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Franks ZG, Nandakumar K, Santhanam L, Lester L, Walsh JM, Dalesio NM. ACE2 and TAS2R38 receptor expression in pediatric and adult patients in the nasal and oral cavity. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2024; 9:e1207. [PMID: 38362187 PMCID: PMC10866583 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate differences in angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2 (ACE2) and bitter taste receptor (TAS2R38) expression between patient age groups and comorbidities to characterize the pathophysiology of coronavirus 19(COVID-19) pandemic. ACE2 is the receptor implicated to facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infections and levels of expression may correlate to the severity of COVID-19 infection. TAS2R38 has many non-gustatory roles in disease, with some evidence of severe COVID-19 disease in certain receptor phenotypes. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study and collected nasal and lingual tissue from healthy pediatric (n = 22) and adult (n = 25) patients undergoing general anesthesia for elective procedures. RNA isolation and qPCR were performed with primers targeting ACE2 and TAS2R38. Results A total of 25 adult (52% male; 44% obese) and 22 pediatric (50% male; 36% obese) patients were enrolled, pediatric tissue had 43% more nasal ACE2 RNA expression than adults with a median fold change of 0.69 (IQR 0.37, 0.98) in adults and 0.99 (IQR 0.74, 1.43) in children (p < .05). There were no differences between the age groups in ACE2 expression of lingual tissue (p = .14) or TAS2R38 expression collected from either nasal (p = 049) or lingual tissue (p = .49). Stratifying for obesity yielded similar differences between nasal ACE2 expression between adults and children with median fold change of 0.56 (IQR 0.32, 0.87) in adults and 1.0 (IQR 0.82, 1.52) in children (p < .05). Conclusions ACE2 receptor expression is higher in nasal tissue collected from children compared to adults, suggesting COVID-19 infectivity is more complicated than ACE2 and TAS2R38 mRNA expression. Level of Evidence NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechariah G. Franks
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Kavitha Nandakumar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Laeben Lester
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Jonathan M. Walsh
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Nicholas M. Dalesio
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck SurgeryJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Lin C, Jyotaki M, Quinlan J, Feng S, Zhou M, Jiang P, Matsumoto I, Huang L, Ninomiya Y, Margolskee RF, Reed DR, Wang H. Lipopolysaccharide increases bitter taste sensitivity via epigenetic changes in Tas2r gene clusters. iScience 2023; 26:106920. [PMID: 37283808 PMCID: PMC10239704 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T2R bitter receptors, encoded by Tas2r genes, are not only critical for bitter taste signal transduction but also important for defense against bacteria and parasites. However, little is known about whether and how Tas2r gene expression are regulated. Here, we show that in an inflammation model mimicking bacterial infection using lipopolysaccharide, the expression of many Tas2rs was significantly upregulated and mice displayed markedly increased neural and behavioral responses to bitter compounds. Using single-cell assays for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (scATAC-seq), we found that the chromatin accessibility of Tas2rs was highly celltype specific and lipopolysaccharide increased the accessibility of many Tas2rs. scATAC-seq also revealed substantial chromatin remodeling in immune response genes in taste tissue stem cells, suggesting potential long-lasting effects. Together, our results suggest an epigenetic mechanism connecting inflammation, Tas2r gene regulation, and altered bitter taste, which may explain heightened bitter taste that can occur with infections and cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailu Lin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Masafumi Jyotaki
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John Quinlan
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shan Feng
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Minliang Zhou
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peihua Jiang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ichiro Matsumoto
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Liquan Huang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute of Cellular and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuzo Ninomiya
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Sensory Physiology, Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Device, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Oral Science Research Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Danielle R. Reed
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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3
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Lin C, Jyotaki M, Quinlan J, Feng S, Zhou M, Jiang P, Matsumoto I, Huang L, Ninomiya Y, Margolskee RF, Reed DR, Wang H. Inflammation induces bitter taste oversensitization via epigenetic changes in Tas2r gene clusters. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.08.527520. [PMID: 36798225 PMCID: PMC9934667 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.08.527520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
T2R bitter receptors, encoded by Tas2r genes, are not only critical for bitter taste signal transduction but also important for defense against bacteria and parasites. However, little is known about whether and how Tas2r gene expression are regulated. Here we show that, in an inflammation model mimicking bacterial infection, the expression of many Tas2rs are significantly up-regulated and mice displayed markedly increased neural and behavioral responses to bitter compounds. Using single-cell assays for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (scATAC-seq), we found that the chromatin accessibility of Tas2rs was highly cell type specific and inflammation increased the accessibility of many Tas2rs . scATAC-seq also revealed substantial chromatin remodeling in immune response genes in taste tissue stem cells, suggesting potential long-term effects. Together, our results suggest an epigenetic mechanism connecting inflammation, Tas2r gene regulation, and altered bitter taste, which may explain heightened bitter taste that can occur with infections and cancer treatments.
