79 ± 5% at 4 weeks of postencapsulation), and as few as two and ten PFOBCaps could be detected in phantoms using clinical C-arm CT and 19F MRI, respectively. Successful injections of PFOBCaps in the medial thigh of normal (n = 15) and PAD (n = 16) rabbits were demonstrated on C-arm CT at 1-14 days of postinjection. Using 19F MRI, transplanted PFOBCaps were clearly identified as “hot spots” and showed one-to-one correspondence to the radiopacities on C-arm CT. Concordance of 19F MRI and C-arm CT locations of PFOBCaps with postmortem locations was high (95%). Immunohistological analysis revealed high MSC survival in PFOBCaps (>56%) two weeks after transplantation while naked MSCs were no longer viable beyond three days after delivery. These findings demonstrate that PFOBCaps could maintain cell viability even in the ischemic tissue and provide a means to monitor cell delivery and track engraftment using clinical noninvasive imaging systems.
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Wang T, Su H, Lou W, Gu J, He X, Chen L, Chen G, Song J, Shi W, Zee C, Chen BT. Evaluation of skeletal muscle perfusion in canine hind limb ischemia model using color-coded digital subtraction angiography. Microvasc Res 2018; 123:81-85. [PMID: 30576698 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate perfusion alterations in skeletal muscle in a canine hind limb ischemia model using color-coded digital subtraction angiography (CC-DSA). METHODS Twelve beagles underwent embolization at the branch of their left deep femoral artery. Right hind limbs were used as the control group. Angiography was performed before and immediately after embolization. Upon CC-DSA analysis, time to peak (TTP) was measured before embolization in both sides of the beagles' hind limbs at the middle iliac artery, and the distant, middle and proximal femoral artery. Regions of interest (ROI) peak and ROI peak time were symmetrically computed in proximal and distal thigh muscles before and immediately after embolization. The data were analyzed and compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS Before embolization, ROI peak in the proximal thigh was lower than in the ipsilateral distal thigh, whereas ROI peak time in the proximal thigh was longer than in the distal thigh. In the iliac femoral artery, there was no significant difference in ROI peak, ROI peak time, or TTP between right and left sides. After embolization, ROI peaks in proximal and distal skeletal muscles of the left hind limb were significantly lower than on the contralateral side. ROI peak time was significantly longer in the left proximal and left distal thigh compared to the contralateral side. There were no significant changes in ROI peak or ROI peak time in the right proximal and right distal thigh compared to pre-embolization values. Changes in ROI peak and ROI peak time were larger in the left proximal than in the left distal thigh. CONCLUSION CC-DSA provided real-time measurement of changes in vascular hemodynamics and skeletal muscle perfusion without increasing X-ray usage or contrast agent dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Haobo Su
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wensheng Lou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianping Gu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu He
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoping Chen
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinhua Song
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanyin Shi
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chishing Zee
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bihong T Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
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Quantitative CT and 19F-MRI tracking of perfluorinated encapsulated mesenchymal stem cells to assess graft immunorejection. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 32:147-156. [PMID: 30535540 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-018-0728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects 12-14% of the world population, and many are not eligible for conventional treatment. For these patients, microencapsulated stem cells (SCs) offer a novel means to transplant mismatched therapeutic SCs to prevent graft immunorejection. Using c-arm CT and 19F-MRI for serial evaluation of dual X-ray/MR-visible SC microcapsules (XMRCaps) in a non-immunosuppressed rabbit PAD model, we explore quantitative evaluation of capsule integrity as a surrogate of transplanted cell fate. MATERIALS AND METHODS XMRCaps were produced by impregnating 12% perfluorooctylbromine (PFOB) with rabbit or human SCs (AlloSC and XenoSC, respectively). Volume and 19F concentration measurements of XMRCaps were assessed both in phantoms and in vivo, at days 1, 8 and 15 after intramuscular administration in rabbits (n = 10), by 3D segmenting the injection sites and referencing to standards with known concentrations. RESULTS XMRCap volumes and concentrations showed good agreement between CT and MRI both in vitro and in vivo in XenoSC rabbits. Injected capsules showed small variations over time and were similar between AlloSC and XenoSC rabbits. Histological staining revealed high cell viability and intact capsules 2 weeks after administration. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative and non-invasive tracking XMRCaps using CT and 19F-MRI may be useful to assess graft immunorejection after SC transplantation.
