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Celano M, Armani MH, Holton J, Miller LJ. Family OSCEs in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Training: Formative Evaluation Involving Adolescent Simulated Patients. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2024; 48:258-262. [PMID: 37919541 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-023-01896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
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Elzamzamy K, Kronsberg H, Reynolds EK. From CAP to CAFP: Centering the Family in Training the Next Generation of Child and Adolescent Psychiatrists. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2024:10.1007/s40596-024-01971-1. [PMID: 38649637 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-024-01971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Elzamzamy
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Hal Kronsberg
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Curry A, Malas N, Mroczkowski M, Hong V, Nordstrom K, Terrell C. Updates in the Assessment and Management of Agitation. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2023; 21:35-45. [PMID: 37205032 PMCID: PMC10172538 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20220064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Agitated patients can be dangerous to themselves and others. In fact, severe medical complications and death can occur with severe agitation. Because of this, agitation is considered a medical and psychiatric emergency. Regardless of the treatment setting, identifying the agitated patient early is a necessary skill. The authors review relevant literature regarding the identification and management of agitation and summarize current recommendations for adults, as well as children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Curry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Curry, Nordstrom); Department of Psychiatry (Malas, Hong) and Department of Pediatrics (Malas), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City (Mroczkowski); Department of Psychiatry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky (Terrell)
| | - Nasuh Malas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Curry, Nordstrom); Department of Psychiatry (Malas, Hong) and Department of Pediatrics (Malas), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City (Mroczkowski); Department of Psychiatry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky (Terrell)
| | - Megan Mroczkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Curry, Nordstrom); Department of Psychiatry (Malas, Hong) and Department of Pediatrics (Malas), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City (Mroczkowski); Department of Psychiatry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky (Terrell)
| | - Victor Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Curry, Nordstrom); Department of Psychiatry (Malas, Hong) and Department of Pediatrics (Malas), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City (Mroczkowski); Department of Psychiatry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky (Terrell)
| | - Kimberly Nordstrom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Curry, Nordstrom); Department of Psychiatry (Malas, Hong) and Department of Pediatrics (Malas), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City (Mroczkowski); Department of Psychiatry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky (Terrell)
| | - Christina Terrell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (Curry, Nordstrom); Department of Psychiatry (Malas, Hong) and Department of Pediatrics (Malas), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City (Mroczkowski); Department of Psychiatry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky (Terrell)
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Tools to Address Children's Mental Health. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2022; 20:222-223. [PMID: 37153134 PMCID: PMC10153506 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.22020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
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Saroca K, Sargent J. Understanding Families as Essential in Psychiatric Practice. FOCUS (AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC PUBLISHING) 2022; 20:204-209. [PMID: 37153130 PMCID: PMC10153504 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20210035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Family work is a critical component of psychiatric practice. It is important for psychiatrists to be able to understand the role of family relationships and family systems in individual development across the lifespan. Assessing family factors is an important part of developing a biopsychosocial formulation. Understanding family relationships provides a context for an individual's values and beliefs, which are important components of assessing the patient's mental health challenges. Dysfunctional family relationships can be precipitating or perpetuating factors for mental illness. On the other hand, positive family relationships can offer support, be protective, alleviate emotional and behavioral problems, and lead to improved outcomes. It is important for psychiatrists to be able to work effectively with families