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Tossetta G, Fantone S, Licini C, Marzioni D, Mattioli-Belmonte M. The multifaced role of HtrA1 in the development of joint and skeletal disorders. Bone 2022; 157:116350. [PMID: 35131488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HtrA1 (High temperature requirement A1) family proteins include four members, widely conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, named HtrA1, HtrA2, HtrA3 and HtrA4. HtrA1 is a serine protease involved in a variety of biological functions regulating many signaling pathways degrading specific components and playing key roles in many human diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, pregnancy complications and cancer. Due to its role in the breakdown of many ExtraCellular Matrix (ECM) components of articular cartilage such as fibronectin, decorin and aggrecan, HtrA1 encouraged many researches on studying its role in several skeletal diseases (SDs). These studies were further inspired by the fact that HtrA1 is able to regulate the signaling of one of the most important cytokines involved in SDs, the TGFβ-1. This review aims to summarize the data currently available on the role of HtrA1 in skeletal diseases such as Osteoporosis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis and Intervertebral Disc Degeneration (IDD). The use of HtrA1 as a marker of frailty in geriatric medicine would represent a powerful tool for identifying older individuals at risk of developing skeletal disorders, evaluating an appropriate intervention to improve quality care in these people avoiding or improving age-related SDs in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tossetta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Salesi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Sonia Fantone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Caterina Licini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, Ancona 60126, Italy
| | - Daniela Marzioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Mattioli-Belmonte
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences (DISCLIMO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, Ancona 60126, Italy
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Smith MM, Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Pentosan Polysulphate (PPS), a Semi-Synthetic Heparinoid DMOAD With Roles in Intervertebral Disc Repair Biology emulating The Stem Cell Instructive and Tissue Reparative Properties of Heparan Sulphate. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:406-430. [PMID: 35102748 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the attributes of pentosan polysulphate (PPS) in the promotion of intervertebral disc (IVD) repair processes. PPS has been classified as a disease modifying osteoarthritic drug (DMOAD) and many studies have demonstrated its positive attributes in the countering of degenerative changes occurring in cartilaginous tissues during the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Degenerative changes in the IVD also involve inflammatory cytokines, degradative proteases and cell signalling pathways similar to those operative in the development of OA in articular cartilage. PPS acts as a heparan sulphate (HS) mimetic to effect its beneficial effects in cartilage. The IVD contains small cell membrane HS-proteoglycans (HSPGs) such as syndecan, and glypican and a large multifunctional HS/chondroitin sulphate (CS) hybrid proteoglycan (HSPG2/perlecan) that have important matrix stabilising properties and sequester, control and present growth factors from the FGF, VEGF, PDGF and BMP families to cellular receptors to promote cell proliferation, differentiation and matrix synthesis. HSPG2 also has chondrogenic properties and stimulates the synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, expansion of cartilaginous rudiments and has roles in matrix stabilisation and repair. Perlecan is a perinuclear and nuclear proteoglycan in IVD cells with roles in chromatin organisation and control of transcription factor activity, immunolocalises to stem cell niches in cartilage, promotes escape of stem cells from quiescent recycling, differentiation and attainment of pluripotency and migratory properties. These participate in tissue development and morphogenesis, ECM remodelling and repair. PPS also localises in the nucleus of stromal stem cells, promotes development of chondroprogenitor cell lineages, ECM synthesis and repair and discal repair by resident disc cells. The availability of recombinant perlecan and PPS offer new opportunities in repair biology. These multifunctional agents offer welcome new developments in repair strategies for the IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Smith
- The University of Sydney Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, 247198, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Anthony J Hayes
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, UK, Bioimaging Unit, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - James Melrose
- Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, Raymond Purves Lab, Sydney Medical School Northern, Level 10, Kolling Institute B6, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia, 2065.,University of New South Wales, 7800, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2052;
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Zappia J, Joiret M, Sanchez C, Lambert C, Geris L, Muller M, Henrotin Y. From Translation to Protein Degradation as Mechanisms for Regulating Biological Functions: A Review on the SLRP Family in Skeletal Tissues. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010080. [PMID: 31947880 PMCID: PMC7023458 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix can trigger cellular responses through its composition and structure. Major extracellular matrix components are the proteoglycans, which are composed of a core protein associated with glycosaminoglycans, among which the small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are the largest family. This review highlights how the codon usage pattern can be used to modulate cellular response and discusses the biological impact of post-translational events on SLRPs, including the substitution of glycosaminoglycan moieties, glycosylation, and degradation. These modifications are listed, and their impacts on the biological activities and structural properties of SLRPs are described. We narrowed the topic to skeletal tissues undergoing dynamic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Zappia
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, Center for Interdisciplinary research on Medicines (CIRM) Liège, Liège University, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.Z.); (C.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Marc Joiret
- Biomechanics Research Unit, B34 GIGA-R, In Silico Medicine, Liège University, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.J.); (L.G.)
