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Hotchkiss KM, Batich KA, Mohan A, Rahman R, Piantadosi S, Khasraw M. Dendritic cell vaccine trials in gliomas: Untangling the lines. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:1752-1762. [PMID: 37289203 PMCID: PMC10547519 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a deadly brain tumor without any significantly successful treatments to date. Tumor antigen-targeted immunotherapy platforms including peptide and dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, have extended survival in hematologic malignancies. The relatively "cold" tumor immune microenvironment and heterogenous nature of glioblastoma have proven to be major limitations to translational application and efficacy of DC vaccines. Furthermore, many DC vaccine trials in glioblastoma are difficult to interpret due to a lack of contemporaneous controls, absence of any control comparison, or inconsistent patient populations. Here we review glioblastoma immunobiology aspects that are relevant to DC vaccines, review the clinical experience with DC vaccines targeting glioblastoma, discuss challenges in clinical trial design, and summarize conclusions and directions for future research for the development of effective DC vaccines for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Hotchkiss
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristen A Batich
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aditya Mohan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rifaquat Rahman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven Piantadosi
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA(S.P.)
| | - Mustafa Khasraw
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Chang R, Chu X, Zhang J, Fu R, Feng C, Jia D, Wang R, Yan H, Li G, Li J. Liposome-Based Co-Immunotherapy with TLR Agonist and CD47-SIRPα Checkpoint Blockade for Efficient Treatment of Colon Cancer. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073147. [PMID: 37049910 PMCID: PMC10095745 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antitumor immunity is an essential component of cancer therapy and is primarily mediated by the innate immune response, which plays a critical role in initiating and shaping the adaptive immune response. Emerging evidence has identified innate immune checkpoints and pattern recognition receptors, such as CD47 and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), as promising therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. Based on the fusion protein Fc-CV1, which comprises a high-affinity SIRPα variant (CV1), and the Fc fragment of the human IgG1 antibody, we exploited a preparation which coupled Fc-CV1 to imiquimod (TLR7 agonist)-loaded liposomes (CILPs) to actively target CT26. WT syngeneic colon tumor models. In vitro studies revealed that CILPs exhibited superior sustained release properties and cell uptake efficiency compared to free imiquimod. In vivo assays proved that CILPs exhibited more efficient accumulation in tumors, and a more significant tumor suppression effect than the control groups. This immunotherapy preparation possessed the advantages of low doses and low toxicity. These results demonstrated that a combination of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy and innate immunity agonists, such as the Fc-CV1 and imiquimod-loaded liposome preparation utilized in this study, could represent a highly effective strategy for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Xiaohong Chu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Jibing Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Rongrong Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Changshun Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Dianlong Jia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Hui Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Guangyong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
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3
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Meng W, Li Z, Zhang Y, Yang A, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Wu W, Qiu Y, Li L. ZhenQi FuZheng formula inhibits the growth of colorectal tumors by modulating intestinal microflora-mediated immune function. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:4769-4785. [PMID: 35680568 PMCID: PMC9217701 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Zhenqi Fuzheng formula (ZQFZ), of which the main ingredients are Astragalus membranaceus and Ligustrum lucidum, has immune system regulatory functions and potential anti-tumor bioactivity. The inhibition of colorectal tumor growth by ZQFZ was analyzed in inflammatory cells and B6/JGpt-Apcem1Cin(MinC)/Gpt (ApcMin/+) mice. ZQFZ exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway-related proteins in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. After 56 days of treatment, ZQFZ alleviated the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) and increased the body weight and thymic index values of the ApcMin/+ mice. An analysis of the intestinal microflora showed that ZQFZ affected the abundance of certain immune-related bacteria, which may explain its immunomodulatory effects. Moreover, the percentages of T cells and NK cells in peripheral blood were significantly increased and 15 immune-related cytokines were regulated in serum or the colon or both. ZQFZ upregulated the levels of CD4 and CD8 in the spleen and colorectal tumors and decreased the expression levels of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 and programmed death-ligand 1 in colorectal tumors. ZQFZ promoted an anti-tumor immune response and inhibited the occurrence and development of CRC by regulating the immune system. This study provides the experimental basis for the application of ZQFZ as a therapeutic agent for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Yiting Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Anhui Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Yanzhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Wanyue Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Ye Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Lanzhou Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
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4
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Xun Y, Yang H, Kaminska B, You H. Toll-like receptors and toll-like receptor-targeted immunotherapy against glioma. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:176. [PMID: 34715891 PMCID: PMC8555307 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma represents a fast proliferating and highly invasive brain tumor which is resistant to current therapies and invariably recurs. Despite some advancements in anti-glioma therapies, patients’ prognosis remains poor. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as the first line of defense in the immune system being the detectors of those associated with bacteria, viruses, and danger signals. In the glioma microenvironment, TLRs are expressed on both immune and tumor cells, playing dual roles eliciting antitumoral (innate and adaptive immunity) and protumoral (cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and glioma stem cell maintenance) responses. Up to date, several TLR-targeting therapies have been developed aiming at glioma bulk and stem cells, infiltrating immune cells, the immune checkpoint axis, among others. While some TLR agonists exhibited survival benefit in clinical trials, it attracts more attention when they are involved in combinatorial treatment with radiation, chemotherapy, immune vaccination, and immune checkpoint inhibition in glioma treatment. TLR agonists can be used as immune modulators to enhance the efficacy of other treatment, to avoid dose accumulation, and what brings more interests is that they can potentiate immune checkpoint delayed resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade by upregulating PD-1/PD-L1 overexpression, thus unleash powerful antitumor responses when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Herein, we focus on recent developments and clinical trials exploring TLR-based treatment to provide a picture of the relationship between TLR and glioma and their implications for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xun
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No.78 Heng-Zhi-Gang Road, Yue Xiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hua You
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No.78 Heng-Zhi-Gang Road, Yue Xiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Gliomas and glioblastoma comprise the majority of brain malignancies and are difficult to treat despite standard of care and advances in immunotherapy. The challenges of controlling glioma growth and recurrence involve the uniquely immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and systemic blunting of immune responses. In addition to highlighting key features of glioma and glioblastoma composition and immunogenicity, this review presents several future directions for immunotherapy, such as vaccines and synergistic combination treatment regimens, to better combat these tumors.