by providing support, understanding families' needs, assessing families' strengths and limitations, identifying issues requiring family-based intervention, and facilitating referral to a family therapist when necessary. By engaging families as resources and essential partners in treatment planning, the psychiatrist is able to enhance the quality and success of patient care. This article discusses the role of the psychiatrist in assessing family factors implicated in psychiatric illness; offers general context for understanding the response required by families for improving various emotional and behavioral challenges; and provides an overview of family-based interventions, including family psychoeducation and support, parent management training, and family therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Saroca
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts Medical Center, and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston
| | - John Sargent
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts Medical Center, and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston
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Shaker NM, Osama Y, Barakat DH, Abdelgawad AA, Abdel Aziz K, Aly El-Gabry D. Atomoxetine in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children With and Without Comorbid Mood Disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2021; 31:332-341. [PMID: 34143680 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2020.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Mood disorders are commonly associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), adding to the clinical complexity. Some symptoms associated with ADHD are often associated with an increase in emotional disorders and depression. Hence, the management of comorbid mood symptoms in the context of ADHD represents a particularly difficult clinical challenge. Few studies in literature, and probably none in the Arab world, have investigated the impact of individual common comorbid disorders on the efficacy of atomoxetine (a nonstimulant norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) as a monotherapy for the treatment of these comorbid mood symptoms. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the effect of atomoxetine in a sample of drug-naive Egyptian children with ADHD, with and without comorbid mood disorders. Methods: A prospective, naturalistic, open-label study. Results: Atomoxetine is an effective treatment for the symptoms of ADHD in the presence of comorbid mood disorder, but with a slower rate of improvement than if applied in the absence of mood disorder; in addition, our study showed improvement regarding the depressive symptoms in the mood group after 1 month. Conclusions: The study highlighted that atomoxetine is an effective treatment for ADHD in the presence of comorbid mood disorder, and improves depressive symptoms in the mood group. It also predicts mild resistance to the effects of atomoxetine on ADHD with slower improvement than those with ADHD only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermin M Shaker
- Neuropsychiatry Department, Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yara Osama
- Neuropsychiatry Department, Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Al Mashfa Psychiatric Hospital and Resort, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa H Barakat
- Neuropsychiatry Department, Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Adel Abdelgawad
- Neuropsychiatry Department, Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Karim Abdel Aziz
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dina Aly El-Gabry
- Neuropsychiatry Department, Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Elaborating on premature adolescent autonomy: Linking variation in daily family processes to developmental risk. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 31:1741-1755. [PMID: 31455441 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419001032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study revisits the premature autonomy model by examining parents' use of positive behavior support (PBS) practices on a daily timescale to better understand underlying processes in developmental changes in family disengagement and the implications for adolescent problem behavior and substance use. This study included 151 9th and 10th grade adolescents (61.5% female) and their caregivers, who participated in a baseline assessment, a 21-day daily diary burst, and a 1-year follow-up assessment. Four key findings emerged: (a) on days when parents used more PBS, adolescents felt more close and connected to their caregivers; (b) adolescents who exhibited a larger-magnitude of change in connectedness with caregivers in relation to variation in positive parenting (termed fragile connectedness) were at higher risk for antisocial behavior, deviant peer involvement, and substance use one year later; (c) individual differences in initial levels of antisocial behavior and effortful control accounted for between-person variation in fragile connectedness; and (d) day-level adolescent anger and parent-adolescent conflict predicted within-family variation in parents' use of PBS. Implications for the premature autonomy model and intervention science are discussed.
