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Akkurt Arslan M, Rabut G, Chardonnet S, Pionneau C, Kobal A, Gratas Pelletier M, Harfouche N, Réaux La Goazigo A, Baudouin C, Brignole-Baudouin F, Kessal K. Expanded biochemical analyses of human tear fluid: Polyvalent faces of the schirmer strip. Exp Eye Res 2023; 237:109679. [PMID: 37858607 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The tear film forms a protective barrier between the ocular surface and the external environment. Despite its small volume, recent advancements in preanalytical and analytical procedures have enabled its in-depth analysis using multiple approaches. However, the diversity of tear film collection methods and the lack of standardization in pre-analytical methods represent the main obstacles to reproducible results and comparison among different studies. In this study, we first improved the pre-analytical procedures for the extraction of various molecular entities from Schirmer strips (ScS). Subsequently, our investigation focused on analyzing the molecular variances that might occur between two primary tear collection methods: capillary tube (CT) and ScS. Additionally, we examined different parts of the ScS to underscore these variations, which could serve as crucial factors for developing a standardized, optimized protocol for sample processing. Our results show that the inclusion of surfactants in the extraction process enhanced both the yield of protein extraction and the number of proteins identified in ScS, by effectively lysing the cells and improving the solubility of several intracellular proteins. In addition to proteins, nucleic acids could also be recovered for gene expression analyses, particularly from the bulb region of the ScS which is placed in the cul-de-sac. Despite their diluted nature, extracts from ScS remain a suitable material for retrieving tear proteins such as IL-17A at levels as low as the fg/mL range, thanks to highly sensitive immunoassays. Collection methods can affect measured tear protein levels. Lactoferrin is found in higher percentages in capillary electrophoresis analysis of tears collected using ScS compared to tears collected by CT (39.6 ± 4.8% versus 31 ± 4.4%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Akkurt Arslan
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale INSERM UMRS 968, CNRS, UMR 7210, Institut de La Vision, IHU ForeSight, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France.
| | - Ghislaine Rabut
- Hôpital National de La Vision des 15-20, Service 3, 75012, Paris, France.
| | - Solenne Chardonnet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMS Production et Analyse des Données en Sciences de La Vie et en Santé, PASS, Plateforme Post-génomique de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, P3S, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Cédric Pionneau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMS Production et Analyse des Données en Sciences de La Vie et en Santé, PASS, Plateforme Post-génomique de La Pitié-Salpêtrière, P3S, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Alfred Kobal
- Hôpital National de La Vision des 15-20, Laboratoire d'Ophtalmobiologie, 75012, Paris, France.
| | | | - Nouara Harfouche
- Hôpital National de La Vision des 15-20, Laboratoire d'Ophtalmobiologie, 75012, Paris, France.
| | - Annabelle Réaux La Goazigo
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale INSERM UMRS 968, CNRS, UMR 7210, Institut de La Vision, IHU ForeSight, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France.
| | - Christophe Baudouin
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale INSERM UMRS 968, CNRS, UMR 7210, Institut de La Vision, IHU ForeSight, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France; Hôpital National de La Vision des 15-20, Service 3, 75012, Paris, France; Hôpital National de La Vision des 15-20, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU FOReSIGHT, 75012, Paris, France; Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris APHP, Service d'Ophtalmologie, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Paris Saclay, 92100, Boulogne, France.
| | - Françoise Brignole-Baudouin
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale INSERM UMRS 968, CNRS, UMR 7210, Institut de La Vision, IHU ForeSight, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France; Hôpital National de La Vision des 15-20, Laboratoire d'Ophtalmobiologie, 75012, Paris, France; Hôpital National de La Vision des 15-20, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU FOReSIGHT, 75012, Paris, France; Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Karima Kessal
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale INSERM UMRS 968, CNRS, UMR 7210, Institut de La Vision, IHU ForeSight, Sorbonne Université UM80, 75012, Paris, France; Hôpital National de La Vision des 15-20, Laboratoire d'Ophtalmobiologie, 75012, Paris, France; Hôpital National de La Vision des 15-20, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU FOReSIGHT, 75012, Paris, France.
