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Anton ML, Cardoneanu A, Burlui AM, Mihai IR, Richter P, Bratoiu I, Macovei LA, Rezus E. The Lung in Rheumatoid Arthritis-Friend or Enemy? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6460. [PMID: 38928165 PMCID: PMC11203675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune condition frequently found in rheumatological patients that sometimes raises diagnosis and management problems. The pathogenesis of the disease is complex and involves the activation of many cells and intracellular signaling pathways, ultimately leading to the activation of the innate and acquired immune system and producing extensive tissue damage. Along with joint involvement, RA can have numerous extra-articular manifestations (EAMs), among which lung damage, especially interstitial lung disease (ILD), negatively influences the evolution and survival of these patients. Although there are more and more RA-ILD cases, the pathogenesis is incompletely understood. In terms of genetic predisposition, external environmental factors act and subsequently determine the activation of immune system cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, B and T lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and dendritic cells. These, in turn, show the ability to secrete molecules with a proinflammatory role (cytokines, chemokines, growth factors) that will produce important visceral injuries, including pulmonary changes. Currently, there is new evidence that supports the initiation of the systemic immune response at the level of pulmonary mucosa where the citrullination process occurs, whereby the autoantibodies subsequently migrate from the lung to the synovial membrane. The aim of this paper is to provide current data regarding the pathogenesis of RA-associated ILD, starting from environmental triggers and reaching the cellular, humoral, and molecular changes involved in the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luciana Anton
- Discipline of Rheumatology, Medical Department II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.-L.A.); (A.M.B.); (I.R.M.); (P.R.); (I.B.); (L.A.M.); (E.R.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Anca Cardoneanu
- Discipline of Rheumatology, Medical Department II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.-L.A.); (A.M.B.); (I.R.M.); (P.R.); (I.B.); (L.A.M.); (E.R.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Maria Burlui
- Discipline of Rheumatology, Medical Department II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.-L.A.); (A.M.B.); (I.R.M.); (P.R.); (I.B.); (L.A.M.); (E.R.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioana Ruxandra Mihai
- Discipline of Rheumatology, Medical Department II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.-L.A.); (A.M.B.); (I.R.M.); (P.R.); (I.B.); (L.A.M.); (E.R.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Patricia Richter
- Discipline of Rheumatology, Medical Department II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.-L.A.); (A.M.B.); (I.R.M.); (P.R.); (I.B.); (L.A.M.); (E.R.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioana Bratoiu
- Discipline of Rheumatology, Medical Department II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.-L.A.); (A.M.B.); (I.R.M.); (P.R.); (I.B.); (L.A.M.); (E.R.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Luana Andreea Macovei
- Discipline of Rheumatology, Medical Department II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.-L.A.); (A.M.B.); (I.R.M.); (P.R.); (I.B.); (L.A.M.); (E.R.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena Rezus
- Discipline of Rheumatology, Medical Department II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (M.-L.A.); (A.M.B.); (I.R.M.); (P.R.); (I.B.); (L.A.M.); (E.R.)
- Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
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Rodziewicz A, Szewczyk A, Bryl E. Gluten-Free Diet Alters the Gut Microbiome in Women with Autoimmune Thyroiditis. Nutrients 2024; 16:685. [PMID: 38474814 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome may contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). Diet has a critical impact on the gut microbiome, and it has been shown that a gluten-free diet can negatively affect its composition. A gluten-free diet is popular among patients, and therefore the aim of this study was to check whether it affects thyroid function and gut microbiome composition in AIT. Thirty-one women with AIT complied with a gluten-free diet for 8 weeks. After the first 4 weeks, participants were divided into two groups: the first group received gluten in capsules and the other one-rice starch (placebo). Blood and stool samples were examined before diet (T0), after 4 weeks (T1) and after 8 weeks of diet (T2). The only significant difference in blood parameters was observed between T1 and T2 in the placebo group for the thyroid peroxidase antibody level. After the first 4 weeks, a significant increase in Desulfobacterota, Proteobacteria, Prevotella and Parasutterella and a significant decrease in Actinobacteriota, Coriobacteriaceae and Bifidobacterium were observed. The detected microbiome alterations may indicate increasing inflammation; however, further research is required, and for now, a gluten-free diet should be used cautiously in AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rodziewicz
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adrian Szewczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Bryl
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland
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3
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Pollack B, von Saltza E, McCorkell L, Santos L, Hultman A, Cohen AK, Soares L. Female reproductive health impacts of Long COVID and associated illnesses including ME/CFS, POTS, and connective tissue disorders: a literature review. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2023; 4:1122673. [PMID: 37234076 PMCID: PMC10208411 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2023.1122673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Long COVID disproportionately affects premenopausal women, but relatively few studies have examined Long COVID's impact on female reproductive health. We conduct a review of the literature documenting the female reproductive health impacts of Long COVID which may include disruptions to the menstrual cycle, gonadal function, ovarian sufficiency, menopause, and fertility, as well as symptom exacerbation around menstruation. Given limited research, we also review the reproductive health impacts of overlapping and associated illnesses including myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), connective tissue disorders like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), and endometriosis, as these illnesses may help to elucidate reproductive health conditions in Long COVID. These associated illnesses, whose patients are 70%-80% women, have increased rates of dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, dyspareunia, endometriosis, infertility, vulvodynia, intermenstrual bleeding, ovarian cysts, uterine fibroids and bleeding, pelvic congestion syndrome, gynecological surgeries, and adverse pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, maternal mortality, and premature birth. Additionally, in Long COVID and associated illnesses, symptoms can be impacted by the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause. We propose priorities for future research and reproductive healthcare in Long COVID based on a review of the literature. These include screening Long COVID patients for comorbid and associated conditions; studying the impacts of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause on symptoms and illness progression; uncovering the role of sex differences and sex hormones in Long COVID and associated illnesses; and addressing historical research and healthcare inequities that have contributed to detrimental knowledge gaps for this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Pollack
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Lisa McCorkell
- Patient-Led Research Collaborative, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Lucia Santos
- Patient-Led Research Collaborative, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ashley Hultman
- Patient-Led Research Collaborative, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Alison K. Cohen
- Patient-Led Research Collaborative, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Letícia Soares
- Patient-Led Research Collaborative, Washington, DC, United States
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4
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Di Tucci C, De Vito I, Muzii L. Immune-Onco-Microbiome: A New Revolution for Gynecological Cancers. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030782. [PMID: 36979761 PMCID: PMC10045465 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying gynaecological cancers, these cancers still remain widespread. Recent research points to a possible link between microbiota and cancer, and the most recent attention is focusing on the relationship between the microbiome, the immune system, and cancer. The microbiome diversity can affect carcinogenesis and the patient’s immune response, modulating the inflammatory cascade and the severity of adverse events. In this review, we presented the recent evidence regarding microbiome alterations in patients with gynaecological tumours to understand if the link that exists between microbiome, immunity, and cancer can guide the prophylactic, diagnostic, and therapeutic management of gynaecological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Di Tucci
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Ludovico Muzii
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Vitamin D Deficiency in Children and Adolescents in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030494. [PMID: 36771201 PMCID: PMC9919096 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency has reached pandemic levels in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, even though sunshine is abundant all year round for the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D through the skin. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and risk factors associated with serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) in children and adolescents aged from 10 to 19 years, as well as the possible associations of vitamin D with calcium, magnesium and phosphate levels. METHODS A multi-center, cross-sectional study was conducted between May and August 2019 at the Ministry of Health in the Kingdom of Bahrain. A total of 383 boys and girls were selected from five health centers from five different regions in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Information about sex, age, education level, weight, height, degree of sunlight exposure, and physical activity levels was recorded. A blood sample was taken from each participant to test serum levels of 25(OH)D, calcium, magnesium and phosphate. RESULTS The results revealed that 92.1% of the participants were deficient in vitamin D. A significantly higher percentage of boys (96.2%) were vitamin D deficient (<20 ng/mL) than girls (88.3%) (p value = 0.004). Vitamin D deficiency were more prevalent among overweight (96.8%) and obese (96.2%) participants than normal body weight and wasted participants (p value < 0.001). Being male, overweight, or obese was significantly positively associated with a risk of vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with low serum levels of magnesium. No significant associations were detected between vitamin D deficiency and calcium and phosphate serum levels. However, vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with low serum level of magnesium (p value = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent among overweight and obese adolescents and mostly boys rather than girls. Magnesium and phosphate were lower in adolescents and children with lower serum 25(OH)D, showing a clear association between these biomarkers and the 25(OH)D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah McCurdy
- Division of Allergy/Immunology/Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Mattel Children's Hospital, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, MDCC 12-430, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Miriam F Parsa
- Division of Allergy/Immunology/Rheumatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Mattel Children's Hospital, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, MDCC 12-430, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Pediatric Rheumatology, Cottage Children's Medical Center, 400 West Pueblo Street, PO Box 689, Santa Barbara, CA 93110-0689, USA.