| | - Christelle Sanchez
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, Center for Interdisciplinary research on Medicines (CIRM) Liège, Liège University, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.Z.); (C.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Cécile Lambert
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, Center for Interdisciplinary research on Medicines (CIRM) Liège, Liège University, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.Z.); (C.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, B34 GIGA-R, In Silico Medicine, Liège University, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.J.); (L.G.)
| | - Marc Muller
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration (LOR), GIGA-Research, Liège University, Avenue de l’Hôpital, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Yves Henrotin
- Bone and Cartilage Research Unit, Arthropôle Liège, Center for Interdisciplinary research on Medicines (CIRM) Liège, Liège University, Institute of Pathology, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.Z.); (C.S.); (C.L.)
- Physical therapy and Rehabilitation department, Princess Paola Hospital, Vivalia, B-6900 Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium
- Artialis SA, GIGA Tower, Level 3, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-4-3665937
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Lopes FM, Roberts NA, Zeef LAH, Gardiner NJ, Woolf AS. Overactivity or blockade of transforming growth factor-β each generate a specific ureter malformation. J Pathol 2019; 249:472-484. [PMID: 31400222 PMCID: PMC6900140 DOI: 10.1002/path.5335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) has been reported to be dysregulated in malformed ureters. There exists, however, little information on whether altered TGFβ levels actually perturb ureter development. We therefore hypothesised that TGFβ has functional effects on ureter morphogenesis. Tgfb1, Tgfb2 and Tgfb3 transcripts coding for TGFβ ligands, as well as Tgfbr1 and Tgfbr2 coding for TGFβ receptors, were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in embryonic mouse ureters collected over a wide range of stages. As assessed by in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry, the two receptors were detected in embryonic urothelia. Next, TGFβ1 was added to serum-free cultures of embryonic day 15 mouse ureters. These organs contain immature smooth muscle and urothelial layers and their in vivo potential to grow and acquire peristaltic function can be replicated in serum-free organ culture. Such organs therefore constitute a suitable developmental stage with which to define roles of factors that affect ureter growth and functional differentiation. Exogenous TGFβ1 inhibited growth of the ureter tube and generated cocoon-like dysmorphogenesis. RNA sequencing suggested that altered levels of transcripts encoding certain fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) followed exposure to TGFβ. In serum-free organ culture exogenous FGF10 but not FGF18 abrogated certain dysmorphic effects mediated by exogenous TGFβ1. To assess whether an endogenous TGFβ axis functions in developing ureters, embryonic day 15 explants were exposed to TGFβ receptor chemical blockade; growth of the ureter was enhanced, and aberrant bud-like structures arose from the urothelial tube. The muscle layer was attenuated around these buds, and peristalsis was compromised. To determine whether TGFβ effects were limited to one stage, explants of mouse embryonic day 13 ureters, more primitive organs, were exposed to exogenous TGFβ1, again generating cocoon-like structures, and to TGFβ receptor blockade, again generating ectopic buds. As for the mouse studies, immunostaining of normal embryonic human ureters detected TGFβRI and TGFβRII in urothelia. Collectively, these observations reveal unsuspected regulatory roles for endogenous TGFβ in embryonic ureters, fine-tuning morphogenesis and functional differentiation. Our results also support the hypothesis that the TGFβ up-regulation reported in ureter malformations impacts on pathobiology. Further experiments are needed to unravel the intracellular signalling mechanisms involved in these dysmorphic responses. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa M Lopes
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Neil A Roberts
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Leo AH Zeef
- The Bioinformatics Core FacilityUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Natalie J Gardiner
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Royal Manchester Children's HospitalManchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science CentreManchesterUK
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G. Bisson D, Lama P, Abduljabbar F, Rosenzweig DH, Saran N, Ouellet JA, Haglund L. Facet joint degeneration in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. JOR Spine 2018; 1:e1016. [PMID: 31463443 PMCID: PMC6686828 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a poorly understood deformity of the thoracolumbar spine which affects the intervertebral discs (IVDs) and the articular facet joints. The knowledge concerning facet joints in this context is very limited, although facet joint degeneration is a known contributor of back pain. In this study, a comprehensive investigation was performed to characterize the facet joint chondrocytes and extracellular matrix within the scoliotic spine. Surgically removed articular facet joint tissues were collected from patients undergoing spinal corrective surgery for AIS deformities, while non-scoliotic articular facet joint tissues were obtained from cadaveric organ donors. Alterations in cartilage tissue structure were evaluated histologically with safranin-O fast green and a modified OARSI grading scale. