1
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Oh BL, Vinanica N, Wong DM, Campana D. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica 2024; 109:1677-1688. [PMID: 38832423 PMCID: PMC11141683 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2023.283848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a new and effective treatment for patients with hematologic malignancies. Clinical responses to CAR T cells in leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma have provided strong evidence of the antitumor activity of these cells. In patients with refractory or relapsed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the infusion of autologous anti-CD19 CAR T cells is rapidly gaining standard-of-care status and might eventually be incorporated into frontline treatment. In T-ALL, however, leukemic cells generally lack surface molecules recognized by established CAR, such as CD19 and CD22. Such deficiency is particularly important, as outcome is dismal for patients with T-ALL that is refractory to standard chemotherapy and/or hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Recently, CAR T-cell technologies directed against T-cell malignancies have been developed and are beginning to be tested clinically. The main technical obstacles stem from the fact that malignant and normal T cells share most surface antigens. Therefore, CAR T cells directed against T-ALL targets might be susceptible to self-elimination during manufacturing and/or have suboptimal activity after infusion. Moreover, removing leukemic cells that might be present in the cell source used for CAR T-cell manufacturing might be problematic. Finally, reconstitution of T cells and natural killer cells after CAR T-cell infusion might be impaired. In this article, we discuss potential targets for CAR T-cell therapy of T-ALL with an emphasis on CD7, and review CAR configurations as well as early clinical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice L.Z. Oh
- Viva-University Children’s Cancer Center, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children’s Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Natasha Vinanica
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Desmond M.H. Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Dario Campana
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Miller K, Hashmi H, Rajeeve S. Beyond BCMA: the next wave of CAR T cell therapy in multiple myeloma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1398902. [PMID: 38800372 PMCID: PMC11116580 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1398902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has transformed the treatment landscape of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. The current Food and Drug Administration approved CAR T cell therapies idecabtagene vicleucel and ciltacabtagene autoleucel both target B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), which is expressed on the surface of malignant plasma cells. Despite deep initial responses in most patients, relapse after anti-BCMA CAR T cell therapy is common. Investigations of acquired resistance to anti-BCMA CAR T cell therapy are underway. Meanwhile, other viable antigenic targets are being pursued, including G protein-coupled receptor class C group 5 member D (GPRC5D), signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 7 (SLAMF7), and CD38, among others. CAR T cells targeting these antigens, alone or in combination with anti-BCMA approaches, appear to be highly promising as they move from preclinical studies to early phase clinical trials. This review summarizes the current data with novel CAR T cell targets beyond BCMA that have the potential to enter the treatment landscape in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sridevi Rajeeve
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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3
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Zhang Y, Zhou W, Yang J, Yang J, Wang W. Chimeric antigen receptor engineered natural killer cells for cancer therapy. Exp Hematol Oncol 2023; 12:70. [PMID: 37563648 PMCID: PMC10413722 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-023-00431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, a unique component of the innate immune system, are inherent killers of stressed and transformed cells. Based on their potent capacity to kill cancer cells and good tolerance of healthy cells, NK cells have been successfully employed in adoptive cell therapy to treat cancer patients. In recent years, the clinical success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells has proven the vast potential of gene-manipulated immune cells as the main force to fight cancer. Following the lessons learned from mature gene-transfer technologies and advanced strategies in CAR-T therapy, NK cells have been rapidly explored as a promising candidate for CAR-based therapy. An exponentially growing number of studies have employed multiple sources of CAR-NK cells to target a wide range of cancer-related antigens, showing remarkable outcomes and encouraging safety profiles. Clinical trials of CAR-NK cells have also shown their impressive therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of hematological tumors, but CAR-NK cell therapy for solid tumors is still in the initial stages. In this review, we present the favorable profile of NK cells as a potential platform for CAR-based engineering and then summarize the outcomes and strategies of CAR-NK therapies in up-to-date preclinical and clinical investigations. Finally, we evaluate the challenges remaining in CAR-NK therapy and describe existing strategies that can assist us in devising future prospective solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilin Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangping Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology and Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinrong Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
- Hematology Research Laboratory, Department of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Luo Z, Shi J, Jiang Q, Yu G, Li X, Yu Z, Wang J, Shi Y. Gallic acid enhances anti-lymphoma function of anti-CD19 CAR-T cells in vitro and in vivo. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:8. [PMID: 36871129 PMCID: PMC9985527 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell targeting CD19 antigen has achieved exhilarative clinical efficacy in B-cell malignancies. However, challenges still remain for the currently approved anti-CD19 CAR-T therapies, including high recurrence rates, side effects and resistance. Herein, we aim to explore combinatorial therapy by use of anti-CD19 CAR-T immunotherapy and gallic acid (GA, an immunomodulatory natural product) for improving treatment efficacy. We assessed the combinatorial effect of anti-CD19 CAR-T immunotherapy with GA in cell models and a tumor-bearing mice model. Then, the underlying mechanism of GA on CAR-T cells were investigated by integrating network pharmacology, RNA-seq analysis and experimental validation. Furthermore, the potential direct targets of GA on CAR-T cells were explored by integrating molecular docking analysis with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay. The results showed that GA significantly enhanced the anti-tumor effects, cytokine production as well as the expansion of anti-CD19 CAR-T cells, which may be mainly through the activation of IL4/JAK3-STAT3 signaling pathway. Furthermore, GA may directly target and activate STAT3, which may, at least in part, contribute to STAT3 activation. Overall, the findings reported here suggested that the combination of anti-CD19 CAR-T immunotherapy with GA would be a promising approach to increase the anti-lymphoma efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.,State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jiaru Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Qiyao Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Guohua Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Xiaorui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Zhuoying Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518118, China. .,Shenzhen Cell Valley Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518118, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518118, China. .,Shenzhen Cell Valley Biopharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518118, China.