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7
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Vieira JRP, Rezende ATDO, Fernandes MR, da Silva NA. Intestinal microbiota and active systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Adv Rheumatol 2021; 61:42. [PMID: 34215348 DOI: 10.1186/s42358-021-00201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease, characterized by being multi-systemic and, therefore, reaching various organs and affecting mainly young women. Its pathogenesis comprehends many factors, including the interaction between microbiota and immune system. This systematic review assessed the relationship between intestinal microbiota and SLE in activity, highlighting microbiota representative patterns regarding quantity and diversity. METHODS This study considered researches carried out in patients with SLE, with no restriction of age or gender, which fulfilled the classification criteria of either Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinic (SLICC), American College of Rheumatology (ACR) or European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and used the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) to classify disease in activity or remission were included. The search was carried out from October, 2020 to January, 2021 using the following databases: Medline via Pubmed, Scopus, and Embase. Five papers were included with a total of 288 participants with SLE. RESULTS Regarding microbiota in patients with SLE in activity, there was significant increase in the following genera: Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Megasphaera, Fusobacterium, Veillonella, Oribacterium, Odoribacter, Blautia, and Campylobacter. On the other hand, decrease in Faecalibacterium and Roseburia genera as well as Ruminococcus gnavus species was observed in remission cases, showing differences between the microbiota profile in SLE in activity and in remission. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that dysbiosis may be involved in the disease activity process. TRIAL REGISTRATION CRD42021229322 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Rosa Pires Vieira
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine of the Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Rassi Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine of the Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Brazil.,Department of Orthopedics/Traumatology, School of Medicine of the Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Nilzio Antonio da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine of the Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Brazil.,Rheumatology Service of Hospital das Clínicas, School of Medicine of the Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Brazil
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8
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Wen Y, Jiang MZ. [Role of vitamin D in pediatric irritable bowel syndrome]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2021; 23:310-314. [PMID: 33691928 PMCID: PMC7969189 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2012080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disease in children and has the clinical manifestations of recurrent abdominal pain with the changes in defecation frequency or stool form. Many studies have shown that children with IBS have a significantly lower vitamin D level than the healthy population, and vitamin D supplementation can significantly improve the clinical symptoms and quality of life of the children, suggesting that vitamin D supplementation may play a role in the treatment of IBS. This article reviews the association between vitamin D and IBS in children and elaborates on the possible mechanism of action of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health/National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Mi-Zu Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health/National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou 310052, China
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9
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Zorba M, Melidou A, Patsatsi A, Ioannou E, Kolokotronis A. The possible role of oral microbiome in autoimmunity. Int J Womens Dermatol 2020; 6:357-364. [PMID: 33898698 PMCID: PMC8060669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The human microbiome refers to the entire habitat, including microorganisms, their genomes and the surrounding environmental conditions of the microbial ecosystem. When the equilibrium between microbial habitats and host is disturbed, dysbiosis is caused. The oral microbiome (OMB) has been implicated in the manifestation of many intra- and extraoral diseases. Lately, there has been an intense effort to investigate and specify the relationship between microbial complexes, especially that of the oral cavity and intestine and autoimmunity. This study aimed to review the current literature about the possible role of the OMB in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. METHODS We searched for published articles in English indexed in PubMed, Medline, Research Gate and Google Scholar using a search strategy that included terms for oral microbiome, autoimmune diseases, dysbiosis and next-generation sequencing. RESULTS An important number of articles were gathered and used for the description of the possible impact of dysbiosis of OMB in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Behcet's disease, Crohn's disease and psoriasis. CONCLUSION This review article draws attention to the relationship between OMB and the triggering of a number of autoimmune diseases. Although this specific topic has been previously reviewed, herein, the authors review recent literature regarding the full list of nosological entities related to the OMB, point out the interaction between the microbiome and sex hormones with regard to their role in autoimmunity and discuss novel and promising therapeutic approaches for systemic autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, the question arises of whether the OMB is associated with oral bullous autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matina Zorba
- Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angeliki Melidou
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Patsatsi
- Second Dermatology Department of Papageorgiou General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Ioannou
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Kolokotronis
- Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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Herman RA. Increasing allergy: are antibiotics the elephant in the room? Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2020; 16:35. [PMID: 32426004 PMCID: PMC7218489 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-020-00432-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics cause dramatic changes to the human microbiome. The composition of the microbiome has been associated with changes in the immune system and these changes are beginning to be linked to immune diseases. Thus, antibiotics have been implicated as a significant contributor to the continual rise of allergies and autoimmune disease in developed countries. This recognition will hopefully result in the development of post-antibiotic therapies that restore a healthy microbiome and reduce immune system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod A Herman
- Corteva Agriscience, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN 46268 USA
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11
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Dellacecca ER, Cosgrove C, Mukhatayev Z, Akhtar S, Engelhard VH, Rademaker AW, Knight K, Poole ICL. Antibiotics Drive Microbial Imbalance and Vitiligo Development in Mice. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:676-687.e6. [PMID: 31472106 PMCID: PMC9851193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.08.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is impacted by environmental triggers. We studied the contribution of the microbiome in FH mice, in which depigmentation is mediated by tyrosinase-reactive T cells. The mice received oral antibiotics and were monitored for depigmentation. The microbiome was studied in fecal and skin samples using 16S rRNA analysis. The resulting T-cell distributions were evaluated. In untreated mice, pigment loss did not expand to the pelage, whereas mice in the ampicillin group were approximately 1/3 depigmented at 30 weeks. In contrast to models of autoimmunity that are less dependent on IFN-γ, ampicillin but not neomycin treatment correlated with accelerated disease and reduced bacteria in the fecal pellets. Modified cytokine patterns in the tissue and serum suggest a response that transcends the gut. Ampicillin-induced depigmentation was accompanied by gut but not skin dysbiosis, and reduced T cell numbers in both sites. Neomycin induced a redistribution of gut T cells and an accumulation of skin regulatory T cells. This treatment spurred a Bacteroides-dominated population of fecal bacteria. Reduced diversity is prominent particularly after ampicillin treatment, when the gut is dominated by Pseudomonas species. In line with current concepts relating the microbiome and the immune system, we predict that dietary measures might promote skin health and delay vitiligo onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia R. Dellacecca
- Oncology Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago (IL), USA,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA,Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA
| | - Cormac Cosgrove
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA,Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA
| | - Zhussipbek Mukhatayev
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA,Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA,Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Suhail Akhtar
- Oncology Research Institute, Loyola University Chicago (IL), USA,Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago (IL), USA
| | - Victor H. Engelhard
- Carter Immunology Center and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville (VA), USA
| | - Alfred W. Rademaker
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA
| | - Katherine Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago (IL), USA
| | - I. Caroline Le Poole
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA,Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago (IL), USA
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12
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Corey S, Kvederis L, Kingsbury C, Bonsack B, Sanberg PR, Castelli V, Lee JY, Borlongan CV. Gut Microbiome: Lactation, Childbirth, Lung Dysbiosis, Animal Modeling, Stem Cell Treatment, and CNS Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 18:687-694. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527318666191021145252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
:
Here, we summarized recent advances in laboratory and clinical research on gut microbiome.