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2
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Di Zazzo A, Coassin M, Surico PL, Bonini S. Age-related ocular surface failure: A narrative review. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109035. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Proteomic Analysis of Tears and Conjunctival Cells Collected with Schirmer Strips Using timsTOF Pro: Preanalytical Considerations. Metabolites 2021; 12:metabo12010002. [PMID: 35050124 PMCID: PMC8778087 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the human proteome profile of samples collected from whole (W) Schirmer strips (ScS) and their two parts—the bulb (B) and the rest of the strip (R)—with a comprehensive proteomic approach using a trapped ion mobility mass spectrometer, the timsTOF Pro. Eight ScS were collected from two healthy subjects at four different visits to be separated into three batches, i.e., 4W, 4B, and 4R. In total, 1582 proteins were identified in the W, B, and R batches. Among all identified proteins, binding proteins (43.4%) and those with catalytic activity (42.2%) constituted more than 80% of the molecular functions. The most represented biological processes were cellular processes (31.2%), metabolic processes (20.8%), and biological regulation (13.1%). Enzymes were the most represented protein class (41%), consisting mainly of hydrolases (47.5%), oxidoreductases (22.1%), and transferases (16.7%). The bulb (B), which is in contact with the conjunctiva, might collect both tear and cell proteins and therefore promote the identification of more proteins. Processing B and R separately before mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, combined with the high data acquisition speed and the addition of ion-mobility-based separation in the timsTOF Pro, can bring a new dimension to biomarker investigations of a limited sample such as tear fluid.
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Huang Q, Zheng Y, Zhang C, Wang W, Liao T, Xiao X, Wang J, Wang J. Association between asthma and dry eye disease: a meta-analysis based on observational studies. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e045275. [PMID: 34893481 PMCID: PMC8666867 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to systematically review the relationship between dry eye disease (DED) and asthma based on published population-based studies. DATA SOURCES PubMed, EMBASE and ISI Web of Science from their inception were searched up to October 2019. STUDY SELECTION Observational studies addressing the association between asthma and DED will be eligible. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two reviewers independently conducted the data extraction and quality assessment. We used a random-effects model for all analyses. Subgroup analysis according to ethnicity was performed to test the influence of ethnicity on the association. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Six independent studies (a total of 45 215 patients with asthma and 232 864 control subjects) were included in this review and had an average of seven stars by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Our current findings suggest that the prevalence of DED was higher in the asthma group than in the control group (Z=7.42, p<0.00001; OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.38). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, Australian, Caucasian and Asian patients with asthma showed an increased risk of DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Huang
- Ophthalmology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Clinical Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanlin Zheng
- Ophthalmology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Clinical Medical College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chuantao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanjie Wang
- Ophthalmology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingting Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xili Xiao
- Ophthalmology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Ophthalmology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Ophthalmology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Zhan X, Li J, Guo Y, Golubnitschaja O. Mass spectrometry analysis of human tear fluid biomarkers specific for ocular and systemic diseases in the context of 3P medicine. EPMA J 2021; 12:449-475. [PMID: 34876936 PMCID: PMC8639411 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-021-00265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, a large number of non-communicable/chronic disorders reached an epidemic level on a global scale such as diabetes mellitus type 2, cardio-vascular disease, several types of malignancies, neurological and eye pathologies-all exerted system's enormous socio-economic burden to primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare. The paradigm change from reactive to predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (3PM/PPPM) has been declared as an essential transformation of the overall healthcare approach to benefit the patient and society at large. To this end, specific biomarker panels are instrumental for a cost-effective predictive approach of individualized prevention and treatments tailored to the person. The source of biomarkers is crucial for specificity and reliability of diagnostic tests and treatment targets. Furthermore, any diagnostic approach preferentially should be noninvasive to increase availability of the biomaterial, and to decrease risks of potential complications as well as concomitant costs. These requirements are clearly fulfilled by tear fluid, which represents a precious source of biomarker panels. The well-justified principle of a "sick eye in a sick body" makes comprehensive tear fluid biomarker profiling highly relevant not only for diagnostics of eye pathologies but also for prediction, prognosis, and treatment monitoring of systemic diseases. One prominent example is the Sicca syndrome linked to a cascade of severe complications that include dry eye, neurologic, and oncologic diseases. In this review, protein profiles in tear fluid are highlighted and corresponding biomarkers are exemplified for several relevant pathologies, including dry eye disease, diabetic retinopathy, cancers, and neurological disorders. Corresponding analytical approaches such as sample pre-processing, differential proteomics, electrophoretic techniques, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA), microarrays, and mass spectrometry (MS) methodology are detailed. Consequently, we proposed the overall strategies based on the tear fluid biomarkers application for 3P medicine practice. In the context of 3P medicine, tear fluid analytical pathways are considered to predict disease development, to target preventive measures, and to create treatment algorithms tailored to individual patient profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianquan Zhan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University, 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan, 250117 Shandong China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan, 250117 Shandong China
- Gastroenterology Research Institute and Clinical Center, Shandong First Medical University, 38 Wuying Shan Road, Jinan, Shandong 250031 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan, 250117 Shandong China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Yuna Guo
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University, 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan, 250117 Shandong China
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive and Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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6
