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Detrés Román CR, Rudloff MW, Revetta F, Favret NR, Murray KA, Roetman JJ, Erwin MM, Washington MK, Philip M. Vaccination generates functional progenitor tumor-specific CD8 T cells and long-term tumor control. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582064. [PMID: 38464229 PMCID: PMC10925145 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies are an important treatment for patients with advanced cancers; however only a subset of patients with certain types of cancer achieves durable remissions. Cancer vaccines are an attractive strategy to boost patient immune responses, but less is known about whether and how immunization can induce long-term tumor immune reprogramming and arrest cancer progression. We developed a clinically-relevant genetic cancer mouse model in which hepatocytes sporadically undergo oncogenic transformation. We compared how tumor-specific CD8 T cells (TST) differentiate in mice with early sporadic lesions as compared to late lesions and tested how immunotherapeutic strategies, including vaccination and ICB, reprogram TST and impact liver cancer progression. Methods Mice with a germline floxed allele of the SV40 large T antigen (TAG) undergo spontaneous recombination and activation of the TAG oncogene, leading to rare early pre-cancerous lesions that inevitably progress to established liver cancer. We assessed the immunophenotype and function of TAG-specific CD8 T cells in mice with early and late liver lesions. We vaccinated mice, either alone or in combination with ICB, to test whether these immunotherapeutic interventions could stop liver cancer progression. Results In mice with early lesions, a subset of TST were PD1 + TCF1 + TOX - and could produce IFNγ, while TST present in mice with late liver cancers were PD1 + TCF1 lo/- TOX + and unable to make effector cytokines. Strikingly, vaccination with attenuated TAG epitope-expressing Listeria monocytogenes (LM TAG ) blocked liver cancer development and led to a population of TST that were TCF1 + TOX - TST and polyfunctional cytokine producers. In contrast, ICB administration did not slow cancer progression or improve LM TAG vaccine efficacy. Conclusion Vaccination, but not ICB, generated a population of progenitor TST and halted cancer progression in a clinically relevant model of sporadic liver cancer. In patients with early cancers or at high-risk of cancer recurrence, immunization may be the most effective strategy. What is already known on this topic Immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint blockade and cancer vaccines, fails to induce long-term remissions in most patients with cancer. What this study adds Hosts with early lesions but not hosts with advanced cancer retain a progenitor TCF1+ TST population. This population can be reprogrammed and therapeutically exploited by vaccination, but not ICB, to block tumor progression. How this study might affect research practice or policy For people at high-risk of cancer progression, vaccination administered when a responsive progenitor TST population is present may be the optimal immunotherapy to induce long-lasting progression-free survival.
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Castillo JG, DeBarge R, Mende A, Tenvooren I, Marquez DM, Straub A, Busch DH, Spitzer MH, DuPage M. A mass cytometry approach to track the evolution of T cell responses during infection and immunotherapy by paired T cell receptor repertoire and T cell differentiation state analysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.11.575237. [PMID: 38260336 PMCID: PMC10802618 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.11.575237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) recognition followed by clonal expansion is a fundamental feature of adaptive immune responses. Here, we developed a mass cytometric (CyTOF) approach combining antibodies specific for different TCR Vα- and Vβ-chains with antibodies against T cell activation and differentiation proteins to identify antigen-specific expansions of T cell subsets and assess aspects of cellular function. This strategy allowed for the identification of expansions of specific Vβ and Vα chain expressing CD8+ and CD4+ T cells with varying differentiation states in response to Listeria monocytogenes, tumors, and respiratory influenza infection. Expanded Vβ chain expressing T cells could be directly linked to the recognition of specific antigens from Listeria, tumor cells, or influenza. In the setting of influenza infection, we showed that the common therapeutic approaches of intramuscular vaccination or convalescent serum transfer altered the clonal diversity and differentiation state of responding T cells. Thus, we present a new method to monitor broad changes in TCR specificity paired with T cell differentiation during adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Garcia Castillo
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Rachel DeBarge
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Abigail Mende
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Iliana Tenvooren
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Diana M Marquez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Adrian Straub
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany; Partner site Munich, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Michel DuPage
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- These authors contributed equally
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3
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Hu X, Bian C, Zhao X, Yi T. Efficacy evaluation of multi-immunotherapy in ovarian cancer: From bench to bed. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1034903. [PMID: 36275669 PMCID: PMC9582991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1034903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, one of the most common gynecological malignancies, is characterized by high mortality and poor prognosis. Cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy remain the mainstay of ovarian cancer treatment, and most women experience recurrence after standard care therapies. There is compelling evidence that ovarian cancer is an immunogenic tumor. For example, the accumulation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is associated with increased survival, while increases in immunosuppressive regulatory T cells are correlated with poor clinical outcomes. Therefore, immunotherapies targeting components of the tumor microenvironment have been gradually integrated into the existing treatment options, including immune checkpoint blockade, adoptive cell therapy, and cancer vaccines. Immunotherapies have changed guidelines for maintenance treatment and established a new paradigm in ovarian cancer treatment. Despite single immunotherapies targeting DNA repair mechanisms, immune checkpoints, and angiogenesis bringing inspiring efficacy, only a subset of patients can benefit much from it. Thus, the multi-immunotherapy investigation remains an active area for ovarian cancer treatment. The current review provides an overview of various clinically oriented forms of multi-immunotherapy and explores potentially effective combinational therapies for ovarian cancer.