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5
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Maali A, Gholizadeh M, Feghhi-Najafabadi S, Noei A, Seyed-Motahari SS, Mansoori S, Sharifzadeh Z. Nanobodies in cell-mediated immunotherapy: On the road to fight cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1012841. [PMID: 36761751 PMCID: PMC9905824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1012841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is essential in recognizing and eliminating tumor cells. The unique characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as heterogeneity, reduced blood flow, hypoxia, and acidity, can reduce the efficacy of cell-mediated immunity. The primary goal of cancer immunotherapy is to modify the immune cells or the TME to enable the immune system to eliminate malignancies successfully. Nanobodies, known as single-domain antibodies, are light chain-free antibody fragments produced from Camelidae antibodies. The unique properties of nanobodies, including high stability, reduced immunogenicity, enhanced infiltration into the TME of solid tumors and facile genetic engineering have led to their promising application in cell-mediated immunotherapy. They can promote the cancer therapy either directly by bridging between tumor cells and immune cells and by targeting cancer cells using immune cell-bound nanobodies or indirectly by blocking the inhibitory ligands/receptors. The T-cell activation can be engaged through anti-CD3 and anti-4-1BB nanobodies in the bispecific (bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs)) and trispecific (trispecific T-cell engager (TriTEs)) manners. Also, nanobodies can be used as natural killer (NK) cell engagers (BiKEs, TriKEs, and TetraKEs) to create an immune synapse between the tumor and NK cells. Nanobodies can redirect immune cells to attack tumor cells through a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) incorporating a nanobody against the target antigen. Various cancer antigens have been targeted by nanobody-based CAR-T and CAR-NK cells for treating both hematological and solid malignancies. They can also cause the continuation of immune surveillance against tumor cells by stopping inappropriate inhibition of immune checkpoints. Other roles of nanobodies in cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy include reprogramming macrophages to reduce metastasis and angiogenesis, as well as preventing the severe side effects occurring in cell-mediated immunotherapy. Here, we highlight the critical functions of various immune cells, including T cells, NK cells, and macrophages in the TME, and discuss newly developed immunotherapy methods based on the targeted manipulation of immune cells and TME with nanobodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhosein Maali
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Monireh Gholizadeh
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Noei
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Sheila Seyed-Motahari
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Sharifzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Zahra Sharifzadeh,
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6
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Rana PS, Murphy EV, Kort J, Driscoll JJ. Road testing new CAR design strategies in multiple myeloma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:957157. [PMID: 36016950 PMCID: PMC9395635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A deeper understanding of basic immunology principles and advances in bioengineering have accelerated the mass production of genetically-reprogrammed T-cells as living drugs to treat human diseases. Autologous and allogeneic cytotoxic T-cells have been weaponized to brandish MHC-independent chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) that specifically engage antigenic regions on tumor cells. Two distinct CAR-based therapeutics designed to target BCMA are now FDA-approved based upon robust, sustained responses in heavily-pretreated multiple myeloma (MM) patients enrolled on the KarMMa and CARTITUDE-1 studies. While promising, CAR T-cells present unique challenges such as antigen escape and T-cell exhaustion. Here, we review novel strategies to design CARs that overcome current limitations. Co-stimulatory signaling regions were added to second-generation CARs to promote IL-2 synthesis, activate T-cells and preclude apoptosis. Third-generation CARs are composed of multiple co-stimulatory signaling units, e.g., CD28, OX40, 4-1BB, to reduce exhaustion. Typically, CAR T-cells incorporate a potent constitutive promoter that maximizes long-term CAR expression but extended CAR activation may also promote T-cell exhaustion. Hypoxia-inducible elements can be incorporated to conditionally drive CAR expression and selectively target MM cells within bone marrow. CAR T-cell survival and activity is further realized by blocking intrinsic regulators of T-cell inactivation. T-Cells Redirected for Universal Cytokine Killing (TRUCKs) bind a specific tumor antigen and produce cytokines to recruit endogenous immune cells. Suicide genes have been engineered into CAR T-cells given the potential for long-term on-target, off-tumor effects. Universal allo-CAR T-cells represent an off-the-shelf source, while logic-gated CAR T-cells are designed to recognize tumor-specific features coupled with Boolean-generated binary gates that then dictate cell-fate decisions. Future generations of CARs should further revitalize immune responses, enhance tumor specificity and reimagine strategies to treat myeloma and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka S. Rana
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Elena V. Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jeries Kort
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - James J. Driscoll
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: James J. Driscoll,
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7
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Xu Q, Liu X, Mohseni G, Hao X, Ren Y, Xu Y, Gao H, Wang Q, Wang Y. Mechanism research and treatment progress of NAD pathway related molecules in tumor immune microenvironment. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:242. [PMID: 35906622 PMCID: PMC9338646 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is the core of cellular energy metabolism. NAMPT, Sirtuins, PARP, CD38, and other molecules in this classic metabolic pathway affect many key cellular functions and are closely related to the occurrence and development of many diseases. In recent years, several studies have found that these molecules can regulate cell energy metabolism, promote the release of related cytokines, induce the expression of neoantigens, change the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), and then play an anticancer role. Drugs targeting these molecules are under development or approved for clinical use. Although there are some side effects and drug resistance, the discovery of novel drugs, the development of combination therapies, and the application of new technologies provide solutions to these challenges and improve efficacy. This review presents the mechanisms of action of NAD pathway-related molecules in tumor immunity, advances in drug research, combination therapies, and some new technology-related therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- QinChen Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, 250033, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, 250033, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ghazal Mohseni
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, 250033, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodong Hao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, 250033, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yidan Ren
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, 250033, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yiwei Xu
- Marine College, Shandong University, 264209, Weihai, China
| | - Huiru Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, 250033, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Street, 250033, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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8
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CD38: An important regulator of T cell function. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113395. [PMID: 35834988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) is a multifunctional extracellular enzyme on the cell surface with NADase and cyclase activities. CD38 is not only expressed in human immune cells, such as lymphocytes and plasma cells, but also is abnormally expressed in a variety of tumor cells, which is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. T cells are one of the important immune cells in the body. As NAD consuming enzymes, CD38, ART2, SIRT1 and PARP1 are closely related to the number and function of T cells. CD38 may also influence the activity of ART2, SIRT1 and PARP1 through the CD38-NAD+ axis to indirectly affect the number and function of T cells. Thus, CD38-NAD+ axis has a profound effect on T cell activity. In this paper, we reviewed the role and mechanism of CD38+ CD4+ T cells / CD38+ CD8+ T cells in cellular immunity and the effects of the CD38-NAD+ axis on T cell activity. We also summarized the relationship between the CD38 expression level on T cell surface and disease prediction and prognosis, the effects of anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies on T cell activity and function, and the role of anti-CD38 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in tumor immunity. This will provide an important theoretical basis for a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between CD38 and T cells.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T-cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies including acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. All of the CARs approved for clinical use in treating B-cell malignancies are directed against a single antigen, CD19. Although the initial response rates are high, a significant number of patients relapse, with antigen loss being one proposed mechanism of treatment failure. Multi-targeted CAR T approaches are now being developed to overcome this limitation of currently approved CAR products. AREAS COVERED Here we discuss the mechanism of antigen loss, various bispecific CAR T-cell constructs and their efficacy and safety in the pre-clinical as well as clinical settings. EXPERT OPINION Although CD19 CAR T-cells have significantly improved response rates in relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies, relapse remains a major barrier to long-term survival. Bispecific CAR T-cells offer an alternative approach to mitigate relapse associated with antigen loss. In B-cell malignancies, various bispecific CAR constructs are being studied. The CD19/CD20 and CD19/CD22 bispecific CARs have shown a favorable efficacy and safety profile in phase I trials. However, larger phase II studies and longer follow ups are needed to better assess their efficacy and safety in patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateeha Furqan
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nirav N Shah
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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10
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Zeng F, Zhang J, Jin X, Liao Q, Chen Z, Luo G, Zhou Y. Effect of CD38 on B-cell function and its role in the diagnosis and treatment of B-cell-related diseases. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2796-2807. [PMID: 35486480 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CD38 is a multifunctional receptor and enzyme present on the surface of B lymphocytes, which can induce B lymphocytes proliferation and apoptosis by crosslinking related cytokines to affect the function of B cells, thus affecting immune regulation in humans and promoting tumorigenesis. The level of CD38 expression in B cells has become an important factor in the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of malignant tumors and other related diseases. Therefore, studying the relationship between CD38 expression on the surface of B cells and the occurrence of the disease is of great significance for elucidating its association with disease pathogenesis and the clinical targeted therapy. In this paper, we review the effects of CD38 on B-cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, and elaborate the functional role and mechanism of CD38 expression on B cells. We also summarize the relationship between the level of CD38 expression on the surface of B cells and the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of various diseases, as well as the potential use of targeted CD38 treatment for related diseases. This will provide an important theoretical basis for the scientific research and clinical diagnosis and treatment of B-cell-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiani Zhang