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Tang GL. Invited commentary. J Vasc Surg 2018; 68:857-858. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Del Giudice C, Ifergan G, Goudot G, Bellamy V, Messas E, Clement O, Bruneval P, Menasche P, Sapoval M. Evaluation of a new model of hind limb ischemia in rabbits. J Vasc Surg 2017; 68:849-857. [PMID: 29074110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.07.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Various animal models of critical limb ischemia have been developed in the past. However, there is no animal model that can undergo endovascular treatment, while providing reproducible true critical limb ischemia with arterial ulcers and rest pain. We evaluated the efficacy of a new model of rabbit hindlimb ischemia created through a percutaneous approach using embolization with calibrated particles. METHODS Through a percutaneous transauricular artery approach and selective catheterization of the superficial femoral artery, embolization of distal limb vessels was performed using a mixture of 300- to 500-μm calibrated microparticles (Embosphere, Merit Medical, Salt Lake City, Utah), saline solution, and iodine contrast. Clinical and ultrasound imaging-based blood flow evaluation was performed before embolization and during follow-up. Histologic evaluation was performed at humane killing 14 days after the procedure. RESULTS The model was successfully created in 10 rabbits (10 limbs). One rabbit died of sudden death at 8 days after the procedure. The nine surviving rabbits developed hind ulcers. All rabbits had a higher pain score in the follow-up compared to baseline value (P < .0001). Blood flow in the saphenous artery decreased significantly after the procedure and later at 14 days follow-up (baseline value 63.4 ± 31.3 μL per cardiac cycle vs 32.0 ± 28.4 μL per cardiac cycle postprocedure [P = .0013] and 32.0 ± 28.4 μL per cardiac cycle at 14 days [P = .0015]). Pathology showed signs of severe limb ischemia in all rabbits with subacute and chronic injury patterns. CONCLUSIONS A rabbit hind limb ischemia model created by percutaneous transauricular distal femoral artery embolization with calibrated particles may overcome some of the limitations of existing animal models. As such, this model could prove useful for assessing therapies designed to improve arterial perfusion and collateral growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Del Giudice
- Vascular and Oncological Interventional Radiology, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Européen George Pompidou, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS-970, Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Gabriel Ifergan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS-970, Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Goudot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS-970, Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Angiology, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Valerie Bellamy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS-970, Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Messas
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS-970, Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Angiology, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Clement
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS-970, Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Department of Radiology, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Bruneval
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS-970, Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Department of Pathology, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Européen George Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Menasche
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS-970, Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Marc Sapoval
- Vascular and Oncological Interventional Radiology, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Européen George Pompidou, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMRS-970, Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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NGF promotes hemodynamic recovery in a rabbit hindlimb ischemic model through trkA- and VEGFR2-dependent pathways. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 62:270-7. [PMID: 23644989 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3182982de7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) has been reported to play an important role in physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that NGF may induce the formation of functional blood vessels in a hindlimb ischemic rabbit model. Hindlimb ischemia was induced in 34 rabbits bilaterally by endovascular embolization of femoral arteries. On the 7th, 14th, and 20th postembolization days, NGF was injected intramuscularly, in 1 ischemic limb, and vehicle was injected in the contralateral control limb. On the 40th day, newly developed collateral vessels (diameter >500 μm) were quantified by transauricular intraarterial subtraction angiography. Perfusion analysis of an in vivo dynamic computed tomography study was performed to the limbs to investigate the hemodynamic recovery of the distal ischemic tissues. Functional estimation of limb perfusion showed a statistically significant increase of blood flow and blood volume for NGF. However, the increase of the collateral vessels was not detectable angiographically, providing evidence for the existence of a NGF-stimulated capillary angiogenic network but not increase of arteriogenesis. The combination of NGF with either tropomyosin-related kinase type A or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 antagonists abolished the NGF-induced hemodynamic recovery. These findings provide new insights into understanding the involvement of NGF in vascular formation and its applications in therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Arifin DR, Kedziorek DA, Fu Y, Chan KWY, McMahon MT, Weiss CR, Kraitchman DL, Bulte JWM. Microencapsulated cell tracking. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:850-859. [PMID: 23225358 PMCID: PMC3655121 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Microencapsulation of therapeutic cells has been widely pursued to achieve cellular immunoprotection following transplantation. Initial clinical studies have shown the potential of microencapsulation using semi-permeable alginate layers, but much needs to be learned about the optimal delivery route, in vivo pattern of engraftment, and microcapsule stability over time. In parallel with noninvasive imaging techniques for 'naked' (i.e. unencapsulated) cell tracking, microcapsules have now been endowed with contrast agents that can be visualized by (1) H MRI, (19) F MRI, X-ray/computed tomography and ultrasound imaging. By placing the contrast agent formulation in the extracellular space of the hydrogel, large amounts of contrast agents can be incorporated with negligible toxicity. This has led to a new generation of imaging biomaterials that can render cells visible with multiple imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian R. Arifin
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dorota A. Kedziorek
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yingli Fu
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kannie W. Y. Chan
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael T. McMahon
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clifford R. Weiss
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dara L. Kraitchman
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeff W. M. Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kedziorek DA, Hofmann LV, Fu Y, Gilson WD, Cosby KM, Kohl B, Barnett BP, Simons BW, Walczak P, Bulte JWM, Gabrielson K, Kraitchman DL. X-ray-visible microcapsules containing mesenchymal stem cells improve hind limb perfusion in a rabbit model of peripheral arterial disease. Stem Cells 2012; 30:1286-96. [PMID: 22438076 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic goal in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients is to restore blood flow to ischemic tissue. Stem cell transplantation offers a new avenue to enhance arteriogenesis and angiogenesis. Two major problems with cell therapies are poor cell survival and the lack of visualization of cell delivery and distribution. To address these therapeutic barriers, allogeneic bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were encapsulated in alginate impregnated with a radiopaque contrast agent (MSC-Xcaps). In vitro MSC-Xcap viability by a fluorometric assay was high (96.9% ± 2.7% at 30 days postencapsulation) and as few as 10 Xcaps were visible on clinical x-ray fluoroscopic systems. Using an endovascular PAD model, rabbits (n = 21) were randomized to receive MSC-Xcaps (n = 6), empty Xcaps (n = 5), unencapsulated MSCs (n = 5), or sham intramuscular injections (n = 5) in the ischemic thigh 24 hours postocclusion. Immediately after MSC transplantation and 14 days later, digital radiographs acquired on a clinical angiographic system demonstrated persistent visualization of the Xcap injection sites with retained contrast-to-noise. Using a modified TIMI frame count, quantitative angiography demonstrated a 65% improvement in hind limb perfusion or arteriogenesis in MSC-Xcap-treated animals versus empty Xcaps. Post-mortem immunohistopathology of vessel density by anti-CD31 staining demonstrated an 87% enhancement in angiogenesis in Xcap-MSC-treated animals versus empty Xcaps. MSC-Xcaps represent the first x-ray-visible cellular therapeutic with enhanced efficacy for PAD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota A Kedziorek
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Transauricular embolization of the rabbit coronary artery for experimental myocardial infarction: comparison of a minimally invasive closed-chest model with open-chest surgery. J Cardiothorac Surg 2012; 7:16. [PMID: 22330077 PMCID: PMC3307024 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-7-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction To date, most animal studies of myocardial ischemia have used open-chest models with direct surgical coronary artery ligation. We aimed to develop a novel, percutaneous, minimally-invasive, closed-chest model of experimental myocardial infarction (EMI) in the New Zealand White rabbit and compare it with the standard open-chest surgical model in order to minimize local and systemic side-effects of major surgery. Methods New Zealand White rabbits were handled in conformity with the "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" and underwent EMI under intravenous