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4
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An autoimmune stem-like CD8 T cell population drives type 1 diabetes. Nature 2022; 602:156-161. [PMID: 34847567 PMCID: PMC9315050 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases result from the breakdown of self-tolerance mechanisms in autoreactive CD8 T cells1. How autoimmune T cell populations arise and are sustained, and the molecular programmes defining the autoimmune T cell state, are unknown. In type 1 diabetes, β-cell-specific CD8 T cells destroy insulin-producing β-cells. Here we followed the fate of β-cell-specific CD8 T cells in non-obese diabetic mice throughout the course of type 1 diabetes. We identified a stem-like autoimmune progenitor population in the pancreatic draining lymph node (pLN), which self-renews and gives rise to pLN autoimmune mediators. pLN autoimmune mediators migrate to the pancreas, where they differentiate further and destroy β-cells. Whereas transplantation of as few as 20 autoimmune progenitors induced type 1 diabetes, as many as 100,000 pancreatic autoimmune mediators did not. Pancreatic autoimmune mediators are short-lived, and stem-like autoimmune progenitors must continuously seed the pancreas to sustain β-cell destruction. Single-cell RNA sequencing and clonal analysis revealed that autoimmune CD8 T cells represent unique T cell differentiation states and identified features driving the transition from autoimmune progenitor to autoimmune mediator. Strategies aimed at targeting the stem-like autoimmune progenitor pool could emerge as novel and powerful immunotherapeutic interventions for type 1 diabetes.
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5
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Caner A, Sadıqova A, Erdoğan A, Namlıses D, Nalbantsoy A, Oltulu F, Toz S, Yiğittürk G, Ozkök E, Gunduz C, Ozbel Y, Haydaroğlu A. Targeting of antitumor ımmune responses with live-attenuated Leishmania strains in breast cancer model. Breast Cancer 2020; 27:1082-1095. [PMID: 32472473 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-020-01112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide and most of the therapeutic approaches are relatively ineffective in eliminating cancer especially due to drug resistance. As an alternative, therapy with live microorganisms can induce a robust proinflammatory and anti-cancer immune response in the microenvironment of the tumor. In the present study, we aimed to establish a model for taking the advantages of immune responses against intracellular protozoan parasites for cancer treatment. METHODS Leishmania infantum and L. tropica were used in our study as agents of visceral and cutaneous forms of the infection, respectively. After establishing 4T1 breast cancer in mice groups, live-attenuated L. infantum (At-Li) and live-attenuated L. tropica (At-Lt) treatments were performed and results were evaluated according to tumor volume, immune markers and histological examination. RESULTS Live-attenuated Leishmania strains regressed 4T1-breast cancer in mice and are nonpathogenic, and these strains induce an immune response against 4T1 breast cancer. It is shown that At-Lt is found to be more effective than At-Li in breast cancer treatment using different methods included in the study as analyses of immune parameters, and histopathological examination in tumor tissue besides spleen cells. The tumor grew more slowly by the immune-stimulant effect of live-attenuated Leishmania parasites. CONCLUSION This promising therapy should be investigated for optimization in further studies with different cancer types and L. tropica may be designed to express antigens to enhance tumor antigen-specific responses, which may further improve efficacy and immune memory development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Caner
- Departments of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Basic Oncology, Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey. .,Department of Parasitology, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Aygül Sadıqova
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alper Erdoğan
- Department of Basic Oncology, Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dünya Namlıses
- Department of Basic Oncology, Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayse Nalbantsoy
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatih Oltulu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Seray Toz
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Yiğittürk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emel Ozkök
- Department of Pathology, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Gunduz
- Department of Medical Biology, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ozbel
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University Medical School, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayfer Haydaroğlu
- Department of Basic Oncology, Ege University, Institute of Health Sciences, Izmir, Turkey
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6
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A Potent and Effective Suicidal Listeria Vaccine Platform. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00144-19. [PMID: 31235641 PMCID: PMC6652770 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00144-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes has shown encouraging potential as an immunotherapy platform in preclinical and clinical settings. However, additional safety measures will enable application across malignant and infectious diseases. Here, we describe a new vaccine platform, termed Lm-RIID (L. monocytogenes recombinase-induced intracellular death), that induces the deletion of genes required for bacterial viability yet maintains potent T cell responses to encoded antigens. Live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes has shown encouraging potential as an immunotherapy platform in preclinical and clinical settings. However, additional safety measures will enable application across malignant and infectious diseases. Here, we describe a new vaccine platform, termed Lm-RIID (L. monocytogenes recombinase-induced intracellular death), that induces the deletion of genes required for bacterial viability yet maintains potent T cell responses to encoded antigens. Lm-RIID grows normally in broth but commits suicide inside host cells by inducing Cre recombinase and deleting essential genes flanked by loxP sites, resulting in a self-limiting infection even in immunocompromised mice. Lm-RIID vaccination of mice induces potent CD8+ T cells and protects against virulent challenges, similar to live L. monocytogenes vaccines. When combined with α-PD-1, Lm-RIID is as effective as live-attenuated L. monocytogenes in a therapeutic tumor model. This impressive efficacy, together with the increased clearance rate, makes Lm-RIID ideal for prophylactic immunization against diseases that require T cells for protection.
