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Hollis IB, Jennings DL, Krim S, Ton VK, Ducharme A, Cowger J, Looby M, Eulert-Green JJ, Bansal N, Horn E, Byku M, Katz J, Michaud CJ, Rajapreyar I, Campbell P, Vale C, Cosgrove R, Hernandez-Montfort J, Otero J, Ingemi A, Raj S, Weeks P, Agarwal R, Martinez ES, Tops LF, Ahmed MM, Kiskaddon A, Kremer J, Keebler M, Ratnagiri RK. An ISHLT consensus statement on strategies to prevent and manage hemocompatibility related adverse events in patients with a durable, continuous-flow ventricular assist device. J Heart Lung Transplant 2024; 43:1199-1234. [PMID: 38878021 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2024.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Life expectancy of patients with a durable, continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) continues to increase. Despite significant improvements in the delivery of care for patients with these devices, hemocompatability-related adverse events (HRAEs) are still a concern and contribute to significant morbility and mortality when they occur. As such, dissemination of current best evidence and practices is of critical importance. This ISHLT Consensus Statement is a summative assessment of the current literature on prevention and management of HRAEs through optimal management of oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications, parenteral anticoagulant medications, management of patients at high risk for HRAEs and those experiencing thrombotic or bleeding events, and device management outside of antithrombotic medications. This document is intended to assist clinicians caring for patients with a CF-LVAD provide the best care possible with respect to prevention and management of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B Hollis
- University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Douglas L Jennings
- New York Presbyterian Columbia Irving Medical Center/Long Island University College of Pharmacy, New York, New York
| | - Selim Krim
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Van-Khue Ton
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anique Ducharme
- Montreal Heart Institute/Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Mary Looby
- Inova Fairfax Medical Campus, Falls Church, Virginia
| | | | - Neha Bansal
- Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Ed Horn
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mirnela Byku
- University of North Carolina Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jason Katz
- Division of Cardiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine & Bellevue Hospital, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Cassandra Vale
- The Prince Charles Hospital, Chermside, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard Cosgrove
- Cornerstone Specialty Hospital/University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Jessica Otero
- AdventHealth Littleton Hospital, Littleton, Colorado
| | | | | | - Phillip Weeks
- Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Richa Agarwal
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Laurens F Tops
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Amy Kiskaddon
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Mary Keebler
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Perera Y, Taylor R, Bera KD, Holman L, Curry N, Shah A. Plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for the peri-operative management of type 2 heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia in a patient requiring urgent surgery for critical limb ischaemia. Anaesth Rep 2024; 12:e12311. [PMID: 38983185 PMCID: PMC11228826 DOI: 10.1002/anr3.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a 61-year-old female who developed heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia following treatment of a submassive pulmonary embolism, and who then required an above knee amputation for critical limb ischaemia. Heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia is a rare, immune-mediated complication associated with an in-hospital mortality rate of 10%. It is more common in surgical patients, with patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery more likely to develop it than patients undergoing cardiac surgery, but heparin-dependent immunoglobulin G antibodies are more likely to be formed in the latter. Peri-operative management remains a challenge. Ideally, it is preferable to wait for the platelet count to improve; but in certain cases, surgery cannot be delayed. Heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia is usually managed with direct thrombin inhibitors, such as argatroban and bivalirudin. Newer therapeutic modalities, such as plasmapheresis and intravenous immunoglobulin, as used in this case, can rapidly remove antibodies, but the certainty of evidence is low. Our case adds to the literature regarding the use of these modalities and highlights the multidisciplinary team approach required to manage such complex cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Perera
- Oxford Critical Care Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Oxford UK
| | - R Taylor
- Department of Vascular Surgery Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Oxford UK
| | - K D Bera
- Department of Vascular Surgery Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Oxford UK
| | - L Holman
- Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Oxford UK
| | - N Curry
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Oxford UK
- Oxford Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Oxford UK
| | - A Shah
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford Oxford UK
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Fong KY, Yeo S, Luo H, Kofidis T, Teoh KLK, Kang GS. Stroke prevention strategies for cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ANZ J Surg 2024; 94:522-535. [PMID: 38529814 DOI: 10.1111/ans.18947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a much-feared complication of cardiac surgery, but existing literature on preventive strategies is fragmented. Hence, a systematic review and meta-analysis of stroke prevention strategies for cardiac surgery was conducted. METHODS An electronic literature search was conducted to retrieve randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating perioperative interventions for cardiac surgery, with stroke as an outcome. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to generate risk ratios (RRs), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and forest plots. Descriptive analysis and synthesis of literature was conducted for interventions not amenable to meta-analysis, focusing on risks of stroke, myocardial infarction and study-defined major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). RESULTS Fifty-six RCTs (61 894 patients) were retrieved. Many included trials were underpowered to detect differences in stroke risk. Among pharmacological therapies, only preoperative amiodarone was shown to reduce stroke risk in one trial. Concomitant left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) significantly reduced stroke risk (RR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.36-0.84, P = 0.006) in patients with preoperative atrial fibrillation, and there was no difference in on-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.64-1.37, P = 0.735). Much controversy exists in literature on the timing of carotid endarterectomy relative to CABG in patients with severe carotid stenosis. The use of preoperative remote ischemic preconditioning was not found to reduce rates of stroke or MACE. CONCLUSION This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of existing interventions for stroke prevention in cardiac surgery, and identifies gaps in research which may benefit from future, large-scale RCTs. LAAC should be considered to reduce stroke incidence in patients with preoperative atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khi Yung Fong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Selvie Yeo
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haidong Luo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Theodoros Kofidis
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kristine L K Teoh
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giap Swee Kang
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, National University Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
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Meshulami N, Murthy R, Meyer M, Meyer AD, Kaushik S. Bivalirudin anticoagulation for cardiopulmonary bypass during cardiac surgery. Perfusion 2023:2676591231221708. [PMID: 38084653 DOI: 10.1177/02676591231221708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heparin is the primary anticoagulant for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) support during cardiac surgery. While widely used, ∼2% of cardiac surgery patients develop heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and 4-26% develop heparin resistance. Bivalirudin is an alternative anticoagulant mainly used for percutaneous coronary interventions. Given the challenges associated with heparin anticoagulation, we conducted a review to explore the use of bivalirudin for CPB surgery. METHODS PubMed and Embase scoping review included 2 randomized controlled trials, a retrospective comparison study, 3 pilot studies, and 30 case reports. To provide a contemporary series, we searched for articles published from 2010 to 2023. Our review included studies from both adult and pediatric populations. RESULTS While data is limited, bivalirudin seems to supply similar effectiveness and safety as heparin for CPB anticoagulation. Across the three comparative studies, the heparin cohorts had a 0-9% mortality rate and 0-27% rate of major bleeding/reoperation compared to a 0-3% mortality and 0-6% major bleeding/reoperation rate for the bivalirudin cohorts. Bivalirudin was successfully used as an anticoagulant in a wide range of CPB surgeries (e.g., heart transplants, ventricular assisted device placements, and valve repairs). Successful patient outcomes were reported with bivalirudin infusion of ∼2 mg/kg/hour, activated clotting time monitoring (target >400 s or 2.5× baseline), use of cardiotomy suctions, minimization of stagnant blood, and post-bypass modified ultrafiltration. CONCLUSION Bivalirudin is a safe and effective anticoagulant for CPB, especially for patients with HIT or heparin resistance. Further comparative research is called for to optimize bivalirudin utilization for CPB during cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noy Meshulami
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raghav Murthy
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maisy Meyer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew D Meyer
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shubhi Kaushik
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Kravis Children's Hospital at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Erdoes G, Koster A, Levy JH. Dabigatran in Rabbit Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Comment. Anesthesiology 2023; 139:907-908. [PMID: 37721861 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000004700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Erdoes
- Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (G.E.).