anesthesia. Group A underwent EMI with an open-chest method involving surgical tracheostomy, a mini median sternotomy incision and left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation with a plain suture, whereas Group B underwent EMI with a closed-chest method involving fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous transauricular intra-arterial access, superselective LAD catheterization and distal coronary embolization with a micro-coil. Electrocardiography (ECG), cardiac enzymes and transcatheter left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) measurements were recorded. Surviving animals were euthanized after 4 weeks and the hearts were harvested for Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson-trichrome staining. Results In total, 38 subjects underwent EMI with a surgical (n = 17) or endovascular (n = 21) approach. ST-segment elevation (1.90 ± 0.71 mm) occurred sharply after surgical LAD ligation compared to progressive ST elevation (2.01 ± 0.84 mm;p = 0.68) within 15-20 min after LAD micro-coil embolization. Increase of troponin and other cardiac enzymes, abnormal ischemic Q waves and LVEDP changes were recorded in both groups without any significant differences (p > 0.05). Infarct area was similar in both models (0.86 ± 0.35 cm in the surgical group vs. 0.92 ± 0.54 cm in the percutaneous group;p = 0.68). Conclusion The proposed model of transauricular coronary coil embolization avoids thoracotomy and major surgery and may be an equally reliable and reproducible platform for the experimental study of myocardial ischemia.
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Chang IS, Lee MW, Kim YI, Choi SH, Kim HC, Choi YW, Yoon CJ, Shin SW, Lim HK. Comparison between transauricular and transfemoral arterial access for hepatic artery angiography in a rabbit model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2011; 22:1181-7. [PMID: 21371908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2010.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the feasibility of transauricular arterial access and compare the procedure time needed for hepatic artery angiography via transfemoral versus transauricular arterial access in a rabbit model. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was approved by the research animal care and use committee. Twenty rabbits were divided into transfemoral (n = 10) and transauricular access groups (n = 10). The procedure consisted of shaving the hair, obtaining intraarterial access, performing hepatic artery angiography, and repairing the access site. A Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the two groups in terms of the total procedure time and the time needed for each step. RESULTS Hepatic artery angiography was technically feasible in all animals in both groups. The time required for shaving was 55 seconds ± 9.9 in the transfemoral access group; shaving was unnecessary in the transauricular access group. The times needed to obtain intraarterial access, perform hepatic artery angiography, repair the access site, and perform the entire procedure in the transfemoral and transauricular access groups were as follows: 503.3 s ± 211.8 and 97 s ± 83.3 (P < .001), 229.6 s ± 90 and 310.7 s ± 211 (P = .705), 305.5 s ± 80.6 and 90 s ± 0 (P < .001), and 1,038 s ± 265.9 and 497.7 s ± 256.9 (P = 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic artery angiography is technically feasible via transauricular arterial access. The major advantages of transauricular arterial access versus transfemoral arterial access include a procedure time reduced by the omission of shaving and surgical cutdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Soo Chang
- Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 IIwon-Dong, Kangnam-Ku, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea
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Kang Y, Choi M, Lee J, Koh GY, Kwon K, Choi C. Quantitative analysis of peripheral tissue perfusion using spatiotemporal molecular dynamics. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4275. [PMID: 19169354 PMCID: PMC2626246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate measurement of peripheral tissue perfusion is challenging but necessary to diagnose peripheral vascular insufficiency. Because near infrared (NIR) radiation can penetrate relatively deep into tissue, significant attention has been given to intravital NIR fluorescence imaging. Methodology/Principal Findings We developed a new optical imaging-based strategy for quantitative measurement of peripheral tissue perfusion by time-series analysis of local pharmacokinetics of the NIR fluorophore, indocyanine green (ICG). Time-series NIR fluorescence images were obtained after injecting ICG intravenously in a murine hindlimb ischemia model. Mathematical modeling and computational simulations were used for translating time-series ICG images into quantitative pixel perfusion rates and a perfusion map. We could successfully predict the prognosis of ischemic hindlimbs based on the perfusion profiles obtained immediately after surgery, which were dependent on the preexisting collaterals. This method also reflected increases in perfusion and improvements in prognosis of ischemic hindlimbs induced by treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor and COMP-angiopoietin-1. Conclusions/Significance We propose that this novel NIR-imaging-based strategy is a powerful tool for biomedical studies related to the evaluation of therapeutic interventions directed at stimulating angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujung Kang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Myunghwan Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jungsul Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gou Young Koh
