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Sun Y, Jin D, Zhang Z, Ji H, An X, Zhang Y, Yang C, Sun W, Zhang Y, Duan Y, Kang X, Jiang L, Zhao X, Lian F. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation in kidney diseases: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194967. [PMID: 37553065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is regulated by methylases, commonly referred to as "writers," and demethylases, known as "erasers," leading to a dynamic and reversible process. Changes in m6A levels have been implicated in a wide range of cellular processes, including nuclear RNA export, mRNA metabolism, protein translation, and RNA splicing, establishing a strong correlation with various diseases. Both physiologically and pathologically, m6A methylation plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of kidney disease. The methylation of m6A may also facilitate the early diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases, according to accumulating research. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential role and mechanism of m6A methylation in kidney diseases, as well as its potential application in the treatment of such diseases. There will be a thorough examination of m6A methylation mechanisms, paying particular attention to the interplay between m6A writers, m6A erasers, and m6A readers. Furthermore, this paper will elucidate the interplay between various kidney diseases and m6A methylation, summarize the expression patterns of m6A in pathological kidney tissues, and discuss the potential therapeutic benefits of targeting m6A in the context of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Sun
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - De Jin
- Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hangyu Ji
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuedong An
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehong Zhang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cunqing Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Duan
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Kang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefei Zhao
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengmei Lian
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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2
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Lv S, Tao L, Liao H, Huang Z, Lu Y. Comprehensive analysis of single-cell RNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq revealed the heterogeneity and convergence of the immune microenvironment in renal cell carcinoma. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:193. [PMID: 37264263 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in cancer biology and treatment in recent years, but the clinical outcome of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unsatisfactory. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a potential target. By analyzing single-cell RNA sequencing (sc-RNAseq) data from six RCC tumor samples, this study identified 11 different cell types in the RCC cellular microenvironment, indicating a high degree of intratumoral heterogeneity. Through re-dimensionality reduction clustering of epithelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells, we deeply reveal differences in the RCC tumor microenvironment. By analyzing differentially expressed genes in normal epithelial cells and malignant epithelial cells, we identify RNASET2 and GATM as potential prognostic biomarkers in RCC. In addition, by transcriptional factor analysis, we found significant differences in the expression of GZMK-CD8 T cell and B cell transcription factors between cancer tissues and normal tissues. By cell correlation analysis, we found significant correlations between neutrophils and macrophages and between IL7R-CD4 T cells and T regulatory (Treg) cells in RCC, which may be involved in the formation of immune TMEs. By cell developmental trajectory analysis, we showed that macrophages may be derived from neutrophils, whereas Treg cells may be derived from IL7R-CD4 T cells. By cell communication analysis, we found a clear interaction between macrophages and endothelial cells, neutrophils, and GZMK-CD8 T cells. In addition, we found that ADGRE5 signaling was mainly derived from mast cells and GZMK-CD8 T cells, and had a significant communication effect with neutrophils. The COLLAGEN signaling pathway is mainly derived from fibroblasts and has a significant communication effect with mast cells. Finally, we verified that RNASET2, which is highly expressed in epithelial cells, promotes proliferation and migration of RCC in vitro. RNASET2 is likely to be a potential target for renal cell carcinoma therapy. The results based on sc-RNAseq data analysis help to further elucidate the cellular microenvironment of RCC and provide help for cancer heterogeneity studies. This will help to provide more accurate personalized treatment for patients in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Lv
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Liping Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Hongbing Liao
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zhiming Huang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yongyong Lu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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Zhang H, Zhu G. Beyond Promoter: The Role of Macrophage in Invasion and Progression of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 15:588-596. [PMID: 32096752 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200225093210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the common urologic neoplasms, and its incidence has been increasing over the past several decades; however, its pathogenesis is still unknown up to now. Recent studies have found that in addition to tumor cells, other cells in the tumor microenvironment also affect the biological behavior of the tumor. Among them, macrophages exist in a large amount in tumor microenvironment, and they are generally considered to play a key role in promoting tumorigenesis. Therefore, we summarized the recent researches on macrophage in the invasiveness and progression of RCC in latest years, and we also introduced and discussed many studies about macrophage in RCC to promote angiogenesis by changing tumor microenvironment and inhibit immune response in order to activate tumor progression. Moreover, macrophage interactes with various cytokines to promote tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis, and it also promotes tumor stem cell formation and induces drug resistance in the progression of RCC. The highlight of this review is to make a summary of the roles of macrophage in the invasion and progression of RCC; at the same time to raise some potential and possible targets for future RCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Guodong Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
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4
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Long Non-Coding PROX1-AS1 Expression Correlates with Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastasis and Aggressiveness. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:ncrna7020025. [PMID: 33920185 PMCID: PMC8167775 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can be specifically expressed in different tissues and cancers. By controlling the gene expression at the transcriptional and translational levels, lncRNAs have been reported to be involved in tumor growth and metastasis. Recent data demonstrated that multiple lncRNAs have a crucial role in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) progression-the most common malignant urogenital tumor. In the present study, we found a trend towards increased PROX1 antisense RNA 1 (PROX1-AS1) expression in RCC specimens compared to non-tumoral margins. Next, we found a positive correlation between PROX1-AS1 expression and the occurrence of distant and lymph node metastasis, higher tumor stage (pT1 vs. pT2 vs. pT3-T4) and high-grade (G1/G2 vs. G3/G4) clear RCC. Furthermore, global demethylation in RCC-derived cell lines (769-P and A498) and human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells induced a significant increase of PROX1-AS1 expression level, with the most remarkable change in HEK293 cells. In line with this evidence, bisulfite sequencing analysis confirmed the specific demethylation of bioinformatically selected CpG islands on the PROX1-AS1 promoter sequence in the HEK293 cell line but not in the tumor cells. Additionally, the human specimen analysis showed the hemimethylated state of CG dinucleotides in non-tumor kidney tissues, whereas the tumor samples presented the complete, partial, or no demethylation of CpG-islands. In conclusion, our study indicated that PROX1-AS1 could be associated with RCC progression, and further investigations may define its role as a new diagnostic marker and therapeutic target.