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix-degrading proteases, and fragmented matrix molecules associated with cartilage degradation were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Safranin-O fast green staining revealed that young scoliotic facet joints show clear signs of degeneration with substantial proteoglycan loss, similar to osteoarthritis (OA). The proteoglycan levels were significantly lower than in healthy asymptomatic non-scoliotic control individuals. In comparison to controls, scoliotic articular facets showed increased cell density, increased expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67, and higher expression of MMP-3, MMP-13, and IL-1β. Expression and fragmentation of the small leucine-rich proteins (SLRPs) chondroadherin, decorin, biglycan, lumican, and fibromodulin were analyzed with western blot. Chondroadherin and decorin were fragmented in cartilage from patients with a curve greater than 70°, whereas biglycan and fibromodulin did not show curve-related fragmentation. AIS facet joint cartilage shows hallmarks of OA including proteoglycan loss, overexpression of pro-inflammatory mediators, increased synthesis of matrix-degrading proteases and fragmentation of SLRPs. As with patients with age-related OA, the premature joint degeneration seen in scoliotic patients is likely to contribute to the pain perceived in some individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Bisson
- Orthopaedic Research LaboratoryShriners Hospital for ChildrenMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Polly Lama
- Orthopaedic Research LaboratoryShriners Hospital for ChildrenMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Fahad Abduljabbar
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Neil Saran
- Orthopaedic Research LaboratoryShriners Hospital for ChildrenMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Jean A. Ouellet
- Orthopaedic Research LaboratoryShriners Hospital for ChildrenMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Lisbet Haglund
- Orthopaedic Research LaboratoryShriners Hospital for ChildrenMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
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6
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Yee A, Lam MPY, Tam V, Chan WCW, Chu IK, Cheah KSE, Cheung KMC, Chan D. Fibrotic-like changes in degenerate human intervertebral discs revealed by quantitative proteomic analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:503-13. [PMID: 26463451 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) can lead to symptomatic conditions including sciatica and back pain. The purpose of this study is to understand the extracellular matrix (ECM) changes in disc biology through comparative proteomic analysis of degenerated and non-degenerated human intervertebral disc (IVD) tissues of different ages. DESIGN Seven non-degenerated (11-46 years of age) and seven degenerated (16-53 years of age) annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) samples were used. Proteins were extracted using guanidine hydrochloride, separated from large proteoglycans (PGs) by caesium chloride (CsCl) density gradient ultracentrifugation, and identified using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). For quantitative comparison, proteins were labeled with iTRAQ reagents. Collagen fibrils in the NP were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS In the AF, quantitative analysis revealed increased levels of HTRA1, COMP and CILP in degeneration when compared with samples from older individuals. Fibronectin showed increment with age and degeneration. In the NP, more CILP and CILP2 were present in degenerated samples of younger individuals. Reduced protein solubility was observed in degenerated and older non-degenerated samples correlated with an accumulation of type I collagen in the insoluble fibers. Characterization of collagen fibrils in the NP revealed smaller mean fibril diameters and decreased porosity in the degenerated samples. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified distinct matrix changes associated with aging and degeneration in the intervertebral discs (IVDs). The nature of the ECM changes, together with observed decreased in solubility and changes in fibril diameter is consistent with a fibrotic-like environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - M P Y Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - V Tam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - W C W Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - I K Chu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - K S E Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - K M C Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
| | - D Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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Molinos M, Almeida CR, Caldeira J, Cunha C, Gonçalves RM, Barbosa MA. Inflammation in intervertebral disc degeneration and regeneration. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:20141191. [PMID: 25673296 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is one of the major causes of low back pain, a problem with a heavy economic burden, which has been increasing in prevalence as populations age. Deeper knowledge of the complex spatial and temporal orchestration of cellular interactions and extracellular matrix remodelling is critical to improve current IVD therapies, which have so far proved unsatisfactory. Inflammation has been correlated with degenerative disc disease but its role in discogenic pain and hernia regression remains controversial. The inflammatory response may be involved in the onset of disease, but it is also crucial in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, if properly balanced it may contribute to tissue repair/regeneration as has already been demonstrated in other tissues. In this review, we focus on how inflammation has been associated with IVD degeneration by describing observational and in vitro studies as well as in vivo animal models. Finally, we provide an overview of IVD regenerative therapies that target key inflammatory players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Molinos