The goal is to highlight recent discoveries on the biology and behavioral manifestations of gut
microbiomes under normal and pathologic conditions. With this new scientific knowledge, we wish to
cultivate cross-fertilization of science across multi-disciplines in the hopes of exploiting the gut microbiome
as a key component of human development and its dysbiosis may signal pathological alterations
that can be therapeutically targeted for regenerative medicine. In the end, we identify innovative
research avenues that will merit from collaborations across biomedical disciplines that may facilitate
the development of gut microbiome-based biomarkers and therapeutics. Gut microbiome stands as a
core research area that transcends pediatric and nursing care, cancer biology, neurodegenerative disorders,
cardiac function and diseases, among many other basic science and clinical arenas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Corey
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Lauren Kvederis
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Chase Kingsbury
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Brooke Bonsack
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Paul R. Sanberg
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jea-Young Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
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13
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Pessoa L, Aleti G, Choudhury S, Nguyen D, Yaskell T, Zhang Y, Li W, Nelson KE, Neto LLS, Sant'Ana ACP, Freire M. Host-Microbial Interactions in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Periodontitis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2602. [PMID: 31781106 PMCID: PMC6861327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a potentially fatal complex autoimmune disease, that is characterized by widespread inflammation manifesting tissue damage and comorbidities across the human body including heart, blood vessels, joints, skin, liver, kidneys, and periodontal tissues. The etiology of SLE is partially attributed to a deregulated inflammatory response to microbial dysbiosis and environmental changes. In the mouth, periodontal environment provides an optimal niche for local and systemic inflammation. Our aim was to evaluate the reciprocal impact of periodontal subgingival microbiome on SLE systemic inflammation. Methods: Ninety-one female subjects were recruited, including healthy (n = 31), SLE-inactive (n = 29), and SLE-active (n = 31). Patients were screened for probing depth, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment level, and classified according to CDC/AAP criteria with or without periodontal dysbiosis. Serum inflammatory cytokines were measured by human cytokine panel and a targeted pathogenic subgingival biofilm panel was examined by DNA-DNA checkerboard from subgingival plaque samples. Results: The results showed significant upregulation of serum proinflammatory cytokines in individuals with SLE when compared to controls. Stratification of subject's into SLE-inactive (I) and SLE-active (A) phenotypes or periodontitis and non-periodontitis groups provided new insights into SLE pathophysiology. Ten proinflammatory cytokines were upregulated in serum of SLE-I only and one in SLE-A only. Four molecules overlapped in SLE-A and SLE-I. Anti-inflammatory cytokines included IL-4 IL-10, which were upregulated in SLE-I sera (but not SLE-A), controlling clinical phenotypes. Out of 24 significant differential oral microbial abundances found in SLE, 14 unique subgingival bacteria profiles were found to be elevated in SLE. The most severe oral pathogens (Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia) showed increase abundances on SLE-A periodontal sites when compared to SLE-I and healthy controls. Inflammation as measured by cytokine-microbial correlations showed that periodontal pathogens dominating the environment increased proinflammatory cytokines systemically. Conclusions: Altogether, low-grade systemic inflammation that influenced SLE disease activity and severity was correlated to dysbiotic changes of the oral microbiota present in periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Pessoa
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Gajender Aleti
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Saibyasachi Choudhury
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Nguyen
- Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Tina Yaskell
- Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Weizhong Li
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Karen E Nelson
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Adriana C P Sant'Ana
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Freire
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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14
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Meffre E, O'Connor KC. Impaired B‐cell tolerance checkpoints promote the development of autoimmune diseases and pathogenic autoantibodies. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:90-101. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Kevin C. O'Connor
- Department of Immunobiology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
- Department of Neurology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
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15
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Meyer PWA, Ally MMTM, Tikly M, Tintinger G, Winchow LL, Steel H, Anderson R. Tobacco-Derived Lipopolysaccharide, Not Microbial Translocation, as a Potential Contributor to the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:4693870. [PMID: 31780859 PMCID: PMC6874965 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4693870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), possibly driving a systemic inflammatory response that may trigger the development and/or exacerbation of the disease. To explore the existence of this mechanism in African RA patients, we have measured systemic levels of LPS and its surrogate, LPS-binding protein (LBP), as well as those of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D), and cotinine in serum to identify possible origins of LPS, as well as associations of these biomarkers with rheumatoid factor (RF) and anticitrullinated peptide (aCCP) autoantibodies and the DAS 28-3 clinical disease severity score. A cohort of 40 disease-modifying antirheumatic drug-naïve, black South African RA patients rated by compound disease scores and 20 healthy subjects and 10 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as controls were included in this study. Levels of the various biomarkers and autoantibodies were measured using a combination of ELISA and immunofluorimetric and immunoturbidometric procedures. LPS levels were lowest in the RA group compared to the healthy controls (p = 0.026) and COPD patients (p = 0.017), while LBP levels were also significantly lower in RA compared to the healthy individuals (p = 0.036). Levels of I-FABP and SP-D were comparable between all three groups. Categorisation of RA patients according to tobacco usage revealed the following significant positive correlations: LBP with C-reactive protein (p = 0.0137); a trend (p = 0.073) towards an association of LBP with the DAS 28-3 disease severity score; RF-IgG antibodies with both LPS and LBP (p = 0.033 and p = 0.041, respectively); aCCP-IgG antibodies with LPS (p = 0.044); and aCCP-IgG with RF-IgM autoantibodies (p = 0.0016). The findings of this study, several of them novel, imply that tobacco products, as opposed to microbial translocation, represent a potential source of LPS in this study cohort of RA patients, again underscoring the risks posed by tobacco usage for the development and severity of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter W. A. Meyer
- Department of Immunology, Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Services, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Mahmood M. T. M. Ally
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Mohammed Tikly
- Division of Rheumatology, Chris Hani Baragwaneth Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Chris Hani Road, Johannesburg 2013, South Africa
| | - Gregory Tintinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Lai Ling Winchow
- Division of Rheumatology, Chris Hani Baragwaneth Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Chris Hani Road, Johannesburg 2013, South Africa
| | - Helen Steel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Ronald Anderson
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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16
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Fox M, Knorr DA, Haptonstall KM. Alzheimer's disease and symbiotic microbiota: an evolutionary medicine perspective. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1449:3-24. [PMID: 31180143 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms resident in our bodies participate in a variety of regulatory and pathogenic processes. Here, we describe how etiological pathways implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be regulated or disturbed by symbiotic microbial activity. Furthermore, the composition of symbiotic microbes has changed dramatically across human history alongside the rise of agriculturalism, industrialization, and globalization. We postulate that each of these lifestyle transitions engendered progressive depletion of microbial diversity and enhancement of virulence, thereby enhancing AD risk pathways. It is likely that the human life span extended into the eighth decade tens of thousands of years ago, yet little is known about premodern geriatric epidemiology. We propose that microbiota of the gut, oral cavity, nasal cavity, and brain may modulate AD pathogenesis, and that changes in the microbial composition of these body regions across history suggest escalation of AD risk. Dysbiosis may promote immunoregulatory dysfunction due to inadequate education of the immune system, chronic inflammation, and epithelial barrier permeability. Subsequently, proinflammatory agents-and occasionally microbes-may infiltrate the brain and promote AD pathogenic processes. APOE genotypes appear to moderate the effect of dysbiosis on AD risk. Elucidating the effect of symbiotic microbiota on AD pathogenesis could contribute to basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Fox
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Delaney A Knorr
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kacey M Haptonstall
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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17
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Fitch N, Marshall SJ, Stefura WP, Chooniedass R, Becker AB, HayGlass KT. Quantifying Human Innate Cytokine and Chemokine Responses Ex Vivo via Pattern Recognition Receptor Stimulation. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2020:77-89. [PMID: 31177493 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9591-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Linkages between human innate immune capacity, the environment in which we live, and the development of clinical tolerance versus a spectrum of disease phenotypes are a major focus of inflammatory disease research. While extensive epidemiologic evidence indicates key roles for the microbiome and other environmental factors, the underlying mechanisms that explain how these stimuli lead to a given clinical phenotype remain speculative. Here we review strategies for characterizing human cytokine production ex vivo in response to innate immune receptor stimulation with defined ligands. Human cytokine and chemokine biomarker data provides a tool to test hypotheses on the relationship between innate immune capacity in vivo and expression of current or future clinical phenotypes. The most important limitations of experimental strategies that have been used to date are reviewed. Detailed experimental protocols are provided for characterization of pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-driven stimulation with a panel of bacterial (TLR4, TLR5) and viral (TLR3, TLR7/8, RIG-I/MDA5) ligands to assess the role played by human pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, Th1-like, and Th2-like responses. The importance of characterizing human innate immune phenotypes extends beyond discovery-based research to development of improved strategies for prevention or inhibition of chronic inflammatory diseases, improved design of immunization programs, and more effective cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Fitch
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Stephanie J Marshall
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Orillia Soldiers Memorial Hospital, Orillia, ON, Canada
| | - William P Stefura
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Rishma Chooniedass
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Allan B Becker
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kent T HayGlass
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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18
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Singh P, Kumar M, Al Khodor S. Vitamin D Deficiency in the Gulf Cooperation Council: Exploring the Triad of Genetic Predisposition, the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1042. [PMID: 31134092 PMCID: PMC6524467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is a fat soluble secosteroid that is primarily synthesized in the skin upon exposure to Ultraviolet B (UVB) sun rays. Vitamin D is essential for the growth and development of bones and helps in reducing inflammation by strengthening muscles and the immune system. Despite the endless supply of sunlight in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries which includes United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Oman, Vitamin D deficiency in the (GCC) general population at various age groups remains alarmingly high. In parallel runs the increasing prevalence of acute and chronic illnesses including, autoimmune diseases, cancer, type 1 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and Inflammatory bowel disease in the adult as well as the pediatric population of these countries. The exact association between Vitamin D deficiency and chronic disease conditions remains unclear; however, studies have focused on the mechanism of Vitamin D regulation by assessing the role of the Vitamin D associated genes/proteins such as VDR (Vitamin D receptor), VDBP (Vitamin D Binding protein), CYP27B1 as these are integral parts of the Vitamin D signaling pathway. VDR is known to regulate the expression of more than 200 genes across a wide array of tissues in the human body and may play a role in controlling the Vitamin D levels. Moreover, reduced Vitamin D level and downregulation of VDR have been linked to gut dysbiosis, highlighting an intriguing role for the gut microbiome in the Vitamin D metabolism. However, this role is not fully described yet. In this review, we aim to expand our understanding of the causes of Vitamin D deficiency in the GCC countries and explore the potential relationship between the genetic predisposition, Vitamin D levels, immune system and the gut microbiome composition. Trying to unravel this complex interaction may aid in understanding the mechanism by which Vitamin D contributes to various disease conditions and will pave the way toward new therapeutics treatments for Vitamin D deficiency and its associated outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Singh
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Research Department, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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19
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Disordered intestinal microbes are associated with the activity of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:821-838. [PMID: 30872359 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Intestinal dysbiosis is implicated in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). However, the evidence of gut microbiome changes in SLE is limited, and the association of changed gut microbiome with the activity of SLE, as well as its functional relevance with SLE still remains unknown. Here, we sequenced 16S rRNA amplicon on fecal samples from 40 SLE patients (19 active patients, 21 remissive patients), 20 disease controls (Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients), and 22 healthy controls (HCs), and investigated the association of functional categories with taxonomic composition by Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt). We demonstrated SLE patients, particularly the active patients, had significant dysbiosis in gut microbiota with reduced bacterial diversity and biased community constitutions. Amongst the disordered microbiota, the genera Streptococcus, Campylobacter, Veillonella, the species anginosus and dispar, were positively correlated with lupus activity, while the genus Bifidobacterium was negatively associated with the disease activity. PICRUSt analysis showed metabolic pathways were different between SLE and HCs, and also between active and remissive SLE patients. Moreover, we revealed that a random forest model could distinguish SLE from RA and HCs (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.792), and another random forest model could well predict the activity of SLE patients (AUC = 0.811). In summary, SLE patients, especially the active patients, show an apparent dysbiosis in gut microbiota and its related metabolic pathways. Amongst the disordered microflora, four genera and two species are associated with lupus activity. Furthermore, the random forest models are able to diagnose SLE and predict disease activity.