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Alven A, Lema C, Redfern RL. Impact of Low Humidity on Damage-associated Molecular Patterns at the Ocular Surface during Dry Eye Disease. Optom Vis Sci 2021; 98:1231-1238. [PMID: 34510151 PMCID: PMC8585693 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000001802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Dry eye is one of the leading causes for individuals to seek eye care, whereas the pathogenesis is poorly understood. One mechanism in which dry eye inflammation may ensue is by the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by damaged cells to stimulate the production of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. Examining DAMP levels on the ocular surface during dry eye disease (DED) will increase our understanding of their potential involvement in the pathogenesis of DED. PURPOSE This study aimed to quantitate DAMPs, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and heat shock proteins on the ocular surface of normal and dry eye subjects and to examine the impact of low-humidity environment (LHE) on DAMPs and inflammation in dry eye subjects. METHODS Basal tears (10 to 20 μL) and conjunctival impression cytology samples were analyzed for HMGB1, HSP-27, HSP-60, HSP-70, and HSP-90α by ELISA or Luminex assays in normal (n = 15) and DED (n = 15) subjects. In addition, a subset of DED subjects were exposed to LHE for 2 hours. The level of DAMPs in the tear film was evaluated by ELISA or Luminex assay. Interleukin 6, interleukin 8, or metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 mRNA were quantitated by real-time polymerase chain reaction from conjunctival impression cytology samples. RESULTS Compared with age-matched normal subjects, HMGB1 was significantly elevated in the tear film of DED subjects (P = .03), whereas there was no significant difference in heat shock proteins. Conjunctival impression cytology samples revealed no significant difference in intracellular DAMP levels between both groups. After exposure to an LHE, there was an increase in corneal staining (P = .005), HSP-60 levels in the tear film (P = .01), and MMP-9 mRNA in the conjunctiva (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS Dry eye subjects had higher levels of HMGB1 in their tear film. Exposure to an LHE worsened corneal staining, increased conjunctival MMP-9 mRNA expression, and increased tear film HSP-60 levels. Larger studies are needed to understand the involvement of DAMPs in stimulating dry eye inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce Alven
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Carolina Lema
- The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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7
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Age- and Sex-Adjusted Reference Intervals in Tear Cytokine Levels in Healthy Subjects. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11198958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in tear cytokine levels have been associated with various ocular disorders as compared to those in healthy subjects. However, age and sex are not always considered in these comparisons. In this study we aimed to establish age and sex reference intervals (RIs) for tear cytokine levels in healthy people. Tear samples were taken from 75 males and 82 females, aged 18–88 years, and tear cytokine levels were determined. Age- and sex-adjusted RIs for epidermal growth factor (EGF), fractalkine, interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (RA), IL-7, IL-8, interferon inducible protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) tear cytokine levels in a healthy sample were established using generalized additive for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) models. RIs were tested in two external samples: a validation sample of 40 individuals with normal results at four Dry Eye Disease (DED) clinical diagnostic tests (OSDI, T-BUT, corneal staining and Schirmer test); and a utility sample of 13 severe DED cases. IL-1RA, IL-8, IP-10, and MCP-1 levels showed a positive association with age, while EGF was negatively correlated. IL-7 concentration increased up to 40 years and again after 70 years, observing a quasi-linear decrease between them. For VEGF, higher levels were observed in the middle-aged range. Regarding sex-influence, fractalkine tear levels were higher in men, whereas those of IL-7, IL-8, and IP-10 were higher in women. Using the estimated age- and sex-adjusted RIs, more than 92% of the validation sample was correctly classified, and 100% of the severe DED patients in the utility sample had concentrations outside the RIs in at least two of the cytokines evaluated.
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8
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Hyun SW, Song SJ, Park B, Lee TG, Kim CS. Toxicological effects of urban particulate matter on corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. Toxicol Res 2020; 36:311-318. [PMID: 33005590 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-019-00034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to urban particulate matter (UPM) is a high-risk factor for various ocular surface diseases, including dry eye syndrome. However, the effects of UPM on corneal and conjunctival epithelium damage have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the toxicological effects of UPM exposure at high concentrations by using in vitro cultures. The cell viability, mucin expression, and the secreted inflammatory mediators of corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells was observed at 24 h after exposure to UPM. The progression of cell cycle was also examined by flow cytometry at 24 h after exposure to UPM. UPM reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and increased cell population in S and G2 phase. The expression of mucin-1 was attenuated by UPM exposure, but that of mucin-4 was not. UPM increased interleukin (IL)-6 release and decreased IL-8 release. The intensity of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) was highest at 4 h of UPM exposure. In conclusion, these results suggest that UPM causes the disruption of corneal and conjunctival epithelium by decreasing cell viability, altering cell cycle, disrupting mucin, and regulating inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Wang Hyun
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054 Korea.,Present Address: Medicinal Evaluation Team, Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator (GBSA), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16229 Korea
| | - Su Jeong Song
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054 Korea
| | - Bongkyun Park
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yusengdae-ro, Daejeon, 34054 Korea
| | - Tae Gu Lee
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yusengdae-ro, Daejeon, 34054 Korea
| | - Chan-Sik Kim
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yusengdae-ro, Daejeon, 34054 Korea.,Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34054 Korea
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López-de la Rosa A, González-García MJ, Calonge M, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A. Tear Inflammatory Molecules in Contact Lens Wearers: A Literature Review. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:523-548. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190409152921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Numerous studies have analysed the effect of using different Contact
Lenses (CLs) or care solutions, and suffering discomfort or diseases associated with CL wear
on the inflammatory mediator release into the tears.