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7
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Scott AC, Dündar F, Zumbo P, Chandran SS, Klebanoff CA, Shakiba M, Trivedi P, Menocal L, Appleby H, Camara S, Zamarin D, Walther T, Snyder A, Femia MR, Comen EA, Wen HY, Hellmann MD, Anandasabapathy N, Liu Y, Altorki NK, Lauer P, Levy O, Glickman MS, Kaye J, Betel D, Philip M, Schietinger A. TOX is a critical regulator of tumour-specific T cell differentiation. Nature 2019; 571:270-274. [PMID: 31207604 PMCID: PMC7698992 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tumour-specific CD8 T cell dysfunction is a differentiation state that is distinct from the functional effector or memory T cell states1–6. Here we identify the nuclear factor TOX as a crucial regulator of the differentiation of tumour-specific T (TST) cells. We show that TOX is highly expressed in dysfunctional TST cells from tumours and in exhausted T cells during chronic viral infection. Expression of TOX is driven by chronic T cell receptor stimulation and NFAT activation. Ectopic expression of TOX in effector T cells in vitro induced a transcriptional program associated with T cell exhaustion. Conversely, deletion of Tox in TST cells in tumours abrogated the exhaustion program: Tox-deleted TST cells did not upregulate genes for inhibitory receptors (such as Pdcd1, Entpd1, Havcr2, Cd244 and Tigit), the chromatin of which remained largely inaccessible, and retained high expression of transcription factors such as TCF-1. Despite their normal, ‘non-exhausted’ immunophenotype, Tox-deleted TST cells remained dysfunctional, which suggests that the regulation of expression of inhibitory receptors is uncoupled from the loss of effector function. Notably, although Tox-deleted CD8 T cells differentiated normally to effector and memory states in response to acute infection, Tox-deleted TST cells failed to persist in tumours. We hypothesize that the TOX-induced exhaustion program serves to prevent the overstimulation of T cells and activation-induced cell death in settings of chronic antigen stimulation such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Scott
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Friederike Dündar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Applied Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Zumbo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Applied Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Smita S Chandran
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher A Klebanoff
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mojdeh Shakiba
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prerak Trivedi
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura Menocal
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heather Appleby
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven Camara
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dmitriy Zamarin
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tyler Walther
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra Snyder
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew R Femia
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Comen
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hannah Y Wen
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew D Hellmann
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nasser K Altorki
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Olivier Levy
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael S Glickman
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Kaye
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Doron Betel
- Applied Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Philip
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Andrea Schietinger
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA. .,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Zebertavage L, Bambina S, Shugart J, Alice A, Zens KD, Lauer P, Hanson B, Gough MJ, Crittenden MR, Bahjat KS. A microbial-based cancer vaccine for induction of EGFRvIII-specific CD8+ T cells and anti-tumor immunity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209153. [PMID: 30601871 PMCID: PMC6314576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated signaling via the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-family is believed to contribute to the progression of a diverse array of cancers. The most common variant of EGFR is EGFRvIII, which results from a consistent and tumor-specific in-frame deletion of exons 2-7 of the EGFR gene. This deletion generates a novel glycine at the junction and leads to constitutive ligand-independent activity. This junction forms a novel shared tumor neo-antigen with demonstrated immunogenicity in both mice and humans. A 21-amino acid peptide spanning the junctional region was selected, and then one or five copies of this 21-AA neo-peptide were incorporated into live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes-based vaccine vector. These vaccine candidates demonstrated efficient secretion of the recombinant protein and potent induction of EGFRvIII-specific CD8+ T cells, which prevented growth of an EGFRvIII-expressing squamous cell carcinoma. These data demonstrate the potency of a novel cancer-specific vaccine candidate that can elicit EGFRvIII-specific cellular immunity, for the purpose of targeting EGFRvIII positive cancers that are resistant to conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Zebertavage
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Shelly Bambina
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Jessica Shugart
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Alice
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Kyra D. Zens
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Peter Lauer
- Aduro Biotech, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Bill Hanson
- Aduro Biotech, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Marka R. Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
- The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Keith S. Bahjat
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
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9
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Johnson LE, Brockstedt D, Leong M, Lauer P, Theisen E, Sauer JD, McNeel DG. Heterologous vaccination targeting prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) using DNA and Listeria vaccines elicits superior anti-tumor immunity dependent on CD4+ T cells elicited by DNA priming. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1456603. [PMID: 30221049 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1456603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Sipuleucel T, an autologous cell-based vaccine targeting prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), has demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. DNA vaccines encoding PAP and live attenuated Listeria vaccines have entered clinical trials for patients with prostate cancer, and have advantages in terms of eliciting predominantly Th1-biased immunity. In this study, we investigated whether the immunogenicity and anti-tumor efficacy of a DNA and Listeria vaccine, each encoding PAP, could be enhanced by using them in a heterologous prime/boost approach. Methods. Transgenic mice expressing HLA-A2.01 and HLA-DRB1*0101 were immunized alone or with a heterologous prime/boost strategy. Splenocytes were evaluated for MHC class I and II-restricted, PAP-specific immune responses by IFNγ ELISPOTs. Anti-tumor activity to a syngeneic, PAP-expressing tumor line was evaluated. Results. PAP-specific cellular immunity and anti-tumor activity were elicited in mice after immunization with DNA- or listeria-based vaccines. Greater CD4+ and CD8+ responses, and anti-tumor responses, were elicited when mice were immunized first with DNA and boosted with Listeria, but not when administered in the opposite order. This was found to be dependent on CD4+ T cells elicited with DNA priming, and was not due to inflammatory signals by Listeria itself or due to B cells serving as antigen-presenting cells for DNA during priming. Conclusions. Heterologous prime/boost vaccination using DNA priming with Listeria boosting may provide better anti-tumor immunity, similar to many reports evaluating DNA priming with vaccines targeting foreign microbial antigens. These findings have implications for the design of future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Johnson
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | | | | | - Erin Theisen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Douglas G McNeel
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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10
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Bolhassani A, Naderi N, Soleymani S. Prospects and progress of Listeria-based cancer vaccines. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:1389-1400. [PMID: 28823183 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1366446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of an effective therapeutic vaccine to induce cancer-specific immunity remains problematic. Recently, a species of intracellular pathogen known as Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) has been used to transfer DNA, RNA and proteins into tumour cells as well as elicit an immune response against tumour-specific antigens. Areas covered: Herein, the authors provide the mechanisms of different Listeria monocytogenes strains, which are potential therapeutic cancer vaccine vectors, in addition to their preclinical and clinical development. They also speculate on the future of Lm-based tumour immunotherapies. The article is based on literature published on PubMed and data reported in clinical trials. Expert opinion: Attenuated strains of Listeria monocytogenes have safely been applied as therapeutic bacterial vectors for the delivery of cancer vaccines. These vectors stimulate MHCI and MHCII pathways as well as the proliferation of antigen-specific T lymphocytes. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated the potency of Lm in intracellular gene and protein delivery in vitro and in vivo. They have also indicated safety and efficiacy in clinical trials. Readers should be aware that the ability of attenuated Lm strains to induce potent immune responses depends on the type of deleted or inactivated Lm virulent gene or genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Bolhassani
- a Department of Hepatitis and AIDS , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Niloofar Naderi
- a Department of Hepatitis and AIDS , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Sepehr Soleymani
- a Department of Hepatitis and AIDS , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
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11
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Philip M, Fairchild L, Sun L, Horste EL, Camara S, Shakiba M, Scott AC, Viale A, Lauer P, Merghoub T, Hellmann MD, Wolchok JD, Leslie CS, Schietinger A. Chromatin states define tumour-specific T cell dysfunction and reprogramming. Nature 2017. [PMID: 28514453 DOI: 10.1038/nature22367.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-specific CD8 T cells in solid tumours are dysfunctional, allowing tumours to progress. The epigenetic regulation of T cell dysfunction and therapeutic reprogrammability (for example, to immune checkpoint blockade) is not well understood. Here we show that T cells in mouse tumours differentiate through two discrete chromatin states: a plastic dysfunctional state from which T cells can be rescued, and a fixed dysfunctional state in which the cells are resistant to reprogramming. We identified surface markers associated with each chromatin state that distinguished reprogrammable from non-reprogrammable PD1hi dysfunctional T cells within heterogeneous T cell populations from tumours in mice; these surface markers were also expressed on human PD1hi tumour-infiltrating CD8 T cells. Our study has important implications for cancer immunotherapy as we define key transcription factors and epigenetic programs underlying T cell dysfunction and surface markers that predict therapeutic reprogrammability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Philip
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Lauren Fairchild
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Liping Sun
- Integrated Genomics Operation, Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ellen L Horste
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Steven Camara
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Mojdeh Shakiba
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Andrew C Scott
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Agnes Viale
- Integrated Genomics Operation, Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Peter Lauer
- Aduro Biotech, Inc., Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Melanoma and Immunotherapeutics Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Matthew D Hellmann
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Melanoma and Immunotherapeutics Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Christina S Leslie
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Andrea Schietinger
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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12
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Chromatin states define tumour-specific T cell dysfunction and reprogramming. Nature 2017; 545:452-456. [PMID: 28514453 PMCID: PMC5693219 DOI: 10.1038/nature22367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-specific CD8 T cells in solid tumours are dysfunctional, allowing tumours to progress. The epigenetic regulation of T cell dysfunction and therapeutic reprogrammability (for example, to immune checkpoint blockade) is not well understood. Here we show that T cells in mouse tumours differentiate through two discrete chromatin states: a plastic dysfunctional state from which T cells can be rescued, and a fixed dysfunctional state in which the cells are resistant to reprogramming. We identified surface markers associated with each chromatin state that distinguished reprogrammable from non-reprogrammable PD1hi dysfunctional T cells within heterogeneous T cell populations from tumours in mice; these surface markers were also expressed on human PD1hi tumour-infiltrating CD8 T cells. Our study has important implications for cancer immunotherapy as we define key transcription factors and epigenetic programs underlying T cell dysfunction and surface markers that predict therapeutic reprogrammability.
