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Yang N, Wang Y, Luo X, Zhan G. Chronic restraint stress induces abnormal behaviors in pain sensitivity and cognitive function in mice: the role of Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Stress 2024; 27:2316050. [PMID: 38377152 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2024.2316050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Stress is a series of physical and psychological responses to external and internal environmental stimuli. Growing studies have demonstrated the detrimental impacts of acute restraint stress (ARS) and chronic restraint stress (CRS) on animal behavior. However, the related pathogenesis and therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. Hence, the present study aimed to examine whether unfolded protein response (UPR) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway are associated with ARS- and CRS- induced abnormal behaviors of pain sensitivity and cognitive function. We here used four behavioral tests to evaluate pain sensitivity and cognitive function in ARS and CRS mice. CRS markedly decreased Paw Withdrawal Mechanical Threshold (PWMT) and Tail-flick Latency (TFL) scores, whereas ARS altered TFL but had no effect on PWMT scores. Additionally, CRS, but not ARS, significantly changed behaviors in nest building behavior and MWMT. Intriguingly, the expression of Keap1 and Nrf2 protein were decreased in the spinal cord and hippocampus in CRS mice, but not in ARS mice. Moreover, neither the ARS nor the CRS groups significantly differed from the control group in terms of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Taken together, this study demonstrated that CRS could induce abnormal pain sensitivity and cognitive function probably via Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in spinal cord and hippocampus. It is therefore likely that effective intervention of Keap1/Nrf2 pathway may contribute to preventing and treating hyperalgesia and cognitive dysfunction in CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Luo
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaofeng Zhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, and Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Kostev K, Smith L, Haro JM, Konrad M, Koyanagi A, Jacob L. Is There an Association between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and the Incidence of Chronic Low Back Pain? J Clin Med 2023; 12:5753. [PMID: 37685820 PMCID: PMC10488514 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preliminary research suggests post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a risk factor for chronic low back pain (CLBP). However, this literature displays some limitations. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between PTSD and the 10-year cumulative incidence of CLBP in adults from Germany. METHODS The present retrospective cohort study included adults diagnosed with PTSD in 1 of 1284 general practices in Germany in 2005-2020 (index date). Individuals without PTSD were matched to those with PTSD (1:1) using a propensity score based on age, sex, index year, duration of follow-up, and the mean number of consultations during follow-up. In patients without PTSD, the index date was a randomly selected visit date. RESULTS There were 60,664 patients included in the study. After adjusting for frequent comorbidities, there was a positive but non-significant association between PTSD and incident CLBP in the overall population (HR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.99-1.15). Nonetheless, the relationship between PTSD and CLBP was statistically significant in the age group >60 years (HR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.05-1.46). CONCLUSIONS Conversely to previous research, PTSD was not associated with incident CLBP in this large German sample. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to corroborate these findings before drawing any firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Kostev
- Epidemiology, IQVIA, 60549 Frankfurt, Germany
- University Clinic of Philipps University, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lee Smith
- Centre for Health, Performance and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcel Konrad
- Health & Social, FOM University of Applied Sciences for Economics and Management, 45127 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Louis Jacob
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain
- Université Paris Cité, AP-HP, Lariboisière-Fernand Widal Hospital, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, 75010 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases, 75010 Paris, France
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Akwe J, Hall MAK. Primary Care Considerations for Elderly U.S. Veterans of World War II and the Korean War: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e37309. [PMID: 37182054 PMCID: PMC10166705 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the United States' more than 18 million veterans obtain healthcare through the Department of Veterans Affairs' (VA) Veterans Health Administration system; however, recent legislative changes have expanded veterans' access to non-VA care in their communities, particularly for those who do not live near VA medical centers. Veterans are seen by physicians in outpatient practice across the United States and are admitted to non-VA hospitals; this is particularly salient for older veterans, who may require a more frequent and high level of care. We present a review of characteristics of U.S. veterans from two conflicts: World War II (WWII) and the Korean War. While non-VA clinicians are well equipped to provide care for patients of all different ages, veterans of armed conflicts have a unique constellation of exposures and cultural considerations that must be accounted for when providing them care. In this review, we describe characteristics of the generations of American veterans who served in WWII and the Korean War conflicts in a brief historical context. We then note conflict-specific exposures and potential long-term sequelae to watch for during physical examinations and to monitor thereafter, age-specific health and emotional concerns, and best practices for providing care to this cohort of veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Akwe
- Hospital Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, USA
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Benedict TM, Nitz AJ, Gambrel MK, Louw A. Pain neuroscience education improves post-traumatic stress disorder, disability, and pain self-efficacy in veterans and service members with chronic low back pain: Preliminary results from a randomized controlled trial with 12-month follow-up. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2023.2188046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Benedict
- Baylor University – Keller Army Community Hospital, Division 1 Sports Physical Therapy Fellowship, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, USA
| | - Arthur J. Nitz
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Michael K. Gambrel
- Department of Physical Therapy, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Adriaan Louw
- Director of Pain Science, Evidence in Motion, Story City, IA, USA