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20
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Yee AL, Miller E, Dishaw LJ, Gordon JM, Ji M, Dutra S, Ho TTB, Gilbert JA, Groer M. Longitudinal Microbiome Composition and Stability Correlate with Increased Weight and Length of Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants. mSystems 2019; 4:e00229-18. [PMID: 30834328 PMCID: PMC6392092 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00229-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiomes of 83 preterm very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants and clinical covariates were analyzed weekly over the course of their initial neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay, with infant growth as the primary clinical outcome. Birth weight significantly correlated with increased rate of weight gain in the first 6 weeks of life, while no significant relationship was observed between rate of weight gain and feeding type. Microbial diversity increased with age and was significantly correlated with weight gain and percentage of the mother's own milk. As expected, infants who received antibiotics during their NICU stay had significantly lower alpha diversity than those who did not. Of those in the cohort, 25 were followed into childhood. Alpha diversity significantly increased between NICU discharge and age 2 years and between age 2 years and age 4 years, but the microbial alpha diversity of 4-year-old children was not significantly different from that of mothers. Infants who showed improved length over the course of their NICU stay had significantly more volatile microbial beta diversity results than and a significantly decreased microbial maturity index compared with infants who did not; interestingly, all infants who showed improved length during the NICU stay were delivered by Caesarean section. Microbial beta diversity results were significantly different between the time of the NICU stay and all other time points (for children who were 2 or 4 years old and mothers when their children were 2 or 4 years old). IMPORTANCE Preterm infants are at greater risk of microbial insult than full-term infants, including reduced exposure to maternal vaginal and enteric microbes, higher rates of formula feeding, invasive procedures, and administration of antibiotics and medications that alter gastrointestinal pH. This investigation of the VLBW infant microbiome over the course of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay, and at ages 2 and 4 years, showed that the only clinical variables associated with significant differences in taxon abundance were weight gain during NICU stay (Klebsiella and Staphylococcus) and antibiotic administration (Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium). At 2 and 4 years of age, the microbiota of these VLBW infants became similar to the mothers' microbiota. The number of microbial taxa shared between the infant or toddler and the mother varied, with least the overlap between infants and mothers. Overall, there was a significant association between the diversity and structure of the microbial community and infant weight and length gain in an at-risk childhood population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson L. Yee
- Interdisciplinary Scientist Training Program, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Microbiome Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Department of Anthropology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Larry J. Dishaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jessica M. Gordon
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ming Ji
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Samia Dutra
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Thao T. B. Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jack A. Gilbert
- Microbiome Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maureen Groer
- College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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21
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Proal A, Marshall T. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Era of the Human Microbiome: Persistent Pathogens Drive Chronic Symptoms by Interfering With Host Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Immunity. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:373. [PMID: 30564562 PMCID: PMC6288442 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The illness ME/CFS has been repeatedly tied to infectious agents such as Epstein Barr Virus. Expanding research on the human microbiome now allows ME/CFS-associated pathogens to be studied as interacting members of human microbiome communities. Humans harbor these vast ecosystems of bacteria, viruses and fungi in nearly all tissue and blood. Most well-studied inflammatory conditions are tied to dysbiosis or imbalance of the human microbiome. While gut microbiome dysbiosis has been identified in ME/CFS, microbes and viruses outside the gut can also contribute to the illness. Pathobionts, and their associated proteins/metabolites, often control human metabolism and gene expression in a manner that pushes the body toward a state of illness. Intracellular pathogens, including many associated with ME/CFS, drive microbiome dysbiosis by directly interfering with human transcription, translation, and DNA repair processes. Molecular mimicry between host and pathogen proteins/metabolites further complicates this interference. Other human pathogens disable mitochondria or dysregulate host nervous system signaling. Antibodies and/or clonal T cells identified in patients with ME/CFS are likely activated in response to these persistent microbiome pathogens. Different human pathogens have evolved similar survival mechanisms to disable the host immune response and host metabolic pathways. The metabolic dysfunction driven by these organisms can result in similar clusters of inflammatory symptoms. ME/CFS may be driven by this pathogen-induced dysfunction, with the nature of dysbiosis and symptom presentation varying based on a patient's unique infectious and environmental history. Under such conditions, patients would benefit from treatments that support the human immune system in an effort to reverse the infectious disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Proal
- Autoimmunity Research Foundation, Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
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22
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Magombedze G, Marino S. Mathematical and computational approaches in understanding the immunobiology of granulomatous diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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23
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Pretorius L, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Iron Dysregulation and Dormant Microbes as Causative Agents for Impaired Blood Rheology and Pathological Clotting in Alzheimer's Type Dementia. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:851. [PMID: 30519157 PMCID: PMC6251002 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease and other similar dementias are debilitating neurodegenerative disorders whose etiology and pathogenesis remain largely unknown, even after decades of research. With the anticipated increase in prevalence of Alzheimer’s type dementias among the more susceptible aging population, the need for disease-modifying treatments is urgent. While various hypotheses have been put forward over the last few decades, we suggest that Alzheimer’s type dementias are triggered by external environmental factors, co-expressing in individuals with specific genetic susceptibilities. These external stressors are defined in the Iron Dysregulation and Dormant Microbes (IDDM) hypothesis, previously put forward. This hypothesis is consistent with current literature in which serum ferritin levels of individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease are significantly higher compared those of age- and gender-matched controls. While iron dysregulation contributes to oxidative stress, it also causes microbial reactivation and virulence of the so-called dormant blood (and tissue) microbiome. Dysbiosis (changes in the microbiome) or previous infections can contribute to the dormant blood microbiome (atopobiosis1), and also directly promotes systemic inflammation via the amyloidogenic formation and shedding of potent inflammagens such as lipopolysaccharides. The simultaneous iron dysregulation and microbial aberrations affect the hematological system, promoting fibrin amylodiogenesis, and pathological clotting. Systemic inflammation and oxidative stress can contribute to blood brain barrier permeability and the ensuing neuro-inflammation, characteristic of Alzheimer’s type dementias. While large inter-individual variability exists, especially concerning disease pathogenesis, the IDDM hypothesis acknowledges primary causative factors which can be targeted for early diagnosis and/or for prevention of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesha Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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24
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Kell DB, Pretorius E. No effects without causes: the Iron Dysregulation and Dormant Microbes hypothesis for chronic, inflammatory diseases. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1518-1557. [PMID: 29575574 PMCID: PMC6055827 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the successful conquest of many acute, communicable (infectious) diseases through the use of vaccines and antibiotics, the currently most prevalent diseases are chronic and progressive in nature, and are all accompanied by inflammation. These diseases include neurodegenerative (e.g. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's), vascular (e.g. atherosclerosis, pre-eclampsia, type 2 diabetes) and autoimmune (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis) diseases that may appear to have little in common. In fact they all share significant features, in particular chronic inflammation and its attendant inflammatory cytokines. Such effects do not happen without underlying and initially 'external' causes, and it is of interest to seek these causes. Taking a systems approach, we argue that these causes include (i) stress-induced iron dysregulation, and (ii) its ability to awaken dormant, non-replicating microbes with which the host has become infected. Other external causes may be dietary. Such microbes are capable of shedding small, but functionally significant amounts of highly inflammagenic molecules such as lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid. Sequelae include significant coagulopathies, not least the recently discovered amyloidogenic clotting of blood, leading to cell death and the release of further inflammagens. The extensive evidence discussed here implies, as was found with ulcers, that almost all chronic, infectious diseases do in fact harbour a microbial component. What differs is simply the microbes and the anatomical location from and at which they exert damage. This analysis offers novel avenues for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B. Kell
- School of ChemistryThe University of Manchester, 131 Princess StreetManchesterLancsM1 7DNU.K.
