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Alkhathami AG, Abdullah MR, Ahmed M, Hassan Ahmed H, Alwash SW, Muhammed Mahdi Z, Alsaikhan F, Dera AA. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)9 in cancer development: mechanistic, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches? J Drug Target 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37461888 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2236330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9 is considered a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)β superfamily. It was first found as an inducer of bone and cartilage formation and then discovered that this factor mediates several physiologic functions and hemostasis. Besides physiological conditions, BMP9 has also been elucidated that it is involved in several pathological situations, especially cancer. In various cancers, dysregulation of BMP9 has raised the issue that BMP9 might play a conflicting role in tumour development. BMP9 binding to its receptors (BMPRs), including ALKs and BMPRII, induces canonical SMAD-dependent and non-canonical PI3K/AKT and MAPK signalling pathways in tumour cells. BMP9, via inducing apoptosis, inhibiting tumour-promoting cell signalling pathways, suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, blocking angiogenesis, and preventing cross-talk in the tumour microenvironment, mainly exerts tumour-suppressive functions. In contrast, BMP9 triggers tumour-supportive signalling pathways, promotes EMT, and enhances angiogenesis, suggesting that BMP9 is also involved in tumour development. It has been demonstrated that modulating BMP9 expression and functions might be a promising approach to cancer treatment. It has also been indicated that evaluating BMP9 expression in cancers might be a biomarker for predicting cancer prognosis. Overall, BMP9 would provide a promising target in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali G Alkhathami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Muhjaha Ahmed
- Medical Technical college, Al-Farahidi University, Iraq
| | | | - Sarab W Alwash
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq Hillah
| | | | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayed A Dera
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Tian H, Zhou T, Chen H, Li C, Jiang Z, Lao L, Kahn SA, Duarte MEL, Zhao J, Daubs MD, Buser Z, Brochmann EJ, Wang JC, Murray SS. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 promotes osteosarcoma growth by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1638-1648. [PMID: 30737824 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between BMP-2 and osteosarcoma growth has gained increased interest in the recent years, however, there is still no consensus. In this study, we tested the effects of BMP-2 on osteosarcoma cells through both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The effect of BMP-2 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells was tested in vitro. Subcutaneous and intratibial tumor models were used for the in vivo experiments in nude mice. The effects of BMP-2 on EMT of osteosarcoma cells and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were also tested using a variety of biochemical methods. In vitro tests did not show a significant effect of BMP-2 on tumor cell proliferation. However, BMP-2 increased the mobility of tumor cells and the invasion assay demonstrated that BMP-2 promoted invasion of osteosarcoma cells in vitro. In vivo animal study showed that BMP-2 dramatically enhanced tumor growth. We also found that BMP-2 induced EMT of osteosarcoma cells. The expression levels of Axin2 and Dkk-1 were both down regulated by BMP-2 treatment, while β-catenin, c-myc and Cyclin-D1 were all upregulated. The expression of Wnt3α and p-GSK-3β were also significantly upregulated indicating that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was activated during the EMT of osteosarcoma driven by BMP-2. From this study, we can conclude that BMP-2 significantly promotes growth of osteosarcoma cells (143B, MG63), and enhances mobility and invasiveness of tumor cells as demonstrated in vitro. The underlying mechanism might be that BMP-2 promotes EMT of osteosarcoma through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1638-1648, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tangjun Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongfang Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenshuang Li
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ziyue Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lifeng Lao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Suzana Assad Kahn
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Jie Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael D Daubs
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, Neveda
| | - Zorica Buser
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elsa J Brochmann
- Research Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, California.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeffrey C Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California
| | - Samuel S Murray
- Research Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, California.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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Fujioka-Kobayashi M, Abd El Raouf M, Saulacic N, Kobayashi E, Zhang Y, Schaller B, Miron RJ. Superior bone-inducing potential of rhBMP9 compared to rhBMP2. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:1561-1574. [PMID: 29396910 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human bone morphogenic protein (rhBMP) 9 has recently been reported to have more osteopromotive potential in vitro when compared to rhBMP2. The aim of the present study was to investigate the bone-inducing potential of rhBMP2 and rhBMP9. We compared rhBMP2, rhBMP7, and rhBMP9 at five different concentrations and showed convincingly that rhBMP9 possesses much greater potential for osteoblast differentiation even at 20 times lower concentrations in vitro. We further show that Noggin, an inhibitor for rhBMP2-induced osteogenesis, did not alter rhBMP9-induced osteogenesis. Thereafter, we show for the first time that rhBMP9 loaded onto atelo-collagen membranes is osteoinductive and has greater potential to form ectopic bone formation when compared to rhBMP2 even at four times lower doses. Similarly new bone formation of rhBMP2 and 9 when loaded on deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) was investigated in a rabbit calvarial defect. At 8 weeks, both rhBMP2 and rhBMP9 induced significantly higher new bone formation when compared to DBBM alone samples. Interestingly, once again four times lower dose of rhBMP9 group induced comparable or even greater levels of new bone height and new bone area when compared to the rhBMP2 group. The present study revealed that (1) rhBMP9 is capable of inducing ectopic new bone formation in vivo and (2) up to four times lower doses of rhBMP9 may be utilized to regenerate same-size bone defects when compared to rhBMP2. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1561-1574, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Fujioka-Kobayashi