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6
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Shah D, Comba A, Faisal SM, Kadiyala P, Baker GJ, Alghamri MS, Doherty R, Zamler D, Nuñez G, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. A novel miR1983-TLR7-IFNβ circuit licenses NK cells to kill glioma cells, and is under the control of galectin-1. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1939601. [PMID: 34249474 PMCID: PMC8244780 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1939601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although pharmacological stimulation of TLRs has anti-tumor effects, it has not been determined whether endogenous stimulation of TLRs can lead to tumor rejection. Herein, we demonstrate the existence of an innate anti-glioma NK-mediated circuit initiated by glioma-released miR-1983 within exosomes, and which is under the regulation of galectin-1 (Gal-1). We demonstrate that miR-1983 is an endogenous TLR7 ligand that activates TLR7 in pDCs and cDCs through a 5'-UGUUU-3' motif at its 3' end. TLR7 activation and downstream signaling through MyD88-IRF5/IRF7 stimulates secretion of IFN-β. IFN-β then stimulates NK cells resulting in the eradication of gliomas. We propose that successful immunotherapy for glioma could exploit this endogenous innate immune circuit to activate TLR7 signaling and stimulate powerful anti-glioma NK activity, at least 10-14 days before the activation of anti-tumor adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Shah
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrea Comba
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Syed M. Faisal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Padma Kadiyala
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregory J. Baker
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mahmoud S. Alghamri
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert Doherty
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Zamler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriel Nuñez
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maria G. Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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7
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Stathopoulos A, Pretto C, Devillers L, Pierre D, Hofman FM, Kruse C, Jadus M, Chen TC, Schijns VEJC. Development of immune memory to glial brain tumors after tumor regression induced by immunotherapeutic Toll-like receptor 7/8 activation. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:298-305. [PMID: 22737605 PMCID: PMC3382858 DOI: 10.4161/onci.19068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of immunotherapeutic TLR7/8 activation by resiquimod (R848) was evaluated in vivo, in the CNS-1 rat glioma model syngeneic to Lewis rats. The immune treatment was compared with cytotoxic cyclophosphamide chemotherapy, and as well, was compared with the combination cytotoxic and immunotherapeutic treatments. We found that parenteral treatment with the TLR7/8 agonist, resiquimod, eventually induced complete tumor regression of CNS-1 glioblastoma tumors in Lewis rats. Cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment also resulted in dramatic CNS-1 remission, while the combined treatment showed similar antitumor effects. The resiquimod efficacy appeared not to be associated with direct injury to CNS-1 growth, while CY proved to exert tumoricidal cytotoxicity to the tumor cells. Rats that were cured by treatment with the innate immune response modifier resiquimod proved to be fully immune to secondary CNS-1 tumor rechallenge. They all remained tumor-free and survived. In contrast, rats that controlled CNS-1 tumor growth as a result of CY treatment did not develop immune memory, as demonstrated by their failure to reject a secondary CNS-1 tumor challenge; they showed a concomittant outgrowth of the primary tumor upon secondary tumor exposure. Rechallenge of rats that initially contained tumor growth by combination chemo-immunotherapy also failed to reject secondary tumor challenge, indicating that the cytotoxic effect of the CY likely extended to the endogenous memory immune cells as well as to the tumor. These data demonstrate strong therapeutic antitumor efficacy for the immune response modifier resiquimod leading to immunological memory, and suggest that CY treatment, although effective as chemotherapeutic agent, may be deleterious to maintenance of long-term antitumor immune memory. These data also highlight the importance of the sequence in which a multi-modal therapy is administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolis Stathopoulos
- Department of Neurosurgery; Arlon Hospital; Arlon, Belgium ; Epitopoietic Research Corporation (ERC); Namur, Belgium
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8
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GDF15 promotes glioma stem cell-like phenotype via regulation of ERK1/2-c-Fos-LIF signaling. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:3. [PMID: 33431816 PMCID: PMC7801449 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a member of the transforming growth factor β family, is associated with tumor progression, metastasis, and cell apoptosis. However, controversy persists regarding the role of GDF15 in different tumor types, and its function in glioma stem cells (GSCs) remains unknown. Here, we report that GDF15 promotes the GSC-like phenotype in GSC-like cells (GSCLCs) through the activation of leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF)–STAT3 signaling. Mechanistically, GDF15 was found to upregulate expression of the transcription factor c-Fos, which binds to the LIF promoter, leading to enhanced transcription of LIF in GSCLCs. Furthermore, GDF15 may activate the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in GSCLCs, and the upregulation of LIF expression and the GSC-like phenotype was dependent on ERK1/2 signaling. In addition, the small immunomodulator imiquimod induced GDF15 expression, which in turn activated the LIF–STAT3 pathway and subsequently promoted the GSC-like phenotype in GSCLCs. Thus, our results demonstrate that GDF15 can act as a proliferative and pro-stemness factor for GSCs, and therefore, it may represent a potential therapeutic target in glioma treatment.