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4
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Li X, Yi H. Sulfur dioxide-enhanced asthma susceptibility is involved with inhibition of bitter taste transduction in mouse lung. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:103938. [PMID: 35907486 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) may induce asthma-like symptoms or worsen existing asthma, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the relationship between SO2 exposure, asthma development, and bitter taste transduction was analyzed using ovalbumin (OVA)-induced and SO2-aggravated asthma models. The results showed that twenty-seven and twelve bitter taste receptors (Tas2rs) were detectable in mouse trachea and lung, respectively, and that all of them were nearly down-regulated in OVA-induced BALB/c and C57BL/6 asthmatic mice. SO2 exposure alone did not trigger a distinct asthma-like phenotype, but the combination of SO2 and OVA allergen caused more severe asthma symptoms in mice including enhanced inflammatory cells infiltration, thickened airway walls, increased mucus secretion, and elevated expression of proinflammatory and Th2 cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13). Furthermore, SO2 enhanced the transcriptional repression of Tas2rs in OVA-induced asthmatic mice. These results indicated that the occurrence of mice asthma was correlated with the inhibition of bitter taste transduction, and more severe airway inflammation and injury were accompanied with an enhanced inhibition of bitter taste transduction. Our findings suggest that SO2 inhalation may amplify Th2 inflammatory responses in the lung of asthmatic mice by inhibiting bitter taste transduction, and thereby exacerbate asthma symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiuJuan Li
- School of Life Science, College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - HuiLan Yi
- School of Life Science, College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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5
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Ren Y, Zhong X, Wang H, Chen Z, Liu Y, Zeng X, Ma Y. Chloroquine Attenuates Asthma Development by Restoring Airway Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype Via the ROS-AKT Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:916508. [PMID: 35721212 PMCID: PMC9198701 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.916508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Switching of airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell phenotype from differentiated-contractile to dedifferentiated-proliferative/synthetic state often occurs in asthmatic subjects with airway dysfunction. Evidence has been provided that chloroquine (an agonist of bitter taste receptors) presented benefits to ASM cell function implicated in asthma. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. House dust mite (HDM)-sensitized mice were administered with chloroquine or dexamethasone before challenge. BALF and lung tissue were obtained for cell counting, histological analysis or ELISA. Primary cultured ASM cells were stimulated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 or H2O2. Cells and supernatant were collected for the detection of ASM phenotype, ROS level, and proinflammatory cytokine production. In HDM-sensitized mice, chloroquine attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), inflammation and remodeling with an inhibition of immunoglobulin E, IL-4/-13, and TGF-β1 in BALF. ASM cell proliferation (PCNA), hypertrophy (α-SMA), and parasecretion (MMP-9 and MMP-13) were strongly suppressed by chloroquine, hinting the rebalance of the heterogeneous ASM populations in asthmatic airway. Our data in vitro indicated that chloroquine markedly restrained maladaptive alteration in ASM phenotype in concert with a remission of ROS. Using H2O2 and PI3K inhibitor (LY294002), we found that the inhibition of oxidative stress level and ROS-AKT signal by chloroquine may serve as a potential mechanism that dedicates to the restoration of the phenotypic imbalance in ASM cells. Overall, the present findings suggested that chloroquine improves asthmatic airway function by controlling ASM cell phenotype shift, sketching a novel profile of chloroquine as a new therapeutic candidate for airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ren
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuhua Zhong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongqi Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoning Zeng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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6
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Gradinaru TC, Petran M, Dragos D, Gilca M. PlantMolecularTasteDB: A Database of Taste Active Phytochemicals. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:751712. [PMID: 35095484 PMCID: PMC8789873 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.751712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teodora-Cristiana Gradinaru
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Petran
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dorin Dragos
- Department of Medical Semiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,1st Internal Medicine Clinic, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marilena Gilca
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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7