- Senile Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xi Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhifang Chen
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Gengqiu Luo
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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11
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Ye J, Jia Y, Tuhin IJ, Tan J, Monty MA, Xu N, Kang L, Li M, Lou X, Zhou M, Fang X, Shao J, Zhu H, Yan Z, Yu L. Feasibility study of a novel preparation strategy for anti-CD7 CAR-T cells with a recombinant anti-CD7 blocking antibody. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:719-728. [PMID: 35317521 PMCID: PMC8913247 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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12
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Duan Y, Chen R, Huang Y, Meng X, Chen J, Liao C, Tang Y, Zhou C, Gao X, Sun J. Tuning the ignition of CAR: optimizing the affinity of scFv to improve CAR-T therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:14. [PMID: 34966954 PMCID: PMC11073403 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
How single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) affect the functions of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has not been well studied. Here, the components of CAR with an emphasis on scFv were described, and then several methods to measure scFv affinity were discussed. Next, scFv optimization studies for CD19, CD38, HER2, GD2 or EGFR were overviewed, showing that tuning the affinity of scFv could alleviate the on-target/off-tumor toxicity. The affinities of scFvs for different antigens were also summarized to designate a relatively optimal working range for CAR design. Last, a synthetic biology approach utilizing a low-affinity synthetic Notch (synNotch) receptor to achieve ultrasensitivity of antigen-density discrimination and murine models to assay the on-target/off-tumor toxicity of CARs were highlighted. Thus, this review provides preliminary guidelines of choosing the right scFvs for CARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Duan
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital & Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruoqi Chen
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital & Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanjie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianhui Meng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital & Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiangqing Chen
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital & Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chan Liao
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongmin Tang
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- School of Public Health, and Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital & Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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13
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Li X, Feng Y, Shang F, Yu Z, Wang T, Zhang J, Song Z, Wang P, Shi B, Wang J. Characterization of the Therapeutic Effects of Novel Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Targeting CD38 on Multiple Myeloma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:703087. [PMID: 34513682 PMCID: PMC8427526 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.703087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a tumor type characterized by the unregulated proliferation of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow. Immunotherapy based on chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy has achieved exciting success in the treatment of hematological malignant tumors. CD38 is highly and evenly expressed in MM and is an attractive target for MM treatment. Here, we successfully constructed two novel second-generation CAR-T cells targeting CD38 by retroviral vector transduction. CD38 CAR-T cells could be activated effectively after stimulation with CD38-positive tumor cells and secrete cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α to promote tumor cell apoptosis in in vitro experiments. Real-time fluorescence monitoring experiments, luciferase detection experiments and flow cytometry experiments revealed the efficient and specific killing abilities of CD38 CAR-T cells against CD38-positive tumor cells. The proliferation ability of CD38 CAR-T cells in vitro was higher than that of untransduced T cells. Further antitumor experiments in vivo showed that CD38 CAR-T cells could be quickly activated to secrete IFN-γ and eliminate tumors. Thus, novel CD38-targeted second-generation CAR-T cells have efficient and specific antitumor activity and may become a novel therapy for the clinical treatment of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yaru Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqin Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuoying Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tieshan Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiru Song
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bingjie Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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14
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Miazek-Zapala N, Slusarczyk A, Kusowska A, Zapala P, Kubacz M, Winiarska M, Bobrowicz M. The "Magic Bullet" Is Here? Cell-Based Immunotherapies for Hematological Malignancies in the Twilight of the Chemotherapy Era. Cells 2021; 10:1511. [PMID: 34203935 PMCID: PMC8232692 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of a plethora of different anti-neoplastic approaches including standard chemotherapy, molecularly targeted small-molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and finally hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), there is still a need for novel therapeutic options with the potential to cure hematological malignancies. Although nowadays HSCT already offers a curative effect, its implementation is largely limited by the age and frailty of the patient. Moreover, its efficacy in combating the malignancy with graft-versus-tumor effect frequently coexists with undesirable graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Therefore, it seems that cell-based adoptive immunotherapies may constitute optimal strategies to be successfully incorporated into the standard therapeutic protocols. Thus, modern cell-based immunotherapy may finally represent the long-awaited "magic bullet" against cancer. However, enhancing the safety and efficacy of this treatment regimen still presents many challenges. In this review, we summarize the up-to-date state of the art concerning the use of CAR-T cells and NK-cell-based immunotherapies in hemato-oncology, identify possible obstacles, and delineate further perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Miazek-Zapala
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (N.M.-Z.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology of Hearing, World Hearing Center, 05-830 Nadarzyn, Poland
| | - Aleksander Slusarczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (N.M.-Z.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
- Department of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Kusowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (N.M.-Z.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Piotr Zapala
- Department of General, Oncological and Functional Urology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Matylda Kubacz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (N.M.-Z.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (N.M.-Z.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Malgorzata Bobrowicz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (N.M.-Z.); (A.S.); (A.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
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15
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Bahmani B, Gong H, Luk BT, Haushalter KJ, DeTeresa E, Previti M, Zhou J, Gao W, Bui JD, Zhang L, Fang RH, Zhang J. Intratumoral immunotherapy using platelet-cloaked nanoparticles enhances antitumor immunity in solid tumors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1999. [PMID: 33790276 PMCID: PMC8012593 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral immunotherapy is an emerging modality for the treatment of solid tumors. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have shown promise for eliciting immune responses, but systemic administration often results in the development of adverse side effects. Herein, we investigate whether localized delivery of the TLR agonist, resiquimod (R848), via platelet membrane-coated nanoparticles (PNP-R848) elicits antitumor responses. The membrane coating provides a means of enhancing interactions with the tumor microenvironment, thereby maximizing the activity of R848. Intratumoral administration of PNP-R848 strongly enhances local immune activation and leads to complete tumor regression in a colorectal tumor model, while providing protection against repeated tumor re-challenges. Moreover, treatment of an aggressive breast cancer model with intratumoral PNP-R848 delays tumor growth and inhibits lung metastasis. Our findings highlight the promise of locally delivering immunostimulatory payloads using biomimetic nanocarriers, which possess advantages such as enhanced biocompatibility and natural targeting affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hua Gong
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Brian T Luk
- Cello Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Previti
- Cello Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Jiarong Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Cello Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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16
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Xue W, Zhang M. Updating targets for natural killer/T-cell lymphoma immunotherapy. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 18:52-62. [PMID: 33628584 PMCID: PMC7877170 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is a highly invasive subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, typically positive for cytoplasmic CD3, CD56, cytotoxic markers, including granzyme B and TIA1, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The current treatment methods for NKTCL are associated with several drawbacks. For example, chemotherapy can lead to drug resistance, while treatment with radiotherapy alone is inadequate and results in frequent relapses. Moreover, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation exhibits limited efficacy and is not well recognized by domestic and foreign experts. In recent years, immunotherapy has shown good clinical results and has become a hot spot in cancer research. Clinical activity of targeted antibodies, such as daratumumab (anti-CD38 antibody) and brentuximab vedotin (anti-CD30 antibody), have been reported in NKTCL. Additionally, dacetuzumab and Campath-1H have demonstrated promising results. Further encouraging data have been obtained using checkpoint inhibitors. The success of these immunotherapy agents is attributed to high expression levels of programmed death-ligand 1 in NKTCL. Furthermore, anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) exert cytotoxic actions on both CCR4+ tumor cells and regulatory T cells. Depletion of these cells and the long half-life of anti-CCR4 mAbs result in enhanced induction of antitumor effector T cells. The role of IL10 in NKTCL has also been investigated. It has been proposed that exploitation of this cytokine might provide potential novel therapeutic strategies. Cellular immunotherapy with engineered cytotoxic T lymphocytes targeted against LMP1 and LMP2 has shown promising results and sustained remission. Cellular immunotherapy may be used either as maintenance therapy following initial induction chemotherapy or in cases of relapsed/refractory disease. The present review outlines the known immunotherapy targets for the treatment of NKTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Xue
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Henan, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment Center of Henan, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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17