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Nguyen TT, Nguyen TTD, Ta QTH, Vo VG. Advances in non and minimal-invasive transcutaneous delivery of immunotherapy for cancer treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110753. [PMID: 33152919 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer research has focused on figuring out what was the difference between cancer cells and the tissues within which cancer arose and developing targeted treatments for those differences. With FDA-approved treatments for more ten different cancers and more than thousand new clinical trials, immunotherapy has recently emerged as the most promising area of cancer research by improving efficacy and controlling the adverse effects. Transcutaneous delivery drug delivery offers a number of advantages for the patient because of not only its noninvasive and convenient nature but also factors such as avoidance of first-pass metabolism and prevention of gastrointestinal degradation. The purpose of this review was to highlight technological recent approaches to non and minimal-invasive delivery of immunotherapy for cancer treatment. Finally, some practical considerations and discussions for future studies in the field of transdermal immunomodulation are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Trang Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Thuy Dung Nguyen
- Faculty of Environmental and Food Engineering, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Qui Thanh Hoai Ta
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Viet Nam
| | - Van Giau Vo
- Bionanotechnology Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam.
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10
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Banstola A, Jeong JH, Yook S. Immunoadjuvants for cancer immunotherapy: A review of recent developments. Acta Biomater 2020; 114:16-30. [PMID: 32777293 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy evolved as a new treatment modality to eradicate tumor cells and has gained in popularity after its successful clinical transition. By activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and thus, inducing innate or adaptive immune responses, immunoadjuvants have become promising tools for cancer immunotherapy. Different types of immunoadjuvants such as toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, exosomes, and metallic and plant-derived immunoadjuvants have been studied for their immunological effects. However, the clinical use of immunoadjuvants is limited by short response rates and various side-effects. The rapid progress made in the development of nanoparticle systems as immunoadjuvant carrier vehicles has provided potential carriers for cancer immunotherapy. In this review article, we describe different types of immunoadjuvants, their limitations, modes of action, and the reasons for their clinical adoption. In addition, we review recent progress made in the nanoparticle-based immunoadjuvant field and on the combined use of nanoparticle-based immunoadjuvants and chemotherapy, phototherapy, radiation therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cancer immunotherapy emerged as a new hope for treating malignant tumors. Different types of immunoadjuvants serve as an important tool for cancer immunotherapy by activating an innate or adaptive immune response. Limitation of free immunoadjuvant has paved the path for the development of nanoparticle-based immunoadjuvant therapy with the hope of prolonging the therapeutic efficacy. This review highlights the recent advancement made in nanoparticle-based immunoadjuvant therapy in modulating the adaptive and innate immune system. The application of the combinatorial approach of chemotherapy, phototherapy, radiation therapy adds synergy in nanoparticle-based immunoadjuvant therapy. It will broaden the reader's understanding on the recent progress made in immunotherapy with the aid of immunoadjuvant-based nanosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Banstola
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Heon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Simmyung Yook
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu, 42601, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Ni K, Luo T, Culbert A, Kaufmann M, Jiang X, Lin W. Nanoscale Metal-Organic Framework Co-delivers TLR-7 Agonists and Anti-CD47 Antibodies to Modulate Macrophages and Orchestrate Cancer Immunotherapy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12579-12584. [PMID: 32658476 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs) are excellent radiosensitizers for radiotherapy-radiodynamic therapy (RT-RDT). Herein, we report surface modification of a Hf-DBP nMOF for the co-delivery of a hydrophobic small-molecule toll-like receptor 7 agonist, imiquimod (IMD), and a hydrophilic macromolecule, anti-CD47 antibody (αCD47), for macrophage modulation and reversal of immunosuppression in tumors. IMD repolarizes immunosuppressive M2 macrophages to immunostimulatory M1 macrophages, while αCD47 blocks CD47 tumor cell surface marker to promote phagocytosis. Upon X-ray irradiation, IMD@Hf-DBP/αCD47 effectively modulates the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and activates innate immunity to orchestrate adaptive immunity when synergized with an anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, leading to complete eradication of both primary and distant tumors on a bilateral colorectal tumor model. nMOFs thus provide a unique platform to co-deliver multiple immunoadjuvants for macrophage therapy to induce systematic immune responses and superb antitumor efficacy.