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Liu Q, Gu J, Zhang E, He L, Yuan ZX. Targeted Delivery of Therapeutics to Urological Cancer Stem Cells. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2038-2056. [PMID: 32250210 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200403131514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Urological cancer refers to cancer in organs of the urinary system and the male reproductive system. It mainly includes prostate cancer, bladder cancer, renal cancer, etc., seriously threatening patients' survival. Although there are many advances in the treatment of urological cancer, approved targeted therapies often result in tumor recurrence and therapy failure. An increasing amount of evidence indicated that cancer stem cells (CSCs) with tumor-initiating ability were the source of treatment failure in urological cancer. The development of CSCstargeted strategy can provide a possibility for the complete elimination of urological cancer. This review is based on a search of PubMed, Google scholar and NIH database (http://ClinicalTrials.gov/) for English language articles containing the terms: "biomarkers", "cancer stem cells", "targeting/targeted therapy", "prostate cancer", bladder cancer" and "kidney cancer". We summarized the biomarkers and stem cell features of the prostate, bladder and renal CSCs, outlined the targeted strategies for urological CSCs from signaling pathways, cytokines, angiogenesis, surface markers, elimination therapy, differentiation therapy, immunotherapy, microRNA, nanomedicine, etc., and highlighted the prospects and future challenges in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Yaopharma Co., Ltd. Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - E Zhang
- Officers college of PAP, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lili He
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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6
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Fang P, Zhou L, Lim LY, Fu H, Yuan ZX, Lin J. Targeting Strategies for Renal Cancer Stem Cell Therapy. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1964-1978. [PMID: 32188377 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200318153106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an intractable genitourinary malignancy that accounts for approximately 4% of adult malignancies. Currently, there is no approved targeted therapy for RCC that has yielded durable remissions, and they remain palliative in intent. Emerging evidence has indicated that renal tumorigenesis and RCC treatment-resistance may originate from renal cancer stem cells (CSCs) with tumor-initiating capacity (CSC hypothesis). A better understanding of the mechanism underlying renal CSCs will help to dissect RCC heterogeneity and drug treatment efficiency, to promote more personalized and targeted therapies. In this review, we summarized the stem cell characteristics of renal CSCs. We outlined the targeting strategies and challenges associated with developing therapies that target renal CSCs angiogenesis, immunosuppression, signaling pathways, surface biomarkers, microRNAs and nanomedicine. In conclusion, CSCs are an important role in renal carcinogenesis and represent a valid target for treatment of RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liuting Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lee Y Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Perth, Australia
| | - Hualin Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juchun Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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7
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Steroid receptor RNA activator inhibits the migration, invasion and stemness characteristics of renal cell carcinoma cells. Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:1765-1776. [PMID: 33000206 PMCID: PMC7521558 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has a high mortality rate among urological malignancies, and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Steroid receptor RNA coactivator (SRA) belongs to the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and has been demonstrated to be closely related to various types of cancer. In the present study, the decreased expression level of SRA was first confirmed in RCC tissues and cell lines by RT-qPCR. Using knockdown or overexpression systems, it was then found that SRA inhibited the proliferation of RCC cell lines and promoted their apoptosis. In addition, SRA suppressed the migration and invasion, and altered EMT-related markers in RCC cells. More importantly, it was demonstrated that SRA reduced percentage of CD44+/CD24− cells and the sphere-forming efficiency. SRA also attenuated the expression levels of CD44, SOX-2, ABCG2 and OCT-4, which are all associated with cancer cell stemness characteristics. Although SRA increased the phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK), the ERK1/2 pathway could not further interfere with the alteration of EMT-related markers mediated by SRA. Notably, the ERK inhibitor, PD98059, abolished ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas it did not exert any marked effects on cell proliferation and EMT-related markers mediated by SRA. Taken together, the findings of the present study indicate that SRA is an important molecule that inhibits the migration, invasion and stem cell characteristics of RCC cells; the ERK signaling pathway may not be involved in this process.
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8
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Chen L, Xie Y, Ma X, Zhang Y, Li X, Zhang F, Gao Y, Fan Y, Gu L, Wang L, Zhang X, Fu B. SOX6 represses tumor growth of clear cell renal cell carcinoma by HMG domain-dependent regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:1159-1173. [PMID: 32794610 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Sex-determining region Y box (SOXs) are expressed in various cells and control cell fate and differentiation in a multitude of physiologic processes. SOX6, a main representative of SOXs, is involved in the regulation of carcinogenesis in various human malignancies. However, the role of SOX6 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unclear. In this study, SOX6 expression in ccRCC and its clinical significance were investigated. In vitro and in vivo assays were used to explore the tumor-related function and the underlying molecular mechanism of SOX6 in ccRCC. We confirmed that SOX6 was frequently downregulated in ccRCC tissues and cell lines. Besides, downregulation of SOX6 was significantly associated with larger tumor sizes, advanced tumor stage, higher Fuhrman grades, and its expression could act as an independent prognostic factor for ccRCC (hazards ratio = 0.590, P = .026). Gain/loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that SOX6 could remarkably inhibit tumor cell growth and foci formation in vitro and xenograft tumorigenesis in vivo, respectively. Mechanistically, SOX6 could influence cell cycle by regulating the G1/the S phase transition and had an inhibitory effect on Wnt/β-catenin signaling as well as its target genes, c-Myc and cyclin D1. Interesting, the tumor-suppressive function of SOX6 was proved to be dependent on its specific high-mobility-group (HMG) domain. In general, our findings indicated that SOX6 was a novel tumor suppressor and prognostic biomarker in ccRCC. SOX6 could inhibit tumor growth by negatively regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in an HMG domain-dependent manner in ccRCC, which might provide a novel therapeutic approach for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Chen
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yongpeng Xie
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xintao Li
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Fan
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liangyou Gu
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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9
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Xu WH, Wang J, Huo DZ, Yin GC, Cao DL, Shi GH, Qu YY, Ye DW, Zhang HL. C-Reactive Protein Levels and Survival Following Cytoreductive Nephrectomy in 118 Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated with Sunitinib: A Retrospective Study. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:8984-8994. [PMID: 31769434 PMCID: PMC6897293 DOI: 10.12659/msm.918635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with a survival benefit for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with sunitinib, with and without cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN). Material/Methods This retrospective clinical study included 118 patients with mRCC who were treated with CN and sunitinib (CN-sunitinib) (N=70) and with sunitinib-alone (N=48). Categorical clinicopathological variables were compared with hypothesis tests using contingency tables and a chi-squared test. Independent indicators for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed with univariate and multivariate Cox regression models. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to evaluate patient survival. Results The median PFS and OS for the 118 patients were 8.38 and 15.48 months, respectively. There were no significant differences between the CN-sunitinib group and the sunitinib-alone group for either PFS (7.2 months vs. 11.6 months; P=0.525) or OS (16.7 months vs. 15.2 months; P=0.839). Stratification of patients based on clinicopathological characteristics showed that CN was significantly associated with reduced PFS and OS for patients with lymph node metastasis (PFS, P<0.001; OS, P<0.001) and high International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium (IMDC) risk scores (PFS, P=0.003; OS, P=0.011). However, CN was associated with a significant survival benefit for patients with low levels of serum C-reactive protein (CRP<10 mg/L) (PFS, P=0.026; OS, P=0.007). Conclusions Sunitinib-alone without CN improved the survival of patients with mRCC who had high IMDC risk scores or lymph node metastasis. CN and sunitinib resulted in significantly improved survival in patients with low serum CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Da-Zhu Huo
- Department of Research Management, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Guo-Cai Yin
- Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Da-Long Cao
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Guo-Hai Shi
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Ding-Wei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Hai-Liang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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10
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Wei X, Yu L, Kong X. miR-488 inhibits cell growth and metastasis in renal cell carcinoma by targeting HMGN5. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:2205-2216. [PMID: 29713189 PMCID: PMC5912367 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s156361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose microRNAs are thought to play crucial roles in tumorigenesis. Dysregulation of miR-488 has been implicated to be involved in several cancer progressions. However, the biological functions of miR-488 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism underlying the role of miR-488 in RCC development. Materials and methods The expression levels of miR-488 were detected in 38 paired RCC tumor samples and cell lines by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method. miR-488 was upregulated by mimics transfection in RCC cell lines. MTT, colony formation, transwell assay, flow cytometry assay, and a xenograft model were performed to determine cell proliferation, invasion, migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the potential target of miR-488 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot. The correlation between miR-488 expression and its target gene expression was confirmed by Spearman’s correlation analysis in 38 selected RCC tissue samples. Results We found that miR-488 was remarkably downregulated in human RCC samples and cell lines compared with paired normal tissues and cell lines. Functional investigations revealed that overexpression of miR-488 significantly suppressed cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, and promoted cell apoptosis in RCC cells. Nucleosome binding protein 1 (high-mobility group nucleosome binding domain 5 [HMGN5]) was identified as a direct target of miR-488, and an inverse relationship was found between miR-488 expression and HMGN5 mRNA levels in RCC specimens. Rescue experiments suggested that restoration of HMGN5 partially abolished miR-488-mediated cell proliferation and invasion inhibition in RCC cells through regulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/the mammalian target of rapamycin and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition signaling pathways. Conclusion These data indicated that miR-488 acted as a tumor suppressor in RCC proliferation and invasion by targeting HMGN5, which might provide potential therapeutic biomarker for RCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lili Yu