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
- KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kihwan Kwon
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chulhee Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
- KI for the BioCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Kedziorek DA, Gilson WD, Chatterjee P, Boston RC, Stuber M, Kohl BE, Huang G, Sieber B, Bulte JWM, Hofmann LV, Kraitchman DL. 1050 Applicability of perfusion MRI in monitoring cell-based therapy in a rabbit hindlimb ischemia model. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2008. [DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-10-s1-a175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Baik HW, Kwak BK, Shim HJ, Kim YS, Lee JB, Kim KS. A New Ischemic Model Using a Radiofrequency Wire Electrode in a Rabbit Hindlimb. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2008; 31:790-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00270-008-9302-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Revised: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kraitchman DL, Arepally A, Barnett BP, Cosby K, Gilson WD, Hofmann LV, Kedziorek DA, Stuber M, Bulte JWM. CMR 2007: 8.06: An X-ray-visible microencapsulation method to enhance delivery and engraftment of allogeneic stem cells for cardiovascular applications. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Korosoglou G, Gilson WD, Schär M, Ustun A, Hofmann LV, Kraitchman DL, Stuber M. Hind limb ischemia in rabbit model: T2-prepared versus time-of-flight MR angiography at 3 T. Radiology 2007; 245:761-9. [PMID: 17951349 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2452062067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prospectively compare various parameters of vessels imaged at 3 T by using time-of-flight (TOF) and T2-prepared magnetic resonance (MR) angiography in a rabbit model of hind limb ischemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee. Endovascular occlusion of the left superficial femoral artery was induced in 14 New Zealand white rabbits. After 2 weeks, MR angiography and conventional (x-ray) angiography were performed. Vessel sharpness was evaluated visually in the ischemic and nonischemic limbs, and the presence of small collateral vessels was evaluated in the ischemic limbs. Vessel sharpness was also quantified by evaluating the magnitude of signal intensity change at the vessel borders. RESULTS The sharpness of vessels in the nonischemic limbs was similar between the TOF and the T2-prepared images. In the ischemic limbs, however, T2-prepared imaging, as compared with TOF imaging, generated higher vessel sharpness in arteries with diminished blood flow (mean vessel sharpness: 44% vs 30% for popliteal arteries, 45% vs 28% for saphenous arteries; P < .001 for both comparisons) and enabled better detection of small collateral vessels (93% vs 36% of vessels, P < .001). CONCLUSION T2-prepared imaging can facilitate high-spatial-resolution MR angiography of small vessels with low blood flow and thus has potential as a tool for noninvasive evaluation of arteriogenic therapies, without use of contrast material. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL http://radiology.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/2452062067/DC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigorios Korosoglou
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, JHOC 4223, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N Caroline St, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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Hwang GL, Patel TH, Hofmann LV. Role of image-guided vascular intervention in therapeutic angiogenesis translational research. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2007; 5:903-15. [PMID: 17867920 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.5.5.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis, the process of growing collateral blood vessels to better perfuse ischemic tissue, has been hailed as an up-and-coming treatment for symptomatic lower-extremity peripheral arterial occlusive disease. A minimally invasive durable treatment would be welcome since current treatment options for this disease carry high risk, limited efficacy or limited durability. Unfortunately, as evidenced by disappointing results in multiple clinical trials, therapeutic angiogenesis has yet to deliver in humans the success it has seen in animal models. In this review, we discuss the challenges of translating therapeutic angiogenesis into effective clinical treatments for lower-extremity peripheral arterial occlusive disease and we highlight the role that experts in image-guided vascular interventions can play in advancing the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria L Hwang
- Stanford University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Room H3630, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5642, USA.