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13
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Schietinger A, Philip M, Krisnawan VE, Chiu EY, Delrow JJ, Basom RS, Lauer P, Brockstedt DG, Knoblaugh SE, Hämmerling GJ, Schell TD, Garbi N, Greenberg PD. Tumor-Specific T Cell Dysfunction Is a Dynamic Antigen-Driven Differentiation Program Initiated Early during Tumorigenesis. Immunity 2016; 45:389-401. [PMID: 27521269 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells recognizing tumor-specific antigens are detected in cancer patients but are dysfunctional. Here we developed a tamoxifen-inducible liver cancer mouse model with a defined oncogenic driver antigen (SV40 large T-antigen) to follow the activation and differentiation of naive tumor-specific CD8(+) T (TST) cells after tumor initiation. Early during the pre-malignant phase of tumorigenesis, TST cells became dysfunctional, exhibiting phenotypic, functional, and transcriptional features similar to dysfunctional T cells isolated from late-stage human tumors. Thus, T cell dysfunction seen in advanced human cancers may already be established early during tumorigenesis. Although the TST cell dysfunctional state was initially therapeutically reversible, it ultimately evolved into a fixed state. Persistent antigen exposure rather than factors associated with the tumor microenvironment drove dysfunction. Moreover, the TST cell differentiation and dysfunction program exhibited features distinct from T cell exhaustion in chronic infections. Strategies to overcome this antigen-driven, cell-intrinsic dysfunction may be required to improve cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schietinger
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Program of Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Mary Philip
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Varintra E Krisnawan
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Edison Y Chiu
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Delrow
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ryan S Basom
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter Lauer
- Aduro BioTech, Inc., Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | | | - Sue E Knoblaugh
- Comparative Medicine Shared Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Günter J Hämmerling
- Divisions of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Todd D Schell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Divisions of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Philip D Greenberg
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Program of Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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14
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Patel MA, Kim JE, Ruzevick J, Lim M. Present and future of immune checkpoint blockade: Monotherapy to adjuvant approaches. World J Immunol 2015; 5:1-15. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v5.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune regulation of aggressive tumor growth is often outpaced by tumor up-regulation of ligands that inhibit effector immune responses through the activation of immune checkpoints. A few of such checkpoints include programmed death-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), lymphocyte activation gene-3, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin protein-3, Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related receptor (GITR), and killer cell immunoglobulin like receptor. With the exception of GITR, after binding to their respective ligands these checkpoints induce down-modulation of immune responses to prevent autoimmunity. However, such immune mechanisms are co-opted by tumors to allow rapid tumor cell proliferation. Pre-clinical studies in antibody blockade of PD-1 and CTLA-4 have led to promising augmentation of effector immune responses in murine tumor models, and human antibodies against PD-1 and CTLA-4 alone or in combination have demonstrated tumor regression in clinical trials. The development of immune checkpoint blockade as a potential future immunotherapy has led to increasing interest in combining treatment modalities. Combination checkpoint blockade with chemotherapy and radiation therapy has shown synergistic effects in pre-clinical and clinical studies, and combination checkpoint blockade with bacterial vaccine vectors have produced increased effector immune responses in pre-clinical models. The future of immune checkpoint blockade may be as a powerful adjuvant alongside the current standard of care.
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15
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Wood LM, Paterson Y. Attenuated Listeria monocytogenes: a powerful and versatile vector for the future of tumor immunotherapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:51. [PMID: 24860789 PMCID: PMC4026700 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a century, inactivated or attenuated bacteria have been employed in the clinic as immunotherapies to treat cancer, starting with the Coley's vaccines in the 19th century and leading to the currently approved bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine for bladder cancer. While effective, the inflammation induced by these therapies is transient and not designed to induce long-lasting tumor-specific cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses that have proven so adept at eradicating tumors. Therefore, in order to maintain the benefits of bacteria-induced acute inflammation but gain long-lasting anti-tumor immunity, many groups have constructed recombinant bacteria expressing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) for the purpose of activating tumor-specific CTLs. One bacterium has proven particularly adept at inducing powerful anti-tumor immunity, Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). Lm is a gram-positive bacterium that selectively infects antigen-presenting cells wherein it is able to efficiently deliver tumor antigens to both the MHC Class I and II antigen presentation pathways for activation of tumor-targeting CTL-mediated immunity. Lm is a versatile bacterial vector as evidenced by its ability to induce therapeutic immunity against a wide-array of TAAs and specifically infect and kill tumor cells directly. It is for these reasons, among others, that Lm-based immunotherapies have delivered impressive therapeutic efficacy in preclinical models of cancer for two decades and are now showing promise clinically. In this review, we will provide an overview of the history leading up to the development of current Lm-based immunotherapies, the advantages and mechanisms of Lm as a therapeutic vaccine vector, the preclinical experience with Lm-based immunotherapies targeting a number of malignancies, and the recent findings from clinical trials along with concluding remarks on the future of Lm-based tumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence M Wood
- Immunotherapeutics and Biotechnology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Abilene, TX, USA
| | - Yvonne Paterson
- Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA ; University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing Philadelphia, PA, USA
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16