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangbo Kong
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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11
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De la Cruz-Morcillo MA, Berger J, Sánchez-Prieto R, Saada S, Naves T, Guillaudeau A, Perraud A, Sindou P, Lacroix A, Descazeaud A, Lalloué F, Jauberteau MO. p75 neurotrophin receptor and pro-BDNF promote cell survival and migration in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:34480-97. [PMID: 27120782 PMCID: PMC5085170 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
p75NTR, a member of TNF receptor family, is the low affinity receptor common to several mature neurotrophins and the high affinity receptor for pro-neurotrophins. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), a member of neurotrophin family has been described to play an important role in development and progression of several cancers, through its binding to a high affinity tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) and/or p75NTR. However, the functions of these two receptors in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have never been investigated. An overexpression of p75NTR, pro-BDNF, and to a lesser extent for TrkB and sortilin, was detected by immunohistochemistry in a cohort of 83 clear cell RCC tumors. p75NTR, mainly expressed in tumor tissues, was significantly associated with higher Fuhrman grade in multivariate analysis. In two derived-RCC lines, 786-O and ACHN cells, we demonstrated that pro-BDNF induced cell survival and migration, through p75NTR as provided by p75NTR RNA silencing or blocking anti-p75NTR antibody. This mechanism is independent of TrkB activation as demonstrated by k252a, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor for Trk neurotrophin receptors. Taken together, these data highlight for the first time an important role for p75NTR in renal cancer and indicate a putative novel target therapy in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A De la Cruz-Morcillo
- Limoges University, Equipe Accueil 3842, Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges, Cedex, France
| | - Julien Berger
- Limoges University, Equipe Accueil 3842, Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges, Cedex, France.,Department of Urology, University Hospital Limoges, 87042 Limoges, Cedex, France
| | - Ricardo Sánchez-Prieto
- PCTCLM/CRIB Unidad de Medicina Molecular Laboratorio de Oncología/Unidad de Biomedicina UCLM-CSIC, Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Sofiane Saada
- Limoges University, Equipe Accueil 3842, Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges, Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Naves
- Limoges University, Equipe Accueil 3842, Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges, Cedex, France
| | | | - Aurélie Perraud
- Limoges University, Equipe Accueil 3842, Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges, Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Sindou
- Limoges University, Equipe Accueil 3842, Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges, Cedex, France
| | - Aurélie Lacroix
- Limoges University, Equipe Accueil 3842, Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges, Cedex, France
| | - Aurélien Descazeaud
- Limoges University, Equipe Accueil 3842, Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges, Cedex, France.,Department of Urology, University Hospital Limoges, 87042 Limoges, Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Lalloué
- Limoges University, Equipe Accueil 3842, Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges, Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Odile Jauberteau
- Limoges University, Equipe Accueil 3842, Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges, Cedex, France
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12
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Shen Y, Yu D, Qi P, Wang X, Guo X, Zhang A. Calcitriol induces cell senescence of kidney cancer through JMJD3 mediated histone demethylation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:100187-100195. [PMID: 29245970 PMCID: PMC5725012 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitriol, also known as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2VD3), is a biologically active form of vitamin D and has a wide range of anticancer activity against various cancer cell lines. However, the mechanism of calcitriol remains to be further studied. In this study, the biological effect and epigenetic regulation of calcitriol on kidney cancer cells were investigated. Calcitriol can significantly inhibit cell proliferation of kidney cancer cell lines 786-O (P<0.05). Calcitriol also induced cell apoptosis and senescence of 786-O and ACHN (P<0.05). Calcitriol can increase the expression of histone demethylase JMJD3 and cell senescence marker p16INK4A (P<0.05). Knockdown of JMJD3 decreased p16INK4A upregulation after calcitriol treatment (P<0.05), and also reduced calcitriol-induced cell senescence (P<0.05). This study reveals a new mechanism of anticancer activity of calcitriol by showing that histone demethylase JMJD3 induced by calcitriol increases p16INK4A expression and cell senescence. Therefore, these results provide new strategy for treatment and prevention of kidney cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Shen
- Department of Nursing, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050020, Hebei, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Longgang District Central Hospital, Shenzhen 518116, Guangdong, China
| | - Pan Qi
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050035, Hebei, China
| | - Xuliang Wang
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Guo
- State Engineering Laboratory of Medical Key Technologies Application of Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Medical Reprogramming Technology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong, China.,Department of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Institute of Urology of Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, Guangdong, China
| | - Aili Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050035, Hebei, China
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13
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Clavijo-Salomon MA, Bergami-Santos PC, M Barbuto JA. Immunomonitoring reveals interruption of anergy after vaccination in a case of type-2-papillary renal cell carcinoma. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:319-329. [PMID: 28303767 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the enormous and growing interest in the clinical application of immunotherapy, we are currently facing the need to accurately monitor the immune function of cancer patients. Here, we describe changes in the immune status of a patient with metastatic type-2-papillary renal cell carcinoma, before and after surgery and subsequent immunotherapy with a dendritic cell-tumor cell hybrid vaccine. Through the accurate assessment of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) function, we show that Mo-DCs were freed from tumor-induced maturation blockage by tumor resection surgery, while Mo-DCs-tumor induced suppression and anergy were only interrupted by the vaccination treatment. Our data suggest that the evaluation of Mo-DCs' function may provide a powerful and precise tool to monitor immune restoration in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Clavijo-Salomon
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia C Bergami-Santos
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre M Barbuto
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730, São Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil.,Cell & Molecular Therapy Center NUCEL-NETCEM, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP - Brazil
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14
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Chen CH, Fong LWR, Yu E, Wu R, Trott JF, Weiss RH. Upregulation of MARCKS in kidney cancer and its potential as a therapeutic target. Oncogene 2017; 36:3588-3598. [PMID: 28166200 PMCID: PMC5926797 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Targeted therapeutics, such as those abrogating hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)/vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, are initially effective against kidney cancer (or renal cell carcinoma, RCC); however, drug resistance frequently occurs via subsequent activation of alternative pathways. Through genome-scale integrated analysis of the HIF-α network, we identified the major protein kinase C substrate MARCKS (myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate) as a potential target molecule for kidney cancer. In a screen of nephrectomy samples from 56 patients with RCC, we found that MARCKS expression and its phosphorylation are increased and positively correlate with tumor grade. Genetic and pharmacologic suppression of MARCKS in high-grade RCC cell lines in vitro led to a decrease in cell proliferation and migration. We further demonstrated that higher MARCKS expression promotes growth and angiogenesis in vivo in an RCC xenograft tumor. MARCKS acted upstream of the AKT/mTOR pathway, activating HIF-target genes, notably vascular endothelial growth factor-A. Following knockdown of MARCKS in RCC cells, the IC50 of the multikinase inhibitor regorafenib was reduced. Surprisingly, attenuation of MARCKS using the MPS (MARCKS phosphorylation site domain) peptide synergistically interacted with regorafenib treatment and decreased survival of kidney cancer cells through inactivation of AKT and mTOR. Our data suggest a major contribution of MARCKS to kidney cancer growth and provide an alternative therapeutic strategy of improving the efficacy of multikinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - LWR Fong
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - JF Trott
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - RH Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans’ Affairs Northern California Health Care System Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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15
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The Emerging Role of Histone Demethylases in Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Kidney Cancer VHL 2017; 4:1-5. [PMID: 28725537 PMCID: PMC5515928 DOI: 10.15586/jkcvhl.2017.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common kidney cancer, is responsible for more than 100,000 deaths per year worldwide. The molecular mechanism of RCC is poorly understood. Many studies have indicated that epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation, noncoding RNAs, and histone modifications are central to the pathogenesis of cancer. Histone demethylases (KDMs) play a central role in histone modifications. There is emerging evidence that KDMs such as KDM3A, KDM5C, KDM6A, and KDM6B play important roles in RCC. The available literature suggests that KDMs could promote RCC development and progression via hypoxia-mediated angiogenesis pathways. Small-molecule inhibitors of KDMs are being developed and used in preclinical studies; however, their clinical relevance is yet to be established. In this mini review, we summarize our current knowledge on the putative role of histone demethylases in RCC.