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Wippert PM, Puerto Valencia L, Drießlein D. Stress and Pain. Predictive (Neuro)Pattern Identification for Chronic Back Pain: A Longitudinal Observational Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:828954. [PMID: 35620722 PMCID: PMC9129900 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.828954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Low back pain (LBP) leads to considerable impairment of quality of life worldwide and is often accompanied by psychosomatic symptoms. Objectives First, to assess the association between stress and chronic low back pain (CLBP) and its simultaneous appearance with fatigue and depression as a symptom triad. Second, to identify the most predictive stress-related pattern set for CLBP for a 1-year diagnosis. Methods In a 1-year observational study with four measurement points, a total of 140 volunteers (aged 18–45 years with intermittent pain) were recruited. The primary outcomes were pain [characteristic pain intensity (CPI), subjective pain disability (DISS)], fatigue, and depressive mood. Stress was assessed as chronic stress, perceived stress, effort reward imbalance, life events, and physiological markers [allostatic load index (ALI), hair cortisol concentration (HCC)]. Multiple linear regression models and selection procedures for model shrinkage and variable selection (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) were applied. Prediction accuracy was calculated by root mean squared error (RMSE) and receiver-operating characteristic curves. Results There were 110 participants completed the baseline assessments (28.2 ± 7.5 years, 38.1% female), including HCC, and a further of 46 participants agreed to ALI laboratory measurements. Different stress types were associated with LBP, CLBP, fatigue, and depressive mood and its joint occurrence as a symptom triad at baseline; mainly social-related stress types were of relevance. Work-related stress, such as “excessive demands at work”[b = 0.51 (95%CI -0.23, 1.25), p = 0.18] played a role for upcoming chronic pain disability. “Social overload” [b = 0.45 (95%CI -0.06, 0.96), p = 0.080] and “over-commitment at work” [b = 0.28 (95%CI -0.39, 0.95), p = 0.42] were associated with an upcoming depressive mood within 1-year. Finally, seven psychometric (CPI: RMSE = 12.63; DISS: RMSE = 9.81) and five biomarkers (CPI: RMSE = 12.21; DISS: RMSE = 8.94) could be derived as the most predictive pattern set for a 1-year prediction of CLBP. The biomarker set showed an apparent area under the curve of 0.88 for CPI and 0.99 for DISS. Conclusion Stress disrupts allostasis and favors the development of chronic pain, fatigue, and depression and the emergence of a “hypocortisolemic symptom triad,” whereby the social-related stressors play a significant role. For translational medicine, a predictive pattern set could be derived which enables to diagnose the individuals at higher risk for the upcoming pain disorders and can be used in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia-Maria Wippert
- Medical Sociology and Psychobiology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the University of Potsdam, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, and the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Postdam, Germany
| | | | - David Drießlein
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Suri P, Tanus AD, Torres N, Timmons A, Irimia B, Friedly JL, Korpak A, Daniels C, Morelli D, Hodges PW, Costa N, Day MA, Heagerty PJ, Jensen MP. The Flares of Low back pain with Activity Research Study (FLAReS): study protocol for a case-crossover study nested within a cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:376. [PMID: 35449043 PMCID: PMC9022413 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-05281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is generally accepted that physical activity and flares of low back pain (LBP) are related, evidence for the directionality of this association is mixed. The Flares of Low back pain with Activity Research Study (FLAReS) takes a novel approach to distinguish the short-term effects of specific physical activities on LBP flares from the cumulative effects of such activities, by conducting a longitudinal case-crossover study nested within a cohort study. The first aim is to estimate the short-term effects (≤ 24 h) of specific physical activities on LBP flares among Veterans in primary care in the Veterans Affairs healthcare system. The second aim is to estimate the cumulative effects of specific activities on LBP-related functional limitations at 1-year follow-up. METHODS Up to 550 adults of working age (18-65 years) seen for LBP in primary care complete up to 36 "Scheduled" surveys over 1-year follow-up, and also complete unscheduled "Flare Window" surveys after the onset of new flares. Each survey asks about current flares and other factors associated with LBP. Surveys also inquire about activity exposures over the 24 h, and 2 h, prior to the time of survey completion (during non-flare periods) or prior to the time of flare onset (during flares). Other questions evaluate the number, intensity, duration, and/or other characteristics of activity exposures. Other exposures include factors related to mood, lifestyle, exercise, concurrent treatments, and injuries. Some participants wear actigraphy devices for weeks 1-4 of the study. The first aim will examine associations between 10 specific activity categories and participant-reported flares over 1-year follow-up. The second aim will examine associations between the frequency of exposure to 10 activity categories over weeks 1-4 of follow-up and long-term functional limitations at 12 months. All analyses will use a biopsychosocial framework accounting for potential confounders and effect modifiers. DISCUSSION FLAReS will provide empirically derived estimates of both the short-term and cumulative effects of specific physical activities for Veterans with LBP, helping to better understand the role of physical activities in those with LBP. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04828330 , registered April 2, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Suri
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center (ERIC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S-152-E, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA. .,Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S-RCS-117, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA. .,Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research (CLEAR) Center, University of Washington, 4333 Brooklyn Ave NE, Box 359455, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA. .,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359612, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
| | - Adrienne D. Tanus
- grid.413919.70000 0004 0420 6540Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center (ERIC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S-152-E, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
| | - Nikki Torres
- grid.413919.70000 0004 0420 6540Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center (ERIC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S-152-E, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
| | - Andrew Timmons