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Martens K, Steelant B, Bullens DMA. Taste Receptors: The Gatekeepers of the Airway Epithelium. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112889. [PMID: 34831117 PMCID: PMC8616034 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste receptors are well known for their role in the sensation of taste. Surprisingly, the expression and involvement of taste receptors in chemosensory processes outside the tongue have been recently identified in many organs including the airways. Currently, a clear understanding of the airway-specific function of these receptors and the endogenous activating/inhibitory ligands is lagging. The focus of this review is on recent physiological and clinical data describing the taste receptors in the airways and their activation by secreted bacterial compounds. Taste receptors in the airways are potentially involved in three different immune pathways (i.e., the production of nitric oxide and antimicrobial peptides secretion, modulation of ciliary beat frequency, and bronchial smooth muscle cell relaxation). Moreover, genetic polymorphisms in these receptors may alter the patients’ susceptibility to certain types of respiratory infections as well as to differential outcomes in patients with chronic inflammatory airway diseases such as chronic rhinosinusitis and asthma. A better understanding of the function of taste receptors in the airways may lead to the development of a novel class of therapeutic molecules that can stimulate airway mucosal immune responses and could treat patients with chronic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katleen Martens
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.M.); (B.S.)
- Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Brecht Steelant
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Dominique M. A. Bullens
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.M.); (B.S.)
- Clinical Division of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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8
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Amison RT, Page CP. Novel pharmacological therapies for the treatment of bronchial asthma. Minerva Med 2021; 113:31-50. [PMID: 34236157 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.21.07559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Asthma has long been recognised as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, often in response to inhaled allergens prompting inappropriate activation of the immune response. involving a range of cells including mast cells, Th2 lymphocytes and eosinophils and a wide range of inflammatory mediators. First-line therapy for treatment of persistent asthma involves the use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in combination with inhaled β2-agonists enabling both the control of the underlying airways inflammation and a reduction of airway hyperresponsiveness. However, many patients remain symptomatic despite high-dose therapy. There is therefore a continued unmet clinical need to develop specifically new anti-inflammatory therapies for patients with asthma, either as an add-on therapy to ICS or as replacement monotherapies. The success of fixed dose combination inhalers containing both a bronchodilator and an anti-inflammatory drug has also led to the development of "bifunctional" drugs which are molecules specifically designed to have two distinct pharmacological actions based on distinct pharmacophores. In this review we will discuss these different pharmacological approaches under development for the treatment of bronchial asthma and the available pre-clinical and clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Amison
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK -
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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9
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Matera MG, Page CP, Calzetta L, Rogliani P, Cazzola M. Pharmacology and Therapeutics of Bronchodilators Revisited. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:218-252. [PMID: 31848208 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchodilators remain the cornerstone of the treatment of airway disorders such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is therefore considerable interest in understanding how to optimize the use of our existing classes of bronchodilator and in identifying novel classes of bronchodilator drugs. However, new classes of bronchodilator have proved challenging to develop because many of these have no better efficacy than existing classes of bronchodilator and often have unacceptable safety profiles. Recent research has shown that optimization of bronchodilation occurs when both arms of the autonomic nervous system are affected through antagonism of muscarinic receptors to reduce the influence of parasympathetic innervation of the lung and through stimulation of β 2-adrenoceptors (β 2-ARs) on airway smooth muscle with β 2-AR-selective agonists to mimic the sympathetic influence on the lung. This is currently achieved by use of fixed-dose combinations of inhaled long-acting β 2-adrenoceptor agonists (LABAs) and long-acting muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists (LAMAs). Due to the distinct mechanisms of action of LAMAs and LABAs, the additive/synergistic effects of using these drug classes together has been extensively investigated. More recently, so-called "triple inhalers" containing fixed-dose combinations of both classes of bronchodilator (dual bronchodilation) and an inhaled corticosteroid in the same inhaler have been developed. Furthermore, a number of so-called "bifunctional drugs" having two different primary pharmacological actions in the same molecule are under development. This review discusses recent advancements in knowledge on bronchodilators and bifunctional drugs for the treatment of asthma and COPD. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Since our last review in 2012, there has been considerable research to identify novel classes of bronchodilator drugs, to further understand how to optimize the use of the existing classes of bronchodilator, and to better understand the role of bifunctional drugs in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Matera