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12
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Sanchez VE, Lynes JP, Walbridge S, Wang X, Edwards NA, Nwankwo AK, Sur HP, Dominah GA, Obungu A, Adamstein N, Dagur PK, Maric D, Munasinghe J, Heiss JD, Nduom EK. GL261 luciferase-expressing cells elicit an anti-tumor immune response: an evaluation of murine glioma models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11003. [PMID: 32620877 PMCID: PMC7335060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical models that reliably recapitulate the immunosuppressive properties of human gliomas are essential to assess immune-based therapies. GL261 murine glioma cells are widely used as a syngeneic animal model of glioma, however, it has become common practice to transfect these cells with luciferase for fluorescent tumor tracking. The aim of this study was to compare the survival of mice injected with fluorescent or non-fluorescent GL261 cells and characterize the differences in their tumor microenvironment. Mice were intracranially implanted with GL261, GL261 Red-FLuc or GL261-Luc2 cells at varying doses. Cytokine profiles were evaluated by proteome microarray and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to determine survival differences. Median survival for mice implanted with 5 × 104 GL261 cells was 18 to 21 days. The GL261 Red-FLuc implanted mice cells did not reach median survival at any tumor dose. Mice injected with 3 × 105 GL261-Luc2 cells reached median survival at 23 days. However, median survival was significantly prolonged to 37 days in mice implanted with 5 × 104 GL261-Luc2 cells. Additionally, proteomic analyses revealed significantly elevated inflammatory cytokines in the supernatants of the GL261 Red-FLuc cells and GL261-Luc2 cells. Our data suggest that GL261 Red-FLuc and GL261-Luc2 murine models elicit an anti-tumor immune response by increasing pro-inflammatory modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Sanchez
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John P Lynes
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stuart Walbridge
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy A Edwards
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anthony K Nwankwo
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hannah P Sur
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gifty A Dominah
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arnold Obungu
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Adamstein
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pradeep K Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeeva Munasinghe
- Mouse Imaging Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John D Heiss
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edjah K Nduom
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Room 3D-20, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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13
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Wang G, Guo Z, Tong L, Xue F, Krafft PR, Budbazar E, Zhang JH, Tang J. TLR7 (Toll-Like Receptor 7) Facilitates Heme Scavenging Through the BTK (Bruton Tyrosine Kinase)-CRT (Calreticulin)-LRP1 (Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1)-Hx (Hemopexin) Pathway in Murine Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2019; 49:3020-3029. [PMID: 30571407 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.022155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Heme and iron are considered to be key factors responsible for secondary insults after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Our previous study showed that LRP1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1)-Hx (hemopexin) facilitates removal of heme. The TLR7 (Toll-like receptor 7)-BTK (Bruton tyrosine kinase)-CRT (calreticulin) pathway regulates the expression of LRP1-Hx. This study is designed to clarify whether TLR7 activation facilitates heme scavenging and to establish the potential role of the BTK-CRT-LRP1-Hx signaling pathway in the pathophysiology of ICH. Methods- ICH was induced by stereotactic, intrastriatal injection of type VII collagenase. Mice received TLR7 agonist (imiquimod) via intraperitoneal injection after ICH induction. TLR7 inhibitor (ODN2088), BTK inhibitor (LFM-A13), and CRT agonist (thapsigargin) were given in different groups to further evaluate the underlying pathway. Mice were randomly divided into sham, ICH+vehicle (normal saline), ICH+Imiquimod (2.5, 5, and 10 μg/g), ICH+ODN2088, ICH+LFM-A13, ICH+thapsigargin, and ICH+ODN2088+thapsigargin. Imiquimod was administered twice daily starting at 6 hours after ICH; ODN2088 was administered by intracerebroventricular injection at 30 minutes, and LFM-A13 or thapsigargin was administered by intraperitoneal injection at 3 hours after ICH induction. Neurological scores, cognitive abilities, as well as brain edema, blood-brain barrier permeability, hemoglobin level, brain expression of TLR7/BTK/CRT/LRP1/Hx were analyzed. Results- Low dosage imiquimod significantly attenuated hematoma volume, brain edema, BBB permeability, and neurological deficits after ICH. Imiquimod also increased protein expressions of TLR7, BTK, CRT, LRP1, and Hx; ODN2088 reduced TLR7, BTK, CRT, LRP1, and Hx expressions. Conclusions- TLR7 plays an important role in heme scavenging after ICH by modulating the BTK-CRT-LRP1-Hx pathway. TLR7 may offer protective effects by promoting heme resolution and reduction of brain edema after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaiqing Wang
- From the Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China (G.W., F.X.).,Department of Physiology (G.W., Z.G., L.T., P.R.K., E.B., J.H.Z., J.T.), Loma Linda University, CA
| | - Zhenni Guo
- Department of Physiology (G.W., Z.G., L.T., P.R.K., E.B., J.H.Z., J.T.), Loma Linda University, CA.,Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (Z.G.)
| | - Lusha Tong
- Department of Physiology (G.W., Z.G., L.T., P.R.K., E.B., J.H.Z., J.T.), Loma Linda University, CA.,Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (L.T.)
| | - Fang Xue
- From the Department of Neurology, the Second Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China (G.W., F.X.)
| | - Paul R Krafft
- Department of Physiology (G.W., Z.G., L.T., P.R.K., E.B., J.H.Z., J.T.), Loma Linda University, CA.,Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa (P.R.K.)