- The Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester, 131 Princess StreetManchesterLancsM1 7DNU.K.
- Department of Physiological SciencesStellenbosch University, Stellenbosch Private Bag X1Matieland7602South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological SciencesStellenbosch University, Stellenbosch Private Bag X1Matieland7602South Africa
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25
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Lee JE, Kim YY. How Should Biobanks Prioritize and Diversify Biosample Collections? A 40-Year Scientific Publication Trend Analysis by the Type of Biosample. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2018; 22:255-263. [PMID: 29584577 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Biobanks are infrastructures for large-scale biology innovation. Governance of biobanks can be usefully informed by studies of publication trends, for example, on the types of biosamples employed in scientific publications. We examined trends in each of the serum, plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), buffy coat, tissue, and gut microbiome biosample-related scientific publications over the past 40 years, using data between 1977 and 2016 from the Scopus database. We found that the number of tissue-related publications was the highest in each year of our analysis than other biosamples, but was generally less than the sum of serum- and plasma-related publications. Importantly, the microbiome publications increased greatly starting in the 2010s, and currently overtook the number of publications on PBMC and buffy coat. Among serum-, plasma-, and tissue-related publications, the number of protein- and RNA-related publications was generally higher than cell-free DNA-, DNA-, and metabolite-related publications for the past 40 years. Mass spectrometry- and next-generation sequencing-related publications have increased dramatically since the 2000s and 2010s, respectively. Microbiome- and metabolite-related biosamples can help diversify future biosample collections, while tissue collections appear to maintain their importance in scientific publications. We also report here our observations on the countries that use biosample research (e.g., China, United Kingdom, United States, and others). These publication trends by the type of biosamples illuminate roadmaps by which biobanks might establish and diversify their biosample collections in the future. In addition, we note that biobanks need to secure biosamples appropriate for integrated analysis of multi-omics research data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Eun Lee
- Division of Biobank for Health Sciences, Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health , Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Korea
| | - Young-Youl Kim
- Division of Biobank for Health Sciences, Center for Genome Science, Korea National Institute of Health , Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Korea
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Abstract
Studies in mice have shown that environmental electromagnetic waves tend to suppress the murine immune system with a potency similar to NSAIDs, yet the nature of any Electrosmog effects upon humans remains controversial. Previously, we reported how the human Vitamin-D receptor (VDR) and its ligand, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D (1,25-D), are associated with many chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. We have shown how olmesartan, a drug marketed for mild hypertension, acts as a high-affinity partial agonist for the VDR, and that it seems to reverse disease activity resulting from VDR dysfunction. We here report that structural instability of the activated VDR becomes apparent when observing hydrogen bond behavior with molecular dynamics, revealing that the VDR pathway exhibits a susceptibility to Electrosmog. Further, we note that characteristic modes of instability lie in the microwave frequency range, which is currently populated by cellphone and WiFi communication signals, and that the susceptibility is ligand dependent. A case series of 64 patient-reported outcomes subsequent to use of a silver-threaded cap designed to protect the brain and brain stem from microwave Electrosmog resulted in 90 % reporting “definite” or “strong” changes in their disease symptoms. This is much higher than the 3–5 % rate reported for electromagnetic hypersensitivity in a healthy population and suggests that effective control of environmental Electrosmog immunomodulation may soon become necessary for successful therapy of autoimmune disease.
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Lerner A, Matthias T, Aminov R. Potential Effects of Horizontal Gene Exchange in the Human Gut. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1630. [PMID: 29230215 PMCID: PMC5711824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many essential functions of the human body are dependent on the symbiotic microbiota, which is present at especially high numbers and diversity in the gut. This intricate host-microbe relationship is a result of the long-term coevolution between the two. While the inheritance of mutational changes in the host evolution is almost exclusively vertical, the main mechanism of bacterial evolution is horizontal gene exchange. The gut conditions, with stable temperature, continuous food supply, constant physicochemical conditions, extremely high concentration of microbial cells and phages, and plenty of opportunities for conjugation on the surfaces of food particles and host tissues, represent one of the most favorable ecological niches for horizontal gene exchange. Thus, the gut microbial system genetically is very dynamic and capable of rapid response, at the genetic level, to selection, for example, by antibiotics. There are many other factors to which the microbiota may dynamically respond including lifestyle, therapy, diet, refined food, food additives, consumption of pre- and probiotics, and many others. The impact of the changing selective pressures on gut microbiota, however, is poorly understood. Presumably, the gut microbiome responds to these changes by genetic restructuring of gut populations, driven mainly via horizontal gene exchange. Thus, our main goal is to reveal the role played by horizontal gene exchange in the changing landscape of the gastrointestinal microbiome and potential effect of these changes on human health in general and autoimmune diseases in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- B. Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,AESKU.KIPP Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany
| | | | - Rustam Aminov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Vitamin D Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Role, Current Uses and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112360. [PMID: 29112157 PMCID: PMC5713329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the concept that the vitamin D axis possesses immunoregulatory functions, with vitamin D receptor (VDR) status representing the major determinant of vitamin D’s pleiotropic effects. Vitamin D promotes the production of anti-microbial peptides, including β-defensins and cathelicidins, the shift towards Th2 immune responses, and regulates autophagy and epithelial barrier integrity. Impairment of vitamin D-mediated pathways are associated with chronic inflammatory conditions, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Interestingly, inhibition of vitamin D pathways results in dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, which has mechanistically been implicated in the development of IBD. Herein, we explore the role of the vitamin D axis in immune-mediated diseases, with particular emphasis on its interplay with the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of IBD. The potential clinical implications and therapeutic relevance of this interaction will also be discussed, including optimizing VDR function, both with vitamin D analogues and probiotics, which may represent a complementary approach to current IBD treatments.
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Gibson DS, Drain S, Kelly C, McGilligan V, McClean P, Atkinson SD, Murray E, McDowell A, Conway C, Watterson S, Bjourson AJ. Coincidence versus consequence: opportunities in multi-morbidity research and inflammation as a pervasive feature. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2017.1338920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Gibson
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Stephen Drain
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Catriona Kelly
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Victoria McGilligan
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Paula McClean
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Sarah D. Atkinson
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Elaine Murray
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Andrew McDowell
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Caroline Conway
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Steven Watterson
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Anthony J. Bjourson
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
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Luo XM, Edwards MR, Reilly CM, Mu Q, Ahmed SA. Diet and Microbes in the Pathogenesis of Lupus. Lupus 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/68110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Graves JS, Chitnis T, Weinstock-Guttman B, Rubin J, Zelikovitch AS, Nourbakhsh B, Simmons T, Waltz M, Casper TC, Waubant E. Maternal and Perinatal Exposures Are Associated With Risk for Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis. Pediatrics 2017; 139:e20162838. [PMID: 28562303 PMCID: PMC5369674 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-2838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if prenatal, pregnancy, or postpartum-related environmental factors are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) risk in children. METHODS This is a case-control study of children with MS or clinically isolated syndrome and healthy controls enrolled at 16 clinics participating in the US Network of Pediatric MS Centers. Parents completed a comprehensive environmental questionnaire, including the capture of pregnancy and perinatal factors. Case status was confirmed by a panel of 3 pediatric MS specialists. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine association of these environmental factors with case status, adjusting for age, sex, race, ethnicity, US birth region, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS Questionnaire responses were available for 265 eligible cases (median age 15.7 years, 62% girls) and 412 healthy controls (median age 14.6, 54% girls). In the primary multivariable analysis, maternal illness during pregnancy was associated with 2.3-fold increase in odds to have MS (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20-4.21, P = .01) and cesarean delivery with 60% reduction (95% CI 0.20-0.82, P = .01). In a model adjusted for these variables, maternal age and BMI, tobacco smoke exposure, and breastfeeding were not associated with odds to have MS. In the secondary analyses, after adjustment for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, having a father who worked in a gardening-related occupation (odds ratio [OR] 2.18, 95% CI 1.14-4.16, P = .02) or any use in household of pesticide-related products (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.06-2.81, P = .03) were both associated with increased odds to have pediatric MS. CONCLUSION Cesarean delivery and maternal health during pregnancy may influence risk for pediatric-onset MS. We report a new possible association of pesticide-related environmental exposures with pediatric MS that warrants further investigation and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Graves
- Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California;
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jennifer Rubin
- Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | | | - Bardia Nourbakhsh
- Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Timothy Simmons
- Data Coordinating and Analysis Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Michael Waltz
- Data Coordinating and Analysis Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - T Charles Casper
- Data Coordinating and Analysis Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Emmanuelle Waubant
- Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Corrêa JD, Calderaro DC, Ferreira GA, Mendonça SMS, Fernandes GR, Xiao E, Teixeira AL, Leys EJ, Graves DT, Silva TA. Subgingival microbiota dysbiosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: association with periodontal status. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:34. [PMID: 28320468 PMCID: PMC5359961 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0252-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis results from the interaction between a subgingival biofilm and host immune response. Changes in biofilm composition are thought to disrupt homeostasis between the host and subgingival bacteria resulting in periodontal damage. Chronic systemic inflammatory disorders have been shown to affect the subgingival microbiota and clinical periodontal status. However, this relationship has not been examined in subjects with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The objective of our study was to investigate the influence of SLE on the subgingival microbiota and its connection with periodontal disease and SLE activity. METHODS We evaluated 52 patients with SLE compared to 52 subjects without SLE (control group). Subjects were classified as without periodontitis and with periodontitis. Oral microbiota composition was assessed by amplifying the V4 region of 16S rRNA gene from subgingival dental plaque DNA extracts. These amplicons were examined by Illumina MiSeq sequencing. RESULTS SLE patients exhibited higher prevalence of periodontitis which occurred at a younger age compared to subjects of the control group. More severe forms of periodontitis were found in SLE subjects that had higher bacterial loads and decreased microbial diversity. Bacterial species frequently detected in periodontal disease were observed in higher proportions in SLE patients, even in periodontal healthy sites such as Fretibacterium, Prevotella nigrescens, and Selenomonas. Changes in the oral microbiota were linked to increased local inflammation, as demonstrated by higher concentrations of IL-6, IL-17, and IL-33 in SLE patients with periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS SLE is associated with differences in the composition of the microbiota, independently of periodontal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jôice Dias Corrêa