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy (M.G.M.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); and Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy (L.C., P.R., M.C.)
| | - C P Page
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy (M.G.M.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); and Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy (L.C., P.R., M.C.)
| | - L Calzetta
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy (M.G.M.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); and Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy (L.C., P.R., M.C.)
| | - P Rogliani
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy (M.G.M.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); and Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy (L.C., P.R., M.C.)
| | - M Cazzola
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy (M.G.M.); Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (C.P.P.); and Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy (L.C., P.R., M.C.)
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10
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Luo M, Yu P, Ni K, Jin Y, Liu L, Li J, Pan Y, Deng L. Sanguinarine Rapidly Relaxes Rat Airway Smooth Muscle Cells Dependent on TAS2R Signaling. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:1027-1034. [PMID: 32404582 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Excessive contraction of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) is a hallmark feature of asthma. Intriguing, the activation of bitter taste receptor (TAS2R) in ASMCs can relax ASMCs. However, there is a lack of potent TAS2R agonists that can be used in asthma therapies since those tested agonists cannot relax ASMCs at the dose below a few hundred micromolar. Considering that sanguinarine (SA) is a bitter substance often used in small doses for the treatment of asthma in folk medicine, the present study was to determine the rapid relaxation effect of SA on ASMCs and to reveal the underlying mechanisms associated with TAS2R signaling. Here, cell stiffness, traction force, calcium signaling, cAMP levels, and the mRNA expression were evaluated by using optical magnetic twisting cytometry, traction force microscopy, Fluo-4/AM labeling, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and quantitative (q)RT-PCR, respectively. We found that 0.5 µM SA immediately decreased cell stiffness and traction force, which is comparable with the effect of 5 µM isoproterenol. In addition, 0.5 µM SA immediately increased intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and decreased the mRNA expression of contractile proteins such as calponin and α-smooth muscle actin after the treatment for 24 h. Furthermore, SA-mediated decrease in cell stiffness/traction force and increase in [Ca2+]i were significantly blunted by inhibiting the TAS2Rs signaling. These findings establish the rapid relaxation effect of SA at low concentration (<1 µM) on cultured ASMCs depending on TAS2R signaling, indicating that SA might be developed as a useful bronchodilator in asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Luo
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University
| | - Peili Yu
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University
| | - Kai Ni
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University
| | - Yang Jin
- Key Lab of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University
| | - Lei Liu
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University
| | - Jingjing Li
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University
| | - Yan Pan
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University
| | - Linhong Deng
- Changzhou Key Laboratory of Respiratory Medical Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University
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11
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Cazzola M, Rogliani P, Matera MG. The future of bronchodilation: looking for new classes of bronchodilators. Eur Respir Rev 2019; 28:28/154/190095. [PMID: 31871127 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0095-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Available bronchodilators can satisfy many of the needs of patients suffering from airway disorders, but they often do not relieve symptoms and their long-term use raises safety concerns. Therefore, there is interest in developing new classes that could help to overcome the limits that characterise the existing classes.At least nine potential new classes of bronchodilators have been identified: 1) selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors; 2) bitter-taste receptor agonists; 3) E-prostanoid receptor 4 agonists; 4) Rho kinase inhibitors; 5) calcilytics; 6) agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ; 7) agonists of relaxin receptor 1; 8) soluble guanylyl cyclase activators; and 9) pepducins. They are under consideration, but they are mostly in a preclinical phase and, consequently, we still do not know which classes will actually be developed for clinical use and whether it will be proven that a possible clinical benefit outweighs the impact of any adverse effect.It is likely that if developed, these new classes may be a useful addition to, rather than a substitution of, the bronchodilator therapy currently used, in order to achieve further optimisation of bronchodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cazzola