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica-INEB, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar-ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina R Almeida
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica-INEB, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Caldeira
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica-INEB, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia-IPATIMUP, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Cunha
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica-INEB, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel M Gonçalves
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica-INEB, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário A Barbosa
- Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica-INEB, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar-ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Gawri R, Moir J, Ouellet J, Beckman L, Steffen T, Roughley P, Haglund L. Physiological loading can restore the proteoglycan content in a model of early IVD degeneration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101233. [PMID: 24992586 PMCID: PMC4081577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of early IVD degeneration is a decrease in proteoglycan content. Progression will eventually lead to matrix degradation, a decrease in weight bearing capacity and loss of disc height. In the final stages of IVD degradation, fissures appear in the annular ring allowing extrusion of the NP. It is crucial to understand the interplay between mechanobiology, disc composition and metabolism to be able to provide exercise recommendations to patients with early signs of disc degeneration. This study evaluates the effect of physiological loading compared to no loading on matrix homeostasis in bovine discs with induced degeneration. Bovine discs with trypsin-induced degeneration were cultured for 14 days in a bioreactor under dynamic loading with maintained metabolic activity. Chondroadherin abundance and structure was used to confirm that a functional matrix was preserved in the chosen loading environment. No change was observed in chondroadherin integrity and a non-significant increase in abundance was detected in trypsin-treated loaded discs compared to unloaded discs. The proteoglycan concentration in loaded trypsin-treated discs was significantly higher than in unloaded disc and the newly synthesised proteoglycans were of the same size range as those found in control samples. The proteoglycan showed an even distribution throughout the NP region, similar to that of control discs. Significantly more newly synthesised type II collagen was detected in trypsin-treated loaded discs compared to unloaded discs, demonstrating that physiological load not only stimulates aggrecan production, but also that of type II collagen. Taken together, this study shows that dynamic physiological load has the ability to repair the extracellular matrix depletion typical of early disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Gawri
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janet Moir
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean Ouellet
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lorne Beckman
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas Steffen
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter Roughley
- Shriners Hospital for Children, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lisbet Haglund
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Ultrastructure of Intervertebral Disc and Vertebra-Disc Junctions Zones as a Link in Etiopathogenesis of Idiopathic Scoliosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/850594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Context. There is no general accepted theory on the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis (IS). An important role of the vertebrae endplate physes (VEPh) and intervertebral discs (IVD) in spinal curve progression is acknowledged, but ultrastructural mechanisms are not well understood. Purpose. To analyze the current literature on ultrastructural characteristics of VEPh and IVD in the context of IS etiology. Study Design/Setting. A literature review. Results. There is strong evidence for multifactorial etiology of IS. Early wedging of vertebra bodies is likely due to laterally directed appositional bone growth at the concave side, caused by a combination of increased cell proliferation at the vertebrae endplate and altered mechanical properties of the outer annulus fibrosus of the adjacent IVD. Genetic defects in bending proteins necessary for IVD lamellar organization underlie altered mechanical properties. Asymmetrical ligaments, muscular stretch, and spine instability may also play roles in curve formation. Conclusions. Development of a reliable, cost effective method for identifying patients at high risk for curve progression is needed and could lead to a paradigm shift in treatment options. Unnecessary anxiety, bracing, and radiation could potentially be minimized and high risk patient could receive surgery earlier, rendering better outcomes with fewer fused segments needed to mitigate curve progression.
