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De Smedt J, Aura C, Van Kelst S, Janssen L, Marasigan V, Boecxstaens V, Stas M, Bogaerts K, Belmans A, Cleynen I, Vanderschueren D, Vandenberghe K, Bechter O, Nikkels A, Strobbe T, Emri G, Lambrechts D, Garmyn M. Clinical and genetic determinants of vitamin D receptor expression in cutaneous melanoma patients. Melanoma Res 2024; 34:125-133. [PMID: 38348498 PMCID: PMC10906192 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Decrease of vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression is observed in melanocytic naevi and melanoma compared to normal skin. Little is known about factors influencing VDR expression in cutaneous melanoma (CM). We investigated the correlation of VDR expression in CM with 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) levels, demographic/clinical parameters, genetic variants of VDR and pathology of the primary tumor. Demographic/clinical parameters were recorded in 407 prospectively recruited CM patients of a multi-center controlled study (ViDMe trial). We determined VDR expression both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm by semi-quantitative assessment in CM tissue using histochemistry in 279 patients, expressed in percentages and histoscore (H-score). Genomic DNA from 332 patients was extracted to genotype thirteen VDR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using TaqMan. VDR expression in CM tissue from 279 patients was correlated with clinical/demographic parameters and 25OHD levels (univariable and multivariable analysis), VDR SNPs (univariable analysis) and pathology parameters of primary CM tissue (univariable analysis). Cytoplasmic VDR expression was increased in patients who stated to have a high sun exposure during their life compared to patients with low sun exposure (p H-score,univariable : 0.001, p H-score,multivariable : 0.004). The A allele of the genetic VDR polymorphism Fok1 was associated with a higher expression of the VDR in the cytoplasm (p cytoplasmic, univariable : 0.001 and p H-score, univariable : 0.02). In the primary tumor, presence of mitosis (p nucleus,%, univariable : 0.002) and perineural invasion (p nucleus,%,univariable : 0.03) were significantly associated with low nuclear VDR expression. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01748448.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie De Smedt
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claudia Aura
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Pathology, University College Dublin, Dublin
| | - Sofie Van Kelst
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laudine Janssen
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vivien Marasigan
- Department of Surgery, South Infirmary Victoria University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Veerle Boecxstaens
- Oncological and Vascular Access Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology
| | - Marguerite Stas
- Oncological and Vascular Access Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology
| | - Kris Bogaerts
- Leuven Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics Centre (L-BioStat)
| | - Ann Belmans
- Leuven Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics Centre (L-BioStat)
| | - Isabelle Cleynen
- Laboratory for Complex Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronical Illness and Metabolism, KU Leuven, UZ Leuven
| | | | - Oliver Bechter
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (LEO), Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, UZ Leuven, Leuven
| | - Arjen Nikkels
- Department of Dermatology, CHU Sart Tilman, University of Liège, Liège
| | - Tinne Strobbe
- Department of Dermatology, Imeldaziekenhuis, Bonheiden, Belgium
| | - Gabriella Emri
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dieter Lambrechts
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven
- Center for Cancer Biology (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marjan Garmyn
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Shang QX, Yang YS, Zhang HL, Cheng YP, Lu H, Yuan Y, Chen LQ, Ji AF. Vitamin D receptor induces oxidative stress to promote esophageal squamous cell carcinoma proliferation via the p53 signaling pathway. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23832. [PMID: 38234882 PMCID: PMC10792188 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common pathological esophageal cancer with poor prognosis. Vitamin D deficiency reportedly occurs in ESCC patients, and this is related to single nucleotide polymorphism of vitamin D receptor (VDR). Objective We investigated the effect of VDR on ESCC proliferation, invasion, and metastasis and its potential mechanism. Methods ESCC and normal tissues were collected from 20 ESCC patients. The ESCC tissue microarray contained 116 pairs of ESCC and normal tissues and 73 single ESCC tissues. VDR expression and its clinicopathological role were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry staining. sh-VDR and VDR overexpression were used to validate the effect of VDR on ESCC cell phenotype, and tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics methods identified differential VDR-related proteins. The downstream pathway and regulatory effect were analyzed using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). Differentially expressed proteins were verified through parallel reaction monitoring and Western blot. In vivo imaging visualized subcutaneous tumor growth following tail vein injection of VDR-deficient ESCC cells. Results High VDR expression was observed in ESCC tissues and cells. Gender, T stage, and TNM stage were related to VDR expression, which was the independent prognostic factor related to ESCC. VDR downregulation repressed ESCC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in vitro and subcutaneous tumor growth and lung metastases in vivo. The cell phenotype changes were reversed upon VDR upregulation, and differential proteins were mainly enriched in the p53 signaling pathway. TP53 cooperated with ABCG2, APOE, FTH1, GCLM, GPX1, HMOX1, JUN, PRDX5, and SOD2 and may activate apoptosis and inhibit oxidative stress, cell metastasis, and proliferation. TP53 was upregulated after VDR knockdown, and TP53 downregulation reversed VDR knockdown-induced cell phenotype changes. Conclusions VDR may inhibit p53 signaling pathway activation and induce ESCC proliferation, invasion, and metastasis by activating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Xin Shang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Shang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Han-Lu Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ya-Ping Cheng
- Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical University, No. 161 Jiefang East Street, Changzhi, 046000, China
| | - Han Lu
- Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical University, No. 161 Jiefang East Street, Changzhi, 046000, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Long-Qi Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ai-Fang Ji
- Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical University, No. 161 Jiefang East Street, Changzhi, 046000, China
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Hutchinson PE, Pringle JH. Consideration of possible effects of vitamin D on established cancer, with reference to malignant melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2022; 35:408-424. [PMID: 35445563 PMCID: PMC9322395 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that Vitamin D has a beneficial, inhibitory effect on cancer development and subsequent progression, including melanoma (MM), and favourable MM outcome has been reported as directly related to vitamin D3 status, assessed by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25[OH]D3 ) levels taken at diagnosis. It has been recommended that MM patients with deficient levels of 25(OH)D3 be given vitamin D3 . We examine possible beneficial or detrimental effects of treating established cancer with vitamin D3 . We consider the likely biological determinants of cancer outcome, the reported effects of vitamin D3 on these in both cancerous and non-cancerous settings, and how the effect of vitamin D3 might change depending on the integrity of tumour vitamin D receptor (VDR) signalling. We would argue that the effect of defective tumour VDR signalling could result in loss of suppression of growth, reduction of anti-tumour immunity, with potential antagonism of the elimination phase and enhancement of the escape phase of tumour immunoediting, possibly increased angiogenesis but continued suppression of inflammation. In animal models, having defective VDR signalling, vitamin D3 administration decreased survival and increased metastases. Comparable studies in man are lacking but in advanced disease, a likely marker of defective VDR signalling, studies have shown modest or no improvement in outcome with some evidence of worsening. Work is needed in assessing the integrity of tumour VDR signalling and the safety of vitamin D3 supplementation when defective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James H. Pringle
- Leicester Cancer Research CentreUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
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Becker AL, Carpenter EL, Slominski AT, Indra AK. The Role of the Vitamin D Receptor in the Pathogenesis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Cutaneous Melanoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:743667. [PMID: 34692525 PMCID: PMC8526885 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the malignant transformation of melanocytes and represents the most lethal form of skin cancer. While early-stage melanoma localized to the skin can be cured with surgical excision, metastatic melanoma often requires a multi-pronged approach and even then can exhibit treatment resistance. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of melanoma could lead to novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies to ultimately decrease morbidity and mortality. One emerging candidate that may have value as both a prognostic marker and in a therapeutic context is the vitamin D receptor (VDR). VDR is a nuclear steroid hormone receptor activated by 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D3 [calcitriol, 1,25(OH)2D3]. While 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D3 is typically thought of in relation to calcium metabolism, it also plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation, programmed-cell death as well as photoprotection. This review discusses the role of VDR in the crosstalk between keratinocytes and melanocytes during melanomagenesis and summarizes the clinical data regarding VDR polymorphisms, VDR as a prognostic marker, and potential uses of vitamin D and its analogs as an adjuvant treatment for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa L. Becker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, OR, United States
- John A. Burns School of Medicine at the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Evan L. Carpenter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Cancer Chemoprevention Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Arup K. Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, OSU, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, OR, United States
- Linus Pauling Science Center, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, OR, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, United States