| | - Enkhjargal Budbazar
- Department of Physiology (G.W., Z.G., L.T., P.R.K., E.B., J.H.Z., J.T.), Loma Linda University, CA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology (G.W., Z.G., L.T., P.R.K., E.B., J.H.Z., J.T.), Loma Linda University, CA.,Department of Anesthesiology (J.H.Z.), Loma Linda University, CA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology (G.W., Z.G., L.T., P.R.K., E.B., J.H.Z., J.T.), Loma Linda University, CA
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14
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Imiquimod enhances DNFB mediated contact hypersensitivity in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:284-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Toll-Like Receptors as Therapeutic Targets in Central Nervous System Tumors. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5286358. [PMID: 31240216 PMCID: PMC6556293 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5286358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, progress has been made in understanding the pathological, genetic, and molecular heterogeneity of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. However, improvements in risk classification, prognosis, and treatment have not been sufficient. Currently, great importance has been placed to the tumor microenvironment and the immune system, which are very important components that influence the establishment and development of tumors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immunite system sensors of a wide variety of molecules, such as those associated with microorganisms and danger signals. TLRs are expressed on many cells, including immune cells and nonimmune cells such as neurons and cancer cells. In the tumor microenvironment, activation of TLRs plays dual antitumoral (dendritic cells, cytotoxic T cells, and natural killer cells activation) and protumoral effects (tumor cell proliferation, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy) and constitutes an area of opportunities and challenges in the development of new therapeutic strategies. Several clinical trials have been carried out, and others are currently in process; however, the results obtained to date have been contradictory and have not led to a definitive position about the use of TLR agonists in adjuvant therapy during the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) tumors. In this review, we focus on recent advances in TLR agonists as immunotherapies for treatment of CNS tumors.
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16
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Rajani KR, Carlstrom LP, Parney IF, Johnson AJ, Warrington AE, Burns TC. Harnessing Radiation Biology to Augment Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2019; 8:656. [PMID: 30854331 PMCID: PMC6395389 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common adult primary brain tumor and carries a dismal prognosis. Radiation is a standard first-line therapy, typically deployed following maximal safe surgical debulking, when possible, in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy. For other systemic cancers, standard of care is being transformed by immunotherapies, including checkpoint-blocking antibodies targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1, with potential for long-term remission. Ongoing studies are evaluating the role of immunotherapies for GBM. Despite dramatic responses in some cases, randomized trials to date have not met primary outcomes. Challenges have been attributed in part to the immunologically "cold" nature of glioblastoma relative to other malignancies successfully treated with immunotherapy. Radiation may serve as a mechanism to improve tumor immunogenicity. In this review, we critically evaluate current evidence regarding radiation as a synergistic facilitator of immunotherapies through modulation of both the innate and adaptive immune milieu. Although current preclinical data encourage efforts to harness synergistic biology between radiation and immunotherapy, several practical and scientific challenges remain. Moreover, insights from radiation biology may unveil additional novel opportunities to help mobilize immunity against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma R. Rajani
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lucas P. Carlstrom
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ian F. Parney
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Aaron J. Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Terry C. Burns
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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17
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Kamran N, Alghamri MS, Nunez FJ, Shah D, Asad AS, Candolfi M, Altshuler D, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Current state and future prospects of immunotherapy for glioma. Immunotherapy 2018; 10:317-339. [PMID: 29421984 PMCID: PMC5810852 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a large unmet need for effective therapeutic approaches for glioma, the most malignant brain tumor. Clinical and preclinical studies have enormously expanded our knowledge about the molecular aspects of this deadly disease and its interaction with the host immune system. In this review we highlight the wide array of immunotherapeutic interventions that are currently being tested in glioma patients. Given the molecular heterogeneity, tumor immunoediting and the profound immunosuppression that characterize glioma, it has become clear that combinatorial approaches targeting multiple pathways tailored to the genetic signature of the tumor will be required in order to achieve optimal therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kamran
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Mahmoud S Alghamri
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Felipe J Nunez
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Diana Shah
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Antonela S Asad
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Altshuler
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
| | - Maria G Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
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18
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Liu R, Luo F, Liu X, Wang L, Yang J, Deng Y, Huang E, Qian J, Lu Z, Jiang X, Zhang D, Chu Y. Biological Response Modifier in Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 909:69-138. [PMID: 27240457 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7555-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological response modifiers (BRMs) emerge as a lay of new compounds or approaches used in improving cancer immunotherapy. Evidences highlight that cytokines, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, and noncoding RNAs are of crucial roles in modulating antitumor immune response and cancer-related chronic inflammation, and BRMs based on them have been explored. In particular, besides some cytokines like IFN-α and IL-2, several Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists like BCG, MPL, and imiquimod are also licensed to be used in patients with several malignancies nowadays, and the first artificial small noncoding RNA (microRNA) mimic, MXR34, has entered phase I clinical study against liver cancer, implying their potential application in cancer therapy. According to amounts of original data, this chapter will review the regulatory roles of TLR signaling, some noncoding RNAs, and several key cytokines in cancer and cancer-related immune response, as well as the clinical cases in cancer therapy based on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Liu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Feifei Luo
- Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, China