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Nasto LA, Ngo K, Leme AS, Robinson AR, Dong Q, Roughley P, Usas A, Sowa GA, Pola E, Kang J, Niedernhofer LJ, Shapiro S, Vo NV. Investigating the role of DNA damage in tobacco smoking-induced spine degeneration. Spine J 2014; 14:416-23. [PMID: 24211096 PMCID: PMC3944725 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Tobacco smoking is a key risk factor for spine degeneration. However, the underlying mechanism by which smoking induces degeneration is not known. Recent studies implicate DNA damage as a cause of spine and intervertebral disc degeneration. Because tobacco smoke contains many genotoxins, we hypothesized that tobacco smoking promotes spine degeneration by inducing cellular DNA damage. PURPOSE To determine if DNA damage plays a causal role in smoking-induced spine degeneration. STUDY DESIGN To compare the effect of chronic tobacco smoke inhalation on intervertebral disc and vertebral bone in normal and DNA repair-deficient mice to determine the contribution of DNA damage to degenerative changes. METHODS Two-month-old wild-type (C57BL/6) and DNA repair-deficient Ercc1(-/Δ) mice were exposed to tobacco smoke by direct inhalation (4 cigarettes/day, 5 days/week for 7 weeks) to model first-hand smoking in humans. Total disc proteoglycan (PG) content (1,9-dimethylmethylene blue assay), PG synthesis ((35)S-sulfate incorporation assay), aggrecan proteolysis (immunoblotting analysis), and vertebral bone morphology (microcomputed tomography) were measured. RESULTS Exposure of wild-type mice to tobacco smoke led to a 19% increase in vertebral porosity and a 61% decrease in trabecular bone volume. Intervertebral discs of smoke-exposed animals also showed a 2.6-fold decrease in GAG content and an 8.1-fold decrease in new PG synthesis. These smoking-induced degenerative changes were similar but not worse in Ercc1(-/Δ) mice. CONCLUSIONS Short-term exposure to high levels of primary tobacco smoke inhalation promotes degeneration of vertebral bone and discs. Disc degeneration is primarily driven by reduced synthesis of proteoglycans needed for vertebral cushioning. Degeneration was not exacerbated in congenic DNA repair-deficient mice, indicating that DNA damage per se does not have a significant causal role in driving smoke-induced spine degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi A Nasto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Catholic University of Rome School of Medicine, "A. Gemelli" University Hospital, l.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Kevin Ngo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Adriana S Leme
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Andria R Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Qing Dong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Peter Roughley
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A6, Canada
| | - Arvydas Usas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery of UPMC, Stem Cell Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Gwendolyn A Sowa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Enrico Pola
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Catholic University of Rome School of Medicine, "A. Gemelli" University Hospital, l.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - James Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Laura J Niedernhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way #3B3, Jupiter, FL 33458-5284, USA
| | - Steven Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Nam V Vo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Akhatib B, Önnerfjord P, Gawri R, Ouellet J, Jarzem P, Heinegård D, Mort J, Roughley P, Haglund L. Chondroadherin fragmentation mediated by the protease HTRA1 distinguishes human intervertebral disc degeneration from normal aging. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19280-7. [PMID: 23673665 PMCID: PMC3696698 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.443010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroadherin, a member of the leucine-rich repeat family, has previously been demonstrated to be fragmented in some juveniles with idiopathic scoliosis. This observation led us to investigate adults with disc degeneration. Immunoblotting analysis demonstrated that non-degenerate discs from three different age groups show no chondroadherin fragmentation. Furthermore, the chondroadherin fragments in adult degenerate disc and the juvenile scoliotic disc were compared via immunoblot analysis and appeared to have a similar size. We then investigated whether or not chondroadherin fragmentation increases with the severity of disc degeneration. Three different samples with different severities were chosen from the same disc, and chondroadherin fragmentation was found to be more abundant with increasing severity of degeneration. This observation led us to the creation of a neoepitope antibody to the cleavage site observed. We then observed that the cleavage site in adult degenerate discs and juvenile scoliotic discs was identical as confirmed by the neoepitope antibody. Consequently, investigation of the protease capable of cleaving chondroadherin at this site was necessary. In vitro digests of disc tissue demonstrated that ADAMTS-4 and -5; cathepsins K, B, and L; and MMP-3, -7, -12, and -13 were incapable of cleavage of chondroadherin at this site and that HTRA1 was indeed the only protease capable. Furthermore, increased protein levels of the processed form of HTRA1 were demonstrated in degenerate disc tissues via immunoblotting. The results suggest that chondroadherin fragmentation can be used as a biomarker to distinguish the processes of disc degeneration from normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Akhatib