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16
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Chauhan AK, Min KJ, Kwon TK. RIP1-dependent reactive oxygen species production executes artesunate-induced cell death in renal carcinoma Caki cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 435:15-24. [PMID: 28466458 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Artesunate is a well-known anti-malarial drug originated from artemisinin as a Chinese herb and has been reported to have anti-cancer potential in many cancer cells. In the present study, we examined the efficacy of artesunate against the renal carcinoma Caki cells and explored its mechanism of cytotoxicity. A steep decline in cell viability within 18 h was recorded upon artesunate exposure, but pretreatment of z-VAD-FMK had no effect on the loss of the cell viability by artesunate. On the other hand, necrostatin-1 pretreatment and knockdown of RIP-1 significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of artesunate against Caki cell. Moreover, the generation of mitochondrial ROS prompted by artesunate was found to be the principle mechanism of cell death. Pretreatment with necrostatin-1 or knockdown of RIP-1 inhibited the generation of ROS by artesunate, resulting in the protection of the cells from artesunate toxicity. Moreover, the similar results were observed in the case of other renal carcinoma cell lines (ACHN and A498). The results suggest that artesunate induces the generation of ROS and cell death in RIP1-dependent manner. Therefore, our data suggest that artesunate could induce RIP1-dependent cell death in human renal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Chauhan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 2800 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 704-701, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Min
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 2800 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 704-701, South Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 2800 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 704-701, South Korea.
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17
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Targeting 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 associated with drug-resistant renal cell carcinoma using new oridonin analogs. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2701. [PMID: 28333136 PMCID: PMC5386527 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The current agents used for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) only exhibit the moderate response rate among patients. Development of drug resistance eventually fuels the need of either more potent drugs or new drugs to target the resistant pathways. Oridonin is a diterpenoid isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Rabdosia rubescens and has been shown to have antitumor activities in many cancers. We previously developed new synthetic methodologies to modify structurally diversified diterpenoids and designed a series of nitrogen-enriched oridonin analogs. In this study, we screened a variety of oridonin analogs based on their cytotoxicity using MTT assay and identify the most potent candidate, namely, CYD-6-17. CYD-6-17 exhibited a high potency to inhibit the in vitro growth of several drug-resistant RCC cells as well as endothelial cells stimulated by tumor cells at nanomolar range. Delivery of CYD-6-17 significantly inhibited RCC tumor growth using xenograft model. Mechanistically, it targeted the 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 gene that appeared to be a potent regulator of AKT and was associated with patient survival after targeted therapies. This offers a new rational therapeutic regimen of CYD-6-17 to drug-resistant RCC based on its novel mechanism of action.
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18
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Claeys T, Lumen N, Kumps C, Praet M, De Meerleer G, Rottey S, Ost P, Devisschere P, Villeirs G, Fonteyne V, Decaestecker K. The independent oncological role for cytoreductive nephrectomy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Prognostic features in the era of targeted therapies. Urol Oncol 2017; 35:152.e13-152.e22. [PMID: 28153420 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the effects of cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) on the natural course of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). CN appears to stabilize metastatic lesions in mRCC in a subgroup of patients and we hypothesize that systemic treatment might be deferred in these patients with stable disease after CN. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Overall, 45 patients with mRCC who underwent CN and subsequent oncologic follow-up were included in this retrospective, single-center analysis. After CN, patients were followed at least every 3 months with clinical evaluation, contrast-enhanced computerized tomography scan of chest and abdomen, with additional imaging if needed. At 3 months, patients were radiographically evaluated and categorized into nonresponders (death or progression) or responders (stable disease or remission). Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression statistics were used to describe prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) and systemic therapy-free survival (STFS). RESULTS Median OS was 31(3-121) months. Further, 24 (53.3%) and 21 (46.7%) patients were classified as responders and nonresponders at 3 months, respectively. Responders had a significant better 2-year OS compared with nonresponders (81.7% vs. 26.5%, P = 0.005). Responders also had a better 2-year STFS (40.3% vs. 6.3%, P = 0.005). On Cox regression analysis, worse OS was found to be associated with low preoperative hemoglobin levels, the absence of postoperative radiographical response, and the presence of non-clear cell pathology. The presence of postoperative radiographical response, normal preoperative lactate dehydrogenase levels, the presence of a single metastasis, and performing metastasis-directed therapy was found to be associated with a longer systemic therapy-free period. CONCLUSION A beneficial oncologic response is observed in approximately half of the patients undergoing CN. Absence of radiographic progression at 3 months is an important marker for OS and STFS. Therefore, systemic treatment might be postponed in selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Claeys
- Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Nicolaas Lumen
- Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Candy Kumps
- Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Marleen Praet
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Gert De Meerleer
- Department of Radiotherapy, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Rottey
- Department of Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Piet Ost
- Department of Radiotherapy, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Geert Villeirs
- Department of Radiology, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Valerie Fonteyne
- Department of Radiotherapy, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
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19
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Molecular Profiling of Clear Cell Ovarian Cancers: Identifying Potential Treatment Targets for Clinical Trials. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2017; 26:648-54. [PMID: 26937756 PMCID: PMC4841290 DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advanced stage/recurrent clear cell ovarian cancers (CCOCs) are characterized by a low response to chemotherapy and a poor prognosis. There is growing interest in investigating novel/molecular targeted therapies in patients with CCOC in histotype-specific trials. However, CCOCs are not a uniform entity and comprise a number of molecular subtypes and it is unlikely that a single approach to treatment will be appropriate for all patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the results of a multiplatform profiling panel in CCOCs to identify potential therapeutic targets. Patients and Methods Tumor profiling was performed on 521 CCOCs. They were grouped into pure (n = 422) and mixed (n = 99) CCOC for analysis. Testing included a combination of DNA sequencing (including next-generation sequencing) using a 46-gene panel, immunohistochemistry, fluorescent or chromogenic in situ hybridization, and RNA fragment analysis. Results The most common findings were in the PIK3CA/Akt/mTOR pathway, with 61% of all CCOCs showing a molecular alteration in one of these pathway components. Next-generation sequencing revealed PIK3CA mutations in 50% of pure CCOCs. Significant differences were observed between pure and mixed CCOCs with respect to hormone receptor expression (9% vs 34.7% for ER, 13.45 vs 26.4% for PR), cMET (24.1% vs 11.6%), PD-1 tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (48.1% vs 100%), expression of PD-L1 (7.4% vs 25%), and TOPO1 (41% vs 27.1%) on immunohistochemistry, whereas next-generation sequencing revealed significant differences in mutation frequency in PIK3CA (50% vs 18.5%), TP53 (18.1% vs 57.7%), KRAS (12.4% vs 3.7%), and cMET (1.9% vs 11.1%). Conclusions This large study confirms that the PIK3CA/Akt/mTOR pathway is commonly altered in CCOCs, and highlights the significant differences between pure and mixed CCOCs. Clear cell ovarian cancers are molecularly heterogeneous and there are a number of potential therapeutic targets which could be tested in clinical trials.