| | - Luman Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuting Deng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Enyu Huang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiawen Qian
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhou Lu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuechao Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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19
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Renner DN, Malo CS, Jin F, Parney IF, Pavelko KD, Johnson AJ. Improved Treatment Efficacy of Antiangiogenic Therapy when Combined with Picornavirus Vaccination in the GL261 Glioma Model. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:226-36. [PMID: 26620211 PMCID: PMC4720676 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of antiangiogenic therapy to the standard-of-care treatment regimen for recurring glioblastoma has provided some clinical benefits while also delineating numerous caveats, prompting evaluation of the elicited alterations to the tumor microenvironment. Of critical importance, given the steadily increasing incorporation of immunotherapeutic approaches clinically, is an enhanced understanding of the interplay between angiogenic and immune response pathways within tumors. In the present study, the GL261 glioma mouse model was used to determine the effects of antiangiogenic treatment in an immune-competent host. Following weekly systemic administration of aflibercept, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor volume was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and changes to the tumor microenvironment were determined. Treatment with aflibercept resulted in reduced tumor burden and increased survival compared with controls. Additionally, decreased vascular permeability and preservation of the integrity of tight junction proteins were observed. Treated tumors also displayed hallmarks of anti-angiogenic evasion, including marked upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression and increased tumor invasiveness. Aflibercept was then administered in combination with a picornavirus-based antitumor vaccine and tumor progression was evaluated. This combination therapy significantly delayed tumor progression and extended survival beyond that observed for either therapy alone. As such, this work demonstrates the efficacy of combined antiangiogenic and immunotherapy approaches for treating established gliomas and provides a foundation for further evaluation of the effects of antiangiogenic therapy in the context of endogenous or vaccine-induced inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Renner
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Fang Jin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ian F Parney
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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20
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Zhang L, Wang W, Wang S. Effect of vaccine administration modality on immunogenicity and efficacy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1509-23. [PMID: 26313239 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1081067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The many factors impacting the efficacy of a vaccine can be broadly divided into three categories: features of the vaccine itself, including immunogen design, vaccine type, formulation, adjuvant and dosing; individual variations among vaccine recipients and vaccine administration-related parameters. While much literature exists related to vaccines, and recently systems biology has started to dissect the impact of individual subject variation on vaccine efficacy, few studies have focused on the role of vaccine administration-related parameters on vaccine efficacy. Parenteral and mucosal vaccinations are traditional approaches for licensed vaccines; novel vaccine delivery approaches, including needless injection and adjuvant formulations, are being developed to further improve vaccine safety and efficacy. This review provides a brief summary of vaccine administration-related factors, including vaccination approach, delivery route and method of administration, to gain a better understanding of their potential impact on the safety and immunogenicity of candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- a 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,b 2 China-US Vaccine Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wei Wang
- c 3 Wang Biologics, LLC, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA ; Current affiliation: Bayer HealthCare, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA
| | - Shixia Wang
- d 4 Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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21
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Kobold S, Wiedemann G, Rothenfußer S, Endres S. Modes of action of TLR7 agonists in cancer therapy. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:1085-95. [PMID: 25428647 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
From the numerous Toll-like receptor agonists, only TLR7 agonists have been approved for cancer treatment, although they are current restricted to topical application. The main target cells of TLR7 agonists are plasmacytoid dendritic cells, producing IFN-α and thus acting on other immune cells. Thereby dendritic cells acquire enhanced costimulatory and antigen-presenting capacity, priming an adaptive immune response. Besides NK cells, antigen-specific T cells are the main terminal effectors of TLR7 agonists in tumor therapy. This qualifies TLR7 agonists as vaccine adjuvants, which is currently being tested in clinical trials. However, the systemic application of TLR7 agonists shows insufficient efficacy, most likely owing to toxicity-limited dosing. The use of TLR7 agonists in combinational therapy holds the promise of synergistic activity and lower required doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) & Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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22
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Renner DN, Jin F, Litterman AJ, Balgeman AJ, Hanson LM, Gamez JD, Chae M, Carlson BL, Sarkaria JN, Parney IF, Ohlfest JR, Pirko I, Pavelko KD, Johnson AJ. Effective Treatment of Established GL261 Murine Gliomas through Picornavirus Vaccination-Enhanced Tumor Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cell Responses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125565. [PMID: 25933216 PMCID: PMC4416934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is among the most invasive and lethal of cancers, frequently infiltrating surrounding healthy tissue and giving rise to rapid recurrence. It is therefore critical to establish experimental model systems and develop therapeutic approaches that enhance anti-tumor immunity. In the current study, we have employed a newly developed murine glioma model to assess the efficacy of a novel picornavirus vaccination approach for the treatment of established tumors. The GL261-Quad system is a variation of the GL261 syngeneic glioma that has been engineered to expresses model T cell epitopes including OVA257-264. MRI revealed that both GL261 and GL261-Quad tumors display characteristic features of human gliomas such as heterogeneous gadolinium leakage and larger T2 weighted volumes. Analysis of brain-infiltrating immune cells demonstrated that GL261-Quad gliomas generate detectable CD8+ T cell responses toward the tumor-specific Kb:OVA257-264 antigen. Enhancing this response via a single intracranial or peripheral vaccination with picornavirus expressing the OVA257-264 antigen increased anti-tumor CD8+ T cells infiltrating the brain, attenuated progression of established tumors, and extended survival of treated mice. Importantly, the efficacy of the picornavirus vaccination is dependent on functional cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T cells, as the beneficial response was completely abrogated in mice lacking perforin expression. Therefore, we have developed a novel system for evaluating mechanisms of anti-tumor immunity in vivo, incorporating the GL261-Quad model, 3D volumetric MRI, and picornavirus vaccination to enhance tumor-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses and track their effectiveness at eradicating established gliomas in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N. Renner