- From the Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Patrik Önnerfjord
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund Section for Rheumatology, Molecular Skeletal Biology, Biomedical Center C12, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rahul Gawri
- From the Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Jean Ouellet
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund Section for Rheumatology, Molecular Skeletal Biology, Biomedical Center C12, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada, and
| | - Peter Jarzem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund Section for Rheumatology, Molecular Skeletal Biology, Biomedical Center C12, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
- McGill Scoliosis and Spine Group, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada, and
| | - Dick Heinegård
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund Section for Rheumatology, Molecular Skeletal Biology, Biomedical Center C12, Lund University, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - John Mort
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A6, Canada
| | - Peter Roughley
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A6, Canada
| | - Lisbet Haglund
- From the Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
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12
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Wang D, Nasto LA, Roughley P, Leme AS, Houghton M, Usas A, Sowa G, Lee J, Niedernhofer L, Shapiro S, Kang J, Vo N. Spine degeneration in a murine model of chronic human tobacco smokers. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:896-905. [PMID: 22531458 PMCID: PMC3389285 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanisms by which chronic tobacco smoking promotes intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and vertebral degeneration in mice. METHODS Three month old C57BL/6 mice were exposed to tobacco smoke by direct inhalation (4 cigarettes/day, 5 days/week for 6 months) to model long-term smoking in humans. Total disc proteoglycan (PG) content [1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay], aggrecan proteolysis (immunobloting analysis), and cellular senescence (p16INK4a immunohistochemistry) were analyzed. PG and collagen syntheses ((35)S-sulfate and (3)H-proline incorporation, respectively) were measured using disc organotypic culture. Vertebral osteoporosity was measured by micro-computed tomography. RESULTS Disc PG content of smoke-exposed mice was 63% of unexposed control, while new PG and collagen syntheses were 59% and 41% of those of untreated mice, respectively. Exposure to tobacco smoke dramatically increased metalloproteinase-mediated proteolysis of disc aggrecan within its interglobular domain (IGD). Cellular senescence was elevated two-fold in discs of smoke-exposed mice. Smoke exposure increased vertebral endplate porosity, which closely correlates with IDD in humans. CONCLUSIONS These findings further support tobacco smoke as a contributor to spinal degeneration. Furthermore, the data provide a novel mechanistic insight, indicating that smoking-induced IDD is a result of both reduced PG synthesis and increased degradation of a key disc extracellular matrix protein, aggrecan. Cleavage of aggrecan IGD is extremely detrimental as this results in the loss of the entire glycosaminoglycan-attachment region of aggrecan, which is vital for attracting water necessary to counteract compressive forces. Our results suggest identification and inhibition of specific metalloproteinases responsible for smoke-induced aggrecanolysis as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Beijing Haidian Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics. 29 Zhong-Guan-Cun Street, Beijing 100080, China
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15261
| | - Luigi A Nasto
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15261
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Catholic University of Rome School of Medicine, “A. Gemelli” University Hospital, l.go Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Peter Roughley
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adriana S. Leme
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213
| | - McGarry Houghton
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213
| | - Arvydas Usas
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery of UPMC, Pittsburgh PA 15261
| | - Gwendolyn Sowa