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Gurney M, Stikvoort A, Nolan E, Kirkham-McCarthy L, Khoruzhenko S, Shivakumar R, Zweegman S, Van de Donk NWCJ, Mutis T, Szegezdi E, Sarkar S, O'Dwyer M. CD38 knockout natural killer cells expressing an affinity optimized CD38 chimeric antigen receptor successfully target acute myeloid leukemia with reduced effector cell fratricide. Haematologica 2020; 107:437-445. [PMID: 33375774 PMCID: PMC8804573 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.271908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a strong biological rationale for the augmentation of allogeneic natural killer (NK) cell therapies with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to enhance acute myeloid leukemia (AML) targeting. CD38 is an established immunotherapeutic target in multiple myeloma and under investigation as a target antigen in AML. CD38 expression on NK cells and its further induction during ex vivo NK cell expansion represent barriers to the development of a CD38 CAR-NK cell therapy. We set out to develop a CD38 CAR-NK cell therapy for AML, first by using an NK cell line which has low baseline CD38 expression and subsequently NK cells expanded from healthy donors. To overcome anticipated fratricide due to NK cell CD38 expression when using primary expanded NK cells, we applied CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to disrupt the CD38 gene during expansion, achieving a mean knockdown efficiency of 84%. The resulting CD38 knockdown expanded NK cells, after expression of an affinity optimized CD38 CAR, showed reduced NK-cell fratricide and an enhanced ability to target primary AML blasts. Furthermore, the cytotoxic potential of CD38 CAR-NK cells was augmented by pretreatment of the AML cells with all-trans retinoic acid which drove enhanced CD38 expression, offering a rational combination therapy. These findings support the further investigation of CD38 knockdown - CD38 CAR-NK cells as a viable immunotherapeutic approach to the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Gurney
- National University of Ireland Galway, Galway
| | - Arwen Stikvoort
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | - Emma Nolan
- National University of Ireland Galway, Galway
| | | | | | | | - Sonja Zweegman
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
| | | | - Tuna Mutis
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam
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18
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Jiao Y, Yi M, Xu L, Chu Q, Yan Y, Luo S, Wu K. CD38: targeted therapy in multiple myeloma and therapeutic potential for solid cancers. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:1295-1308. [PMID: 32822558 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1814253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CD38 is expressed by some cells of hematological malignancies and tumor-related immunosuppressive cells, including regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. CD38 is an effective target in some hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma (MM). Daratumumab (Dara), a CD38-targeting antibody, can eliminate CD38high immune suppressor cells and is regarded as a standard therapy for MM because of its outstanding clinical efficacy. Other CD38 monospecific antibodies, such as isatuximab, MOR202, and TAK079, showed promising effects in clinical trials. AREA COVERED This review examines the expression, function, and targeting of CD38 in MM and its potential to deplete immunosuppressive cells in solid cancers. We summarize the distribution and biological function of CD38 and discuss the application of anti-CD38 drugs in hematological malignancies. We also analyz the role of CD38+ immune cells in the tumor microenvironment to encourage additional investigations that target CD38 in solid cancers. PubMed and ClinicalTrials were searched to identify relevant literature from the database inception to 30 April 2020. EXPERT OPINION There is convincing evidence that CD38-targeted immunotherapeutics reduce CD38+ immune suppressor cells. This result suggests that CD38 can be exploited to treat solid tumors by regulating the immunosuppressive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiao
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Linping Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital , Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Yongxiang Yan
- R & D Department, Wuhan YZY Biopharma Co., Ltd , Wuhan, China
| | - Suxia Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital , Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital , Zhengzhou, China
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19
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Chimeric antigen receptor therapy in hematological malignancies: antigenic targets and their clinical research progress. Ann Hematol 2020; 99:1681-1699. [PMID: 32388608 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-04020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based immunotherapy has achieved dramatic success in the treatment of B cell malignancies, based on the summary of current research data, and has shown good potential in early phase cancer clinical trials. Modified constructs are being optimized to recognize and destroy tumor cells more effectively. By targeting the proper B-lineage-specific antigens such as CD19 and CD20, adoptive immunotherapy has demonstrated promising clinical results and already plays a role in the treatment of several lymphoid malignancies, which highlights the importance of target selection for other CAR therapies. The high efficacy of CAR-T cells has resulted in the approval of anti-CD19-directed CAR-T cells for the treatment of B cell malignancies. In this review, we focus on the basic structure and current clinical application of CAR-T cells, detail the research progress of CAR-T for different antigenic targets in hematological malignancies, and further discuss the current barriers and proposed solutions, investigating the possible mechanisms of recurrence of CAR-T cell therapy. A summary of the paper is also given to overview as the prospects for this therapy.
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20
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Pratap S, Zhao ZJ. Finding new lanes: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells for myeloid leukemia. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2020; 3:e1222. [PMID: 32671999 PMCID: PMC7941581 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloid leukemia represents a heterogeneous group of cancers of blood and bone marrow which arise from clonal expansion of hematopoietic myeloid lineage cells. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has traditionally been treated with multi-agent chemotherapy, but conventional therapies have not improved the long-term survival for decades. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is an indolent disease which requires lifelong treatment, is associated with significant side effects, and carries a risk of progression to potentially lethal blast crises. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in molecular biology, virology, and immunology have enabled researchers to grow and modify T lymphocytes ex-vivo. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has been shown to specifically target cells of lymphoid lineage and induce remission in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. While the success of CAR T-cells against ALL is considered a defining moment in modern oncology, similar efficacy against myeloid leukemia cells remains elusive. Over the past 10 years, numerous CAR T-cells have been developed that can target novel myeloid antigens, and many clinical trials are finally starting to yield encouraging results. In this review, we present the recent advances in this field and discuss strategies for future development of myeloid targeting CAR T-cell therapy. CONCLUSIONS The field of CAR T-cell therapy has rapidly evolved over the past few years. It represents a radically new approach towards cancers, and with continued refinement it may become a viable therapeutic option for patients of acute and chronic myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Pratap
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterDepartment of Pediatric Hematology‐OncologyOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
| | - Zhizhuang J. Zhao
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterDepartment of PathologyOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
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21
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Calabretta E, Carlo-Stella C. The Many Facets of CD38 in Lymphoma: From Tumor-Microenvironment Cell Interactions to Acquired Resistance to Immunotherapy. Cells 2020; 9:E802. [PMID: 32225002 PMCID: PMC7226059 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD38 antigen is expressed in several hematological malignancies, and the anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies Daratumumab and Isatuximab have an established role in the therapy of multiple myeloma. However, data on the therapeutic utility of CD38 targeting in other lymphoid malignancies are limited. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the prognostic significance of CD38 expression is well accepted, and preclinical studies on the use of Daratumumab in monotherapy or combination therapy have demonstrated considerable efficacy. In other lymphoproliferative disorders, preclinical and clinical data have not been as compelling; however, CD38 overexpression likely contributes to resistance to checkpoint inhibitors, prompting numerous clinical trials in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma to investigate whether blocking CD38 enhances the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors. Furthermore, due to its widespread expression in hematological tumors, CD38 represents an attractive target for cellular therapies such as CAR-T cells. The present review discusses current knowledge of CD38 expression and its implications in various lymphoid malignancies. Furthermore, it addresses current and future therapeutic perspectives, with a particular emphasis on the significance of CD38 interaction with immune cells of the tumor microenvironment. Lastly, results of ongoing studies using anti-CD38 antibodies will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Calabretta
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milano, Italy;
| | - Carmelo Carlo-Stella
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Humanitas Cancer Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milano, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, 20089 Milano, Italy
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22
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Hambach J, Riecken K, Cichutek S, Schütze K, Albrecht B, Petry K, Röckendorf JL, Baum N, Kröger N, Hansen T, Schuch G, Haag F, Adam G, Fehse B, Bannas P, Koch-Nolte F. Targeting CD38-Expressing Multiple Myeloma and Burkitt Lymphoma Cells In Vitro with Nanobody-Based Chimeric Antigen Receptors (Nb-CARs). Cells 2020; 9:E321. [PMID: 32013131 PMCID: PMC7072387 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The NAD-hydrolyzing ecto-enzyme CD38 is overexpressed by multiple myeloma and other hematological malignancies. We recently generated CD38-specific nanobodies, single immunoglobulin variable domains derived from heavy-chain antibodies naturally occurring in llamas. Nanobodies exhibit high solubility and stability, allowing easy reformatting into recombinant fusion proteins. Here we explore the utility of CD38-specific nanobodies as ligands for nanobody-based chimeric antigen receptors (Nb-CARs). We cloned retroviral expression vectors for CD38-specific Nb-CARs. The human natural killer cell line NK-92 was transduced to stably express these Nb-CARs. As target cells we used CD38-expressing as well as CRISPR/Cas9-generated CD38-deficient tumor cell lines (CA-46, LP-1, and Daudi) transduced with firefly luciferase. With these effector and target cells we established luminescence and flow-cytometry CAR-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays (CARDCCs). Finally, the cytotoxic efficacy of Nb-CAR NK-92 cells was tested on primary patient-derived CD38-expressing multiple myeloma cells. NK-92 cells expressing CD38-specific Nb-CARs specifically lysed CD38-expressing but not CD38-deficient tumor cell lines. Moreover, the Nb-CAR-NK cells effectively depleted CD38-expressing multiple myeloma cells in primary human bone marrow samples. Our results demonstrate efficacy of Nb-CARs in vitro. The potential clinical efficacy of Nb-CARs in vivo remains to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hambach
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (J.H.); (K.S.); (B.A.); (K.P.); (J.L.R.); (N.B.); (F.H.)