- grid.413919.70000 0004 0420 6540Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center (ERIC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S-152-E, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
| | - Bianca Irimia
- grid.413919.70000 0004 0420 6540Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center (ERIC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S-152-E, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
| | - Janna L. Friedly
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Clinical Learning, Evidence, and Research (CLEAR) Center, University of Washington, 4333 Brooklyn Ave NE, Box 359455, Seattle, WA 98104 USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359612, Seattle, WA 98104 USA
| | - Anna Korpak
- grid.413919.70000 0004 0420 6540Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center (ERIC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S-152-E, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
| | - Clinton Daniels
- grid.413919.70000 0004 0420 6540Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S-RCS-117, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
| | - Daniel Morelli
- grid.413919.70000 0004 0420 6540Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center (ERIC), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, S-152-E, Seattle, WA 98108 USA
| | - Paul W. Hodges
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, 84a Services Rd, St Lucia QLD 4067, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Nathalia Costa
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, 84a Services Rd, St Lucia QLD 4067, Brisbane, QLD Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XSchool of Public Health, The University of Sydney, A27 Fisher Rd NSW 2006, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Melissa A. Day
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359612, Seattle, WA 98104 USA ,grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Sir Fred Schonell Dr, St Lucia QLD 4072, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Patrick J. Heagerty
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, 1705 NE Pacific Street, Box 357232, Seattle, WA 98104 USA
| | - Mark P. Jensen
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359612, Seattle, WA 98104 USA
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Lumley MA, Yamin JB, Pester BD, Krohner S, Urbanik CP. Trauma matters: psychological interventions for comorbid psychosocial trauma and chronic pain. Pain 2022; 163:599-603. [PMID: 34338244 PMCID: PMC8799778 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Lumley
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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Pergolizzi JV, LeQuang JA. Rehabilitation for Low Back Pain: A Narrative Review for Managing Pain and Improving Function in Acute and Chronic Conditions. Pain Ther 2020; 9:83-96. [PMID: 32006236 PMCID: PMC7203283 DOI: 10.1007/s40122-020-00149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is prevalent and may transition into chronic LBP (cLBP) with associated reduced quality of life, pain, and disability. Because cLBP affects a heterogenous population, rehabilitation efforts must be individualized to meet the needs of various patient populations as well as individuals. This narrative review evaluated the many approaches to LBP rehabilitation including treatment-based classifications and specific types of rehabilitation efforts from exercise and physical therapy to spinal manipulation and bracing. Clinicians caring for patients with LBP or cLBP must be aware of the various options to find the right treatment course for each patient. In many cases, with proper patient expectations and care, nonpharmacological options may suffice to manage cLBP. While there is a rightful role for analgesics in the management of LBP, nonpharmacological options should be seriously considered, as they can play an important and health-sustaining role in patient management.
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Elgaeva EE, Tsepilov Y, Freidin MB, Williams FMK, Aulchenko Y, Suri P. ISSLS Prize in Clinical Science 2020. Examining causal effects of body mass index on back pain: a Mendelian randomization study. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2019; 29:686-691. [PMID: 31797139 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-019-06224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Measures of body fat accumulation are associated with back pain, but a causal association is unclear. We hypothesized that BMI would have causal effects on back pain. We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to assess the causal effect of body mass index (BMI) on the outcomes of (1) back pain and (2) chronic back pain (duration > 3 months). METHODS We identified genetic instrumental variables for BMI (n = 60 variants) from a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted by the Genetic Investigation of ANthropometric Traits consortium in individuals of European ancestry (n = 322,154). We conducted GWAS of back pain and chronic back pain (n = 453,860) in a non-overlapping sample of individuals of European ancestry. We used inverse-variance weighted (IVW) meta-analysis as the primary method to estimate causal effects. RESULTS The IVW analysis showed evidence supporting a causal association of BMI on back pain, with a 1-standard deviation (4.65 kg/m2) increase in BMI conferring 1.15 times the odds of back pain (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06-1.25, p = 0.001]; effects were directionally consistent in secondary analysis and sensitivity analyses. The IVW analysis supported a causal association of BMI on chronic back pain (OR 1.20 per 1 SD deviation increase in BMI [95% CI 1.09-1.32; p = 0.0002]), and effects were directionally consistent in secondary analysis and sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION In this first MR study of BMI and back pain, we found a significant causal effect of BMI on both back pain and chronic back pain. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta E Elgaeva
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Functional Genomics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Laboratory of Recombination and Segregation Analysis, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yakov Tsepilov
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Functional Genomics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Laboratory of Recombination and Segregation Analysis, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia.,PolyOmica, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Maxim B Freidin
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Frances M K Williams
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yurii Aulchenko
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Functional Genomics, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.,PolyOmica, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands.,Kurchatov Genomics Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pradeep Suri
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, S-152-ERIC, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA. .,Division of Rehabilitation Care Services, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, USA. .,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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