- Dept of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Dept of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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12
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Cai Y, Lei Y, Chen J, Cao L, Yang X, Zhang K, Cao Y. Erythromycin relaxes BALB/c mouse airway smooth muscle. Life Sci 2019; 221:135-142. [PMID: 30731142 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Bitter taste receptor (TAS2R) agonists have bronchodilatory potentials. Erythromycin is a ligand of TAS2R10, but its relaxant profile is unknown. This study was performed to understand the relaxant effects of erythromycin and its potential mechanism. MAIN METHODS Airway resistance was tested by the whole body plethysmography in the ovalbumin-aluminum hydroxide induced asthma model mice. Tracheal ring segment myography was used to investigate the isometric tension of the smooth muscle. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration was measured by enzyme immunoassay kit. Changes in the calcium influx in airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) were surveyed using a real-time confocal microscopy. KEY FINDINGS Erythromycin significantly relieved airway hyperreactivity in asthma model mice. Erythromycin relaxed mouse tracheal segments precontracted with carbachol, KCl, 5-hydroxytryptamine and U46619, and further dilated the tracheal rings relaxed by isoprenaline or atropine. Epithelium removal, indomethacin or NS-398 partially reduced the relaxation. U73122, 2-APB, iberiotoxin or ouabain did not change the concentration-relaxation curves of erythromycin on tracheal segments. Erythromycin didn't elevate cAMP level. CaCl2-induced contraction in the K+-rich solution was impaired by erythromycin in the Ca2+-free solution. The intercellular Ca2+ level in the ASMCs was decreased by erythromycin, which was partly inhibited by Bay K8644 but not gallein. SIGNIFICANCE Erythromycin had marked bronchodilatory effect. The relaxation might be related to the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel, but not the gustducin-associated βγ/phospholipase-Cβ/inositol 1,4,5-tri-phosphate receptor/large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel pathway or a cAMP-dependent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China; Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Ying Lei
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Jingguo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Kanghuai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Yongxiao Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Abstract
This chapter summarizes the available data about taste receptor functions and their role in perception of food with emphasis on the human system. In addition we illuminate the widespread presence of these receptors throughout the body and discuss some of their extraoral functions. Finally, we describe clinical aspects where taste receptor signaling could be relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas C Töle
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Maik Behrens
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Meyerhof
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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14
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Extraoral Taste Receptor Discovery: New Light on Ayurvedic Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017. [PMID: 28642799 PMCID: PMC5469997 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5435831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
More and more research studies are revealing unexpectedly important roles of taste for health and pathogenesis of various diseases. Only recently it has been shown that taste receptors have many extraoral locations (e.g., stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, respiratory system, heart, brain, kidney, urinary bladder, pancreas, adipose tissue, testis, and ovary), being part of a large diffuse chemosensory system. The functional implications of these taste receptors widely dispersed in various organs or tissues shed a new light on several concepts used in ayurvedic pharmacology (dravyaguna vijnana), such as taste (rasa), postdigestive effect (vipaka), qualities (guna), and energetic nature (virya). This review summarizes the significance of extraoral taste receptors and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels for ayurvedic pharmacology, as well as the biological activities of various types of phytochemical tastants from an ayurvedic perspective. The relative importance of taste (rasa), postdigestive effect (vipaka), and energetic nature (virya) as ethnopharmacological descriptors within Ayurveda boundaries will also be discussed.