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.R.); (S.C.)
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Sophia Cichutek
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.R.); (S.C.)
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Kerstin Schütze
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (J.H.); (K.S.); (B.A.); (K.P.); (J.L.R.); (N.B.); (F.H.)
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Birte Albrecht
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (J.H.); (K.S.); (B.A.); (K.P.); (J.L.R.); (N.B.); (F.H.)
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Katharina Petry
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (J.H.); (K.S.); (B.A.); (K.P.); (J.L.R.); (N.B.); (F.H.)
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Jana Larissa Röckendorf
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (J.H.); (K.S.); (B.A.); (K.P.); (J.L.R.); (N.B.); (F.H.)
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Natalie Baum
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (J.H.); (K.S.); (B.A.); (K.P.); (J.L.R.); (N.B.); (F.H.)
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Nicolaus Kröger
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Timon Hansen
- Hematological-Oncology Center Altona, 22767 Hamburg, Germany; (T.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Gunter Schuch
- Hematological-Oncology Center Altona, 22767 Hamburg, Germany; (T.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (J.H.); (K.S.); (B.A.); (K.P.); (J.L.R.); (N.B.); (F.H.)
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (K.R.); (S.C.)
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Peter Bannas
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, UKE, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (J.H.); (K.S.); (B.A.); (K.P.); (J.L.R.); (N.B.); (F.H.)
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23
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Guo Y, Feng K, Tong C, Jia H, Liu Y, Wang Y, Ti D, Yang Q, Wu Z, Han W. Efficiency and side effects of anti-CD38 CAR T cells in an adult patient with relapsed B-ALL after failure of bi-specific CD19/CD22 CAR T cell treatment. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:430-432. [PMID: 31900459 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yelei Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kaichao Feng
- Department of Bio-therapeutic, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Tong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hejin Jia
- Department of Bio-therapeutic, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Geriatric Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Ti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qingming Yang
- Department of Bio-therapeutic, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. .,Department of Bio-therapeutic, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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24
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Gao Z, Tong C, Wang Y, Chen D, Wu Z, Han W. Blocking CD38-driven fratricide among T cells enables effective antitumor activity by CD38-specific chimeric antigen receptor T cells. J Genet Genomics 2019; 46:367-377. [PMID: 31466926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T) therapy is a kind of effective cancer immunotherapy. However, designing CARs remains a challenge because many targetable antigens are shared by T cells and tumor cells. This shared expression of antigens can cause CAR T cell fratricide. CD38-targeting approaches (e.g., daratumumab) have been used in clinical therapy and have shown promising results. CD38 is a kind of surface glycoprotein present in a variety of cells, such as T lymphocytes and tumor cells. It was previously reported that CD38-based CAR T cells may undergo apoptosis or T cell-mediated killing (fratricide) during cell manufacturing. In this study, a CAR containing a sequence targeting human CD38 was designed to be functional. To avoid fratricide driven by CD38 and ensure the production of CAR T cells, two distinct strategies based on antibodies (clone MM12T or clone MM27) or proteins (H02H or H08H) were used to block CD38 or the CAR single-chain variable fragment (scFv) domain, respectively, on the T cell surface. The results indicated that the antibodies or proteins, especially the antibody MM27, could affect CAR T cells by inhibiting fratricide while promoting expansion and enrichment. Anti-CD38 CAR T cells exhibited robust and specific cytotoxicity to CD38+ cell lines and tumor cells. Furthermore, the levels of the proinflammatory factors TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-2 were significantly upregulated in the supernatants of A549CD38+ cells. Finally, significant control of disease progression was demonstrated in xenograft mouse models. In conclusion, these findings will help to further enhance the expansion, persistence and function of anti-CD38 CAR T cells in subsequent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Gao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Chuan Tong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Deyun Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100086, China.
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100086, China.
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25
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Juillerat A, Tkach D, Busser BW, Temburni S, Valton J, Duclert A, Poirot L, Depil S, Duchateau P. Modulation of chimeric antigen receptor surface expression by a small molecule switch. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:44. [PMID: 31269942 PMCID: PMC6610870 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Engineered therapeutic cells have attracted a great deal of interest due to their potential applications in treating a wide range of diseases, including cancer and autoimmunity. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells are designed to detect and kill tumor cells that present a specific, predefined antigen. The rapid expansion of targeted antigen beyond CD19, has highlighted new challenges, such as autoactivation and T-cell fratricide, that could impact the capacity to manufacture engineered CAR T-cells. Therefore, the development of strategies to control CAR expression at the surface of T-cells and their functions is under intense investigations. Results Here, we report the development and evaluation of an off-switch directly embedded within a CAR construct (SWIFF-CAR). The incorporation of a self-cleaving degradation moiety controlled by a protease/protease inhibitor pair allowed the ex vivo tight and reversible control of the CAR surface presentation and the subsequent CAR-induced signaling and cytolytic functions of the engineered T-cells using the cell permeable Asunaprevir (ASN) small molecule. Conclusions The strategy described in this study could, in principle, be broadly adapted to CAR T-cells development to circumvent some of the possible hurdle of CAR T-cell manufacturing. This system essentially creates a CAR T-cell with an integrated functional rheostat. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-019-0537-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diane Tkach
- Cellectis Inc, 430E, 29th street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Brian W Busser
- Cellectis Inc, 430E, 29th street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Sonal Temburni
- Cellectis Inc, 430E, 29th street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Julien Valton
- Cellectis Inc, 430E, 29th street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | | | - Laurent Poirot
- Cellectis, 8 rue de la croix Jarry, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Depil
- Cellectis, 8 rue de la croix Jarry, 75013, Paris, France
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26
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Mihara K, Yoshida T, Bhattacharyya J. Basic Procedures for Detection and Cytotoxicity of Chimeric Antigen Receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1904:299-306. [PMID: 30539476 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8958-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors against CD19 (anti-CD19-CAR) are widely recognized and used by not only researchers associated with immunology, molecular biology, and cell biology but also physicians to treat B-cell malignancies. Anti-CD19-CAR is currently clinically available as one of the therapeutic modalities for refractory acute B-cell-typed lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) patients. However, to detect CAR on the cell surface and investigate the efficacy of CAR-T cells, there are numerous experimental modalities including flow cytometry, the Cr-releasing assay, immunoblot, and immunostaining. We have chosen several techniques, which are necessary and sufficient as well as reliable and reproducible to detect and assess the killing effect of CAR-T cells. Here, we describe protocols for basic experiments and procedures for the detection of CAR on transduced cells and in in vitro coculture experiments to assess cytotoxicity using CAR-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keichiro Mihara
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Tetsumi Yoshida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Joyeeta Bhattacharyya
- Department of Cardiac Research, Cumballa Hill Hospital and Heart Institute, Mumbai, India
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27