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Karnabatidis D, Katsanos K, Diamantopoulos A, Kagadis GC, Siablis D. Transauricular Arterial or Venous Access for Cardiovascular Experimental Protocols in Animals. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2006; 17:1803-11. [PMID: 17142711 DOI: 10.1097/01.rvi.0000244836.16098.b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a safe percutaneous method of transauricular endovascular access in small and large animals that uses basic catheter-based interventional skills and renders surgery and general anesthesia with intubation unnecessary. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty New Zealand White rabbits and five domestic juvenile swine were used in the experiments. Animals were restrained in the supine position after induction of dissociative anesthesia. Transauricular endovascular access was accomplished by percutaneous catheterization of the auricular artery or vein, roadmap imaging, introduction of a 0.018-inch hydrophilic guide wire, and over-the-wire vascular sheath insertion after serial tract dilations. RESULTS Technical success rates were 90% and 100% for intraarterial and endovenous access in the rabbit, respectively, and 100% for both routes in the pig. The largest sheaths inserted were 5 F in the rabbits' aortae, 7 F in the rabbits' venae cavae, 6 F in the pigs' aortae, and 8 F in the pigs' venae cavae. Animal recovery was uneventful, and 48-hour necropsy detected only minor perivascular hematoma in cases of transauricular intraarterial access. Peripheral, intracoronary, intrapulmonary, and intracerebral selective vascular access was safe and feasible. A method of reserving the transauricular endovascular access for future interventions or follow-up by placement of indwelling hydrophilic catheters was also established. CONCLUSIONS Transauricular endovascular access is a successful technique for establishing and maintaining intraarterial or endovenous vascular access. It obviates surgical cutdown and sacrifice of the femoral and cervical vessels and might considerably improve and expedite cardiovascular experimental protocols in small and large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Karnabatidis
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, GR 26500, Rion, Greece.
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Marsteller DA, Barbarich-Marsteller NC, Fowler JS, Schiffer WK, Alexoff DL, Rubins DJ, Dewey SL. Reproducibility of intraperitoneal 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose cerebral uptake in rodents through time. Nucl Med Biol 2006; 33:71-9. [PMID: 16459261 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One strength of small animal imaging is the ability to obtain longitudinal measurements within the same animal, effectively reducing the number of animals needed and increasing statistical power. However, the variability of within-rodent brain glucose uptake after an intraperitoneal injection across an extended time has not been measured. METHODS Small animal imaging with 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]-fluoro-D-glucose ((18)FDG) was used to determine the variability of a 50-min brain (18)FDG uptake following an intraperitoneal injection over time in awake male and female Sprague-Dawley rodents. RESULTS After determining the variability of an intraperitoneal injection in the awake rat, we found that normalization of brain (18)FDG uptake for (1) injected dose and body weight or (2) body weight, plasma glucose concentration and injected dose resulted in a coefficient of variation (CV) of 15%. However, if we normalized regional uptake to whole brain to compare relative regional changes, the CV was less than 5%. Normalized cerebral (18)FDG uptake values were reproducible for a 2-week period in young adult animals. After 1 year, both male and female animals had reduced whole-brain uptake, as well as reduced regional hippocampal and striatal (18)FDG uptake. CONCLUSION Overall, our results were similar to findings in previous rodent and human clinical populations; thus, using a high throughput study with intraperitoneal (18)FDG is a promising preclinical model for clinical populations. This is particularly relevant for measuring changes in brain function after experimental manipulation, such as long-term pharmacological administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Marsteller
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, SUNY Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA.
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