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Tonetti T, Zanella A, Pérez-Torres D, Grasselli G, Ranieri VM. Current knowledge gaps in extracorporeal respiratory support. Intensive Care Med Exp 2023; 11:77. [PMID: 37962702 PMCID: PMC10645840 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-023-00563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for acute respiratory failure encompasses veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO) and extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R). V-V ECMO is primarily used to treat severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by life-threatening hypoxemia or ventilatory insufficiency with conventional protective settings. It employs an artificial lung with high blood flows, and allows improvement in gas exchange, correction of hypoxemia, and reduction of the workload on the native lung. On the other hand, ECCO2R focuses on carbon dioxide removal and ventilatory load reduction ("ultra-protective ventilation") in moderate ARDS, or in avoiding pump failure in acute exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinical indications for V-V ECLS are tailored to individual patients, as there are no absolute contraindications. However, determining the ideal timing for initiating extracorporeal respiratory support remains uncertain. Current ECLS equipment faces issues like size and durability. Innovations include intravascular lung assist devices (ILADs) and pumpless devices, though they come with their own challenges. Efficient gas exchange relies on modern oxygenators using hollow fiber designs, but research is exploring microfluidic technology to improve oxygenator size, thrombogenicity, and blood flow capacity. Coagulation management during V-V ECLS is crucial due to common bleeding and thrombosis complications; indeed, anticoagulation strategies and monitoring systems require improvement, while surface coatings and new materials show promise. Moreover, pharmacokinetics during ECLS significantly impact antibiotic therapy, necessitating therapeutic drug monitoring for precise dosing. Managing native lung ventilation during V-V ECMO remains complex, requiring a careful balance between benefits and potential risks for spontaneously breathing patients. Moreover, weaning from V-V ECMO is recognized as an area of relevant uncertainty, requiring further research. In the last decade, the concept of Extracorporeal Organ Support (ECOS) for patients with multiple organ dysfunction has emerged, combining ECLS with other organ support therapies to provide a more holistic approach for critically ill patients. In this review, we aim at providing an in-depth overview of V-V ECMO and ECCO2R, addressing various aspects of their use, challenges, and potential future directions in research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Tonetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Anesthesiology and General Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico di S.Orsola, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Zanella
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - David Pérez-Torres
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Calle Dulzaina, 2, 47012, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Giacomo Grasselli
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - V Marco Ranieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Anesthesiology and General Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico di S.Orsola, Bologna, Italy
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7
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Boysan E, Circi R, Beyazal OF, Şener E. Bivalirudin for cardiopulmonary bypass in a patient with heparin allergy. J Cardiothorac Surg 2023; 18:258. [PMID: 37697290 PMCID: PMC10496239 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-023-02359-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypersensitivity reactions to heparin are uncommon conditions but pose a serious clinical problem for patients requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. Bivalirudin is a reversible direct thrombin inhibitor that can be used instead of heparin. CASE REPORT A 49-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital for coronary artery bypass graft operation with mitral insufficiency and tricuspid valve insufficiency. Heparin allergy was confirmed by skin biopsy and skin tests. Due to this allergy, we used bivalirudin (Bivacard VEM drug, Turkey) during the surgery. A loading dose of 1.0 mg/kg (100 mg) bivalirudin was administered through the central line and a continuous infusion of 2.5 mg/kg/h of the anticoagulant was initiated following the approved protocol. Serial ACTs were obtained at 15-minute intervals during the procedure and the measurements were 330s, 320s, 350s, 360s, and 340s consecutively. Additional boluses of 0.5 mg/kg (50 mg) were administered for each measurement. Left anterior descending, obtuse marginal arteries and the right coronary artery were grafted with the left internal mammary and saphenous veins. Also, mitral valve replacement with St Jude mechanical heart valve and tricuspid ring annuloplasty was performed with Medtronic Duran ring. After the surgery, the patient had an uneventful period in the postoperative intensive care unit with a total of 600ml and 300ml chest tube drainage for two days and was discharged on the 7th day. CONCLUSION Alternative anticoagulation strategies are needed for cardiopulmonary bypass in patients unable to use heparin. Bivalirudin may be recommended as a viable alternative anticoagulant in patients with heparin allergy during cardiopulmonary bypass. However, each patient should be evaluated individually and it should not be forgotten that more than recommended doses may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Boysan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medicana International Ankara Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Renda Circi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medicana International Ankara Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Osman Fehmi Beyazal
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Başakşehir Çam and Sakura City Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey.
- Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Başakşehir G-434 Street No: 2L, 34480, Başakşehir, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Erol Şener
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Medicana International Ankara Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Delianides CA, Pourang S, Hernandez S, Disharoon D, Ahuja SP, Neal MD, Gupta AS, Mohseni P, Suster MA. A Multichannel Portable Platform With Embedded Thermal Management for Miniaturized Dielectric Blood Coagulometry. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2023; 17:843-856. [PMID: 37399149 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2023.3291875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a standalone, multichannel, miniaturized impedance analyzer (MIA) system for dielectric blood coagulometry measurements with a microfluidic sensor termed ClotChip. The system incorporates a front-end interface board for 4-channel impedance measurements at an excitation frequency of 1 MHz, an integrated resistive heater formed by a pair of printed-circuit board (PCB) traces to keep the blood sample near a physiologic temperature of 37 °C, a software-defined instrument module for signal generation and data acquisition, and a Raspberry Pi-based embedded computer with 7-inch touchscreen display for signal processing and user interface. When measuring fixed test impedances across all four channels, the MIA system exhibits an excellent agreement with a benchtop impedance analyzer, with rms errors of ≤0.30% over a capacitance range of 47-330 pF and ≤0.35% over a conductance range of 2.13-10 mS. Using in vitro-modified human whole blood samples, the two ClotChip output parameters, namely, the time to reach a permittivity peak (Tpeak) and maximum change in permittivity after the peak (Δϵr,max) are assessed by the MIA system and benchmarked against the corresponding parameters of a rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) assay. Tpeak exhibits a very strong positive correlation (r = 0.98, p < 10-6, n = 20) with the ROTEM clotting time (CT) parameter, while Δϵr,max exhibits a very strong positive correlation (r = 0.92, p < 10-6, n = 20) with the ROTEM maximum clot firmness (MCF) parameter. This work shows the potential of the MIA system as a standalone, multichannel, portable platform for comprehensive assessment of hemostasis at the point-of-care/point-of-injury (POC/POI).
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9
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Cartwright B, Mundell N. Anticoagulation for cardiopulmonary bypass, Part 2: alternatives and pathological states. BJA Educ 2023; 23:256-263. [PMID: 37389280 PMCID: PMC10300449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjae.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. Cartwright
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N. Mundell
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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10
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van Ede ES, Hoeks MPA, Hofland J, Linssen VD, van Kuppevelt TH, Versteeg EM, Hafmans TG, Diepstra A, Kusters B, Vermorgen SMM. Heparin-resistance in AL amyloidosis: a case report. BMC Anesthesiol 2023; 23:217. [PMID: 37344791 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-023-02147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-AT-III mediated heparin-resistance during CPB occurs by complex-forming with heparin-binding proteins. Currently, there are no specific recommendations for non-AT-III mediated heparin-resistance. CASE PRESENTATION We present a fatal case of a 70-yr-old male-patient undergoing cardiac-surgery in which refractory heparin-resistance was observed. The massive AL amyloidosis found at autopsy is thought to be responsible and illustrates that awareness and knowledge of the etiology and perioperative strategies of non-AT-III mediated heparin-resistance is important. CONCLUSION For anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in case of a non-AT-III medicated heparin resistance, we refer to the decision tree added to this manuscript and if necessary to consider direct thrombin inhibitors, such as bivalirudin or argatroban, as it bypasses the complexing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth S van Ede
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jan Hofland
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Vera D Linssen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Elly M Versteeg
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Theo G Hafmans
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Diepstra
- Department of Hematopathology, the University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Benno Kusters
- Department of Pathology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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11
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Helms J, Frere C, Thiele T, Tanaka KA, Neal MD, Steiner ME, Connors JM, Levy JH. Anticoagulation in adult patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: guidance from the Scientific and Standardization Committees on Perioperative and Critical Care Haemostasis and Thrombosis of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:373-396. [PMID: 36700496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2022.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Anticoagulation of patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is challenging because of a high risk of both bleeding and thrombotic complications, and often empirical. Practice in anticoagulation management is therefore highly variable. The scope of this guidance document is to provide clinicians with practical advice on the choice of an anticoagulant agent, dosing, and the optimal anticoagulant monitoring strategy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Helms
- Strasbourg University (UNISTRA), Strasbourg University Hospital, Medical Intensive Care Unit - NHC, INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine (RNM), FMTS, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Corinne Frere
- Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1166, AP-HP. Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Thiele
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Schillingallee 36, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kenichi A Tanaka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Universit of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Matthew D Neal
- Department of Surgery, Trauma and Transfusion Medicine Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marie E Steiner
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jean M Connors
- Hematology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerrold H Levy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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12
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Revelly E, Scala E, Rosner L, Rancati V, Gunga Z, Kirsch M, Ltaief Z, Rusca M, Bechtold X, Alberio L, Marcucci C. How to Solve the Conundrum of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia during Cardiopulmonary Bypass. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12030786. [PMID: 36769435 PMCID: PMC9918281 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12030786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a major issue in cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). HIT represents a severe adverse drug reaction after heparin administration. It consists of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia paradoxically leading to thrombotic events. Detection of antibodies against platelets factor 4/heparin (anti-PF4/H) and aggregation of platelets in the presence of heparin in functional in vitro tests confirm the diagnosis. Patients suffering from HIT and requiring cardiac surgery are at high risk of lethal complications and present specific challenges. Four distinct phases are described in the usual HIT timeline, and the anticoagulation strategy chosen for CPB depends on the phase in which the patient is categorized. In this sense, we developed an institutional protocol covering each phase. It consisted of the use of a non-heparin anticoagulant such as bivalirudin, or the association of unfractionated heparin (UFH) with a potent antiplatelet drug such as tirofiban or cangrelor. Temporary reduction of anti-PF4 with intravenous immunoglobulins (IvIg) has recently been described as a complementary strategy. In this article, we briefly described the pathophysiology of HIT and focused on the various strategies that can be applied to safely manage CPB in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Revelly
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Emmanuelle Scala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Rosner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Rancati
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ziyad Gunga
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zied Ltaief
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Rusca
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Bechtold
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Alberio
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Marcucci
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Chen Y, Phoon PHY, Hwang NC. Heparin Resistance During Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Adult Cardiac Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2022; 36:4150-4160. [PMID: 35927191 PMCID: PMC9225936 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2022.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of heparin for anticoagulation has changed the face of cardiac surgery by allowing a bloodless and motionless surgical field throughout the introduction of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). However, heparin is a drug with complex pharmacologic properties that can cause significant interpatient differences in terms of responsiveness. Heparin resistance during CPB is a weighty issue due to the catastrophic consequences stemming from inadequate anticoagulation, and the treatment of it necessitates a rationalized stepwise approach due to the multifactorial contributions toward this entity. The widespread use of activated clotting time (ACT) as a measurement of anticoagulation during CPB is examined, as it may be a false indicator of heparin resistance. Heparin resistance also has been repeatedly reported in patients infected with COVID-19, which deserves further exploration in this pandemic era. This review aims to examine the variability in heparin potency, underlying mechanisms, and limitations of using ACT for monitoring, as well as provide a framework towards the current management of heparin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore,Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Centre, Singapore
| | - Priscilla Hui Yi Phoon
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore,Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Centre, Singapore
| | - Nian Chih Hwang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, National Heart Centre, Singapore.