Objective:
To summarize the published data on tear inflammatory molecules related to CL use.
Methods:
A PubMed-NCBI search has been conducted and those publications which carried
out original investigations including the analysis of tear inflammatory mediators in CL wearers
were selected.
Results:
Forty-three articles, from 1990 to 2019, have been included. Wearing hydrogel CLs,
rigid gas permeable CLs, and special designs for irregular corneas in keratoconus patients (CLs
with keratoconic design, hybrid CLs, piggyback fit, and scleral CLs) have been reported to alter
the concentration of several molecules in tears. Moreover, there seems to be an effect of the
wearing time and schedule, CL materials and designs, and care solutions used. Regarding CL
discomfort, its relation with inflammatory mediators is not clear. However, some diseases associated
to CL wear, such as giant papillary conjunctivitis, CL induced acute red eye, CL induced
peripheral ulcer, and acanthamoeba keratitis have been related to the release of certain inflammatory
mediators, which may serve as potential biomarkers.
Conclusion:
There is evidence suggesting that different aspects of CL wear alter the inflammatory
mediator profile in tears, which may indicate an inflammatory state of the lacrimal functional
unit. However, more studies need to be carried out to better understand how this inflammatory
process works and its repercussion on the different aspects of CL wear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Margarita Calonge
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Kim DH, Gu A, Lee JS, Yang EJ, Kashif A, Hong MH, Kim G, Park BS, Lee SJ, Kim IS. Suppressive effects of S100A8 and S100A9 on neutrophil apoptosis by cytokine release of human bronchial epithelial cells in asthma. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:498-509. [PMID: 32174780 PMCID: PMC7053304 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.37833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 are important proteins in the pathogenesis of allergy. Asthma is an allergic lung disease, characterized by bronchial inflammation due to leukocytes, bronchoconstriction, and allergen-specific IgE. In this study, we examined the role of S100A8 and S100A9 in the interaction of cytokine release from bronchial epithelial cells, with constitutive apoptosis of neutrophils. S100A8 and S100A9 induce increased secretion of neutrophil survival cytokines such as MCP-1, IL-6 and IL-8. This secretion is suppressed by TLR4 inhibitor), LY294002, AKT inhibitor, PD98059, SB202190, SP600125, and BAY-11-7085. S100A8 and S100A9 also induce the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK, p38 MAPK and JNK, and activation of NF-κB, which were blocked after exposure to TLR4i, LY294002, AKTi, PD98059, SB202190 or SP600125. Furthermore, supernatants collected from bronchial epithelial cells after S100A8 and S100A9 stimulation suppressed the apoptosis of normal and asthmatic neutrophils. These inhibitory mechanisms are involved in suppression of caspase 9 and caspase 3 activation, and BAX expression. The degradation of MCL-1 and BCL-2 was also blocked by S100A8 and S100A9 stimulation. Essentially, neutrophil apoptosis was blocked by co-culture of normal and asthmatic neutrophils with BEAS-2B cells in the presence of S100A8 and S100A9. These findings will enable elucidation of asthma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Hye Kim
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824
| | - Ayoung Gu
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824
| | - Ji-Sook Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Wonkwang Health Science University, Iksan, 54538
| | - Eun Ju Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, 38610
| | - Ayesha Kashif
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824
| | - Min Hwa Hong
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824
| | - Geunyeong Kim
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824
| | - Beom Seok Park
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135
| | - Soo Jin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, 301-746
| | - In Sik Kim
- Department of Senior Healthcare, BK21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824, Republic of Korea
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11
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López-de la Rosa A, García-Vázquez C, Fernández I, Arroyo-Del Arroyo C, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A, González-García MJ. Substance P Level in Tears as a Potential Biomarker for Contact Lens Discomfort. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2019; 29:43-56. [PMID: 31600092 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1668024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To analyze the effects of contact lens (CL) wear, time of the day, and CL discomfort (CLD) on clinical signs, tear inflammatory mediators and substance P.Methods: Thirty symptomatic and 30 asymptomatic CL wearers attended two visits (morning and afternoon) on two days (non-CL and CL wearing days). Comfort, meniscus area, noninvasive breakup time (NIBUT), tear collection, hyperemia, lid parallel conjunctival folds, fluorescein staining, and sensitivity were performed. The tear levels of 23 inflammatory mediators and substance P were measured.Results: Comfort, meniscus area, NIBUT, and MMP-9 were lower while conjunctival staining and EGF higher (p ≤ 0.015) on the CL wearing day. Comfort, IL-8/CXCL8, and VEGF were lower while EGF, IP-10/CXCL10, and MCP-1/CCL2 higher (p ≤ 0.047) in the afternoon. Comfort was lower and substance P higher (p ≤ 0.006) in symptomatic wearers.Conclusion: Substance P may be implicated in CLD etiology; its role and potential application as a biomarker should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto López-de la Rosa