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gabriel R. Fernandes
- René Rachou Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - E. Xiao
- Penn Dental School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Eugene J. Leys
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Dana T. Graves
- Penn Dental School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Tarcília Aparecida Silva
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia e Cirurgia Odontológica, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP 31.270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil
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Scholz CFP, Jensen A. Development of a Single Locus Sequence Typing (SLST) Scheme for Typing Bacterial Species Directly from Complex Communities. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1535:97-107. [PMID: 27914075 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6673-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The protocol describes a computational method to develop a Single Locus Sequence Typing (SLST) scheme for typing bacterial species. The resulting scheme can be used to type bacterial isolates as well as bacterial species directly from complex communities using next-generation sequencing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian F P Scholz
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelms Meyers Allé 4, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Anders Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelms Meyers Allé 4, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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Proteins behaving badly. Substoichiometric molecular control and amplification of the initiation and nature of amyloid fibril formation: lessons from and for blood clotting. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 123:16-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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GAKG-RGEKG an Epitope That Provokes Immune Cross-Reactivity between Prevotella sp. and Human Collagen: Evidence of Molecular Mimicry in Chronic Periodontitis. Autoimmune Dis 2016; 2016:5472320. [PMID: 28116146 PMCID: PMC5220385 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5472320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease afflicts 20% of world population. This process usually occurs in the form of being lethargic and chronic, and consequently this disease is known as chronic process. All chronic diseases constantly cause activation of the immune system, and therefore the presentation of microbial peptides which are presented to lymphocytes by professional antigen presenting cells can present microbial peptides very similar to important structures of human economy causing autoimmune diseases, process known as molecular mimicry. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify the presence of molecular mimicry phenomenon between periodontopathogens and human proteins. Blasting microbes of Socransky periodontal complexes against human collagen were performed and then the proteins with similarities were modelled and were screened in the MHI binding virtual methods. The epitopes selected were produced and plasma of chronic periodontal volunteers was obtained and a dot immunobinding assay was performed. Hypothetical protein of Prevotella sp. and human collagen epitopes with high similarities were positive for dot immunobinding assay. With this result it can be suggested that the mimicry phenomena can occur on periodontal disease.
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36
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Clark A, Mach N. Role of Vitamin D in the Hygiene Hypothesis: The Interplay between Vitamin D, Vitamin D Receptors, Gut Microbiota, and Immune Response. Front Immunol 2016; 7:627. [PMID: 28066436 PMCID: PMC5179549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The hygiene hypothesis postulates that higher levels of cleanliness and improper exposure to microorganisms early in childhood could disturb the intestinal microbiome resulting in abnormal immune responses. Recently, more attention has been put on how a lack of sun exposure and consequently vitamin D deficiency could lead to less immune tolerance and aberrant immune responses. Moreover, vitamin D receptor (VDR) function has been positioned to be a critical aspect of immune response and gut homeostasis. Therefore, this review focuses on the role that the interaction between vitamin D, VDR function, and gut microbiome might have on autoimmune diseases in the context of the hygiene hypothesis. Literature shows that there is a high correlation between vitamin D deficiency, VDR dysfunction, gut microbiota composition, and autoimmune diseases. The biologically active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3, serves as the primary ligand for VDRs, which have been shown to play a fundamental role in reducing autoimmune disease symptoms. Although the biological functions of VDR, the effects of its genetic variants, and the effects of epigenetic profiles in its promoter region are largely unknown in humans, studies in murine models are increasingly demonstrating that VDRs play a crucial role in attenuating autoimmune disease symptoms by regulating autophagy and the production of antimicrobial peptides, such cathelicidin and β-defensin, which are responsible for modifying the intestinal microbiota to a healthier composition. Remarkably, evidence shows that hormonal compounds and byproducts of the microbiota such as secondary bile acids might also activate VDR. Therefore, understanding the interaction between VDR and gut microbiota is of the utmost importance toward understanding the rise in autoimmune diseases in Western countries. We have gained insights on how the VDR functions affects inflammation, autophagy, and microbiota composition that could lead to the development of pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, while confirming the role vitamin D and VDRs have in the context of hygiene hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Clark
- Health Science Department, International Graduate Institute of the Open University of Catalonia (UOC) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Núria Mach
- Health Science Department, International Graduate Institute of the Open University of Catalonia (UOC), Barcelona, Spain; Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology Unit (GABI), INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Pretorius E, Akeredolu OO, Soma P, Kell DB. Major involvement of bacterial components in rheumatoid arthritis and its accompanying oxidative stress, systemic inflammation and hypercoagulability. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 242:355-373. [PMID: 27889698 PMCID: PMC5298544 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216681549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the evidence that infectious agents, including those that become dormant within the host, have a major role to play in much of the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis and the inflammation that is its hallmark. This occurs in particular because they can produce cross-reactive (auto-)antigens, as well as potent inflammagens such as lipopolysaccharide that can themselves catalyze further inflammagenesis, including via β-amyloid formation. A series of observables coexist in many chronic, inflammatory diseases as well as rheumatoid arthritis. They include iron dysregulation, hypercoagulability, anomalous morphologies of host erythrocytes, and microparticle formation. Iron dysregulation may be responsible for the periodic regrowth and resuscitation of the dormant bacteria, with concomitant inflammagen production. The present systems biology analysis benefits from the philosophical idea of "coherence," that reflects the principle that if a series of ostensibly unrelated findings are brought together into a self-consistent narrative, that narrative is thereby strengthened. As such, we provide a coherent and testable narrative for the major involvement of (often dormant) bacteria in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etheresia Pretorius
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, Pretoria 0007, South Africa
| | - Oore-Ofe Akeredolu
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, Pretoria 0007, South Africa
| | - Prashilla Soma
- 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, Pretoria 0007, South Africa
| | - Douglas B Kell
- 2 School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.,3 The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.,4 Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
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Peckham D, Scambler T, Savic S, McDermott MF. The burgeoning field of innate immune-mediated disease and autoinflammation. J Pathol 2016; 241:123-139. [PMID: 27682255 DOI: 10.1002/path.4812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune-mediated autoinflammatory diseases are occupying an increasingly prominent position among the pantheon of debilitating conditions that afflict humankind. This review focuses on some of the key developments that have occurred since the original description of autoinflammatory disease in 1999, and focuses on underlying mechanisms that trigger autoinflammation. The monogenic autoinflammatory disease range has expanded considerably during that time, and now includes a broad spectrum of disorders, including relatively common conditions such as cystic fibrosis and subsets of systemic lupus erythematosus. The innate immune system also plays a key role in the pathogenesis of complex inflammatory disorders. We have proposed a new nomenclature to accommodate the rapidly increasing number of monogenic disorders, which predispose to either autoinflammation or autoimmunity or, indeed, combinations of both. This new terminology also encompasses a wide spectrum of genetically determined autoinflammatory diseases, with variable clinical manifestations of immunodeficiency and immune dysregulation/autoimmunity. We also explore some of the ramifications of the breakthrough discovery of the physiological role of pyrin and the search for identifiable factors that may serve to trigger attacks of autoinflammation. The evidence that pyrin, as part of the pyrin inflammasome, acts as a sensor of different inactivating bacterial modification Rho GTPases, rather than interacting directly with these microbial products, sets the stage for a better understanding of the role of microorganisms and infections in the autoinflammatory disorders. Finally, we discuss some of the triggers of autoinflammation as well as potential therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing autophagy and proteasome degradation pathways. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Peckham
- Leeds Centre for Cystic Fibrosis, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Thomas Scambler
- National Institute for Health Research-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit (NIHR-LMBRU) and Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Sinisa Savic
- National Institute for Health Research-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit (NIHR-LMBRU) and Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael F McDermott
- National Institute for Health Research-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit (NIHR-LMBRU) and Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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Kell DB, Pretorius E. On the translocation of bacteria and their lipopolysaccharides between blood and peripheral locations in chronic, inflammatory diseases: the central roles of LPS and LPS-induced cell death. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 7:1339-77. [PMID: 26345428 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00158g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have recently highlighted (and added to) the considerable evidence that blood can contain dormant bacteria. By definition, such bacteria may be resuscitated (and thus proliferate). This may occur under conditions that lead to or exacerbate chronic, inflammatory diseases that are normally considered to lack a microbial component. Bacterial cell wall components, such as the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative strains, are well known as potent inflammatory agents, but should normally be cleared. Thus, their continuing production and replenishment from dormant bacterial reservoirs provides an easy explanation for the continuing, low-grade inflammation (and inflammatory cytokine production) that is characteristic of many such diseases. Although experimental conditions and determinants have varied considerably between investigators, we summarise the evidence that in a great many circumstances LPS can play a central role in all of these processes, including in particular cell death processes that permit translocation between the gut, blood and other tissues. Such localised cell death processes might also contribute strongly to the specific diseases of interest. The bacterial requirement for free iron explains the strong co-existence in these diseases of iron dysregulation, LPS production, and inflammation. Overall this analysis provides an integrative picture, with significant predictive power, that is able to link these processes via the centrality of a dormant blood microbiome that can resuscitate and shed cell wall components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry and The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131, Princess St, Manchester M1 7DN, Lancs, UK.