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15261
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15261
| | - Joon Lee
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15261
| | - Laura Niedernhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15261
| | - Steven Shapiro
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15213
| | - James Kang
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15261
| | - Nam Vo
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh PA 15261
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13
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A comparative evaluation of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans of pathological human intervertebral discs. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2012; 21 Suppl 2:S154-9. [PMID: 22358337 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-012-2179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Proteoglycans are important to the functioning of the intervertebral disc. In addition to aggrecan there are the small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs). These are less common but in other locations their functions include collagen organisation, sequestering growth factors and stimulating inflammation. We have performed a comparative analysis of the SLRP core protein species present in intervertebral discs with various pathologies. METHODS Eighteen intervertebral discs from patients with scoliosis (n = 7, 19-53 years), degenerative disc disease (n = 6, 35-51 years) and herniations (n = 5, 33-58 years) were used in this study. Proteoglycans were dissociatively extracted from disc tissues and the SLRPs (biglycan, decorin, fibromodulin, keratocan and lumican) assessed by Western blotting following deglycosylation with chondroitinase ABC and keratanase. RESULTS Intact SLRP core proteins and a number of core protein fragments were identified in most of the discs examined. Biglycan and fibromodulin were the most extensively fragmented. Keratocan generally occurred as two bands, one representing the intact core protein, the other a smaller fragment. The intact core protein of lumican was detected in all samples with fragmentation evident in only one of the older scoliotic discs. Decorin was less obvious in the disc samples and showed little fragmentation. CONCLUSION In this cohort of pathological intervertebral discs, fragmentation of certain SLRP core proteins was common, indicating that some SLRPs are extensively processed during the pathological process. Identification of specific SLRP fragments which correlate with disc pathology may not only help understand their aetiopathogeneses, but also provide biomarkers which can be used to monitor disease progression or to identify particular disc disorders.
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14
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Walter B, Korecki C, Purmessur D, Roughley P, Michalek A, Iatridis J. Complex loading affects intervertebral disc mechanics and biology. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011; 19:1011-8. [PMID: 21549847 PMCID: PMC3138834 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex loading develops in multiple spinal motions and in the case of hyperflexion is known to cause intervertebral disc (IVD) injury. Few studies have examined the interacting biologic and structural alterations associated with potentially injurious complex loading, which may be an important contributor to chronic progressive degeneration. OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that low magnitudes of axial compression loading applied asymmetrically can induce IVD injury affecting cellular and structural responses in a large animal IVD ex-vivo model. METHODS Bovine caudal IVDs were assigned to either a control or wedge group (15°) and placed in organ culture for 7 days under static 0.2MPa load. IVD tissue and cellular responses were assessed through confined compression, qRT-PCR, histology and structural and compositional measurements, including Western blot for aggrecan degradation products. RESULTS Complex loading via asymmetric compression induced cell death, an increase in caspase-3 staining (apoptosis), a loss of aggrecan and an increase in aggregate modulus in the concave annulus fibrosis. While an up-regulation of MMP-1, ADAMTS4, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA, and a reduced aggregate modulus were induced in the convex annulus. CONCLUSION Asymmetric compression had direct deleterious effects on both tissue and cells, suggesting an injurious loading regime that could lead to a degenerative cascade, including cell death, the production of inflammatory mediators, and a shift towards catabolism. This explant model is useful to assess how injurious mechanical loading affects the cellular response which may contribute to the progression of degenerative changes in large animal IVDs, and results suggest that interventions should address inflammation, apoptosis, and lamellar integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.A. Walter
- College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA, Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - C.L. Korecki