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Molteni S, Carbon M, Lops J, Soto EC, Cervesi C, Sheridan EM, Galling B, Saito E, Krakower S, Dicker R, Foley C, Fornari V, Balottin U, Correll CU. Correlates of Subjective Caregiver Strain in Caregivers of Youth Evaluated in a Pediatric Psychiatric Emergency Room. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2017; 27:451-461. [PMID: 26978127 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2015.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although caregiver burden is relevant to the outcome for psychiatrically ill youth, most studies have focused on caregiver burden in the community or research settings. Therefore, we aimed at evaluating the subjective caregiver strain (SCS) at the time of presentation of youth to a pediatric psychiatric emergency room (PPER), assessing potential correlates to provide leads for improvements in formal support systems. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, the internalized, externalized, and total SCS were assessed in caregivers of youth <18 years of age consecutively evaluated at a PPER during a 1 year period using the Caregiver Strain Questionnaire. Sociodemographic and a broad range of clinical data were collected during the PPER visit using a 12-page semistructured institutional evaluation form. The Appropriateness of Pediatric Psychiatric Emergency Room Contact scale, incorporating acuity, severity and harm potential, was used to rate appropriateness of the visit. RESULTS In caregivers of 444 youth, the internalized SCS was significantly higher than the externalized SCS (p < 0.001). Multivariable analyses indicated that higher total and externalized SCS were associated with disruptive behavior or substance abuse/dependent disorder diagnosis, presenting complaint of aggression, and discharge plan to the police. Higher total and internalized SCS were associated with lower child functioning, whereas total and internalized SCS were lower in adopted children. In addition, higher externalized SCS was associated with investigator-rated inappropriateness of the emergency visit, presenting complaint of defiance, and a lack of prior psychiatric ER visits. CONCLUSIONS High levels of CS in PPER highlight the necessity to adhere to existing guidelines regarding the inclusion of caregivers' perceptions into comprehensive psychiatric assessments. The particularly high strain in caregivers of children with externalizing disorders and in families with low-functioning youth may need to prompt PPER staff to provide efficient information on appropriate treatment options for these children and on support facilities for the parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Molteni
- 1 Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia , Pavia, Italy .,2 Department of Psychiatry, The Zucker Hillside Hospital , North Shore - Long Island Jewish (LIJ) Health System, Glen Oaks, New York
| | - Maren Carbon
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, The Zucker Hillside Hospital , North Shore - Long Island Jewish (LIJ) Health System, Glen Oaks, New York
| | - Johnny Lops
- 3 Department of Psychiatry, Maimonides Medical Center , Brooklyn, New York
| | - Erin C Soto
- 4 Department of Psychiatry, Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Chiara Cervesi
- 5 Institute for Maternal and Child Health , Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCSS) "Burlo Garofolo," Trieste, Italy .,6 Paediatrics Department, University of Padua , Padua, Italy
| | - Eva M Sheridan
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, The Zucker Hillside Hospital , North Shore - Long Island Jewish (LIJ) Health System, Glen Oaks, New York
| | - Britta Galling
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, The Zucker Hillside Hospital , North Shore - Long Island Jewish (LIJ) Health System, Glen Oaks, New York
| | - Ema Saito
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, The Zucker Hillside Hospital , North Shore - Long Island Jewish (LIJ) Health System, Glen Oaks, New York.,7 Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine , Hempstead, New York
| | - Scott Krakower
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, The Zucker Hillside Hospital , North Shore - Long Island Jewish (LIJ) Health System, Glen Oaks, New York
| | - Robert Dicker
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, The Zucker Hillside Hospital , North Shore - Long Island Jewish (LIJ) Health System, Glen Oaks, New York
| | - Carmel Foley
- 7 Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine , Hempstead, New York
| | - Victor Fornari
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, The Zucker Hillside Hospital , North Shore - Long Island Jewish (LIJ) Health System, Glen Oaks, New York.,7 Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine , Hempstead, New York
| | - Umberto Balottin
- 1 Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia , Pavia, Italy .,8 Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute , Pavia, Italy
| | - Christoph U Correll
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, The Zucker Hillside Hospital , North Shore - Long Island Jewish (LIJ) Health System, Glen Oaks, New York.,7 Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine , Hempstead, New York.,9 The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Psychiatric Neuroscience Center of Excellence , Manhasset, New York.,10 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, New York