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14
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Nogueira S, Queijo J, Teles AR. Recent Myocardial Infarction and Acute Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report on Perioperative Management of a Patient for Acute Limb Vascular Surgery. Cureus 2022; 14:e30763. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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15
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Levy JH, Staudinger T, Steiner ME. How to manage anticoagulation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Intensive Care Med 2022; 48:1076-1079. [PMID: 35689697 PMCID: PMC9187844 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-022-06723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold H Levy
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Rd., 5691H HAFS, Box 3094, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Thomas Staudinger
- Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie E Steiner
- Divisions of Critical Care and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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16
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Wu H, Tang Y, Xiong X, Zhu M, Yu H, Cheng D. Successful Application of Argatroban During VV-ECMO in a Pregnant Patient Complicated With ARDS due to Severe Tuberculosis: A Case Report and Literature Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:866027. [PMID: 35899126 PMCID: PMC9309810 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.866027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe tuberculosis during pregnancy may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and venovenous (VV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) should be considered if conventional lung-protective mechanical ventilation fails. However, thrombocytopenia often occurs with ECMO, and there are limited reports of alternative anticoagulant therapies for pregnant patients with thrombocytopenia during ECMO. This report describes the first case of a pregnant patient who received argatroban during ECMO and recovered. Furthermore, we summarized the existing literature on VV-ECMO and argatroban in pregnant patients. A 31-year-old woman at 17 weeks of gestation was transferred to our hospital with ARDS secondary to severe tuberculosis. We initiated VV-ECMO after implementing a protective ventilation strategy and other conventional therapies. Initially, we selected unfractionated heparin anticoagulant therapy. However, on ECMO day 3, the patient’s platelet count and antithrombin III (AT-III) level declined to 27 × 103 cells/μL and 26.9%, respectively. Thus, we started the patient on a 0.06 μg/kg/min argatroban infusion. The argatroban infusion maintenance dose ranged between 0.9 and 1.2 μg/kg/min. The actual activated partial thromboplastin clotting time and activated clotting time ranged from 43 to 58 s and 220–260 s, respectively, without clinically significant bleeding and thrombosis. On day 27, the patient was weaned off VV-ECMO and eventually discharged. VV-ECMO may benefit pregnant women with refractory ARDS, and argatroban may be an alternative anticoagulant for pregnant patients with thrombocytopenia and AT-III deficiency during ECMO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - He Yu
- *Correspondence: He Yu, ; Deyun Cheng, ,
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17
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Neunert C, Chitlur M, van Ommen CH. The Changing Landscape of Anticoagulation in Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Use of the Direct Thrombin Inhibitors. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:887199. [PMID: 35872781 PMCID: PMC9299072 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.887199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bleeding and thrombosis frequently occur in pediatric patients with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy. Until now, most patients are anticoagulated with unfractionated heparin (UFH). However, heparin has many disadvantages, such as binding to other plasma proteins and endothelial cells in addition to antithrombin, causing an unpredictable response, challenging monitoring, development of heparin resistance, and risk of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), such as bivalirudin and argatroban, might be a good alternative. This review will discuss the use of both UFH and DTIs in pediatric patients with ECMO therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Neunert
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Meera Chitlur
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Carmen and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Central Michigan University, Detroit, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Cornelia Heleen van Ommen,
| | - Cornelia Heleen van Ommen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center University Medical Center Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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18
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McRae AS, Tidwell WP, Patel S, Lombard FW. Heparin desensitisation prior to cardiopulmonary bypass in a patient with alpha-gal allergy. Anaesth Rep 2022; 10:e12203. [PMID: 36561536 PMCID: PMC9758002 DOI: 10.1002/anr3.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This case report describes the implementation of a heparin desensitisation strategy for a patient with confirmed galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal) allergy, prior to cardiac surgery. We describe the pre-, intra- and postoperative management. We believe this report can enhance the limited data currently in existence on alternative strategies for heparin utilisation in cardiopulmonary bypass in a previously intolerant patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. McRae
- Department of PharmacyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - W. P. Tidwell
- Department of PharmacyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - S. Patel
- Department of PharmacyAscension Saint Thomas Rutherford HospitalMurfreesboroTNUSA
| | - F. W. Lombard
- Department of AnesthesiaVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
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19
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Dukhin OA, Kalinsaya AI, Shpektor AV, Vasilieva EY. [The role of thrombin in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its complications]. KARDIOLOGIIA 2022; 62:73-81. [PMID: 35414364 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2022.3.n1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin is a key regulator of the homeostasis system. Also, it actively participates in progression of various systemic diseases, including atherosclerosis. There is a large amount of experimental and clinical data on the involvement of thrombin in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease (IHD). Thus, studying thrombin activity regulation is promising. Also, the question whether it is possible to use biomarkers of thrombin activity as predictors of cardiovascular complications in IHD patients is relevant. The present review focuses on major mechanisms of thrombin functioning, its role in development and progression of atherosclerosis, and available tests for evaluation of thrombin functional activity. Major clinical studies are discussed that evaluated the efficacy of thrombin inhibitors and protease-activated receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Dukhin
- A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry; Moscow Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky
| | - A I Kalinsaya
- A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry; Moscow Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky
| | - A V Shpektor
- A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - E Yu Vasilieva
- A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry; Moscow Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky
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20
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Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is a severe prothrombotic disease. Timely diagnosis and treatment are essential. Application of diagnostic algorithms based on validated clinical scoring tools and rapid, specific laboratory assays may improve outcomes.