- College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - D. Purmessur
- College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA, Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - P.J. Roughley
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A.J. Michalek
- College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - J.C. Iatridis
- College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA, Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Accadbled F, Laffosse JM, Odent T, Gomez-Brouchet A, Sales de Gauzy J, Swider P. Influence of growth modulation on the effective permeability of the vertebral end plate. A porcine experimental scoliosis model. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2011; 26:337-42. [PMID: 21146266 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal mechanical loading occurs in scoliosis as compared to normal spines. Intervertebral disc degeneration has been correlated with alteration of bone density in adjacent vertebral bodies. How vertebral end plate remodels in scoliosis and the consequences on disc homeostasis are not well understood. Permeability is a relevant physical measure to quantify mass transport in porous media. We hypothesized that effective permeability of the vertebral end plate was modified by growth modulation in a scoliosis animal model. METHODS Flexible asymmetric posterior instrumentation was undertaken on six healthy four-week-old pigs. Two sets of left pedicle screws were inserted and connected with a stainless steel cable. After two months, the apical intervertebral unit and three units located cranially and caudally, were harvested. One central and two lateral specimens were investigated using a previously validated method for measuring permeability. FINDINGS A three-dimensional deformity was obtained in all six animals with an average of 42° right thoracic curve, 44° lordosis and 21° rotation. Permeability was significantly greater in the center of the end plates than in the periphery and it was decreased by -45% towards the apex of the deformity. Fluid flow direction did not play a significant role. No significant difference was found between the convex side and the concave side. INTERPRETATION The end plate is a crucial zone for diffusive and convective transport and we showed in a scoliosis animal model that a growth modulation may decrease its effective permeability. The proposed methodology and associated results could help to understand degenerative changes in human spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Accadbled
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Hôpital des Enfants, University Hospital, University of Toulouse, 330 avenue de Grande Bretagne, Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
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Jim B, Steffen T, Moir J, Roughley P, Haglund L. Development of an intact intervertebral disc organ culture system in which degeneration can be induced as a prelude to studying repair potential. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2011; 20:1244-54. [PMID: 21336509 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-011-1721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes a novel bovine disc organ culture system with long-term maintenance of cell viability, in which degenerative changes can be induced as a prelude to studying repair. Discs were isolated with three different techniques: without endplates (NEP), with bony endplates (BEP) and with intact cartilage endplates (CEP). Swelling, deformation, and cell viability were evaluated in unloaded cultures. Degeneration was induced by a single trypsin injection into the center of the disc and the effect on cell viability and matrix degradation was followed. Trypsin-treated discs were exposed to TGFβ to evaluate the potential to study repair in this system. NEP isolated discs showed >75% maintained cell viability for up to 10 days but were severely deformed, BEP discs on the other hand maintained morphology but failed to retain cell viability having only 27% viable cells after 10 days. In CEP discs, both cell viability and morphology were maintained for at least 4 weeks where >75% of the cells were still viable. To mimic proteoglycan loss during disc degeneration, a single trypsin injection was administered to the center of the disc. This resulted in 60% loss of aggrecan, after 7 days, without affecting cell viability. When TGFβ was injected to validate that the system can be used to study a repair response following injection of a bio-active substance, proteoglycan synthesis nearly doubled compared to baseline synthesis. Trypsin-treated bovine CEP discs therefore provide a model system for studying repair of the degenerate disc, as morphology, cell viability and responsiveness to bio-active substances were maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice Jim
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, McGill University, 687 Pine Avenue West, Room L4.70, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
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