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Cytoplasmic Localization of RXRα Determines Outcome in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153756. [PMID: 34359656 PMCID: PMC8345077 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Considering the immense development of today’s therapeutic approaches in oncology towards customized therapy, this study aimed to assess the prognostic value of nuclear versus cytoplasmic retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) expression in breast cancer. Our results demonstrate that RXRα expression may have different roles in tumorigenesis according to its subcellular localization. This study strengthens the need for further research on the behavior of RXRα, depending on its intracellular localization. Abstract The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the prognostic value of cytoplasmic versus nuclear RXRα expression in breast cancer (BC) tissue samples and to correlate the results with clinicopathological parameters. In 319 BC patients, the expression of RXRα was evaluated via immunohistochemistry. Prognosis-determining aspects were calculated through uni- and multivariate analyses. Correlation analysis revealed a trend association with nuclear RXRα expression regarding an improved overall survival (OS) (p = 0.078), whereas cytoplasmic RXRα expression was significantly correlated with a poor outcomes in terms of both OS (p = 0.038) and disease-free survival (DFS) (p = 0.037). Strengthening these results, cytoplasmic RXRα was found to be an independent marker for DFS (p = 0.023), when adjusted to clinicopathological parameters, whereas nuclear RXRα expression was positively associated with lower TNM-staging, i.e., pT (p = 0.01), pN (p = 0.029) and pM (p = 0.001). Additionally, cytoplasmic RXRα expression was positively associated with a higher histopathological tumor grading (p = 0.02). Cytoplasmic RXRα was also found to be a negative prognosticator for Her-2neu-negative and triple-negative patients. Altogether, these findings support the hypothesis that the subcellular localization of RXRα plays an important role in carcinogenesis and the prognosis of BC. The expression of cytoplasmic RXRα is correlated with a more aggressive course of the disease, whereas nuclear RXRα expression appears to be a protective factor. These data may help to identify high-risk BC subgroups in order to find possible specific options in targeted tumor therapy.
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Bilani N, Elson L, Szuchan C, Elimimian E, Saleh M, Nahleh Z. Newly-identified Pathways Relating Vitamin D to Carcinogenesis: A Review. In Vivo 2021; 35:1345-1354. [PMID: 33910812 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiological relationship between vitamin D levels and cancer has been thoroughly investigated. Published data from large studies appear to corroborate a significant relationship between higher serum vitamin D concentrations and improved survival. Mechanistic reviews on commonly-studied cancers - including breast cancer, colon cancer and melanoma - focus predominantly on data from older studies. In outlining avenues for future research, we believe there is utility in summarizing novel findings introduced to the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this narrative review, we used MEDLINE, PUBMED and Cochrane databases to identify mechanistic studies published from January 1, 2015 onwards exploring this topic. RESULTS Twenty-five mechanistic studies were included in this review. It was found that vitamin D plays a critical role in both direct (i.e. tumor gene expression, proliferation, invasiveness, sensitivity to chemotherapy etc.) and indirect (i.e. effects on the tumor microenvironment and immunomodulation) tumor suppression mechanisms. CONCLUSION These newly-identified pathways warrant further research, with the hopes that we may understand how and when vitamin D supplementation can be integrated into precision medicine therapeutics for cancers of the breast, colon and skin. Cancer care providers should consider recommendations to screen for vitamin D deficiency in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Bilani
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, U.S.A.;
| | - Leah Elson
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, U.S.A
| | - Charles Szuchan
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth Elimimian
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, U.S.A
| | | | - Zeina Nahleh
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, U.S.A
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Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR), primarily known as a crucial mediator of calcium homeostasis and metabolism, has been shown to play a significant role in various cancer entities. Previous studies have focused on vitamin D and its receptor in gynecological cancers, noting that the receptor is upregulated in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The aim of this study is to analyze the prognostic impact of VDR and its functional significance in ovarian cancer. Through immunohistochemistry, VDR staining was examined in 156 ovarian cancer samples. Evaluation of VDR staining was conducted in the nucleus and the cytoplasm using the semi-quantitative immunoreactive score, and the scores were classified into high- and low-level expressions. Expression levels were correlated with clinical and pathological parameters as well as with overall survival to assess for prognostic impact. Differences in cytoplasmic VDR expression were identified between the histological subtypes (p = 0.001). Serous, clear cell, and endometrioid subtypes showed the highest staining, while the mucinous subtype showed the lowest. Cytoplasmic VDR correlated with higher FIGO stage (p = 0.013; Cc = 0.203), positive lymph node status (p = 0.023; Cc = 0.236), high-grade serous histology (p = 0.000; Cc = 0.298) and grading from the distinct histological subtypes (p = 0.006; Cc = − 0.225). Nuclear VDR did not correlate with clinicopathological data. High cytoplasmic expression of VDR was associated with impaired overall survival (HR 2.218, 32.5 months vs. median not reached; p < 0.001) and was confirmed as a statistically independent prognostic factor in the Cox regression multivariate analysis. Additional knowledge of VDR as a biomarker and its interactions within the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway could potentially improve the prognosis of therapeutic approaches for specific subgroups in EOC.
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