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Abd El Raouf
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nikola Saulacic
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eizaburo Kobayashi
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Benoit Schaller
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Tian H, Zhao J, Brochmann EJ, Wang JC, Murray SS. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 and tumor growth: Diverse effects and possibilities for therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 34:73-91. [PMID: 28109670 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Concern regarding safety with respect to the clinical use of human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has become an increasingly controversial topic. The role of BMP-2 in carcinogenesis is of particular concern. Although there have been many studies of this topic, the results have been contradictory and confusing. We conducted a systematic review of articles that are relevant to the relationship or effect of BMP-2 on all types of tumors and a total of 97 articles were included. Studies reported in these articles were classified into three major types: "expression studies", "in vitro studies", and "in vivo studies". An obvious pattern was that those works that hypothesize an inhibitory effect for BMP-2 most often examined only the proliferative properties of the tumor cells. This subset of studies also contained an extraordinary number of contradictory findings which made drawing a reliable general conclusion impossible. In general, we support a pro-tumorigenesis role for BMP-2 based on the data from these in vitro cell studies and in vivo animal studies, however, more clinical studies should be carried out to help make a firm conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Elsa J Brochmann
- Research Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, CA, United States; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Samuel S Murray
- Research Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, CA, United States; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Fujioka-Kobayashi M, Schaller B, Zhang Y, Kandalam U, Hernandez M, Miron RJ. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP)9 induces osteoblast differentiation when combined with demineralized freeze-dried bone allografts (DFDBAs) or biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP). Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:1883-1893. [PMID: 27771827 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recently, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 9 (rhBMP9) has been characterized as one of the most osteogenic growth factors among the 15 human BMPs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of rhBMP9 in comparison to the clinically utilized rhBMP2 on in vitro cell behavior when combined with two bone graft materials including demineralized freeze-dried bone allografts (DFDBAs) and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP). MATERIALS AND METHODS The absorption and release kinetics of rhBMPs from DFDBA and BCP were investigated by ELISA. Moreover, murine bone stromal ST2 cell behavior was investigated on DFDBA or BCP seeded on (1) graft only, (2) rhBMP2 (10 ng/ml), (3) rhBMP2 (100 ng/ml), (4) rhBMP9 (10 ng/ml), and (5) rhBMP9 (100 ng/ml). The effects of rhBMPs on DFDBA and BCP were assessed for cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteoblast differentiation by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining, and real-time PCR for genes encoding Runx2, ALP, and bone sialoprotein (BSP). RESULTS While both BMPs were gradually released from DFDBA and BCP over time, significantly higher adsorption was observed on BCP when compared to DFDBA. Cell attachment and proliferation was higher on BCP with little influence of either rhBMP2/9. Despite rhBMPs having relatively no effect on cell attachment/proliferation, a pronounced and marked effect was observed on osteoblast differentiation for both rhBMP2/9. Interestingly, it was observed that rhBMP9 induced significantly higher ALP activity, alizarin red staining, and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of ALP and BSP when compared to rhBMP2. Our results also revealed higher differentiation for rhBMP2/9 with BCP when compared to DFDBA most likely as a result of higher growth factor adsorption. CONCLUSION While both rhBMP2/9 combined with DFDBA or BCP induced osteoblast differentiation, rhBMP9 induced greater osteoblast differentiation when compared to rhBMP2. CLINICAL RELEVANCE rhBMP9 may be a recombinant growth factor with higher potential to induce new bone formation when compared to rhBMP2. Further in vivo studies are necessary to characterize its regenerative potential in various animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Fujioka-Kobayashi
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Oral Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Benoit Schaller
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, University of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| | - Umadevi Kandalam
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Maria Hernandez
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
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Mori F, Sacconi A, Canu V, Ganci F, Novello M, Anelli V, Covello R, Ferraresi V, Muti P, Biagini R, Blandino G, Strano S. miR-181c associates with tumor relapse of high grade osteosarcoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13946-61. [PMID: 26062442 PMCID: PMC4546443 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade osteosarcoma (OS) is characterized by low incidence, high aggressiveness and moderate 5-years survival rate after aggressive poly-chemotherapy and surgery. Here we used miRNA profiling as a tool to possibly predict and monitor OS's development and therapeutic outcome. First, we evaluated the altered expression of selected miRNAs from a case of Giant Cell Tumor (GCT) apparently evolved into an OS. We found that most of modulated miRs were associated with pathways of bone resorption and osteogenesis. miRNA expression also revealed that GCT and OS were distinct tumors. Second, we validated the observed miRNA profile in two independent casuistries of ten GCT (not evolved into malignant tumors) and sixteen OS patients. Interestingly, we found that miR-181c and other three miRNAs identified in the first step of the study were also consistently de-regulated in all OS patients. Ectopic expression of miR-181c reduced cell viability and enhanced chemotherapeutic-induced cell death of U2OS and SAOS2 cells. These findings indicate that: i) miRNAs aberrantly modulated in GCT could be predictive of its development into OS and ii) miRNAs expression could be useful to monitor the OS therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mori