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An N, Hou YN, Zhang QX, Li T, Zhang QL, Fang C, Chen H, Lee HC, Zhao YJ, Du X. Anti-Multiple Myeloma Activity of Nanobody-Based Anti-CD38 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4577-4588. [PMID: 30185037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-Ts) are a promising strategy for the treatment of many cancers, including multiple myeloma (MM), a hematological malignancy characterized by the high expression of CD38. To broaden the applications of using CD38 as a therapeutic target for the disease, we developed a new nanobody against CD38 and constructed a CD38-CAR that was composed of this nanobody as the targeting domain, and 4-1BB and CD3ζ as the costimulatory and activating domains, in a lentiviral vector. CD3+ T cells from healthy individuals were transduced with the CD38-CAR at an efficiency higher than 60%, as determined by CD38-CAR expression using flow cytometry. The CD38-CAR-Ts proliferated efficiently and produced more inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, when activated. The CD38-CAR-Ts effectively lysed CD38+ MM cell lines, including LP-1, RPMI 8226, OPM2, and MOLP8, and primary MM cells from multiple myeloma patients. The specificity was demonstrated by the fact that CD38-CAR-Ts showed little cytotoxicity on LP-1 cells with CD38 knocked out or on K562 cells, which do not express CD38. CD38-CAR-Ts appeared to have a very slight cytotoxicity against CD38+ fractions of T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. In addition, the lysis of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells did not completely inhibit the development of colony-forming units. In vivo, CD38-CAR-Ts inhibited tumor growth in NOD/SCID mice that were subcutaneously inoculated with RPMI 8226 cells. These results demonstrate that the CD38-CAR-Ts constructed with the anti-CD38 nanobody are a promising approach for the treatment of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na An
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Department of Hematology , Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518035 , China
| | - Yun Nan Hou
- Laboratory of Cytophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Qiao Xia Zhang
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Department of Hematology , Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518035 , China
| | - Ting Li
- Laboratory of Cytophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Qiong Li Zhang
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Department of Hematology , Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518035 , China
| | - Cheng Fang
- Laboratory of Cytophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Huan Chen
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Department of Hematology , Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518035 , China
| | - Hon Cheung Lee
- Laboratory of Cytophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Yong Juan Zhao
- Laboratory of Cytophysiology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Xin Du
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Department of Hematology , Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518035 , China
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28
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Bu DX, Singh R, Choi EE, Ruella M, Nunez-Cruz S, Mansfield KG, Bennett P, Barton N, Wu Q, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wei L, Cogan S, Ezell T, Joshi S, Latimer KJ, Granda B, Tschantz WR, Young RM, Huet HA, Richardson CJ, Milone MC. Pre-clinical validation of B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) as a target for T cell immunotherapy of multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:25764-25780. [PMID: 29899820 PMCID: PMC5995247 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma has a continued need for more effective and durable therapies. B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), a plasma cell surface antigen and member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is an attractive target for immunotherapy of multiple myeloma due to its high prevalence on malignant plasma cells. The current work details the pre-clinical evaluation of BCMA expression and development of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting this antigen using a fully human single chain variable fragment (scFv). We demonstrate that BCMA is prevalently, but variably expressed by all MM with expression on 25–100% of malignant plasma cells. Extensive Immunohistochemical analysis of normal tissue expression using commercially available polyclonal antibodies demonstrated expression within B-lineage cells across a number of tissues as expected. Based upon the highly restricted expression of BCMA within normal tissues, we generated a set of novel, fully human scFv binding domains to BCMA by screening a naïve B-cell derived phage display library. Using a series of in vitro and pre-clinical in vivo studies, we identified a scFv with high specificity for BCMA and robust anti-myeloma activity when used as the binding domain of a second-generation CAR bearing a CD137 costimulatory domain. This BCMA-specific CAR is currently being evaluated in a Phase 1b clinical study in relapsed and refractory MM patients (NCT02546167).
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Xiu Bu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Reshma Singh
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eugene E Choi
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Marco Ruella
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Selene Nunez-Cruz
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Keith G Mansfield
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Paul Bennett
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nathanial Barton
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Qilong Wu
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lai Wei
- China Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shawn Cogan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Tucker Ezell
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shree Joshi
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kellie J Latimer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brian Granda
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Regina M Young
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Heather A Huet
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Michael C Milone
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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29
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Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells are redirected T-cells that can recognize cancer antigens in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent fashion. A typical CAR is comprised of two main functional domains: an extracellular antigen recognition domain, called a single-chain variable fragment (scFv), and an intracellular signaling domain. Based on the number of intracellular signaling molecules, CARs are categorized into four generations. CAR T-cell therapy has become a promising treatment for hematologic malignancies. However, results of its clinical trials on solid tumors have not been encouraging. Here, we described the structure of CARs and summarized the clinical trials of CD19-targeted CAR T-cells. The side effects, safety management, challenges, and future prospects of CAR T-cells for the treatment of cancer, particularly for solid tumors, were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Muhammad
- a Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Qinwen Mao
- b Department of Pathology , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Haibin Xia
- a Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , P.R. China
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30
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Blockade of CD7 expression in T cells for effective chimeric antigen receptor targeting of T-cell malignancies. Blood Adv 2017; 1:2348-2360. [PMID: 29296885 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017009928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective immunotherapies for T-cell malignancies are lacking. We devised a novel approach based on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T lymphocytes. We selected CD7 as a target because of its consistent expression in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), including the most aggressive subtype, early T-cell precursor (ETP)-ALL. In 49 diagnostic T-ALL samples (including 14 ETP-ALL samples), median CD7 expression was >99%; CD7 expression remained high at relapse (n = 14), and during chemotherapy (n = 54). We targeted CD7 with a second-generation CAR (anti-CD7-41BB-CD3ζ), but CAR expression in T lymphocytes caused fratricide due to the presence of CD7 in the T cells themselves. To downregulate CD7 and control fratricide, we applied a new method (protein expression blocker [PEBL]), based on an anti-CD7 single-chain variable fragment coupled with an intracellular retention domain. Transduction of anti-CD7 PEBL resulted in virtually instantaneous abrogation of surface CD7 expression in all transduced T cells; 2.0% ± 1.7% were CD7+ vs 98.1% ± 1.5% of mock-transduced T cells (n = 5; P < .0001). PEBL expression did not impair T-cell proliferation, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α secretion, or cytotoxicity, and eliminated CAR-mediated fratricide. PEBL-CAR T cells were highly cytotoxic against CD7+ leukemic cells in vitro and were consistently more potent than CD7+ T cells spared by fratricide. They also showed strong anti-leukemic activity in cell line- and patient-derived T-ALL xenografts. The strategy described in this study fits well with existing clinical-grade cell manufacturing processes and can be rapidly implemented for the treatment of patients with high-risk T-cell malignancies.