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Department of Theoretical Physics, Atomic and Optics, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Vázquez
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Itziar Fernández
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Cristina Arroyo-Del Arroyo
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Department of Theoretical Physics, Atomic and Optics, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Amalia Enríquez-de-Salamanca
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
| | - María J González-García
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Department of Theoretical Physics, Atomic and Optics, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
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12
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Zhang X, Cui Y, He M, Jiao Y, Yang Z. Lipocalin-1 Expression as a Prognosticator Marker of Survival in Breast Cancer Patients. Breast Care (Basel) 2019; 15:272-280. [PMID: 32774222 DOI: 10.1159/000503168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose LCN1 (lipocalin-1), a gene that encodes tear lipocalin (or von Ebner's gland protein), is mainly expressed in secretory glands and tissues, such as the lachrymal and lingual gland, and nasal, mammary, and tracheobronchial mucosae. Analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Breast Carcinoma (BRCA) level 3 data revealed a relationship between LCN1 expression and survival in breast cancer patients. Methods The χ2 test and Fisher exact test were applied to analyze the clinical data and RNA sequencing expression data, and the association between LCN1 expression and clinicopathologic features was determined. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve of LCN1 was drawn to assess its ability as a diagnostic marker, and the optimal cutoff value was obtained from the ROC curve to distinguish groups with high and low LCN1 expression. Cox regression was used to compare both groups, and a log-rank test was applied to calculate p values and compare the -Kaplan-Meier curves. Furthermore, GEO datasets were employed for external data validation. Results Analysis of 1,104 breast cancer patients with a primary tumor revealed that LCN1 was overexpressed in breast cancer. High LCN1 expression was associated with clinicopathologic features and poor survival. Analyzing the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of LCN1, it was found that its diagnostic ability was limited. Multivariate analysis indicated that LCN1 expression is an independent predictor of survival in breast cancer patients. Through validation in GEO datasets, LCN1 expression was higher in tumor than normal tissue of the breast. High LCN1 expression was associated with poor survival in breast cancer patients. Conclusions High LCN1 expression is an independent prognosticator of a poor prognosis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Zhang
- School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingnan Cui
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Anesthesia, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Jiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoying Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Hyun SW, Kim J, Park B, Jo K, Lee TG, Kim JS, Kim CS. Apricot Kernel Extract and Amygdalin Inhibit Urban Particulate Matter-Induced Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030650. [PMID: 30759852 PMCID: PMC6384987 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter is a risk factor for various ocular surface diseases, including keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). In this study, we investigated the protective effects of apricot kernel extract (AKE) and its bioactive compound, amygdalin, on KCS induced by exposure to urban particulate matter (UPM). In the in vivo experiments, eye drops containing 0.5 mg/mL AKE (AKE-0.5) or 1 mg/mL AKE (AKE-1) were administered directly into the eyes of female rats after UPM exposure. Additionally, the effect of AKE and amygdalin on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity and the expressions of inflammatory factors, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, was investigated in conjunctival epithelial cells in vitro. Topical administration of AKE-1 attenuated UPM exposure-induced reduction of tear secretion. Both AKE-0.5 and AKE-1 inhibited UPM exposure-induced corneal epithelial damage and irregularity. AKE also protected against UPM exposure-induced disruption of the mucin-4 layer on the ocular surface. In addition, AKE and amygdalin prevented UPM-induced activation of MMPs and upregulation of TNF-α and IL-6 in conjunctival epithelial cells. Therefore, AKE may have protective effects against UPM exposure-induced KCS via the inhibition of MMPs and inflammation. The pharmacological activities of AKE may be in part due to its bioactive compound, amygdalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Wang Hyun
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
| | - Bongkyun Park
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Kyuhyung Jo
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Tae Gu Lee
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Jin Sook Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Chan-Sik Kim
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
- Korean Medicine Life Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34054, Korea.