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Slütter B, Pewe LL, Kaech SM, Harty JT. Lung airway-surveilling CXCR3(hi) memory CD8(+) T cells are critical for protection against influenza A virus. Immunity 2014; 39:939-48. [PMID: 24238342 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inducing memory CD8(+) T cells specific for conserved antigens from influenza A virus (IAV) is a potential strategy for broadly protective vaccines. Here we show that memory CD8(+) T cells in the airways played an important role in early control of IAV. Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 was critical for memory CD8(+) T cells to populate the airways during the steady state and vaccination approaches were designed to favor the establishment of memory CD8(+) T cells in the airways. Specifically, we found that interleukin-12 (IL-12) signaling shortly after immunization limited CXCR3 expression on memory CD8(+) T cells. Neutralization of IL-12 or adjuvants that did not induce high amounts of IL-12 enhanced CXCR3 expression, sustained airway localization of memory CD8(+) T cells, and resulted in superior protection against IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Slütter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Slütter B, Pewe LL, Lauer P, Harty JT. Cutting edge: rapid boosting of cross-reactive memory CD8 T cells broadens the protective capacity of the Flumist vaccine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3854-8. [PMID: 23467935 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8 T cells recognizing conserved proteins from influenza A virus (IAV), such as nucleoprotein, have the potential to provide protection in individuals who lack the proper neutralizing Abs. In this study, we show that the most potent CD8 T cell-inducing influenza vaccine on the market (Flumist) does not induce sufficient numbers of cross-reactive CD8 T cells to provide substantial protection against lethal nonhomologous IAV challenge. However, Flumist-primed CD8 T cells rapidly acquire memory characteristics and can respond to short-interval boosting to greatly enlarge the IAV-specific memory pool, which is sufficient to protect mice from nonhomologous IAV challenge. Thus, a current vaccine strategy, Flumist, may serve as a priming platform for the rapid induction of large numbers of memory CD8 T cells with the capacity for broad protection against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Slütter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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18
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Baird JR, Byrne KT, Lizotte PH, Toraya-Brown S, Scarlett UK, Alexander MP, Sheen MR, Fox BA, Bzik DJ, Bosenberg M, Mullins DW, Turk MJ, Fiering S. Immune-mediated regression of established B16F10 melanoma by intratumoral injection of attenuated Toxoplasma gondii protects against rechallenge. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:469-78. [PMID: 23225891 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune recognition of tumors can limit cancer development, but antitumor immune responses are often blocked by tumor-mediated immunosuppression. Because microbes or microbial constituents are powerful adjuvants to stimulate immune responses, we evaluated whether intratumoral administration of a highly immunogenic but attenuated parasite could induce rejection of an established poorly immunogenic tumor. We treated intradermal B16F10 murine melanoma by intratumoral injection of an attenuated strain of Toxoplasma gondii (cps) that cannot replicate in vivo and therefore is not infective. The cps treatment stimulated a strong CD8(+) T cell-mediated antitumor immune response in vivo that regressed established primary melanoma. The cps monotherapy rapidly modified the tumor microenvironment, halting tumor growth, and subsequently, as tumor-reactive T cells expanded, the tumors disappeared and rarely returned. The treatment required live cps that could invade cells and also required CD8(+) T cells and NK cells, but did not require CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IL-12, IFN-γ, and the CXCR3-stimulating cytokines are required for full treatment efficacy. The treatment developed systemic antitumor immune activity as well as antitumor immune memory and therefore might have an impact against human metastatic disease. The approach is not specific for either B16F10 or melanoma. Direct intratumoral injection of cps has efficacy against an inducible genetic melanoma model and transplantable lung and ovarian tumors, demonstrating potential for broad clinical use. The combination of efficacy, systemic antitumor immune response, and complete attenuation with no observed host toxicity demonstrates the potential value of this novel cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Baird
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Madsen CB, Petersen C, Lavrsen K, Harndahl M, Buus S, Clausen H, Pedersen AE, Wandall HH. Cancer associated aberrant protein O-glycosylation can modify antigen processing and immune response. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23189185 PMCID: PMC3506546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation of mucins and other extracellular proteins is an important event in carcinogenesis and the resulting cancer associated glycans have been suggested as targets in cancer immunotherapy. We assessed the role of O-linked GalNAc glycosylation on antigen uptake, processing, and presentation on MHC class I and II molecules. The effect of GalNAc O-glycosylation was monitored with a model system based on ovalbumin (OVA)-MUC1 fusion peptides (+/- glycosylation) loaded onto dendritic cells co-cultured with IL-2 secreting OVA peptide-specific T cell hybridomas. To evaluate the in vivo response to a cancer related tumor antigen, Balb/c or B6.Cg(CB)-Tg(HLA-A/H2-D)2Enge/J (HLA-A2 transgenic) mice were immunized with a non-glycosylated or GalNAc-glycosylated MUC1 derived peptide followed by comparison of T cell proliferation, IFN-γ release, and antibody induction. GalNAc-glycosylation promoted presentation of OVA-MUC1 fusion peptides by MHC class II molecules and the MUC1 antigen elicited specific Ab production and T cell proliferation in both Balb/c and HLA-A2 transgenic mice. In contrast, GalNAc-glycosylation inhibited the presentation of OVA-MUC1 fusion peptides by MHC class I and abolished MUC1 specific CD8+ T cell responses in HLA-A2 transgenic mice. GalNAc glycosylation of MUC1 antigen therefore facilitates uptake, MHC class II presentation, and antibody response but might block the antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B. Madsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Petersen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Lavrsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Harndahl
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders E. Pedersen
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (HHW); (AEP)
| | - Hans H. Wandall
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail: (HHW); (AEP)
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20