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21
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Craig-Schapiro R, Banc-Husu AM, Taylor SA, Bercovitz RS, Lemoine CP, Superina RA. Bivalirudin for the prevention of hepatic artery thrombosis in pediatric liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2021; 25:e14068. [PMID: 34258834 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) after liver transplantation is a serious complication that frequently results in graft loss and the need for retransplantation. Although studies have reported on various operative and endovascular treatment approaches, pharmacologic strategies for the prevention or management of HAT are not well defined. Patients with blood clotting disorders, those with a contraindication to heparin, and those who have previously developed HAT represent unique challenges in management. METHODS We present the case of a 9-month-old male with a hypercoagulable state who developed early HAT after two liver transplants, despite the use of postoperative therapeutic heparin infusion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The patient successfully underwent a third liver transplant using intraoperative and postoperative bivalirudin infusion, a direct thrombin inhibitor. Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) was used to guide anticoagulation and blood product administration in the perioperative period. At 1.5 years post-transplant, the patient has good graft function with patent hepatic vasculature. This case demonstrates the innovative use of bivalirudin anticoagulant therapy and viscoelastic methodologies to improve outcomes in hypercoagulable liver transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Craig-Schapiro
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anna M Banc-Husu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sarah A Taylor
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rachel S Bercovitz
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Caroline P Lemoine
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Riccardo A Superina
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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22
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Abstract
From preoperative medications to intraoperative needs to postoperative thromboprophylaxis, anticoagulants are encountered throughout the perioperative period. This review focuses on coagulation testing clinicians utilize to monitor the effects of these medications.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold H Levy
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (J.H.L.); and the Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School - both in Boston (J.M.C.)
| | - Jean M Connors
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (J.H.L.); and the Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School - both in Boston (J.M.C.)
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24
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Simon ER, Rakholia M, McHenry ML, Mishra PK, Singh R, Javangula K, Minhaj MM, Chaney MA. Cardiac Surgery in a Patient With Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2021; 36:1196-1206. [PMID: 34344598 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Simon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Milap Rakholia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Marie LaPenta McHenry
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Pankaj Kumar Mishra
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Cardiac Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kalyana Javangula
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Yorkshire Heart Centre, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed M Minhaj
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mark A Chaney
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
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25
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Wahba A, Milojevic M, Boer C, De Somer FMJJ, Gudbjartsson T, van den Goor J, Jones TJ, Lomivorotov V, Merkle F, Ranucci M, Kunst G, Puis L. 2019 EACTS/EACTA/EBCP guidelines on cardiopulmonary bypass in adult cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 57:210-251. [PMID: 31576396 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezz267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wahba
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, St Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Milan Milojevic
- Department of Cardiovascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute, Belgrade, Serbia.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christa Boer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Tomas Gudbjartsson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jenny van den Goor
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Timothy J Jones
- Department of Paediatric Cardiac Surgery, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vladimir Lomivorotov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Frank Merkle
- Academy for Perfusion, Deutsches Herzzentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Ranucci
- Department of Cardiovascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Gudrun Kunst
- Department of Anaesthetics and Pain Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | - Luc Puis
- Department of Perfusion, University Hospital Brussels, Jette, Belgium
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26
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Huang Q, Tang J, Chai X, Ren W, Wang J, Gan Q, Shi J, Wang M, Yang S, Liu J, Ma L. Affinity ultrafiltration and UPLC-HR-Orbitrap-MS based screening of thrombin-targeted small molecules with anticoagulation activity from Poecilobdella manillensis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1178:122822. [PMID: 34147951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to screen potential anticoagulant components from leeches, a representative animal-sourced traditional Chinese medicine using thrombin (THR)-targeted ultrafiltration combined with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-HR-Orbitrap-MS). As a result, five small molecules in leech extract were discovered to interact with THR for the first time. Among them, two new compounds were isolated and their structures were identified by IR, HR-MS and NMR data. Furthermore, their THR inhibitory activity was confirmed with IC50 values of 4.74 and 8.31 μM, respectively. In addition, molecular docking analysis showed that the active (catalytic) site of THR might be the possible binding site of the two hits. Finally, reverse screening analysis indicated that LTA4-H, ACE and ALOX5AP were potential anticoagulant targets of the two new compounds. This study will broaden our understanding of the medicinal substance basis in leeches and further contribute to the discovery and development of clinical anticoagulant drugs from leeches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyang Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jianyuan Tang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Xiaoxin Chai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - JiaBo Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qichao Gan
- Chongqing Duoputai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Chongqing 400800, China
| | - Jingyan Shi
- Chongqing Duoputai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Chongqing 400800, China
| | - Manyuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Sijin Yang
- Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jingfang Liu
- Public Technology Service Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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27
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Behandlung der heparininduzierten Thrombozytopenie unter extrakorporaler Membranoxygenierung. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HERZ THORAX UND GEFASSCHIRURGIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00398-021-00437-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Mazzeffi MA, Chow JH, Tanaka K. COVID-19 Associated Hypercoagulability: Manifestations, Mechanisms, and Management. Shock 2021; 55:465-471. [PMID: 32890309 PMCID: PMC7959868 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Patients with severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) frequently have hypercoagulability caused by the immune response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection. The pathophysiology of COVID-19 associated hypercoagulability is not fully understood, but characteristic changes include: increased fibrinogen concentration, increased Factor VIII activity, increased circulating von Willebrand factor, and exhausted fibrinolysis. Anticoagulant therapy improves outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 and viscoelastic coagulation testing offers an opportunity to tailor anticoagulant therapy based on an individual patient's coagulation status. In this narrative review, we summarize clinical manifestations of COVID-19, mechanisms, monitoring considerations, and anticoagulant therapy. We also review unique considerations for COVID-19 patients who are on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Mazzeffi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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29
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Geli J, Capoccia M, Maybauer DM, Maybauer MO. Argatroban Anticoagulation for Adult Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Systematic Review. J Intensive Care Med 2021; 37:459-471. [PMID: 33653194 DOI: 10.1177/0885066621993739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heparin is the widely used anti-coagulation strategy for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Nevertheless, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and acquired anti-thrombin (AT) deficiency preclude the use of heparin requiring utilization of an alternative anticoagulant agent. Direct thrombin inhibitors are being proposed as potential alternatives with argatroban as one of the main agents. We aimed to review the evidence with regard to safety and efficacy of argatroban as a potential definitive alternative to heparin in the adult patient population undergoing ECMO support. METHODS A web-based systematic literature search was performed in Medline (PubMed) and Embase from inception until June 18, 2020. RESULTS The search identified 13 publications relevant to the target (4 cohort studies and 9 case series). Case reports and case series with less than 3 cases were not included in the qualitative synthesis. The aggregate number of argatroban treated patients on ECMO was n = 307. In the majority of studies argatroban was used as a continuous infusion without loading dose. Starting doses on ECMO varied between 0.05 and 2 μg/kg/min and were titrated to achieve the chosen therapeutic target range. The activated partial thormboplastin time (aPTT) was the anticoagulation parameter used for monitoring purposes in most studies, whereas some utilized the activated clotting time (ACT). Optimal therapeutic targets varied between 43-70 and 60-100 seconds for aPTT and between 150-210 and 180-230 seconds for ACT. Bleeding and thromboembolic complication rates were comparable to patients treated with unfractionated heparin (UFH). CONCLUSIONS Argatroban infusion rates and anticoagulation target ranges showed substantial variations. The rational for divergent dosing and monitoring approaches are discussed in this paper. Argatroban appears to be a potential alternative to UFH in patients requiring ECMO. To definitively establish its safety, efficacy and ideal dosing strategy, larger prospective studies on well-defined patient populations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Geli