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9
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Abstract
For many, family therapy refers to sessions in which all family members are present. Yet in contemporary psychiatry there are many ways to work with families in addition to this classic concept. This article proposes family intervention as an encompassing term for a new family paradigm in child and adolescent psychiatry. Developmental psychopathology is a guiding principle of this paradigm. A full range of ways to work with families clinically is described with clinical examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan M Josephson
- Bingham Clinic, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 200 East Chestnut Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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10
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Roberts RE, Duong HT. Perceived weight, not obesity, increases risk for major depression among adolescents. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1110-7. [PMID: 23643102 PMCID: PMC3686272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study examined the association between major depression, obesity and body image among adolescents. METHODS Participants were 4175 youths 11-17 years of age sampled from the community who were interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children and Adolescents, Version IV, completed a self-report questionnaire, and had their weight and height measured. There were 2 measures of body image: perceived weight and body satisfaction. Obesity was associated with increased risk of depression, with no controls for covariates. However, when the association was examined in models which included weight, major depression, and body image measures and covariates, there was no association between major depression and body weight, nor between body satisfaction and major depression. Perceived overweight was strongly and independently associated with body weight (O.R. = 2.62). We found no independent association between major depression and body weight. If there is an etiologic link between major depression and body weight among adolescents, it most likely operates through processes involving components of body image. Future research should focus on the role of depression and body image in the etiology of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Roberts
- Corresponding Author: Robert E. Roberts, PH.D., UTHealth, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Herman Pressler Dr., Suite E1017, Houston, Texas 77030, Phone: (713) 500-9291, Fax: (713) 500-9406,
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Abstract
Families are the context for development. One key way families influence developing children is through family experience, which becomes part of the child's inner world. It is through this cognitive template that the child interprets the world and negotiates developmental challenges. This article reviews a continuum of family interventions targeting interactions that shape the child's mind, and offers guidance to the clinician about when to use individual and family approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan M Josephson
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bingham Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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12
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Speranza M, Guénolé F, Revah-Levy A, Egler PJ, Negadi F, Falissard B, Baleyte JM. The French version of the Family Assessment Device. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2012; 57:570-7. [PMID: 23073035 DOI: 10.1177/070674371205700908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate a French version of the Family Assessment Device (FAD), a well-known self-report questionnaire assessing family functioning in clinical and research settings. METHODS A French adaptation of the FAD was administered to 3 groups of subjects: a nonclinical group (n = 115), relatives of psychiatric patients (n = 102), and medical patients and their relatives (n = 106). Temporal stability was assessed by test-retest intraclass correlations. Internal consistency was measured by Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients. Discriminant validity was explored, comparing the scores of the 3 groups, using a covariance analysis (ANCOVA). The dimensional structure of the instrument was explored using a principal component analysis, with promax oblique rotation, on the entire sample. RESULTS The French FAD showed good temporal stability and good discriminant validity across groups. Internal consistency was satisfactory only for the General Functioning (GF) subscale. Factor analysis yielded a 3-factor model. The GF subscale was highly correlated with all of the other subscales. CONCLUSIONS The French version of the FAD provides a valuable tool for assessing family functioning. However, our study failed to identify the theoretical structure of the FAD and suggests that the GF subscale could be used as a better overall indicator of family functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Speranza
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Service de Pédopsychiatrie, Le Chesnay, France.