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Olino K, Wada S, Edil BH, Pan X, Meckel K, Weber W, Slansky J, Tamada K, Lauer P, Brockstedt D, Pardoll D, Schulick R, Yoshimura K. Tumor-associated antigen expressing Listeria monocytogenes induces effective primary and memory T-cell responses against hepatic colorectal cancer metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 19 Suppl 3:S597-607. [PMID: 21979110 PMCID: PMC4498288 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-2037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Despite advances in therapy for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer, many patients die of hepatic disease. Current immunotherapeutic strategies are likely limited by inhibitory signals from the tumor. To successfully eliminate tumor deposits within an organ, an appropriate immunologic milieu to amplify antitumor responses must be developed. Methods We used a murine model utilizing the CT26 colon cancer cell line to analyze primary and memory tumor-specific T-cell responses induced by an attenuated actin A and internalin B deleted immunodominant tumor-associated antigen expressing strain of Listeria monocytogenes for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Results Treatment of mice bearing established hepatic metastases with this L. monocytogenes strain led to the generation of a strong initial tumor-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell response that successfully treated 90% of animals. Tumor antigen-specific central and effector memory T cells were also generated and protected against tumor rechallenge. These cell populations, when measured before and after tumor rechallenge, showed a marked expansion of antigen-specific effector CD8+ effector memory T cells. This strain of L. monocytogenes was able to down-modulate the expression of the immune checkpoint molecule, PD-1, within the tumor microenvironment but had variable effects on CTLA-4 expression. Conclusions This L. monocytogenes strain generated a highly effective antitumor T-cell response, providing a basis for the development of this vaccine platform in patients with liver metastases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1245/s10434-011-2037-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Olino
- Department of Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Liu Y, Testa JS, Philip R, Block TM, Mehta AS. A ubiquitin independent degradation pathway utilized by a hepatitis B virus envelope protein to limit antigen presentation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24477. [PMID: 21969857 PMCID: PMC3182176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus envelope glycoproteins Large (L), Middle (M) and Small (S) are targets of the host cellular immune system. The extent to which the host recognizes viral antigens presented by infected cells is believed to play a decisive role in determining if an infection will be resolved or become chronic. As with other antigens, HBV envelope polypeptides must be degraded, presumably by cellular proteasomes, to be presented by the MHC I pathway. We have used M as a model to study this process and determine how ER quality control monitors these foreign polymeric proteins and disposes of them through the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. Using both wild type and mutant HBV M protein, we found that unlike most ERAD substrates, which require ubiquitination for retrotranslocation and degradation, the HBV M protein, which only contains two lysine residues, can undergo rapid and complete, ubiquitin independent, proteasome dependent degradation. The utilization of this pathway had a functional consequence, since proteins degraded through it, were poorly presented via MHC I. To test the hypothesis that the level of ubiquitination, independent of protein degradation, controls the level of antigen presentation, we inserted two additional lysines into both the wild type and mutant M protein. Amazingly, while the addition of the lysine residues dramatically increased the level of ubiquitination, it did not alter the rate of degradation. However and remarkably, the increased ubiquitination was associated with a dramatic increase in the level of antigen presentation. In conclusion, using the HBV surface protein as a model, we have identified a novel ubiquitin independent degradation pathway and determined that this pathway can have implications for antigen presentation and potentially viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James S. Testa
- Immunotope Inc., Doylestown, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ramila Philip
- Immunotope Inc., Doylestown, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy M. Block
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anand S. Mehta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: .
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22
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Elliott N, Lee T, You L, Yuan F. Proliferation behavior of E. coli in a three-dimensional in vitro tumor model. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:696-705. [PMID: 21556399 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00137f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genetic engineering of non-pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) have made this organism an attractive candidate for gene delivery vehicle. However, proliferation and transport behaviors of E. coli in three-dimensional (3D) tumor environment are still unclear. To this end, we developed a novel microfluidics-based tumor model that permitted direct in situ visualization of E. coli in a 3D environment with densely packed tumor cells (B16.F10 or EMT6). The E. coli was engineered to co-express two proteins invasin and mCherry (inv(+)) so that they had the ability to enter mammalian cells and could be visualized via fluorescence microscopy. E. coli expressing mCherry alone (inv(-)) was used as the control counterpart. The inv(-) bacteria proliferated to a higher extent than inv(+) bacteria in both the 3D tumor model and a 2D monolayer culture model. Meanwhile, the proliferation appeared to be tumor cell type dependent since bacteria did not proliferate as well in the EMT6 model compared to the B16.F10 model. These differences in bacterial proliferation were likely to be caused by inhibitors secreted by tumor cells, as suggested by our data from the bacterial-tumor cell monolayer co-culture experiment. The bacterial proliferation provided a driving force for E. coli spreading in the 3D interstitial space of tumors. These findings are useful for researchers to develop novel strategies for improvement of bacteria-mediated oncolysis or gene delivery in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelita Elliott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 136 Hudson Hall, Box 90281, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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23