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Critical Care, 59562Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Massimo Capoccia
- Department of Aortic and Cardiac Surgery, 156726Royal Brompton Hospital, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk M Maybauer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marc O Maybauer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesia, 105551Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, The University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital and The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Nazih Zuhdi Transplant Institute, Advanced Critical Care, Integris Baptist Medical Centre, Oklahoma City, and Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
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30
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GTH 2021 State of the Art-Cardiac Surgery: The Perioperative Management of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Cardiac Surgery. Hamostaseologie 2021; 41:59-62. [PMID: 33588456 DOI: 10.1055/a-1336-6116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a severe, immune-mediated, adverse drug reaction that paradoxically induces a prothrombotic state. Particularly in the setting of cardiac surgery, where full anticoagulation is required during cardiopulmonary bypass, the management of HIT can be highly challenging, and requires a multidisciplinary approach. In this short review, the different perioperative strategies to run cardiopulmonary bypass will be summarized.
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31
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Grinstein J, Molina EJ, Sheikh FH. Successful HeartMate 3 LVAD implantation in a patient with active heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia with thrombosis using pre-implantation plasmapheresis and intraoperative continuous prostacyclin. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2021; 33:161-162. [PMID: 33575742 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia describes a prothrombotic state with significant rates of thrombus formation. We present a rare case of successful implantation of a HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist device in a patient with active heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia with thrombosis using preoperative plasmapheresis followed by intraoperative prostacyclin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Grinstein
- Section of Cardiology, Advanced Heart Failure, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ezequiel J Molina
- Department of Surgery, Advanced Heart Failure, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Farooq H Sheikh
- Department of Medicine, Advanced Heart Failure, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Ji CS, Roberts RJ, Barra ME, Lee H, Rosovsky RP. Evaluation of direct thrombin inhibitors during a critical heparin shortage. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021; 52:662-673. [PMID: 33400098 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-020-02357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A recent heparin shortage related to an outbreak of African Swine Flu in China led to substantial increase in the use of direct thrombin inhibitors (DTI) as an alternative. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of DTIs by assessing the anticoagulation assays within the initial 48 h of therapy comparing before and during shortage. A retrospective evaluation of bivalirudin and argatroban was conducted at a single center before (May 24, 2018 through August 25, 2019) and during heparin shortage (August 26, 2019 through February 20, 2020). The primary outcome was time to first therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Secondary outcomes included the percentage of time in therapeutic aPTT range, in-hospital mortality, incidence of recurrent thrombosis, and hemorrhagic events. Of the 204 patients included in the study, 95 patients [bivalirudin (n = 35), argatroban (n = 60)] were included in the pre-shortage cohort and 109 patients [bivalirudin (n = 68), argatroban (n = 41)] were during shortage. No significant difference was observed in the time to first therapeutic aPTT pre- and during shortage (8.9 h ± 10.8 vs 8.8 h ± 10.2, P = 0.62). Compared to pre-shortage cohort, a greater percentage of time was spent in therapeutic aPTT range within the initial 48 h (32% (0-50) vs. 41.6% (0-63), P = 0.04) during shortage without statistically significant differences in the rates of in-hospital mortality, thrombosis, or bleeding. While the optimal DTI protocol is still be determined, the protocols presented in this study allowed for wide-spread utilization of DTIs during a critical heparin shortage without compromising patient safety and effectiveness, likely reflective of the enhancement of DTI protocols, clinician education, and multidisciplinary collaboration and guidance from pharmacy and hematology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St. GRB005, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Russel J Roberts
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St. GRB005, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Megan E Barra
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St. GRB005, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Hang Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel P Rosovsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Koster A, Erdoes G, Nagler M, Birschmann I, Alberio L. How would we treat our own heparin-induced thrombocytopenia during cardiac surgery? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020; 35:1585-1593. [PMID: 33342734 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge on heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) in cardiac surgery. The management of HIT patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass is complex and requires an interdisciplinary and patient-tailored approach because available evidence is limited and current anticoagulation strategies have potential risks. An index case is used to discuss both the established and new perioperative therapeutic options in HIT patients undergoing urgent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koster
- Institute of Anesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Heart, and Diabetes Center NRW, Bad Oeynhausen, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gabor Erdoes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Nagler
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ingvild Birschmann
- Institute of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Heart, and Diabetes Center NRW, Bad Oeynhausen, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Alberio
- Division of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Thachil J, Juffermans NP, Ranucci M, Connors JM, Warkentin TE, Ortel TL, Levi M, Iba T, Levy JH. ISTH DIC subcommittee communication on anticoagulation in COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:2138-2144. [PMID: 32881336 PMCID: PMC7404846 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypercoagulability is an increasingly recognized complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. As such, anticoagulation has become part and parcel of comprehensive COVID-19 management. However, several uncertainties exist in this area, including the appropriate type and dose of heparin. In addition, special patient populations, including those with high body mass index and renal impairment, require special consideration. Although the current evidence is still insufficient, we provide a pragmatic approach to anticoagulation in COVID-19, but stress the need for further trials in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jecko Thachil
- Department of Haematology, Manchester University Hospitals, Manchester, UK
| | - Nicole P Juffermans
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care, OLVG Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Ranucci
- Department of Cardiovascular Anesthesia and ICU, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese (Milan, Italy
| | - Jean M Connors
- Hematology Division, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theodore E Warkentin
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas L Ortel
- Division of Hematology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Marcel Levi
- Department of Medicine and Cardiometabolic Programme-NIHR UCLH/UCL BRC, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust London, London, UK
| | - Toshiaki Iba
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jerrold H Levy
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Abstract
Purpose of Review This review will illustrate the importance of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in the intraoperative and critical care settings. Recent Findings Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) occurs more frequently in surgical patients compared with medical patients due to the inflammatory release of platelet factor 4 and perioperative heparin exposure. Recognition of this disease requires a high index of suspicion. Diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies have been expanded and refined in recent years. Summary HIT is a condition where antibodies against the heparin/platelet factor 4 complex interact with platelet receptors to promote platelet activation, aggregation, and thrombus formation. Our review will focus on intraoperative and postoperative considerations related to HIT to help the clinician better manage this rare but often devastating hypercoagulable disease process.