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15
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Zhang YX, Wang X, Wang SF, Zhang YL, Qiao YJ. Traditional Chinese Bitter Flavor theory: Is there any relation with taste type II receptors? Eur J Integr Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Avau B, Depoortere I. The bitter truth about bitter taste receptors: beyond sensing bitter in the oral cavity. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 216:407-20. [PMID: 26493384 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The bitter taste receptor (TAS2R)-family of G-protein-coupled receptors has been identified on the tongue as detectors of bitter taste over a decade ago. In the last few years, they have been discovered in an ever growing number of extra-oral tissues, including the airways, the gut, the brain and even the testis. In tissues that contact the exterior, protective functions for TAS2Rs have been proposed, in analogy to their function on the tongue as toxicity detector. However, TAS2Rs have also been found in internal organs, suggesting other roles for these receptors, perhaps involving as yet unidentified endogenous ligands. The current review gives an overview of the different proposed functions for TAS2Rs in tissues other than the oral cavity; from appetite regulation to the treatment of asthma, regulation of gastrointestinal motility and control of airway innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Avau
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID); Gut Peptide Research Lab; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - I. Depoortere
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID); Gut Peptide Research Lab; University of Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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Devillier P, Naline E, Grassin-Delyle S. The pharmacology of bitter taste receptors and their role in human airways. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 155:11-21. [PMID: 26272040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The receptors involved in bitter taste perception (bitter taste receptors--T2Rs) constitute a family of G-protein-coupled receptors, of which around 29 subtypes have been identified in humans. T2R expression was initially thought to be confined to the oral cavity but has recently been described in a range of other tissues (such as the heart, gut, nasal cavity and lungs) and cell types (chemosensory, smooth muscle, endothelial, epithelial and inflammatory cells). Although it is still not clear whether endogenous T2R agonists exist, the T2R receptors recognize many natural and synthetic compounds, such as the acyl-homoserine lactones produced by bacteria, caffeine, chloroquine, and erythromycin. In the upper airways, T2Rs are involved in neurogenic inflammation and bacterial clearance. Their known effects in the lungs are exerted at three different levels. Firstly, T2R agonists increase the beating frequency of cilia on epithelial cells. Secondly, the T2Rs induce bronchial smooth muscle cells to relax. Thirdly, the T2R receptors expressed on immune cells (such as macrophages and mast cells) modulate production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, T2R agonists are effective in inhibiting lung inflammation or smooth muscle contraction in ex vivo and asthma animal models, and are known to be involved in bacterial killing in the nasal cavity and enhancing lung function in humans. This review focuses on the pharmacology and physiological functions of T2R receptors in the upper and lower airways. It presents recently acquired knowledge suggesting that T2Rs may become valuable drug targets in the treatment of diseases such as asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Devillier
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, UPRES EA220, Hôpital Foch, 11 rue Guillaume Lenoir, 92150 Suresnes, France; Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, UFR Sciences de la Santé, 2 avenue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Emmanuel Naline
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, UPRES EA220, Hôpital Foch, 11 rue Guillaume Lenoir, 92150 Suresnes, France; Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, UFR Sciences de la Santé, 2 avenue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Stanislas Grassin-Delyle
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, UPRES EA220, Hôpital Foch, 11 rue Guillaume Lenoir, 92150 Suresnes, France; Université Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, UFR Sciences de la Santé, 2 avenue de la source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.
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