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20
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Porta C, Toscani I, Czarnecka AM, Szczylik CA. Immuno-oncology for renal cell carcinoma treatment: future perspectives for combinations and sequences with molecularly targeted agents. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 17:151-162. [PMID: 27960591 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1271869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION From a theoretical viewpoint, combining molecularly targeted agents endowed with antiangiogenic properties with immunotherapy makes sense in treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC); this neoplasm is highly angiogenesis-dependent, as well as potentially immunogenic. Areas covered: The authors performed a literature search looking for clinical trials aimed at evaluating efficacy and tolerability of combinations (or sequences) of molecularly targeted agents and different immunotherapeutic approaches in metastatic RCC. Expert opinion: Combinations of molecularly targeted agents with old immunotherapeutics (i.e., cytokines) seem to add little to the presently available treatment standards (mainly monotherapy with targeted agents). Newer combinations with immune checkpoint inhibitors are promising but cumulative toxicity is an important issue, although highly dependent on the different companion drugs. Combinations with vaccines are ongoing, but first available data are not encouraging. A more thorough comprehension of the complex effects of these combinations on the immune system is mandatory to develop less empiric treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camillo Porta
- a Medical Oncology , I.R.C.C.S. San Matteo University Hospital Foundation , Pavia , Italy.,b Italian Group of Onco-Nephrology/Gruppo Italiano di Onco-Nefrologia (G.I.O.N.) , Pavia , Italy
| | - Ilaria Toscani
- a Medical Oncology , I.R.C.C.S. San Matteo University Hospital Foundation , Pavia , Italy
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- c Department of Oncology , Military Institute of Medicine , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Cezary A Szczylik
- c Department of Oncology , Military Institute of Medicine , Warsaw , Poland
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21
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Bourlon MT, Gao D, Trigero S, Clemons JE, Breaker K, Lam ET, Flaig TW. Clinical significance of sunitinib-associated macrocytosis in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2016; 5:3386-3393. [PMID: 27758076 PMCID: PMC5224865 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) have been observed in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) on tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment; however, its association with progression‐free‐survival (PFS) is unknown. We aimed to characterize TKI‐associated macrocytosis in mRCC and its relationship with PFS. Retrospective review of data on macrocytosis and thyroid dysfunction on mRCC patients treated with sunitinib and/or sorafenib. These results are evaluated in the context of our previous report on the association of hypothyroidism in this setting. We assessed PFS as clinically defined by the treating physician. Seventy‐four patients, 29 of whom received both drugs, were included. A treatment period was defined as time from initiation to discontinuation of either sunitinib or sorafenib; 103 treatment periods [sorafenib (47), sunitinib (56)] were analyzed. Macrocytosis was found in 55 and 8% of sunitinib‐ and sorafenib‐treated patients, respectively, P < 0.001. The median time to developing macrocytosis was 3 months (m, range 1–7). Median PFS in sunitinib‐treated patients was 11 m (95% CI: 6–19). Median PFS was higher among those with macrocytosis compared to normocytosis (21 m [95% CI: 11–25] vs. 4 m [95% CI: 3–8] P = 0.0001). Macrocytosis and hypothyroidism were two significant predictors of PFS. The greatest difference in PFS among all patients was observed in patients with both macrocytosis and hypothyroidism (25 m), compared to the normocytic and euthyroid patients (5 m) (P < 0.0001). Sunitinib‐related macrocytosis was associated with prolonged PFS, and concurrent development of hypothyroidism and macrocytosis further prolonged PFS. Increased MCV may have a role as a predictive biomarker for sunitinib. Prospective studies accounting for other known prognostic factors are needed to confirm this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Bourlon
- Division of Medical Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dexiang Gao
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Sara Trigero
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Julia E Clemons
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kathryn Breaker
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elaine T Lam
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Thomas W Flaig
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
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22
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The interplay between HPIP and casein kinase 1α promotes renal cell carcinoma growth and metastasis via activation of mTOR pathway. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e260. [PMID: 27694835 PMCID: PMC5117846 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic pre-B cell leukemia transcription factor (PBX)-interacting protein (HPIP) was shown to be crucial during the development and progression of a variety of tumors. However, the role of HPIP in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is unknown. Here we report that HPIP is upregulated in most RCC patients, positively correlates with tumor size, high Fuhrman grade and preoperative metastasis, and predicts poor clinical outcomes. Mechanistically, we identified casein kinase 1α (CK1α), a critical regulator of tumorigenesis and metastasis, as a novel HPIP-interacting protein. HPIP facilitates RCC cell growth, migration, invasion and epithelial–mesenchymal transition depending on its interaction with CK1α. Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin pathways by HPIP is partly dependent on CK1α and is required for HPIP modulation of RCC cell proliferation and migration. HPIP knockdown suppresses renal tumor growth and metastasis in nude mice through CK1α. Moreover, expression of CK1α is positively correlated with HPIP in RCC samples, and also predicts poor clinical outcome-like expression of HPIP. Taken together, our data demonstrate the critical regulatory role of the HPIP–CK1α interaction in RCC, and suggest that HPIP and CK1α may be potential targets for RCC therapy.
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23
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Zhao W, Zhou J, Deng Z, Gao Y, Cheng Y. SPOP promotes tumor progression via activation of β-catenin/TCF4 complex in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1001-8. [PMID: 27572476 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer, about one third of the cases are diagnosed at advanced stages with metastases and effective treatments for metastatic RCC are lacking. The molecular events supporting RCC progression remain poorly understood. SPOP, an E3 ubiquitin ligase component, was recently showed to sufficiently promote RCC tumorigenesis, however, other potential functions of SPOP in RCC have not been studied. In the present investigation, by assessing the immunohistochemical staining of SPOP in urological tumors, we found the protein was highly expressed in RCC, in particular, it was specifically expressed in clear cell RCC. cDNA microarray data showed that SPOP mRNA level was significantly increased in clear cell RCC compared to normal kidney tissues, which might be the result of the abnormal DNA copy number of this gene. More interestingly, SPOP was positive in tumors with local invasion or metastasis, and it was associated with tumor recurrence-free survival of clear cell RCC patients. Further in vitro assays demonstrated that SPOP drove RCC epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promoted cell invasion. Mechanistically, SPOP enhanced β-catenin protein expression as well as its nuclear translocation, and elevated TCF4 expression. Both β-catenin and TCF4 upregulated the critical EMT-inducing transcription factor ZEB1, which functioned as an effector of β-catenin/TCF4 signaling in RCC invasion. These data identified SPOP as a new marker and prognostic factor for clear cell RCC, and its functions provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of RCC progression, in which SPOP appears to be an EMT activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shaanxi Provincal People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Jiancheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, Shaanxi Provincal People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Deng
- Department of Gynecology, Shaanxi Provincal People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Urology, Shaanxi Provincal People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Yongyi Cheng
- Department of Urology, Shaanxi Provincal People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
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24
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Kok VC, Kuo JT. Pazopanib as a second-line treatment for non-cytokine-treated metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of the effect of treatment. BMC Urol 2016; 16:34. [PMID: 27377922 PMCID: PMC4932732 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-016-0156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The currently recommended treatment algorithm for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma who fail the first-line targeted therapy does not normally include pazopanib as a second-line treatment option. It would therefore be of interest to determine the efficiency of pazopanib in this setting in terms of the partial response rate (PRR), disease control rate (DCR), and progression-free survival (PFS). METHODS Peer-reviewed clinical reports without language restriction, both full papers and conference abstracts, which assessed the second-line use of pazopanib following failure of first-line non-cytokine-targeted therapy, were included. After the literature retrieval, we conducted a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)-compliant systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of the size of the effect of each outcome measure (PRR, DCR, and PFS). The effect size and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were calculated using fixed-effect or random-effects models based on the heterogeneity represented by I(2) of selected studies. Meta-analysis forest plots with a fixed-effect model showing the PRR and DCR were created. RESULTS Our results show that there are no available comparative studies on pazopanib second-line treatment. Only phase II trials or retrospective analysis reports were retrievable. Six studies (comprising 217 patients) were included in the qualitative and quantitative analysis. Pazopanib as a second-line treatment resulted in a PRR of 23 % (95 % CI, 17-31 %; I(2) = 52.6 %) and a DCR of 73 % (95 % CI, 65-80 %; I(2) = 0.00 %). The meta-analysis with fixed-effect model revealed that PFS was 6.5 months (95 % CI, 5.6-7.5 months; I(2) = 86.2 %). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the effectiveness and indication of pazopanib for use in the second-line setting has not yet been examined in-depth; however, this meta-analysis has shown that the treatment effects in terms of PRR, DCR, and PFS may be similar to other well-studied second-line targeted therapies. Rigorous comparative phase III trials testing this hypothesis are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor C Kok
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center of Kuang Tien General Hospital, 117 Shatien Rd, Taichung, 43303, Taiwan.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan.