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Yu R, Nansubuga F, Yang J, Ding W, Li K, Weng D, Wu P, Chen G, Ma D, Wei J. Efficiency and safety evaluation of prophylaxes for venous thrombosis after gynecological surgery. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20928. [PMID: 32569239 PMCID: PMC7310966 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we investigate the incidence of venous thrombosis (VT), and evaluate the effectiveness and safety of 3 major thromboprophylaxes and the potential risk factors for VT in women undergoing surgery for a gynecological malignancy. METHODS We performed a randomized controlled trial of 307 patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for gynecological malignancies at a single institution from January 2016 to October 2017. Patients were divided into 3 groups: one receiving a half dose of low-molecular-weight heparin sodium injection (FLUXUM, Alfa Wassermann, Italy) delivered by injection, one receiving a full dose of FLUXUM, and a third group receiving an Argatroban injection. RESULTS None of the patients in our study developed a pulmonary embolism, bleeding, or infectious complications. There were no statistical differences in the rate of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) (0%, 0%, and 2.38%) and the superficial venous thromboembolism (SVT) (15.66%, 8.97%, and 18.6%) among the 3 groups. None of the patients developed symptomatic VT. The effect of treatment on alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase differed between the groups, with a minimal effect in the Argatroban group, and all 3 methods resulted in minimal impairment of renal function. Decreased hemoglobin, elevated levels of D-dimer, and prothrombin time were closely related to thrombogenesis. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the incidence of postoperative thrombosis in gynecological malignancy among these Chinese people is not as low as we had originally presumed. Argatroban is not more effective than Parnaparin as a direct thrombin inhibitor, but it has less influence on liver function, which is beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy. Hemoglobin, D-dimer, and prothrombin time may be used to predict or detect thrombogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidi Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
| | | | - Jun Yang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Hepatic Surgery Center, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Kezhen Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
| | | | - Peng Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
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Zhou P, Yin JX, Tao HL, Zhang HW. Pathogenesis and management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 504:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Sniderman J, Monagle P, Annich GM, MacLaren G. Hematologic concerns in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4:455-468. [PMID: 32548547 PMCID: PMC7292669 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This ISTH "State of the Art" review aims to critically evaluate the hematologic considerations and complications in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). ECMO is experiencing a rapid increase in clinical use, but many questions remain unanswered. The existing literature does not address or explicitly state many pertinent details that may influence hematologic complications and, ultimately, patient outcomes. This review aims to broadly introduce modern ECMO practices, circuit designs, circuit materials, hematologic complications, transfusion-related considerations, age- and size-related differences, and considerations for choosing outcome measures. Relevant studies from the 2019 ISTH Congress in Melbourne, which further advanced our understanding of these processes, will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Monagle
- Department of PaediatricsDepartment of HaematologyUniversity of MelbourneThe Royal Children's HospitalHaematology Research Murdoch Children’s Research InstituteMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Gail M. Annich
- Department of Critical Care MedicineThe Hospital for Sick ChildrenUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Graeme MacLaren
- Paediatric ICURoyal Children’s HospitalMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
- Cardiothoracic ICUNational University Health SystemSingapore CitySingapore
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40
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Puis L, Milojevic M, Boer C, De Somer FMJJ, Gudbjartsson T, van den Goor J, Jones TJ, Lomivorotov V, Merkle F, Ranucci M, Kunst G, Wahba A. 2019 EACTS/EACTA/EBCP guidelines on cardiopulmonary bypass in adult cardiac surgery. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2020; 30:161-202. [PMID: 31576402 PMCID: PMC10634377 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivz251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Puis
- Department of Perfusion, University Hospital Brussels, Jette, Belgium
| | - Milan Milojevic
- Department of Cardiovascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute, Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christa Boer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Tomas Gudbjartsson
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Landspitali University Hospital, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jenny van den Goor
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Timothy J Jones
- Department of Paediatric Cardiac Surgery, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vladimir Lomivorotov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Frank Merkle
- Academy for Perfusion, Deutsches Herzzentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Ranucci
- Department of Cardiovascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Gudrun Kunst
- Department of Anaesthetics and Pain Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, UK
| | - Alexander Wahba
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, St Olav s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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41
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Kunst G, Milojevic M, Boer C, De Somer FM, Gudbjartsson T, van den Goor J, Jones TJ, Lomivorotov V, Merkle F, Ranucci M, Puis L, Wahba A, Alston P, Fitzgerald D, Nikolic A, Onorati F, Rasmussen BS, Svenmarker S. 2019 EACTS/EACTA/EBCP guidelines on cardiopulmonary bypass in adult cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123:713-757. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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42
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Faraoni D, Meier J, New HV, Van der Linden PJ, Hunt BJ. Patient Blood Management for Neonates and Children Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: 2019 NATA Guidelines. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33:3249-3263. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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43
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Scala E, Pitta-Gros B, Pantet O, Iafrate M, Kirsch M, Marcucci C, Alberio L. Cardiac Surgery Successfully Managed With Cangrelor in a Patient With Persistent Anti-PF4/Heparin Antibodies 8 Years After Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33:3073-3077. [PMID: 31420311 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 66-YEAR-OLD female requiring cardiac surgery had persisting anti-platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin antibodies (HIT-abs) 8 years after heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). In 2010, she developed thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) (ADAMTS-13 <5%, inhibitor at 1.0 BU/mL), which was treated successfully with corticotherapy, plasmapheresis, and intravenous heparin. While taking heparin, she developed HIT, as evidenced by a positive functional test. Her platelet count fully resolved without thrombotic complications with danaparoid treatment. In 2018, the preoperative titer of HIT-abs was still 0.38 U/mL by chemoluminescent immunoassay (CLIA), and positive by particle-gel agglutination immunoassay (PaGIA) with a titer of 2 and was strongly positive on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The authors of the case report chose to use cangrelor combined with heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Cangrelor was used without increased postoperative bleeding or thrombotic complications. Postoperatively she exhibited a huge rise in HIT-abs (14.22 U/mL on postoperative day 11) with a positive functional assay. There was no recurrence of HIT, however. This case illustrates the importance of excluding the presence of persisting HIT-abs before CPB and ensuring close medical follow-up after even a single exposure to heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Scala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Division of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Barbara Pitta-Gros