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia 0007, South Africa.
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Basson A, Trotter A, Rodriguez-Palacios A, Cominelli F. Mucosal Interactions between Genetics, Diet, and Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 7:290. [PMID: 27531998 PMCID: PMC4970383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous reviews have discussed gut microbiota composition changes during inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), particularly Crohn’s disease (CD). However, most studies address the observed effects by focusing on studying the univariate connection between disease and dietary-induced alterations to gut microbiota composition. The possibility that these effects may reflect a number of other interconnected (i.e., pantropic) mechanisms, activated in parallel, particularly concerning various bacterial metabolites, is in the process of being elucidated. Progress seems, however, hampered by various difficult-to-study factors interacting at the mucosal level. Here, we highlight some of such factors that merit consideration, namely: (1) the contribution of host genetics and diet in altering gut microbiome, and in turn, the crosstalk among secondary metabolic pathways; (2) the interdependence between the amount of dietary fat, the fatty acid composition, the effects of timing and route of administration on gut microbiota community, and the impact of microbiota-derived fatty acids; (3) the effect of diet on bile acid composition, and the modulator role of bile acids on the gut microbiota; (4) the impact of endogenous and exogenous intestinal micronutrients and metabolites; and (5) the need to consider food associated toxins and chemicals, which can introduce confounding immune modulating elements (e.g., antioxidant and phytochemicals in oils and proteins). These concepts, which are not mutually exclusive, are herein illustrated paying special emphasis on physiologically inter-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Basson
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Ashley Trotter
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Fabio Cominelli
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Anaya JM, Ramirez-Santana C, Alzate MA, Molano-Gonzalez N, Rojas-Villarraga A. The Autoimmune Ecology. Front Immunol 2016; 7:139. [PMID: 27199979 PMCID: PMC4844615 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) represent a heterogeneous group of disorders that affect specific target organs or multiple organ systems. These conditions share common immunopathogenic mechanisms (i.e., the autoimmune tautology), which explain the clinical similarities they have among them as well as their familial clustering (i.e., coaggregation). As part of the autoimmune tautology, the influence of environmental exposure on the risk of developing ADs is paramount (i.e., the autoimmune ecology). In fact, environment, more than genetics, shapes immune system. Autoimmune ecology is akin to exposome, that is all the exposures - internal and external - across the lifespan, interacting with hereditary factors (both genetics and epigenetics) to favor or protect against autoimmunity and its outcomes. Herein, we provide an overview of the autoimmune ecology, focusing on the immune response to environmental agents in general, and microbiota, cigarette smoking, alcohol and coffee consumption, socioeconomic status (SES), gender and sex hormones, vitamin D, organic solvents, and vaccines in particular. Inclusion of the autoimmune ecology in disease etiology and health will improve the way personalized medicine is currently conceived and applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Carolina Ramirez-Santana
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Maria A Alzate
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Nicolas Molano-Gonzalez
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Adriana Rojas-Villarraga
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario , Bogotá , Colombia
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Kell DB, Kenny LC. A Dormant Microbial Component in the Development of Preeclampsia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2016; 3:60. [PMID: 27965958 PMCID: PMC5126693 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2016.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a complex, multisystem disorder that remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnancy. Four main classes of dysregulation accompany PE and are widely considered to contribute to its severity. These are abnormal trophoblast invasion of the placenta, anti-angiogenic responses, oxidative stress, and inflammation. What is lacking, however, is an explanation of how these themselves are caused. We here develop the unifying idea, and the considerable evidence for it, that the originating cause of PE (and of the four classes of dysregulation) is, in fact, microbial infection, that most such microbes are dormant and hence resist detection by conventional (replication-dependent) microbiology, and that by occasional resuscitation and growth it is they that are responsible for all the observable sequelae, including the continuing, chronic inflammation. In particular, bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin, are well known as highly inflammagenic and stimulate an innate (and possibly trained) immune response that exacerbates the inflammation further. The known need of microbes for free iron can explain the iron dysregulation that accompanies PE. We describe the main routes of infection (gut, oral, and urinary tract infection) and the regularly observed presence of microbes in placental and other tissues in PE. Every known proteomic biomarker of "preeclampsia" that we assessed has, in fact, also been shown to be raised in response to infection. An infectious component to PE fulfills the Bradford Hill criteria for ascribing a disease to an environmental cause and suggests a number of treatments, some of which have, in fact, been shown to be successful. PE was classically referred to as endotoxemia or toxemia of pregnancy, and it is ironic that it seems that LPS and other microbial endotoxins really are involved. Overall, the recognition of an infectious component in the etiology of PE mirrors that for ulcers and other diseases that were previously considered to lack one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B. Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- *Correspondence: Douglas B. Kell,
| | - Louise C. Kenny
- The Irish Centre for Fetal and Neonatal Translational Research (INFANT), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Sandhya P, Danda D, Sharma D, Scaria V. Does the buck stop with the bugs?: an overview of microbial dysbiosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2015; 19:8-20. [PMID: 26385261 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The human body is an environmental niche which is home to diverse co-habiting microbes collectively referred as the human microbiome. Recent years have seen the in-depth characterization of the human microbiome and associations with diseases. Linking of the composition or number of the human microbiota with diseases and traits date back to the original work of Elie Metchnikoff. Recent advances in genomic technologies have opened up finer details and dynamics of this new science with higher precision. Microbe-rheumatoid arthritis connection, largely related to the gut and oral microbiomes, has showed up as a result - apart from several other earlier, well-studied candidate autoimmune diseases. Although evidence favouring roles of specific microbial species, including Porphyromonas, Prevotella and Leptotricha, has become clearer, mechanistic insights still continue to be enigmatic. Manipulating the microbes by traditional dietary modifications, probiotics, and antibiotics and by currently employed disease-modifying agents seems to modulate the disease process and its progression. In the present review, we appraise the existing information as well as the gaps in knowledge in this challenging field. We also discuss the future directions for potential clinical applications, including prevention and management of rheumatoid arthritis using microbial modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulukool Sandhya
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Debashish Danda
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Disha Sharma
- GN Ramachandran Knowledge Center for Genome Informatics, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India.,Faculty of Life Sciences, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- GN Ramachandran Knowledge Center for Genome Informatics, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India.,Faculty of Life Sciences, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Delhi, India
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Finney CAM, Kamhawi S, Wasmuth JD. Does the arthropod microbiota impact the establishment of vector-borne diseases in mammalian hosts? PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004646. [PMID: 25856431 PMCID: PMC4391854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the microbiota on the immune status of its host is a source of intense research and publicity. In comparison, the effect of arthropod microbiota on vector-borne infectious diseases has received little attention. A better understanding of the vector microbiota in relation to mammalian host immune responses is vital, as it can lead to strategies that affect transmission and improve vaccine design in a field of research where few vaccines exist and effective treatment is rare. Recent demonstrations of how microbiota decrease pathogen development in arthropods, and thus alter vector permissiveness to vector-borne diseases (VBDs), have led to renewed interest. However, hypotheses on the interactions between the arthropod-derived microbiota and the mammalian hosts have yet to be addressed. Advances in DNA sequencing technology, increased yield and falling costs, mean that these studies are now feasible for many microbiologists and entomologists. Here, we distill current knowledge and put forward key questions and experimental designs to shed light on this burgeoning research topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance A. M. Finney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James D. Wasmuth