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31
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Mihara K, Yoshida T, Takei Y, Sasaki N, Takihara Y, Kuroda J, Ichinohe T. T cells bearing anti-CD19 and/or anti-CD38 chimeric antigen receptors effectively abrogate primary double-hit lymphoma cells. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:116. [PMID: 28595585 PMCID: PMC5465447 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0488-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with B cell lymphomas bearing MYC translocation combined with translocation involving other genes, such as BCL2, BCL3, or BCL6, defined as double-hit lymphoma (DHL), have a poor prognosis. Recent studies expanded the concept to include double-expressing lymphoma (DEL) that co-overexpresses MYC protein with either of those proteins. Accordingly, we defined cytogenetic DHL and DEL as primary DHL. An adoptive T cell immunotherapy with a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has been clinically shown to exhibit cytotoxicity in refractory neoplasias. We revealed the marked cytotoxicity of anti-CD19- and/or anti-CD38-CAR T cells against primary DHL cells from patients. CD19- and/or CD38-specific T cells were co-cultured with cytogenetic DHL (n = 3) or DEL (n = 2) cells from five patients for 3 days. We examined whether T cells retrovirally transduced with each vector showed cytotoxicity against DHL cells. Anti-CD19- and/or anti-CD38-CAR T cells were co-cultured with primary DHL cells at an E:T ratio of 1:2 for 3 days. Anti-CD19- and anti-CD38-CAR T cells completely abrogated these DHL cells, respectively. Anti-CD19-CAR T cells synergistically exerted collaborative cytotoxicity against these primary DHL cells with anti-CD38-CAR T cells. Therefore, refractory DHL cells can be efficiently abrogated by the clinical use of T cells with anti-CD19- and/or anti-CD38-CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keichiro Mihara
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Tetsumi Yoshida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Takei
- Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, 470-0195, Japan
| | - Naomi Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, Kure Kyosai Hospital, Kure, 737-0811, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Takihara
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Junya Kuroda
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ichinohe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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32
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Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Contemporary Diagnostic and Treatment Perspectives in the Age of Personalized Medicine. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2017; 10:99-115. [PMID: 28404221 DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma is a clinically heterogeneous disease occurring within a heterogeneous patient population, highlighting a need for personalized therapy to ensure optimal outcomes. It is therefore critical to understand the benefits and risks associated with both intensive and deintensified approaches. In the following review we provide a therapeutic roadmap to strategically guide treatment for newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory patients highlighting pivotal and recently published results involving known and novel therapies.
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33
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All-trans retinoic acid enhances cytotoxic effect of T cells with an anti-CD38 chimeric antigen receptor in acute myeloid leukemia. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e116. [PMID: 28090317 PMCID: PMC5192064 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported that T cells with anti-CD38-chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) eliminated B-cell lymphoma cells expressing CD38. To employ anti-CD38-CAR against acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts not expressing CD38, it is necessary to induce or increase the intensity of CD38 expression. A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-releasing assay and flow cytometry showed that anti-CD38-CAR T cells were cytotoxic against AML lines (THP-1 and CMK) expressing high CD38 levels (>99%), in time- and number of effector-dependent manners. In other AML lines (KG1, U937 and HL60) partially expressing CD38, CD38+ AML cells were killed by CD38-specific T cells, but CD38− AML cells remained survived. Intriguingly, 10 nM all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) augmented CD38 expression in KG1, U937 and HL60 cells and primary leukemic cells from AML patients. Moreover, the withdrawal of ATRA from the medium decreased CD38 expression in AML cells. Killing effects of anti-CD38-CAR T cells against AML lines and AML cells were limited without ATRA, whereas CD38-specific T cells enhanced cytotoxicity on AML cells by ATRA in association with enhanced CD38 expression. These results indicate that anti-CD38-CAR T cells eliminate AML cells through CD38 expression induced by ATRA.
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34
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Gross G, Eshhar Z. Therapeutic Potential of T Cell Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs) in Cancer Treatment: Counteracting Off-Tumor Toxicities for Safe CAR T Cell Therapy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 56:59-83. [PMID: 26738472 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is a recombinant fusion protein combining an antibody-derived targeting fragment with signaling domains capable of activating T cells. Recent early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated the remarkable ability of CAR-modified T cells to eliminate B cell malignancies. This review describes the choice of target antigens and CAR manipulations to maximize antitumor specificity. Benefits and current limitations of CAR-modified T cells are discussed, with a special focus on the distribution of tumor antigens on normal tissues and the risk of on-target, off-tumor toxicities in the clinical setting. We present current methodologies for pre-evaluating these risks and review the strategies for counteracting potential off-tumor effects. Successful implementation of these approaches will improve the safety and efficacy of CAR T cell therapy and extend the range of cancer patients who may be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Gross
- Laboratory of Immunology, MIGAL, Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; .,Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee 12210, Israel.,Center of Cancer Research, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Zelig Eshhar
- Center of Cancer Research, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel.,Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
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35
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Atanackovic D, Steinbach M, Radhakrishnan SV, Luetkens T. Immunotherapies targeting CD38 in Multiple Myeloma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1217374. [PMID: 27999737 PMCID: PMC5139636 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1217374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the monoclonal antibody daratumumab was approved as a single agent for the treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory Multiple Myeloma (MM). Daratumumab is an antibody targeting surface molecule CD38 on myeloma cells and the agent is already widely being used based on its good tolerability and proven efficacy. We believe, however, that the efficacy of this drug and other anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies can be further improved by combining it with other types of immunotherapies. Furthermore, surface molecule CD38 can be used as a target for immunotherapies other than just naked monoclonal antibodies. In this report, we review the expression pattern of CD38 among normal tissues and in different types of plasma cell dyscrasias including their progenitor cells, minimal residual disease, and circulating tumor cells. We summarize the physiological role of CD38 as well as its role in the pathophysiology of MM and we present the most recent clinical trials using CD38 as a target. In addition, we highlight possible combination immunotherapies incorporating anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies and we demonstrate alternative immunotherapeutic approaches targeting the same antigen such as CD38-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djordje Atanackovic
- Multiple Myeloma Program & Cancer Immunology, Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah / Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mary Steinbach
- Multiple Myeloma Program & Cancer Immunology, Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah / Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sabarinath Venniyil Radhakrishnan
- Multiple Myeloma Program & Cancer Immunology, Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah / Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tim Luetkens
- Multiple Myeloma Program & Cancer Immunology, Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah / Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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36
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All-trans retinoic acid and interferon-α increase CD38 expression on adult T-cell leukemia cells and sensitize them to T cells bearing anti-CD38 chimeric antigen receptors. Blood Cancer J 2016; 6:e421. [PMID: 27176797 PMCID: PMC4916299 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2016.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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37
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Drent E, Groen RWJ, Noort WA, Themeli M, Lammerts van Bueren JJ, Parren PWHI, Kuball J, Sebestyen Z, Yuan H, de Bruijn J, van de Donk NWCJ, Martens ACM, Lokhorst HM, Mutis T. Pre-clinical evaluation of CD38 chimeric antigen receptor engineered T cells for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2016; 101:616-25. [PMID: 26858358 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.137620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor-transduced T cells is a promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy. The CD38 molecule, with its high expression on multiple myeloma cells, appears a suitable target for antibody therapy. Prompted by this, we used three different CD38 antibody sequences to generate second-generation retroviral CD38-chimeric antigen receptor constructs with which we transduced T cells from healthy donors and multiple myeloma patients. We then evaluated the preclinical efficacy and safety of the transduced T cells. Irrespective of the donor and antibody sequence, CD38-chimeric antigen receptor-transduced T cells proliferated, produced inflammatory cytokines and effectively lysed malignant cell lines and primary malignant cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia and multi-drug resistant multiple myeloma in a cell-dose, and CD38-dependent manner, despite becoming CD38-negative during culture. CD38-chimeric antigen receptor-transduced T cells also displayed significant anti-tumor effects in a xenotransplant model, in which multiple myeloma tumors were grown in a human bone marrow-like microenvironment. CD38-chimeric antigen receptor-transduced T cells also appeared to lyse the CD38(+) fractions of CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells, monocytes, natural killer cells, and to a lesser extent T and B cells but did not inhibit the outgrowth of progenitor cells into various myeloid lineages and, furthermore, were effectively controllable with a caspase-9-based suicide gene. These results signify the potential importance of CD38-chimeric antigen receptor-transduced T cells as therapeutic tools for CD38(+) malignancies and warrant further efforts to diminish the undesired effects of this immunotherapy using appropriate strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Drent