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Review of Biomarkers in Ocular Matrices: Challenges and Opportunities. Pharm Res 2019; 36:40. [PMID: 30673862 PMCID: PMC6344398 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers provide a powerful and dynamic approach to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying ocular diseases with applications in diagnosis, disease modulation or for predicting and monitoring of clinical response to treatment. Defined as measurable indicator of normal or pathological processes, biomarker evaluation has been used extensively in drug development within clinical settings to better comprehend effectiveness of treatment in ocular diseases. Biomarkers in the eye have the advantage of access to multiple ocular matrices via minimally invasive methods. Repeat sampling for biomarker assessment has enabled reproducible objective measures of disease process or biological responses to a drug treatment. This review describes the usage of biomarkers with respect to four commonly sampled ocular matrices in clinic: tears, conjunctiva, aqueous humor and vitreous. Issues that affect the evaluation of biomarkers are discussed along with opportunities to leverage biomarkers such that ultimately, they can be used for customized targeted therapy.
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15
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Di Zazzo A, Micera A, De Piano M, Cortes M, Bonini S. Tears and ocular surface disorders: Usefulness of biomarkers. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9982-9993. [PMID: 30515814 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Corroborating data suggest that the analysis of tear fluid might represent an additional tool in the ophthalmological practice. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this review was to sum up the tear protein profiles in healthy and diseased ocular surface and to highlight biomarker usefulness in the early diagnosis as well as at follow-up. This analysis encompasses a deep examination of the protein profile expression under physiological and pathological conditions. Tear protein profile analysis will allow in the near future discriminating between different grades of inflammation, from acute trauma toward immune-, endocrine-, and nervous-related disorders of the ocular surface. CONCLUDING REMARKS The review provides an overview of old and recent findings about inflammatory mediators identified at the ocular surface, under physiological and pathological conditions. To date, the analysis of tear fluid represents a new additional approach for diagnosis and management of ocular surface diseases. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanism could also offer significant advantages to develop strategies addressed to better clarify some complex ocular surface disorders. To sum up, the possibility to provide selective biomarkers as a future target of specific diseases should be considered for supporting diagnosis and management of ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Zazzo
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy.,Ophthalmology Operative Complex Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Micera
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria De Piano
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
| | - Magdalena Cortes
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Ophthalmology Operative Complex Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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16
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Severity, therapeutic, and activity tear biomarkers in dry eye disease: An analysis from a phase III clinical trial. Ocul Surf 2018; 16:368-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Mateo Orobia AJ, Saa J, Ollero Lorenzo A, Herreras JM. Combination of hyaluronic acid, carmellose, and osmoprotectants for the treatment of dry eye disease. Clin Ophthalmol 2018; 12:453-461. [PMID: 29563769 PMCID: PMC5846763 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s157853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dry Eye Disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease, with a high prevalence, that can have a great impact on the quality of life of patients. The first step of treatment includes the use of lacrimal substitutes composed of polymers, possible to associate osmoprotectant agents to the lacrimal substitutes. The aim of this article is to analyze the properties of the combination of hyaluronic acid (HA), carmellose, and osmoprotectors (Optava Fusion®; Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) on DED. General considerations on the use of artificial tears are also proposed. Methods A group of ophthalmologists, experts in the management of the ocular surface, analyzed different aspects related to DED; among them, the use of artificial tears in general and the properties of the combination of HA, carmellose, and osmoprotectors, in particular, were discussed. A review of the literature was carried out, which included different articles published in Spanish, English, and French until April 2017. Conclusions DED is a common chronic pathology that usually requires sustained treatment. In addition, the combination of HA, carmellose, and osmoprotectors has proven to be effective in the treatment of symptoms and signs of dry eye by the synergistic action of all its components. This review provides key elements to help ophthalmologists who begin in the management of DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio José Mateo Orobia
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Unit, Aragón Healthcare Research Institute (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón), Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jorge Saa
- Ophthalmology Department and Research Unit of Jove Hospital Foundation, Gijón, Spain
| | - Alberto Ollero Lorenzo
- Cornea and Ocular Surface Unit, Meixoeiro Hospital, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), Vigo, Spain
| | - José María Herreras
- Valladolid University Clinical Hospital, Valladolid, Spain.,University Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA [Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada]). Miguel Delibes Campus, Paseo de Belén, Valladolid, Spain
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18
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Sebbag L, Harrington DM, Mochel JP. Tear fluid collection in dogs and cats using ophthalmic sponges. Vet Ophthalmol 2017; 21:249-254. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - Danielle M. Harrington
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