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Pantet
- Department of Intensive Care, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Iafrate
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Marcucci
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Alberio
- Division of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kołtowski Ł, Legutko J, Filipiak KJ, Dziewierz A, Bartuś S, Buszman P, Buszman P, Ciećwierz D, Dąbrowski M, Dobrzycki S, Gil R, Gorący J, Grygier M, Jaguszewski M, Kochman J, Kubica J, Kuliczkowki W, Lodziński P, Ochała A, Reczuch K, Witkowski A, Wojakowski W, Wójcik J, Dudek D. Bivalirudin use in acute coronary syndrome patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions in Poland: Clinical update from expert group of the Association on Cardiovascular Interventions of the Polish Cardiac Society. Cardiol J 2019; 26:1-7. [PMID: 30882184 DOI: 10.5603/cj.2019.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kołtowski
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Legutko
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Artur Dziewierz
- 2nd Department of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stanisław Bartuś
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics. Medical School of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Paweł Buszman
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics. Medical School of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.,Department of Cardiovascular Research, American Heart of Poland, Ustron, Poland
| | - Piotr Buszman
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Development, American Heart of Poland, Katowice, Poland.,Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Dąbrowski
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Dobrzycki
- Department of Invasive Cardiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Robert Gil
- Department of Invasive Cardiology of the Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Central Hospital of the Internal Affairs Ministry and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Gorący
- Department of Cardiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek Grygier
- Department of Cardiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Janusz Kochman
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Kubica
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wiktor Kuliczkowki
- Department and Clinic of Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Lodziński
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ochała
- Invasive Cardiology and Electrocardiology Department, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice Poland
| | - Krzysztof Reczuch
- Department of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Witkowski
- Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wojakowski
- Department of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Dariusz Dudek
- 2nd Department of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Jagiellonian University Hospital, Krakow, Poland.,Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Borisov AS, Malov AA, Kolesnikov SV, Lomivorotov VV. Renal Replacement Therapy in Adult Patients After Cardiac Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33:2273-2286. [PMID: 30871949 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Borisov
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey A Malov
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V Kolesnikov
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Lomivorotov
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
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46
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Koster A, Ljajikj E, Faraoni D. Traditional and non-traditional anticoagulation management during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2019; 8:129-136. [PMID: 30854322 DOI: 10.21037/acs.2018.07.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Unfractionated heparin (UFH) is the anticoagulant of choice during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. Despite its favorable pharmacologic properties, management of heparin anticoagulation during ECMO remains a major challenge. To date, little is known about the optimal monitoring strategy or the heparin dose offering the best safety/efficacy profile. Therefore, it remains unclear if the heparin dose should be adapted to target a specific "clotting time" [e.g., activated clotting time (ACT) or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)] or a heparin concentration, measured by coagulation factor anti-Xa assay. In addition, no study has compared the relevance of modern viscoelastic coagulation tests over the single value of a clotting time or heparin concentration value. Although guidelines for anticoagulation during ECMO support have been published, the absence of evidence limits the quality of the recommendations provided, which explains the major intra- and inter-institutional variability observed. Large prospective multicenter trials are urgently needed to investigate the optimal anticoagulation management strategy during ECMO support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koster
- Institute of Anesthesiology, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Edis Ljajikj
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Diabetes Center NRW, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - David Faraoni
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Baumann Kreuziger L, Karkouti K, Tweddell J, Massicotte MP. Antithrombotic therapy management of adult and pediatric cardiac surgery patients. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:2133-2146. [PMID: 30153372 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the development of catheter-based interventions for ischemic and valvular heart disease, hundreds of thousands of people undergo open heart surgery annually for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), valve replacement or cardiac assist device implantation. Cardiac surgery patients are unique because therapeutic anticoagulation is required during cardiopulmonary bypass. Developmental hemostasis and altered drug metabolism affect management in children. This narrative review summarizes the current evidence-based and consensus guidelines regarding perioperative, intraoperative and postoperative antithrombotic therapy in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Anticoagulation preoperatively is required in the setting of cardiac arrhythmias, prior valve replacement or history of venous thromboembolism. In patients with ischemic heart disease, aspirin is continued in the perioperative period, whereas oral P2Y12 antagonists are withheld for 5-7 days to reduce the risk of perioperative bleeding. Intraoperative management of cardiopulmonary bypass in adults and children includes anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin. Variability in dose-response to heparin and influence of other medical conditions on dosing and reversal of heparin make intraoperative anticoagulation challenging. Vitamin K antagonist therapy is the standard anticoagulant after mechanical heart valve or left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. Longer duration of dual antiplatelet therapy is recommended after CABG if patients undergo surgery because of acute coronary syndrome. Antiplatelet therapy after LVAD implantation includes aspirin, dipyridamole and/or clopidogrel in children and aspirin in adults. A coordinated approach between hematology, cardiology, anesthesiology, critical care and cardiothoracic surgery can assist to balance the risk of thrombosis and bleeding in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baumann Kreuziger
- BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - K Karkouti
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Tweddell
- Department of Surgery and Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - M P Massicotte
- University of Alberta, Department of Pediatrics, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Faraoni D, Koster A. Bivalirudin for Anticoagulation During Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Children With Congenital Heart Disease: Are We Ready Yet? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2018; 32:2641-2643. [PMID: 29934207 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Faraoni
- Division of Cardiac Anesthesia Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine The Hospital for Sick Children University of Toronto Toronto, Canada
| | - Andreas Koster
- Institute of Anesthesiology Heart and Diabetes Center NRW Bad Oeynhausen Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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