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Richard W J Groen
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Willy A Noort
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Themeli
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- Genmab, Utrecht, the Netherlands Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Kuball
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Zsolt Sebestyen
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Huipin Yuan
- Xpand Biotechnology BV, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Joost de Bruijn
- Xpand Biotechnology BV, Bilthoven, the Netherlands The School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | | | - Anton C M Martens
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henk M Lokhorst
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Department of Hematology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tuna Mutis
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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38
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Atanackovic D, Radhakrishnan SV, Bhardwaj N, Luetkens T. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) therapy for multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2016; 172:685-98. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Djordje Atanackovic
- Multiple Myeloma Program, Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies; University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute; Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Sabarinath V. Radhakrishnan
- Multiple Myeloma Program, Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies; University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute; Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Neelam Bhardwaj
- Multiple Myeloma Program, Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies; University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute; Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - Tim Luetkens
- Multiple Myeloma Program, Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies; University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute; Salt Lake City UT USA
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Abstract
Recent clinical success has underscored the potential for immunotherapy based on the adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of engineered T lymphocytes to mediate dramatic, potent, and durable clinical responses. This success has led to the broader evaluation of engineered T-lymphocyte-based adoptive cell therapy to treat a broad range of malignancies. In this review, we summarize concepts, successes, and challenges for the broader development of this promising field, focusing principally on lessons gleaned from immunological principles and clinical thought. We present ACT in the context of integrating T-cell and tumor biology and the broader systemic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ruella
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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40
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Laubach JP, Tai YT, Richardson PG, Anderson KC. Daratumumab granted breakthrough drug status. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:445-52. [PMID: 24555809 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.889681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable despite important recent advances in treatment due to its inherent resistance, characterized by highly complex and heterogeneous molecular abnormalities, as well as the support from myeloma bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. A novel therapeutic strategy that effectively targets specific molecules on myeloma cells and also potentially overcomes tumor microenvironment-mediated drug resistance and the downstream effects of genetic instability is thus urgently needed. Over the last 2 years, an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody daratumumab (DARA) has emerged as a breakthrough targeted therapy for patients with MM. Early-stage clinical trials have found DARA to be safe and to have encouraging clinical activity as a single agent and in combination with lenalidomide in heavily pretreated, relapsed patients in whom other novel agents (such as bortezomib, thalidomide and lenalidomide) as well as stem cell transplant has already failed. DARA may, therefore, be the first mAb with significant anti-MM activity both as a monotherapy and in combination. It is currently being further evaluated both alone and in combination with conventional and novel anti-MM agents as part of prospective clinical trials. This review discusses the preclinical and clinical development of DARA, its pathophysiological basis, and its prospects for future use in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Laubach
- Medical Oncologist, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Je Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center , 450 Brookline Ave., Mayer 556, Boston, MA 02215 , USA
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41
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Maher J. Immunotherapy of malignant disease using chimeric antigen receptor engrafted T cells. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:278093. [PMID: 23304553 PMCID: PMC3523553 DOI: 10.5402/2012/278093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor- (CAR-) based immunotherapy has been under development for almost 25 years, over which period it has progressed from a new but cumbersome technology to an emerging therapeutic modality for malignant disease. The approach involves the genetic engineering of fusion receptors (CARs) that couple the HLA-independent binding of cell surface target molecules to the delivery of a tailored activating signal to host immune cells. Engineered CARs are delivered most commonly to peripheral blood T cells using a range of vector systems, most commonly integrating viral vectors. Preclinical refinement of this approach has proceeded over several years to the point that clinical testing is now being undertaken at several centres, using increasingly sophisticated and therapeutically successful genetic payloads. This paper considers several aspects of the pre-clinical and clinical development of CAR-based immunotherapy and how this technology is acquiring an increasing niche in the treatment of both solid and haematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Maher
- CAR Mechanics Group, Department of Research Oncology, King's Health Partners Integrated Cancer Centre, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Immunology, Barnet and Chase Farm Hospitals NHS Trust, Barnet, Hertfordshire EN5 3DJ, UK
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
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42
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T-cell immunotherapy with a chimeric receptor against CD38 is effective in eradicating chemotherapy-resistant B-cell lymphoma cells overexpressing survivin induced by BMI-1. Blood Cancer J 2012; 2:e75. [PMID: 22829977 PMCID: PMC3389163 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2012.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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43
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Mihara K, Bhattacharyya J, Kitanaka A, Yanagihara K, Kubo T, Takei Y, Asaoku H, Takihara Y, Kimura A. T-cell immunotherapy with a chimeric receptor against CD38 is effective in eliminating myeloma cells. Leukemia 2011; 26:365-7. [PMID: 21836610 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Mihara K, Yanagihara K, Takigahira M, Kitanaka A, Imai C, Bhattacharyya J, Kubo T, Takei Y, Yasunaga S, Takihara Y, Kimura A. Synergistic and persistent effect of T-cell immunotherapy with anti-CD19 or anti-CD38 chimeric receptor in conjunction with rituximab on B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2010; 151:37-46. [PMID: 20678160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Using artificial receptors, it is possible to redirect the specificity of immune cells to tumour-associated antigens, which is expected to provide a useful strategy for cancer immunotherapy. Given that B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) cells invariably express CD19 and CD38, these antigens may be suitable molecular candidates for such immunotherapy. We transduced human peripheral T cells or a T-cell line with either anti-CD19-chimeric receptor (CAR) or anti-CD38-CAR, which contained an anti-CD19 or anti-CD38 antibody-derived single-chain variable domain respectively. Retroviral transduction led to anti-CD19-CAR or anti-CD38-CAR expression in T cells with high efficiency (>60%). The T cell line, Hut78, when transduced with anti-CD19-CAR or anti-CD38-CAR, exerted strong cytotoxicity against the B-NHL cell lines, HT and RL, and lymphoma cells isolated from patients. Interestingly, use of both CARs had an additive cytotoxic effect on HT cells in vitro. In conjunction with rituximab, human peripheral T cells expressing either anti-CD19-CAR or anti-CD38-CAR enhanced cytotoxicity against HT-luciferase cells in xenografted mice. Moreover, the synergistic tumour-suppressing activity was persistent in vivo for over 2 months. These results provide a powerful rationale for clinical testing of the combination of rituximab with autologous T cells carrying either CAR on aggressive or relapsed B-NHLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keichiro Mihara
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan.
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45
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Westwood JA, Kershaw MH. Genetic redirection of T cells for cancer therapy. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:791-803. [PMID: 20179152 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1209824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy can induce dramatic tumor regressions in patients with melanoma or viral-induced malignancies, but extending this approach to many common cancers has been hampered by a lack of naturally occurring tumor-specific T cells. In this review, we describe recent advances in the genetic modification of T cells using genes encoding cell-surface receptors specific for tumor-associated antigen. Using genetic modification, the many functional properties of T cells, including cytokine secretion and cytolytic capacity, are redirected from their endogenous specificity toward the elimination of tumor cells. Advances in gene design, vectors, and cell production are discussed, and details of the progress in clinical application of this approach are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Westwood
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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