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Bron AJ, de Paiva CS, Chauhan SK, Bonini S, Gabison EE, Jain S, Knop E, Markoulli M, Ogawa Y, Perez V, Uchino Y, Yokoi N, Zoukhri D, Sullivan DA. TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:438-510. [PMID: 28736340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 965] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The TFOS DEWS II Pathophysiology Subcommittee reviewed the mechanisms involved in the initiation and perpetuation of dry eye disease. Its central mechanism is evaporative water loss leading to hyperosmolar tissue damage. Research in human disease and in animal models has shown that this, either directly or by inducing inflammation, causes a loss of both epithelial and goblet cells. The consequent decrease in surface wettability leads to early tear film breakup and amplifies hyperosmolarity via a Vicious Circle. Pain in dry eye is caused by tear hyperosmolarity, loss of lubrication, inflammatory mediators and neurosensory factors, while visual symptoms arise from tear and ocular surface irregularity. Increased friction targets damage to the lids and ocular surface, resulting in characteristic punctate epithelial keratitis, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, filamentary keratitis, lid parallel conjunctival folds, and lid wiper epitheliopathy. Hybrid dry eye disease, with features of both aqueous deficiency and increased evaporation, is common and efforts should be made to determine the relative contribution of each form to the total picture. To this end, practical methods are needed to measure tear evaporation in the clinic, and similarly, methods are needed to measure osmolarity at the tissue level across the ocular surface, to better determine the severity of dry eye. Areas for future research include the role of genetic mechanisms in non-Sjögren syndrome dry eye, the targeting of the terminal duct in meibomian gland disease and the influence of gaze dynamics and the closed eye state on tear stability and ocular surface inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Bron
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunil K Chauhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute & Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - Eric E Gabison
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild & Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Sandeep Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erich Knop
- Departments of Cell and Neurobiology and Ocular Surface Center Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yoko Ogawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Victor Perez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yuichi Uchino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiko Yokoi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Driss Zoukhri
- Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Sullivan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute & Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Pu P, Stone CE, Burdick JT, Murray JI, Sundaram MV. The Lipocalin LPR-1 Cooperates with LIN-3/EGF Signaling To Maintain Narrow Tube Integrity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2017; 205:1247-1260. [PMID: 28040739 PMCID: PMC5340336 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.195156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalins are secreted cup-shaped glycoproteins that bind sterols, fatty acids, and other lipophilic molecules. Lipocalins have been implicated in a wide array of processes related to lipophilic cargo transport, sequestration, and signaling, and several are used as biomarkers for human disease, but the functions of most lipocalins remain poorly understood. Here we show that the Caenorhabditis elegans lipocalin LPR-1 is required to maintain apical membrane integrity and a continuous lumen in two narrow unicellular tubes, the excretory duct and pore, during a period of rapid lumen elongation. LPR-1 fusion protein is expressed by the duct and pore and accumulates both intracellularly and in apical extracellular compartments, but it can also function cell nonautonomously when provided from outside of the excretory system. lpr-1 mutant defects can be rescued by increased signaling through the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-Ras-extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, which promotes the more elongated duct vs. less elongated pore tube fate. Spatial and temporal rescue experiments indicate that Ras signaling acts within the duct and pore tubes during or prior to cell fate determination to bypass the requirement for LPR-1 lpr-1 mutations did not disrupt LIN-3/EGF-dependent duct-fate specification, prevent functioning of any specific LIN-3/EGF isoform, or alter LET-23/EGFR localization, and reduced signaling did not phenocopy or enhance lpr-1 mutant defects. These data suggest that LPR-1 protects lumen integrity through a LIN-3/EGF-independent mechanism, but that increased signaling upregulates some target(s) that can compensate for lpr-1 absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Pu
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Craig E Stone
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Joshua T Burdick
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - John I Murray
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Meera V Sundaram
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Hagan S, Martin E, Enríquez-de-Salamanca A. Tear fluid biomarkers in ocular and systemic disease: potential use for predictive, preventive and personalised medicine. EPMA J 2016; 7:15. [PMID: 27413414 PMCID: PMC4942926 DOI: 10.1186/s13167-016-0065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the field of predictive, preventive and personalised medicine, researchers are keen to identify novel and reliable ways to predict and diagnose disease, as well as to monitor patient response to therapeutic agents. In the last decade alone, the sensitivity of profiling technologies has undergone huge improvements in detection sensitivity, thus allowing quantification of minute samples, for example body fluids that were previously difficult to assay. As a consequence, there has been a huge increase in tear fluid investigation, predominantly in the field of ocular surface disease. As tears are a more accessible and less complex body fluid (than serum or plasma) and sampling is much less invasive, research is starting to focus on how disease processes affect the proteomic, lipidomic and metabolomic composition of the tear film. By determining compositional changes to tear profiles, crucial pathways in disease progression may be identified, allowing for more predictive and personalised therapy of the individual. This article will provide an overview of the various putative tear fluid biomarkers that have been identified to date, ranging from ocular surface disease and retinopathies to cancer and multiple sclerosis. Putative tear fluid biomarkers of ocular disorders, as well as the more recent field of systemic disease biomarkers, will be shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Hagan
- Department of Life Sciences, Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University (GCU ), G4 0BA Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Eilidh Martin