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Fang Jin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Litterman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
| | - Alexis J. Balgeman
- Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Lisa M. Hanson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Gamez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Michael Chae
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Brett L. Carlson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Jann N. Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Ian F. Parney
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - John R. Ohlfest
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
| | - Istvan Pirko
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Kevin D. Pavelko
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AJJ); (KDP)
| | - Aaron J. Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AJJ); (KDP)
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23
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Calinescu AA, Kamran N, Baker G, Mineharu Y, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Overview of current immunotherapeutic strategies for glioma. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:1073-104. [PMID: 26598957 PMCID: PMC4681396 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, numerous studies of immunotherapy for malignant glioma (glioblastoma multiforme) have brought new knowledge and new hope for improving the prognosis of this incurable disease. Some clinical trials have reached Phase III, following positive outcomes in Phase I and II, with respect to safety and immunological end points. Results are encouraging especially when considering the promise of sustained efficacy by inducing antitumor immunological memory. Progress in understanding the mechanisms of tumor-induced immune suppression led to the development of drugs targeting immunosuppressive checkpoints, which are used in active clinical trials for glioblastoma multiforme. Insights related to the heterogeneity of the disease bring new challenges for the management of glioma and underscore a likely cause of therapeutic failure. An emerging therapeutic strategy is represented by a combinatorial, personalized approach, including the standard of care: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy with added active immunotherapy and multiagent targeting of immunosuppressive checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neha Kamran
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gregory Baker
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yohei Mineharu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Pedro Ricardo Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Maria Graciela Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Recent advances in the role of toll-like receptors and TLR agonists in immunotherapy for human glioma. Protein Cell 2014; 5:899-911. [PMID: 25411122 PMCID: PMC4259890 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are extremely aggressive brain tumors with a very poor prognosis. One of the more promising strategies for the treatment of human gliomas is targeted immunotherapy where antigens that are unique to the tumors are exploited to generate vaccines. The approach, however, is complicated by the fact that human gliomas escape immune surveillance by creating an immune suppressed microenvironment. In order to oppose the glioma imposed immune suppression, molecules and pathways involved in immune cell maturation, expansion, and migration are under intensive clinical investigation as adjuvant therapy. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate many of these functions in immune cell types, and TLR agonists, thus, are currently primary candidate molecules to be used as important adjuvants in a variety of cancers. In animal models for glioma, TLR agonists have exhibited antitumor properties by facilitating antigen presentation and stimulating innate and adaptive immunity. In clinical trials, several TLR agonists have achieved survival benefit, and many more trials are recruiting or ongoing. However, a second complicating factor is that TLRs are also expressed on cancer cells where they can participate instead in a variety of tumor promoting activities including cell growth, proliferation, invasion, migration, and even stem cell maintenance. TLR agonists can, therefore, possibly play dual roles in tumor biology. Here, how TLRs and TLR agonists function in glioma biology and in anti-glioma therapies is summarized in an effort to provide a current picture of the sophisticated relationship of glioma with the immune system and the implications for immunotherapy.
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Li G, Liu X, Liu Z, Su Z. Interactions of connexin 43 and aquaporin-4 in the formation of glioma-induced brain edema. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1188-94. [PMID: 25373717 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexin 43 (Cx43) and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) have important roles in the formation of glioma-induced brain edema; however, the association between these two factors in the development of edema has remained to be elucidated. In the present study, immunofluorescence and western blot analysis revealed that in a rat model of intracranial C6 glioma, Cx43 expression levels were low to undetectable and AQP4 expression levels were low in glioma cells. Significantly higher Cx43 and AQP4 levels were detected in the tissue surrounding the glioma. To further investigate the potential interaction between Cx43 and AQP4, normal glial cells and C6 glioma cells were cultured in hypotonic medium. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicated that AQP4 and Cx43 mRNA expression levels increased as a function of time in normal glial cells and C6 glioma cells in a hypotonic environment. However, the increase observed in normal glial cells was significantly lower than that observed in C6 glioma cells. Furthermore, AQP4 expression levels changed prior to alterations in Cx43 expression. Following AQP4 silencing in C6 cells, the increase in Cx43 expression was significantly attenuated (P<0.05). In normal cells, Cx43 silencing did not influence AQP4 expression (P>0.05). Therefore, it was hypothesized that AQP4 and Cx43 had two distinct mechanisms underlying brain edema formation within and surrounding the glioma. Cx43 may be a downstream effector of AQP4. The elucidation of this pathway may aid in the development of drugs targeting the interaction between AQP4 and Cx43, providing novel therapeutic possibilities for glioma-induced brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin 5th Center Hospital, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin 5th Center Hospital, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
| | - Zhenlin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin 5th Center Hospital, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin 5th Center Hospital, Tianjin 300450, P.R. China