| | - Jung-Tsung Kuo
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
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Liu X, Chong Y, Liu H, Han Y, Niu M. CRM1 inhibitor S109 suppresses cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest in renal cancer cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 20:161-8. [PMID: 26937212 PMCID: PMC4770106 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.2.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal localization of tumor suppressor proteins is a common feature of renal cancer. Nuclear export of these tumor suppressor proteins is mediated by chromosome region maintenance-1 (CRM1). Here, we investigated the antitumor eff ects of a novel reversible inhibitor of CRM1 on renal cancer cells. We found that S109 inhibits the CRM1-mediated nuclear export of RanBP1 and reduces protein levels of CRM1. Furthermore, the inhibitory eff ect of S109 on CRM1 is reversible. Our data demonstrated that S109 signifi cantly inhibits proliferation and colony formation of renal cancer cells. Cell cycle assay showed that S109 induced G1-phase arrest, followed by the reduction of Cyclin D1 and increased expression of p53 and p21. We also found that S109 induces nuclear accumulation of tumor suppressor proteins, Foxo1 and p27. Most importantly, mutation of CRM1 at Cys528 position abolished the eff ects of S109. Taken together, our results indicate that CRM1 is a therapeutic target in renal cancer and the novel reversible CRM1 inhibitor S109 can act as a promising candidate for renal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Liu
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China.; Brain Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulong Chong
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huize Liu
- Insititute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Han
- Dalian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dalian 116002, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingshan Niu
- Blood Disease Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China.; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu, China
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Voss MH, Chen D, Marker M, Hakimi AA, Lee CH, Hsieh JJ, Knox JJ, Voi M, Motzer RJ. Circulating biomarkers and outcome from a randomised phase II trial of sunitinib vs everolimus for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:642-9. [PMID: 26908330 PMCID: PMC4800293 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: RECORD-3 assessed non-inferiority of progression-free survival (PFS) with everolimus vs sunitinib in previously untreated patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Baseline plasma sample collection and randomised design enabled correlation of circulating biomarkers with efficacy. Methods: Samples were analysed for 121 cancer-related biomarkers. Analyses of biomarkers categorised patients as high or low (vs median) to assess association with first-line PFS (PFS1L) for each treatment arm. A composite biomarker score (CBS) incorporated biomarkers potentially predictive of PFS1L with everolimus. Results: Plasma samples from 442 of the 471 randomised patients were analysed. Biomarkers were associated with PFS1L for everolimus alone (29), sunitinib alone (9) or both (12). Everolimus-specific biomarkers (CSF1, ICAM1, IL-18BP, KIM1, TNFRII) with hazard ratio ⩾1.8 were integrated into a CBS (range 0–5). For CBS low (0–3, n=291) vs high (4–5, n=151), PFS1L differed significantly for everolimus but not for sunitinib. There was no significant difference in PFS1L between everolimus and sunitinib in the high CBS patient cohort. Conclusions: Baseline levels of multiple soluble biomarkers correlated with benefit from everolimus and/or sunitinib, independent of clinical risk factors. A similar PFS1L was observed for both treatments among patients with high CBS score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Voss
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 353 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Chen
- Novartis Oncology, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936-1080, USA
| | - Mahtab Marker
- Novartis Oncology, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936-1080, USA
| | - A Ari Hakimi
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 353 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chung-Han Lee
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 353 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - James J Hsieh
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 353 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jennifer J Knox
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University of Toronto, 5-210, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G-2M9, Canada
| | - Maurizio Voi
- Novartis Oncology, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936-1080, USA
| | - Robert J Motzer
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 353 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
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New Insights Into the Mechanism of COP9 Signalosome-Cullin-RING Ubiquitin-Ligase Pathway Deregulation in Urological Cancers. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 323:181-229. [PMID: 26944622 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Urological cancers are a very common type of cancer worldwide and have alarming high incidence and mortality rates, especially in kidney cancers, illustrate the urgent need for new therapeutic targets. Recent publications point to a deregulated COP9 signalosome (CSN)-cullin-RING ubiquitin-ligase (CRL) pathway which is here considered and investigated as potential target in urological cancers with strong focus on renal cell carcinomas (RCC). The CSN forms supercomplexes with CRLs in order to preserve protein homeostasis and was found deregulated in several cancer types. Examination of selected CSN-CRL pathway components in RCC patient samples and four RCC cell lines revealed an interesting deregulated p27(Kip1)-Skp2-CAND1 axis and two p27(Kip1) point mutations in 786-O cells; p27(Kip1)V109G and p27(Kip1)I119T. The p27(Kip1) mutants were detected in patients with RCC and appear to be responsible for an accelerated growth rate in 786-O cells. The occurrence of p27(Kip1)V109G and p27(Kip1)I119T in RCC makes the CSN-CRL pathway an attractive therapeutic target.
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Lugo-Baruqui J, Burke GW, Guerra G, Ruiz P, Ciancio G. Ten-Year Follow-up of a Reused Kidney Graft for Transplant Using Sirolimus for Maintenance Immunosuppression. Transplant Proc 2015; 47:3027-30. [PMID: 26707333 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Reused kidney grafts have been transplanted with successful outcomes, though not widely performed in the Unites States. We present the case of a reused kidney graft with 10-year follow-up. The first donation was from a patient who died from a cerebrovascular accident and whose organs were used for a simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplant. After 5 years, the patient died and kidney was considered for donation and reuse. The patient had a virtual crossmatch with the first donor and a complement-dependent and flow-dependent crossmatch with the second donor. Long-term immune suppression was kept with a calcineurin-inhibitor-free regimen with sirolimus to prevent further damage from the first recipient. Control kidney biopsy showed steady progression of previous CNI toxicity without further damage. We describe the immunological basis of reused graft, the technical aspects of procurement and transplantation, as well as the use of Mammalian target of rapamycin for maintenance immunosuppression with good long-term results. Reused kidney grafts can be a good source of kidney grafts when adequate selection between donor and recipients is made and immunosuppression protocol is tailored to the preexisting damage to the original graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lugo-Baruqui
- The Lillian Jean Kaplan Renal Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Miami Transplant Institute at the Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida.