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Dell ML. Child and adolescent depression: psychotherapeutic, ethical, and related nonpharmacologic considerations for general psychiatrists and others who prescribe. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2012; 35:181-201. [PMID: 22370498 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common, recurring disorder affecting millions of youth at some point before they reach mature adulthood. Given the shortage of and uneven distribution of psychiatrists who have completed specialized fellowships in child and adolescent psychiatry, a significant number of depressed youth will receive their pharmacotherapy from general psychiatrists and other prescribers with varying degrees of interest, training, and even willingness to treat children and adolescents. For general psychiatrists who will prescribe antidepressants for minors, knowledge of the training and expertise of nonphysician mental health professionals, the psychotherapies they may employ, and familiarity with school services are essential. Physicians who typically work only with adults will also need familiarity with differing ethical, legal, and regulatory issues and standards applicable to pediatric psychopharmacology. General psychiatrists, pediatricians, family physicians, nurse practitioners, and others contribute greatly to the care of depressed children, adolescents, and their families, and many find this work to be a very rewarding part of their professional practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lynn Dell
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10524 Euclid Avenue, W.O. Walker Building, Suite 1155A, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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O'Keeffe M, Macaulay C. Diagnosis in developmental-behavioural paediatrics: the art of diagnostic formulation. J Paediatr Child Health 2012; 48:E15-26. [PMID: 21790830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper considers diagnostic frameworks in developmental-behavioural paediatrics. The purpose of a diagnostic assessment is reviewed, and the use of categorical diagnoses is explored. A multi-level process of diagnostic formulation is outlined, highlighting the importance of a comprehensive focus on presenting symptoms, neuropsychological constructs, biological factors and environmental influences. The axis of time, developmental benchmarks and the enhancement of resilience are discussed as part of the diagnostic formulation framework. Limitations imposed on diagnostic practice by systemic and personal factors are reviewed. Implications for training and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mick O'Keeffe
- Child Development Program, Royal Children's Hospital Health Service District, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. michael_o’
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Samani S, Sadeghzadeh M. Reliability and validity of the Self-report Family Content Scale. Psychol Rep 2010; 106:539-47. [PMID: 20524556 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.106.2.539-547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the reliability and validity of Self-report Family Content Scale for measurement of a contextual and psychoeducational model for family studies. The sample included 450 college students at Shiraz University (241 women, 209 men; M age=27.5 yr., SD=3.8). Principal-components factor analysis indicated a 7-factor solution. The mean correlations among factors and between factors and the total score of the scale were .18 and .42, respectively. Coefficients alpha indicated good reliability and internal consistency for the scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Samani
- College of Education and Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Branch of Marvdasht, Marvdasht, Iran.
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Moen MD, Keam SJ. Dexmethylphenidate extended release: a review of its use in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs 2009; 23:1057-83. [PMID: 19958043 DOI: 10.2165/11201140-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dexmethylphenidate extended release (XR) [Focalin XR] is a CNS stimulant indicated for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in patients aged > or = 6 years. Dexmethylphenidate contains the d-threo-enantiomer of methylphenidate. Dexmethylphenidate XR capsules have a bimodal release profile, which mimics two doses of dexmethylphenidate immediate release (IR) given 4 hours apart, and allows once-daily administration. Once-daily dexmethylphenidate XR was effective and generally well tolerated in the treatment of ADHD in children, adolescents and adults in placebo-controlled trials. Improvements in ADHD symptoms were significantly greater for dexmethylphenidate XR versus placebo throughout the day, from as early as 0.5 hours after drug administration up to 11-12 hours after administration. Furthermore, dexmethylphenidate XR showed greater efficacy than osmotic release oral system (OROS) methylphenidate over the first half of the laboratory classroom day in crossover trials; however, assessments late in the day (10-12 hours post-dose) favoured OROS methylphenidate. The once-daily administration regimen with dexmethylphenidate XR avoids the need for a midday dose to be administered at school; administration options are extended in that the contents of the dexmethylphenidate XR capsule can be sprinkled on apple sauce for patients unable to swallow the capsule whole. Although dexmethylphenidate XR is a controlled substance in the US, this formulation appears to have a low risk of abuse or misuse. Thus, dexmethylphenidate XR extends the range of first-line pharmacological treatment options for children, adolescents or adults with ADHD, particularly for patients who require a rapid onset and prolonged duration of action, including children who require a reduction in ADHD symptoms throughout the school day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit D Moen
- Adis, a Wolters Kluwer Business, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 46:1503-26. [PMID: 18049300 DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e318145ae1c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This practice parameter describes the epidemiology, clinical picture, differential diagnosis, course, risk factors, and pharmacological and psychotherapy treatments of children and adolescents with major depressive or dysthymic disorders. Side effects of the antidepressants, particularly the risk of suicidal ideation and behaviors are discussed. Recommendations regarding the assessment and the acute, continuation, and maintenance treatment of these disorders are based on the existent scientific evidence as well as the current clinical practice.
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