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Batich KA, Swartz AM, Sampson JH. Enhancing dendritic cell-based vaccination for highly aggressive glioblastoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 15:79-94. [PMID: 25327832 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.972361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with primary glioblastoma (GBM) have a dismal prognosis despite standard therapy, which can induce potentially deleterious side effects. Arming the immune system is an alternative therapeutic approach, as its cellular effectors and inherent capacity for memory can be utilized to specifically target invasive tumor cells, while sparing collateral damage to otherwise healthy brain parenchyma. AREAS COVERED Active immunotherapy is aimed at eliciting a specific immune response against tumor antigens. Dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the most potent activators of de novo and recall immune responses and are thus a vehicle for successful immunotherapy. Currently, investigators are optimizing DC vaccines by enhancing maturation status and migratory potential to induce more potent antitumor responses. An update on the most recent DC immunotherapy trials is provided. EXPERT OPINION Targeting of unique antigens restricted to the tumor itself is the most important parameter in advancing DC vaccines. In order to overcome intrinsic mechanisms of immune evasion observed in GBM, the future of DC-based therapy lies in a multi-antigenic vaccine approach. Successful targeting of multiple antigens will require a comprehensive understanding of all immunologically relevant oncological epitopes present in each tumor, thereby permitting a rational vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Batich
- Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery ; Durham, NC 27710 , USA
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Peng W, Nan Z, Liu Y, Shen H, Lin C, Lin L, Yuan B. Dendritic cells transduced with CPEB4 induced antitumor immune response. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:273-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Fehres CM, Bruijns SCM, van Beelen AJ, Kalay H, Ambrosini M, Hooijberg E, Unger WWJ, de Gruijl TD, van Kooyk Y. Topical rather than intradermal application of the TLR7 ligand imiquimod leads to human dermal dendritic cell maturation and CD8+T-cell cross-priming. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2415-24. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M. Fehres
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Sven C. M. Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Astrid J. van Beelen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Martino Ambrosini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Erik Hooijberg
- Department of Pathology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Wendy W. J. Unger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D. de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Perez-Campos E, Perez JA, Mayoral LPC, Velasco IG, Cruz PH, Olivera PG. Why not change classical treatments for glioblastoma in elderly patients? World J Exp Med 2013; 3:50-55. [DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v3.i4.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In consideration of the poor results obtained with conventional treatments, a review of alternative treatments for elderly patients with glioblastoma was researched in this study. The proposal considers the elimination of human cytomegalovirus, modifying the immune response, arresting growths, blocking some signaling pathways, and modulating the effects of oxygen reactive species.
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Alijotas-Reig J, Fernández-Figueras MT, Puig L. Inflammatory, immune-mediated adverse reactions related to soft tissue dermal fillers. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013; 43:241-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Weber A, Zimmermann C, Mausberg AK, Kieseier BC, Hartung HP, Hofstetter HH. Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine production in thymocytes by the immune response modifiers Imiquimod and Gardiquimod™. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:427-31. [PMID: 23867290 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An emerging role is postulated for IL-17-producing thymocytes, which in their majority consist of IL-17-producing CD4(+) cells. For these, a specific role in the immediate defense against infectious pathogens is suggested, independent from the development of an adaptive immune response in the immune periphery. Immune response modifiers, like the TLR7 ligands Imiquimod and Gardiquimod™ are effective pharmacological therapeutics applied topically against dermal tumors and virus infections and have been demonstrated to activate immune cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of Imiquimod and Gardiquimod™ on murine thymocyte cytokine production with a particular focus on IL-17. We find that both substances dose-dependently are able to trigger IFN-γ and IL-6 production, but no IL-17 production. Moreover, a strong co-stimulating effect is detected on α-CD3-induced IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-17 production. We conclude that Imiquimod and Gardiquimod™ are not only modifiers of the adaptive immune response, but might also have additional therapeutic potential by modifying the immune activity in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weber
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Hackstein H, Hagel N, Knoche A, Kranz S, Lohmeyer J, von Wulffen W, Kershaw O, Gruber AD, Bein G, Baal N. Skin TLR7 triggering promotes accumulation of respiratory dendritic cells and natural killer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43320. [PMID: 22927956 PMCID: PMC3425551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The TLR7 agonist imiquimod has been used successfully as adjuvant for skin treatment of virus-associated warts and basal cell carcinoma. The effects of skin TLR7 triggering on respiratory leukocyte populations are unknown. In a placebo-controlled experimental animal study we have used multicolour flow cytometry to systematically analyze the modulation of respiratory leukocyte subsets after skin administration of imiquimod. Compared to placebo, skin administration of imiquimod significantly increased respiratory dendritic cells (DC) and natural killer cells, whereas total respiratory leukocyte, alveolar macrophages, classical CD4+ T helper and CD8+ T killer cell numbers were not or only moderately affected. DC subpopulation analyses revealed that elevation of respiratory DC was caused by an increase of respiratory monocytic DC and CD11bhi DC subsets. Lymphocyte subpopulation analyses indicated a marked elevation of respiratory natural killer cells and a significant reduction of B lymphocytes. Analysis of cytokine responses of respiratory leukocytes after stimulation with Klebsiella pneumonia indicated reduced IFN-γ and TNF-α expression and increased IL-10 and IL-12p70 production after 7 day low dose skin TLR7 triggering. Additionally, respiratory NK cytotoxic activity was increased after 7d skin TLR7 triggering. In contrast, lung histology and bronchoalveolar cell counts were not affected suggesting that skin TLR7 stimulation modulated respiratory leukocyte composition without inducing overt pulmonary inflammation. These data suggest the possibility to modulate respiratory leukocyte composition and respiratory cytokine responses against pathogens like Klebsiella pneumonia through skin administration of a clinically approved TLR7 ligand. Skin administration of synthetic TLR7 ligands may represent a novel, noninvasive means to modulate respiratory immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Hackstein
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany.
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