- Molecular Chemoprevention Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Sacconi
- Translational Oncogenomics, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Canu
- Translational Oncogenomics, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Ganci
- Translational Oncogenomics, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Anelli
- UOC Radiology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Renato Covello
- UOC Department of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Muti
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto Biagini
- UOC Orthopedic Surgery, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Translational Oncogenomics, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sabrina Strano
- Molecular Chemoprevention Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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García-Álvaro M, Addante A, Roncero C, Fernández M, Fabregat I, Sánchez A, Herrera B. BMP9-Induced Survival Effect in Liver Tumor Cells Requires p38MAPK Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20431-48. [PMID: 26343646 PMCID: PMC4613212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) role in tumorigenic processes, and specifically in the liver, has gathered importance in the last few years. Previous studies have shown that BMP9 is overexpressed in about 40% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. In vitro data have also shown evidence that BMP9 has a pro-tumorigenic action, not only by inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration, but also by promoting proliferation and survival in liver cancer cells. However, the precise mechanisms driving these effects have not yet been established. In the present work, we deepened our studies into the intracellular mechanisms implicated in the BMP9 proliferative and pro-survival effect on liver tumor cells. In HepG2 cells, BMP9 induces both Smad and non-Smad signaling cascades, specifically PI3K/AKT and p38MAPK. However, only the p38MAPK pathway contributes to the BMP9 growth-promoting effect on these cells. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrate that p38MAPK activation, although dispensable for the BMP9 proliferative activity, is required for the BMP9 protective effect on serum withdrawal-induced apoptosis. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the signaling pathways involved in the BMP9 pro-tumorigenic role in liver tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Álvaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid. San Carlos Clinical Hospital Health Research Institute (IdISSC), Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Annalisa Addante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid. San Carlos Clinical Hospital Health Research Institute (IdISSC), Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Cesáreo Roncero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid. San Carlos Clinical Hospital Health Research Institute (IdISSC), Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Margarita Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid. San Carlos Clinical Hospital Health Research Institute (IdISSC), Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and University of Barcelona (UB), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain.
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid. San Carlos Clinical Hospital Health Research Institute (IdISSC), Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid. San Carlos Clinical Hospital Health Research Institute (IdISSC), Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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Potential roles of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-9 in human liver diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5199-220. [PMID: 24670474 PMCID: PMC4013558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP-2 to BMP-15) belong to the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β superfamily and, besides their well-documented roles during embryogenesis and bone formation, some of them have recently been described to be involved in the pathogenesis of different organs, including the liver. The role of BMPs in liver damage responses including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development has only begun to be addressed and strong evidence supports the concept of a pro-tumorigenic role of BMP signaling in HCC cells. BMP-9 (also termed Growth and Differentiation Factor (GDF)-2) represents the most recently discovered member of the BMP family. We have previously demonstrated that in HCC patient samples BMP-9 expression was positively associated with the tumor seize (“T stage”) and that it enhanced cell migration and induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC cells in vitro. In another study we recently found that BMP-9 promotes growth in HCC cells, but not in non-transformed hepatocytes. Published as well as unpublished results obtained with primary hepatocytes support the concept of a dual function of BMP-9 in the liver: while in primary, non-malignant cells BMP-9 stabilizes the epithelial phenotype and inhibits proliferation, in HCC cells it induces cell growth and the acquisition of a migratory phenotype. In this review article we summarize current knowledge about BMPs in liver diseases, with special focus on the role of BMP-9 in HCC development and progression, that may provide new clues for a better understanding of the contribution of BMP-signaling to chronic liver diseases.
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Leblanc E, Drouin G, Grenier G, Faucheux N, Hamdy R. From skeletal to non skeletal: The intriguing roles of BMP-9: A literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.410a4004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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