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Baghdadi H, Abdel-Aziz N, Ahmed NS, Mahmoud HS, Barghash A, Nasrat A, Nabo MMH, El Sayed SM. Ameliorating Role Exerted by Al-Hijamah in Autoimmune Diseases: Effect on Serum Autoantibodies and Inflammatory Mediators. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2015; 9:207-232. [PMID: 26309442 PMCID: PMC4538900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases have common properties characterized by abnormal blood chemistry with high serum autoimmune antibodies, and inflammatory mediators. Those causative pathological substances (CPS) cannot be excreted by physiological mechanisms. Current treatments for autoimmune diseases involve steroids, cytotoxic drugs, plasmapheresis and monoclonal antibodies. Wet cupping therapy (WCT) of prophetic medicine is called Al-hijamah that treats numerous diseases having different etiology and pathogenesis via a pressure-dependent and size-dependent non-specific filtration then excretion of CPS causing clearance of blood and interstitial fluids. Al-hijamah clears blood passing through the fenestrated skin capillaries. Medical bases of Al-hijamah were reported in the evidence-based Taibah mechanism (Taibah theory). Al-hijamah was reported to be an excellent treatment for rheumatoid arthritis that improved patients' blood chemistry and induced significant clinical improvement and pharmacological potentiation. Al-hijamah improved the natural immunity and suppressed the pathological immunity through decreasing the serum level of autoantibodies, inflammatory mediators, and serum ferritin (a key player in autoimmunity). Al-hijamah reduced significantly pain severity, number of swollen joints and disease activity with no significant side effects. Main steps of Al-hijamah are skin suction (cupping), scarification (sharatmihjam in Arabic) and second suction (triple S technique) that is better therapeutically than the traditional WCT (double S technique). Whenever an excess noxious substance is to be removed from patients' blood and interstitial fluids, Al-hijamah is indicated. Shartatmihjam is a curative treatment in prophetic teachings according to the prophetic hadeeth: "Cure is in three: in shartatmihjam, oral honey and cauterization. I do not recommend my nation to cauterize". Al-hijamah may have better therapeutic benefits than plasmapheresis. Al-hijamah may be promising in treating autoimmune diseases as a sole treatment or adjuvant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam Baghdadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Taibah Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Taibah Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Egypt
| | - Nagwa Sayed Ahmed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Egypt
| | - Hany Salah Mahmoud
- World Federation of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Cairo Regional Headquarter, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman Barghash
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Taibah Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Abdullah Nasrat
- Balaghsoun Clinics compound, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Mohamed Helmy Nabo
- Department of Pediatrics, Sohag Teaching Hospital, Sohag, Egypt
- Division of Pediatric cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Maternity and Children Hospital, King Abdullah Medical City, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah Mohamed El Sayed
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Taibah Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Egypt
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Cuervo A, Hevia A, López P, Suárez A, Sánchez B, Margolles A, González S. Association of polyphenols from oranges and apples with specific intestinal microorganisms in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Nutrients 2015; 7:1301-17. [PMID: 25690419 PMCID: PMC4344589 DOI: 10.3390/nu7021301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Our group has recently shown the existence of a gut microbial dysbiosis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), supporting previous evidence involving intestinal bacteria in the initiation and amplification of autoimmune diseases. While several studies have addressed the use of dietary fibres to modify intestinal microbiota, information about other correlated components, such as polyphenols, is scarce. The aim of this work was to identify dietary components able to influence this altered microbiota in 20 SLE women and 20 age-matched controls. Food intake was recorded by means of a food frequency questionnaire. The intake of fibres was calculated from Marlett tables, and Phenol-Explorer was used for polyphenol consumption. Results showed positive associations between flavone intake and Blautia, flavanones and Lactobacillus, and dihydrochalcones and Bifidobacterium in the SLE group. Regarding the controls, dihydroflavonols were directly associated with Faecalibacterium, whereas flavonol intake was inversely associated with Bifidobacterium. From the food sources of these polyphenols related to microbiota, orange intake was directly associated with Lactobacillus and apple with Bifidobacterium in SLE, whilst red wine was the best contributor to Faecalibacterium variation. The association between common foods and particular microbial genera, reported to be decreased in SLE, could be of great importance for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Cuervo
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería s/n Oviedo, 33006 Asturias, Spain.
| | - Arancha Hevia
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain.
| | - Patricia López
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería s/n Oviedo, 33006 Asturias, Spain.
| | - Ana Suárez
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería s/n Oviedo, 33006 Asturias, Spain.
| | - Borja Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain.
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain.
| | - Sonia González
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería s/n Oviedo, 33006 Asturias, Spain.
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Basson A, Swart R, Jordaan E, Mazinu M, Watermeyer G. The association between childhood environmental exposures and the subsequent development of Crohn's disease in the Western Cape, South Africa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115492. [PMID: 25514591 PMCID: PMC4267820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Environmental factors during childhood are thought to play a role in the aetiolgy of Crohn's Disease (CD). However the association between age at time of exposure and the subsequent development of CD in South Africa is unknown. Methods A case control study of all consecutive CD patients seen at 2 large inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) referral centers in the Western Cape, South Africa between September 2011 and January 2013 was performed. Numerous environmental exposures during 3 age intervals; 0–5, 6–10 and 11–18 years were extracted using an investigator administered questionnaire. An agreement analysis was performed to determine the reliability of questionnaire data for all the relevant variables. Results This study included 194 CD patients and 213 controls. On multiple logistic regression analysis, a number of childhood environmental exposures during the 3 age interval were significantly associated with the risk of developing CD. During the age interval 6–10 years, never having had consumed unpasteurized milk (OR = 5.84; 95% CI, 2.73–13.53) and never having a donkey, horse, sheep or cow on the property (OR = 2.48; 95% CI, 1.09–5.98) significantly increased the risk of developing future CD. During the age interval 11–18 years, an independent risk-association was identified for; never having consumed unpasteurized milk (OR = 2.60; 95% CI, 1.17–6.10) and second-hand cigarette smoke exposure (OR = 1.93; 95% CI, 1.13–3.35). Conclusion This study demonstrates that both limited microbial exposures and exposure to second-hand cigarette smoke during childhood is associated with future development of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Basson
- Dietetics Department, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Rina Swart
- Dietetics Department, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Esme Jordaan
- Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, Parow, Western Cape, South Africa
- Statistics and Population Studies Department, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Mikateko Mazinu
- Biostatistics Unit, Medical Research Council of South Africa, Parow, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Gillian Watermeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa, and the Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
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Abstract
The human gut harbours diverse and abundant microbes, forming a complex ecological system that interacts with host and environmental factors. In this article, we summarise recent advances in microbiome studies across both Western and non-Western populations, either in cross-sectional or longitudinal surveys, and over various age groups, revealing a considerable diversity and variability in the human gut microbiome. Of all the exogenous factors affecting gut microbiome, a long-term diet appears to have the largest effect to date. Recent research on the effects of dietary interventions has shown that the gut microbiome can change dramatically with diet; however, the gut microbiome is generally resilient, and short-term dietary intervention is not typically successful in treating obesity and malnutrition. Understanding the dynamics of the gut microbiome under different conditions will help us diagnose and treat many diseases that are now known to be associated with microbial communities.
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototypical systemic autoimmune disease in humans and is characterized by the presence of hyperactive immune cells and aberrant antibody responses to nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens, including characteristic anti–double-stranded DNA antibodies. We performed a cross-sectional study in order to determine if an SLE-associated gut dysbiosis exists in patients without active disease. A group of 20 SLE patients in remission, for which there was strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, was recruited, and we used an optimized Ion Torrent 16S rRNA gene-based analysis protocol to decipher the fecal microbial profiles of these patients and compare them with those of 20 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. We found diversity to be comparable based on Shannon’s index. However, we saw a significantly lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in SLE individuals (median ratio, 1.97) than in healthy subjects (median ratio, 4.86; P < 0.002). A lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in SLE individuals was corroborated by quantitative PCR analysis. Notably, a decrease of some Firmicutes families was also detected. This dysbiosis is reflected, based on in silico functional inference, in an overrepresentation of oxidative phosphorylation and glycan utilization pathways in SLE patient microbiota. Growing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota might impact symptoms and progression of some autoimmune diseases. However, how and why this microbial community influences SLE remains to be elucidated. This is the first report describing an SLE-associated intestinal dysbiosis, and it contributes to the understanding of the interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the host in autoimmune disorders.
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