| | - G W Burke
- The Lillian Jean Kaplan Renal Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Miami Transplant Institute at the Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - G Guerra
- The Lillian Jean Kaplan Renal Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Miami Transplant Institute at the Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
| | - P Ruiz
- Department of Surgery and Pathology, Transplantation Laboratories and Immunopathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - G Ciancio
- The Lillian Jean Kaplan Renal Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida; Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Miami Transplant Institute at the Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida
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Acceleration of Proteinuria without Significant Impact on Renal Function and Its Protection by Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker in Rats Treated with Axitinib. Target Oncol 2015; 11:309-15. [PMID: 26423685 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-015-0393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteinuria is a dose-associated adverse event induced by anti-angiogenic agents; however, the mechanism mediating the induction of proteinuria by this type of agent remains largely unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of treatment with axitinib and/or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) on urinary protein excretion and renal function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-five rats were randomly selected for treatment with following agents for 4 weeks: vehicle (group A), candesartan (group B), axitinib (group C), axitinib plus candesartan (group D), or axitinib and no treatment for subsequent 2 weeks (group E). RESULTS After completion of treatment schedule, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) in group C was significantly higher than those in groups A and B, while the additional administration of candesartan resulted in the significant reduction of UPC in group D compared with group C. Following the no treatment interval for 2 weeks, UPC in group E significantly decreased compared with that in group C. There were no significant differences in serum creatinine or blood urea nitrogen level among the five groups. Furthermore, semiquantitative evaluation of immunofluorescence findings showed that the expression levels of both nephrin and podocin in rat kidneys were inversely associated with the UPC value throughout these five groups. CONCLUSIONS Despite the acceleration of proteinuria involving the downregulation of slit diaphragm-associated proteins, axitinib may not have an adverse impact on renal function, and axitinib-induced proteinuria can be partially prevented by additional treatment with ARB and reversibly recovered by its transient dose-interruption.
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Alesini D, Mosillo C, Naso G, Cortesi E, Iacovelli R. Clinical experience with everolimus in the second-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma. Ther Adv Urol 2015; 7:286-94. [PMID: 26425143 PMCID: PMC4549702 DOI: 10.1177/1756287215591764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Everolimus is an oral inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR-I) and is currently approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) after failure of first-line vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). In this narrative review, we aim to report the available evidence about the use of everolimus as second-line therapy for mRCC. A literature search was performed using PubMed/MEDLINE and abstracts from major conferences on clinical oncology as sources. We report data from prospective as well as retrospective and real world data studies and we analyze the safety and efficacy profile of everolimus as second-line therapy for mRCC. Although different drugs are currently available for the second-line treatment of mRCC, everolimus represents a feasible and safe option in this setting, especially for patients who have experienced high-grade toxicity or are still carrying TKI-related toxicities from first-line treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Alesini
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Human Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Mosillo
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Human Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Naso
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Human Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Cortesi
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Human Pathology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Iacovelli
- Division of Medical Oncology, Genitourinary Unit, European Institute of Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy
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Denard B, Pavia-Jimenez A, Chen W, Williams NS, Naina H, Collins R, Brugarolas J, Ye J. Identification of CREB3L1 as a Biomarker Predicting Doxorubicin Treatment Outcome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129233. [PMID: 26110425 PMCID: PMC4482141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxorubicin has been shown to inhibit proliferation of cancer cells through proteolytic activation of CREB3L1 (cAMP response element binding protein 3-like 1), a transcription factor synthesized as a membrane-bound precursor. Upon doxorubicin treatment, CREB3L1 is cleaved so that the N-terminal domain of the protein can reach the nucleus where it activates transcription of genes that inhibit cell proliferation. These results suggest that the level of CREB3L1 in cancer cells may determine their sensitivity to doxorubicin. METHODS Mice transplanted with 6 lines of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were injected with doxorubicin to observe the effect of the chemotherapy on tumor growth. Immunohistochemistry and bioinformatics analyses were performed to compare CREB3L1 levels in types of cancer known to respond to doxorubicin versus those resistant to doxorubicin. RESULTS Higher levels of CREB3L1 protein are correlated with increased doxorubicin sensitivity of xenograft RCC tumors (p = 0.017 by Pearson analysis). From patient tumor biopsies we analyzed, CREB3L1 was expressed in 19% of RCC, which is generally resistant to doxorubicin, but in 70% of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that is sensitive to doxorubicin. Doxorubicin is used as the standard treatment for cancers that express the highest levels of CREB3L1 such as osteosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma but is not generally used to treat those that express the lowest levels of CREB3L1 such as RCC. CONCLUSION Identification of CREB3L1 as the biomarker for doxorubicin sensitivity may markedly improve the doxorubicin response rate by applying doxorubicin only to patients with cancers expressing CREB3L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bray Denard
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States of America
| | - Andrea Pavia-Jimenez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States of America; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States of America
| | - Weina Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States of America
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States of America
| | - Harris Naina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States of America
| | - Robert Collins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States of America
| | - James Brugarolas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States of America; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States of America; Kidney Cancer Program in Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States of America
| | - Jin Ye
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States of America
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Sun JD, Ahluwalia D, Liu Q, Li W, Wang Y, Meng F, Bhupathi D, Matteucci MD, Hart CP. Combination treatment with hypoxia-activated prodrug evofosfamide (TH-302) and mTOR inhibitors results in enhanced antitumor efficacy in preclinical renal cell carcinoma models. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:2139-2155. [PMID: 26328245 PMCID: PMC4548326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors often consist of hypoxic regions which are resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy. Evofosfamide (also known as TH-302), a 2-nitroimidazole triggered hypoxia-activated prodrug, preferentially releases the DNA cross-linker bromo-isophosphoramide mustard in hypoxic cells. The intracellular kinase mTOR plays a key role in multiple pathways which are important in cancer progression. Here we investigated the enhanced efficacy profile and possible mechanisms of evofosfamide in combination with mTOR inhibitor (mTORi) everolimus or temsirolimus in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) xenograft models. The antitumor activities of the mTORi everolimus or temsirolimus alone, evofosfamide alone, or the combination were investigated in the 786-O and Caki-1 RCC cells in vitro and in vivo xenograft models. Two schedules were tested in which evofosfamide was started on the same day as the mTORi or 1 week after. Combination mechanisms were investigated by measuring a panel of pharmacodynamic biomarkers by immunohistochemistry. Antitumor efficacy in both RCC xenograft models was enhanced by the combination of evofosfamide and mTORi. Evofosfamide reduced the increased hypoxia induced by mTORi. Combination treatment induced increased DNA damage, decreased cell proliferation, and decreased survivin. Addition of mTORi did not change evofosfamide-mediated cytotoxicity in 786-O or Caki-1 cells in vitro which might suggest cell non-autonomous effects, specifically increased tumor hypoxia, are important for the in vivo combination activity. Taken together, evofosfamide potentiates the antitumor efficacy of mTOR inhibitors and inhibits the increased tumor hypoxia caused by mTOR inhibition. These studies provide a translational rationale for combining evofosfamide with mTOR inhibitors in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Sun
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals 170 Harbor Way, Suite 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Dharmendra Ahluwalia
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals 170 Harbor Way, Suite 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Qian Liu
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals 170 Harbor Way, Suite 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wenwu Li
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals 170 Harbor Way, Suite 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals 170 Harbor Way, Suite 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Fanying Meng
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals 170 Harbor Way, Suite 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Deepthi Bhupathi
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals 170 Harbor Way, Suite 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mark D Matteucci
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals 170 Harbor Way, Suite 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Charles P Hart
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals 170 Harbor Way, Suite 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Approach to Very Small (< 1.5 cm) Cystic Renal Lesions: Ignore, Observe, or Treat? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015; 204:1182-9. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.15.14357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Sun Z, Cao B, Wu J. Protease-activated receptor 2 enhances renal cell carcinoma cell invasion and migration via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98:382-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ang-(1-7) promotes the migration and invasion of human renal cell carcinoma cells via Mas-mediated AKT signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:333-40. [PMID: 25783053 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ang-(1-7) is an active peptide component of renin-angiotensin system and endogenous ligand for Mas receptor. In the current study, we showed that Ang-(1-7) enhanced migratory and invasive abilities of renal cell carcinoma cells 786-O and Caki-1 by wound-healing, transwell migration and transwell invasion assays. Mas antagonist A779 pretreatment or shRNA-mediated Mas knockdown abolished the stimulatory effect of Ang-(1-7). Furthermore, Ang-(1-7)-stimulated AKT activation was inhibited by either A779 pretreatment or Mas knockdown. Blockage of AKT signaling by AKT inhibitor VIII inhibited Ang-(1-7)-induced migration and invasion in 786-O cells. Taken together, our results provided the first evidence for the pro-metastatic role of Ang-(1-7) in RCC, which may help to better understand the molecular mechanism underlying the progression of this tumor.