- Department of Life Sciences, Vision Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University (GCU ), G4 0BA Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Amalia Enríquez-de-Salamanca
- Institute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain ; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valladolid, Spain
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22
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Choi W, Lian C, Ying L, Kim GE, You IC, Park SH, Yoon KC. Expression of Lipid Peroxidation Markers in the Tear Film and Ocular Surface of Patients with Non-Sjogren Syndrome: Potential Biomarkers for Dry Eye Disease. Curr Eye Res 2016; 41:1143-9. [PMID: 26731289 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1098707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the expression of lipid peroxidation markers in the tear film and ocular surface and their correlation with disease severity in patients with dry eye disease. METHODS The concentrations of hexanoyl-lysine (HEL), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in tears obtained from 44 patients with non-Sjogren syndrome dry eye and 33 control subjects. The correlations between the marker levels and the tear film and ocular surface parameters, including tear film break-up time (BUT), Schirmer tear value, tear clearance rate, keratoepitheliopathy scores, corneal sensitivity, conjunctival goblet cell density, and symptom score, were analyzed. The expression of the lipid peroxidation markers HEL, 4-HNE, and MDA in the conjunctiva was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The concentrations of HEL, 4-HNE, and MDA were 279.84 ± 69.98 nmol/L, 0.02 ± 0.01 μg/mL, and 3.80 ± 1.05 pmol/mg in control subjects and 283.21 ± 89.67 nmol/L (p = 0.97), 0.20 ± 0.03 μg/mL (p < 0.01), and 13.32 ± 4.03 pmol/mg (p < 0.01) in dry eye patients. 4-HNE and MDA levels significantly correlated with BUT, Schirmer tear value, tear clearance rate, keratoepitheliopathy scores, conjunctival goblet cell density, and symptom score (p < 0.05), whereas HEL levels did not correlate with these parameters. Staining intensities for 4-HNE and MDA increased in dry eye patients. CONCLUSIONS The expression of late lipid peroxidation markers, 4-HNE and MDA, increases in the tear film and ocular surface of patients with dry eye. The levels correlate with various tear film and ocular surface parameters and may reflect the severity of dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Choi
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Cui Lian
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Li Ying
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Ga Eon Kim
- b Department of Pathology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Korea
| | - In Cheon You
- c Department of Ophthalmology , Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital , Jeonju , Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Park
- d College of Veterinary Medicine , Chonnam National University , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Yoon
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital , Gwangju , Korea
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23
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Gomes P, Slocum C, Smith LM, Abelson MB. Challenges faced in clinical trials for chronic allergic conjunctivitis. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2015.1081563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Allergy and allergic mediators in tears. Exp Eye Res 2013; 117:106-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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26
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Hagan S, Tomlinson A. Tear Fluid Biomarker Profiling: A Review of Multiplex Bead Analysis. Ocul Surf 2013; 11:219-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Dry eye (DE) disease is an impairment of the lachrymal unit function and one the most frequent eye problems. A major challenge is to find accurate diagnostic criteria to be able to define DE severity, as symptoms poorly correlate with clinical signs. Tear osmolarity is considered a key factor in DE onset and perpetuation; its measurement is now possible in clinical setting by an innovative electrical impedance-based lab-on-a-chip technology. This article outlines the features of DE disease and the limitations of current clinical tests. The role of tear osmolarity in DE etiopathogenesis is surveyed, and the pitfalls in measurement are discussed. Diagnostic performance, accuracy and clinical applications of the technology in focus are critically reviewed. The instrument offers the possibility to measure tear osmolarity in a rapid and reliable way in daily practice. As scientific evidence grows, it is expected in the future that it will represent an objective indicator of ocular surface health in the management of DE disease and in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Versura
- Ophthalmology Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Teaching Hospital, Pad. 1 Palagi, Via Palagi 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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Gadaria-Rathod N, Lee KI, Asbell PA. Emerging drugs for the treatment of dry eye disease. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2013; 18:121-36. [PMID: 23621500 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2013.791676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dry eye disease (DED) is a common, age-related ocular condition that in its mildest forms causes bothersome symptoms of ocular discomfort, fatigue, and visual disturbance that interfere with quality of life and in its more severe forms causes chronic pain and fluctuating vision. Though it is highly prevalent and costs billions of dollars to manage, current treatments have largely been inadequate, making it a frustrating condition, both for physicians and patients alike. AREAS COVERED This article will cover the recently discovered pathophysiology of DED that has prompted investigators to explore new molecules that target the core mechanisms that drive DED. These include anti-inflammatory/immune-modulatory drugs, secretagogues, lubricant, hormones, and autologous serum. Their potential mechanism of action and data from recent trials on efficacy/safety will be reviewed. EXPERT OPINION The emerging drugs have a vast range of putative mechanisms of action that may not only provide symptomatic relief but may potentially break the vicious cycle of DED and provide long-lasting cure. Current and future research may change our perspective on DED and redefine its treatment algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gadaria-Rathod
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, One Gustave L Levy Place, Box 1183, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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