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Shetty V, Sinnathamby G, Nickens Z, Shah P, Hafner J, Mariello L, Kamal S, Vlahovic' G, Lyerly HK, Morse MA, Philip R. MHC class I-presented lung cancer-associated tumor antigens identified by immunoproteomics analysis are targets for cancer-specific T cell response. J Proteomics 2011; 74:728-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Sinnathamby G, Zerfass J, Hafner J, Block P, Nickens Z, Hobeika A, Secord AA, Lyerly HK, Morse MA, Philip R. ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17 (ADAM17) is naturally processed through major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and is a potential immunotherapeutic target in breast, ovarian and prostate cancers. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 163:324-32. [PMID: 21175594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Selection of suitable antigens is critical for the development of cancer vaccines. Most desirable are over-expressed cell surface proteins that may serve as targets for both antibodies and T cells, thus maximizing a concerted immune response. Towards this goal, we characterized the relevance of tumour necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme (ADAM17) for such targeted therapeutics. ADAM17 is one of the several metalloproteinases that play a key role in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling and has recently emerged as a new therapeutic target in several tumour types. In the present study, we analysed the expression profile of ADAM17 in a variety of normal and cancer cells of human origin and found that this protein is over-expressed on the surface of several types of cancer cells compared to the normal counterparts. Furthermore, we analysed the presentation of a human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted epitope from ADAM17 protein to specific T cells established from normal donors as well as ovarian cancer patients. Our analysis revealed that the HLA-A2-restricted epitope is processed efficiently and presented by various cancer cells and not by normal cells. Tumour-specific T cell activation results in the secretion of both interferon-γ and granzyme B that can be blocked by HLA-A2 specific antibodies. Collectively, our data present evidence that ADAM17 can be a potential target antigen to devise novel immunotherapeutic strategies against ovarian, breast and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sinnathamby
- Immunotope, Inc., The Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
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Gujar SA, Marcato P, Pan D, Lee PWK. Reovirus virotherapy overrides tumor antigen presentation evasion and promotes protective antitumor immunity. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2924-33. [PMID: 20978162 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated immunosuppressive strategies, such as lack of tumor antigen recognition and failure of lymphocyte activation and homing, resist the development of tumor-specific immunity and hamper the immune response-mediated elimination of cancerous cells. In this report, we show that reovirus virotherapy overrides such a tumor immune evasion and establishes clinically meaningful antitumor immunity capable of protecting against subsequent tumor challenge. Reovirus-mediated destruction of tumor cells facilitates the recognition of tumor antigens by promoting the display of otherwise inaccessible tumor-specific immunogenic peptides on the surface of dendritic cells (DC). Furthermore, on exposure to reovirus, DCs produce IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40/70, IL-17, CD30L, eotaxin, GM-CSF, KC, MCP-1, MCP-5, M-CSF, MIG, MIP-1α, RANTES, TNF-α, VCAM-1, VSGF, CXCL-16, AXL, and MCP-2; undergo maturation; and migrate into the tumor microenvironment along with CD8 T cells. These reovirus-activated DCs also acquire the capacity to prime tumor antigen-specific transgenic T cells in vitro and intrinsic antitumor T-cell response in vivo. Further, reovirus virotherapy augments the efficacy of DC- or T cell-based anticancer immunotherapies and synergistically enhances the survival in tumor-bearing mice. Most importantly, antitumor cellular immune responses initiated during reovirus oncotherapy protect the host against subsequent tumor challenge in a reovirus-independent but antigen-dependent manner. These reovirus oncotherapy-initiated antitumor immune responses represent an anticancer therapeutic entity that can maintain a long-term cancer-free health even after discontinuation of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi A Gujar
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Room 7-P, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
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Norton PA, Menne S, Sinnathamby G, Betesh L, Cote PJ, Philip R, Mehta AS, Tennant BC, Block TM. Glucosidase inhibition enhances presentation of de-N-glycosylated hepatitis B virus epitopes by major histocompatibility complex class I in vitro and in woodchucks. Hepatology 2010; 52:1242-50. [PMID: 20658465 PMCID: PMC2947625 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In this report, the possibility of pharmacologically altering the hepatitis B virus (HBV) epitopes presented by major histocompatibility complex class I on infected cells is demonstrated. The HBV middle envelope glycoprotein (MHBs) maturation appears to require calnexin-mediated folding. This interaction is dependent on glucosidases in the endoplasmic reticulum. Prevention of HBV envelope protein maturation in cultured cells through use of glucosidase inhibitors, such as 6-O-butanoyl castanospermine and N-nonyl deoxynorjirimycin, resulted in MHBs degradation by proteasomes. The de-N-glycosylation associated with polypeptide degradation was predicted to result in conversion of asparagine residues into aspartic acid residues. This prediction was confirmed by showing that peptides corresponding to the N-glycosylation sequons of MHBs, but with aspartic acid replacing asparagine, (1) can prime human cytotoxic T lymphocytes that recognize HBV-producing cells and (2) that the presentation of these envelope motifs by major histocompatibility complex class I is enhanced by incubation with glucosidase inhibitors. Moreover, although peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus and vaccinated with woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen could be induced to recognize the natural MHBs asparagine-containing peptides, only cells isolated from animals treated with glucosidase inhibitor recognized the aspartic acid-containing peptides. CONCLUSION These data suggest that pharmacological intervention with glucosidase inhibitors can alter the MHBs epitopes presented. This editing of the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide results in a new epitope, or "editope", with possible medical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Norton
- Drexel Institute for Biotechnology and Virology Research and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Doylestown, PA, USA.
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Gubbels JA, Claussen N, Kapur AK, Connor JP, Patankar MS. The detection, treatment, and biology of epithelial ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2010; 3:8. [PMID: 20350313 PMCID: PMC2856581 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is particularly insidious in nature. Its ability to go undetected until late stages coupled with its non-descript signs and symptoms make it the seventh leading cause of cancer related deaths in women. Additionally, the lack of sensitive diagnostic tools and resistance to widely accepted chemotherapy regimens make ovarian cancer devastating to patients and families and frustrating to medical practitioners and researchers. Here, we provide an in-depth review of the theories describing the origin of ovarian cancer, molecular factors that influence its growth and development, and standard methods for detection and treatment. Special emphasis is focused on interactions between ovarian tumors and the innate and adaptive immune system and attempts that are currently underway to devise novel immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of ovarian tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Aa Gubbels
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
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