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Park KC, Heo JH, Jeon JY, Choi HJ, Jo AR, Kim SW, Kwon HJ, Hong SJ, Han KS. The novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, N-hydroxy-7-(2-naphthylthio) hepatonomide, exhibits potent antitumor activity due to cytochrome-c-release-mediated apoptosis in renal cell carcinoma cells. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:19. [PMID: 25613585 PMCID: PMC4318161 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-014-1003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic modifications play a critical role in the regulation of all DNA-based processes, such as transcription, repair, and replication. Inappropriate histone modifications can result in dysregulation of cell growth, leading to neoplastic transformation and cell death. Renal tumors have been shown to have a higher global methylation percentage and reduced histone acetylation. Preclinical models have revealed that histone gene modifiers and epigenetic alterations play important roles in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumorigenesis. Recently, a novel HDAC inhibitor, N-hydroxy-7-(2-naphthylthio) heptanomide (HNHA), has been introduced as an example of a new class of anti-cancer agents. The anti-cancer activity of HNHA and the underlying mechanisms of action remain to be clarified. Methods The MTS assay using a panel of RCC cells was used to evaluate the anti-proliferative effects of HNHA. The established HDAC inhibitors, SAHA and TSA, were used for comparison. Western blotting analysis was performed to investigate the acetylation of histone H3 and the expression of apoptotic markers in vitro and in vivo. Subcellular fractionation was performed to evaluate expression of Bax and cytochrome c in the cytosol and mitochondria, and also translocation of cytochrome c from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. A confocal microscopic evaluation was performed to confirm inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and the nuclear translocation of cytochrome c in RCC cells. Results In this study, we investigated the apoptosis-inducing activity of HNHA in cultured kidney cancer cells. Apoptosis in the HNHA-treated group was induced significantly, with marked caspase activation and Bcl-2 suppression in RCC cells in vitro and in vivo. HNHA treatment caused cytochrome c release from mitochondria, which was mediated by increased Bax expression and caspase activation. HNHA also induced nuclear translocation of cytochrome c, suggesting that HNHA can induce caspase-independent nuclear apoptosis in RCC cells. An in vivo study showed that HNHA had greater anti-tumor and pro-apoptotic effects on RCC xenografts than the established HDAC inhibitors. Conclusions HNHA has more potent anti-tumor activity than established HDAC inhibitors. Its activities are mediated by caspase-dependent and cytochrome-c-mediated apoptosis in RCC cells. These results suggest that HNHA may offer a new therapeutic approach to RCC.
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Liu S, Xie F, Wang H, Liu Z, Liu X, Sun L, Niu Z. Ubenimex inhibits cell proliferation, migration and invasion in renal cell carcinoma: the effect is autophagy-associated. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:1372-80. [PMID: 25571917 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubenimex is a low-molecular-weight dipeptide with the ability to inhibit aminopeptidase N (APN) activity, enhance the function of immunocompetent cells and confer antitumor effects. We sought to characterize the effects of ubenimex on renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The 786-O and OS-RC-2 human RCC cell lines were positive for APN expression and ubenimex decreased APN activity without affecting the expression. Ubenimex suppressed the proliferation of both cell lines in a concentration‑dependent manner, as assessed by curve growth analysis and WST-8 proliferation assay. Wound healing and Matrigel invasion assays demonstrated that the migration and invasion of the RCC cells were also markedly suppressed by ubenimex. Furthermore, ubenimex increased the mortality of both RCC cell lines as determined by the LDH cytotoxicity assay. This affect was accompanied by increased levels of LC3B with no apparent effect on Caspase3; and we observed that autophagy increased significantly after ubenimex treatment in both RCC cell lines by electron microscopy. Moreover, rapamycin enhanced the cytotoxic effect of ubenimex, while 3-methyladenine reversed the effect, indicating that ubenimex cytotoxicity occured through an autophagy-related mechanism. To further assess the potential applicability of ubenimex in the treatment of RCC, we performed immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays representing 76 RCC patients that underwent radical nephrectomy. The results showed that APN was expressed in most, but not all of the RCC tissues and that the expression was reduced in RCC as compared to the normal kidney tissues, suggesting a potential role for APN in RCC development. Collectively, these results indicated that ubenimex inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of RCC cells. Ubenimex may induce autophagy, which may be associated with its effect on the growth arrest and the cell death of RCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, P.R. China
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Urology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, Shandong 264200, P.R. China
| | - Hafeng Wang
- Department of Urology, QiHe People's Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong 251100, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, P.R. China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhihong Niu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, P.R. China
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Regulated cell death and inflammation: an auto-amplification loop causes organ failure. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:759-67. [PMID: 25324125 DOI: 10.1038/nri3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) is either immunologically silent or immunogenic. RCD in parenchymal cells may lead to the release of damage- associated molecular patterns that drive both tissue inflammation and the activation of further pathways of RCD. Following an initial event of regulated necrosis, RCD and inflammation can induce each other and drive a local auto-amplification loop that leads to exaggerated cell death and inflammation. In this Opinion article, we propose that such crosstalk between pro-inflammatory and RCD pathways has pathophysiological relevance in solid organ failure, transplantation and cancer. In our opinion, clinicians should not only prescribe immunosuppressive treatments to disrupt this circuit, but also implement the neglected therapeutic option of adding compounds that interfere with RCD.
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39
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The emerging roles of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2014; 8:258-64. [DOI: 10.1097/spc.0000000000000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bielecka ZF, Czarnecka AM, Szczylik C. Genomic Analysis as the First Step toward Personalized Treatment in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2014; 4:194. [PMID: 25120953 PMCID: PMC4110478 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance mechanisms in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) still remain elusive. Although most patients initially respond to targeted therapy, acquired resistance can still develop eventually. Most of the patients suffer from intrinsic (genetic) resistance as well, suggesting that there is substantial need to broaden our knowledge in the field of RCC genetics. As molecular abnormalities occur for various reasons, ranging from single nucleotide polymorphisms to large chromosomal defects, conducting whole-genome association studies using high-throughput techniques seems inevitable. In principle, data obtained via genome-wide research should be continued and performed on a large scale for the purposes of drug development and identification of biological pathways underlying cancerogenesis. Genetic alterations are mostly unique for each histological RCC subtype. According to recently published data, RCC is a highly heterogeneous tumor. In this paper, the authors discuss the following: (1) current state-of-the-art knowledge on the potential biomarkers of RCC subtypes; (2) significant obstacles encountered in the translational research on RCC; and (3) recent molecular findings that may have a crucial impact on future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Felicja Bielecka
- Department of Oncology with the Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine , Warsaw , Poland ; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Anna Małgorzata Czarnecka
- Department of Oncology with the Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Department of Oncology with the Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine , Warsaw , Poland
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