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Che Y, Yuan J, Tang D, Guo J. Lipid traits and lipid-lowering drug target genes and risk of melanoma: a mendelian randomization study. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:301. [PMID: 38819656 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-03100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Our study aimed to investigate the role of lipids in melanoma risk and the effect of lipid-lowering drug targets on melanoma. Using Mendelian Randomization analysis, we examined the genetic agents of nine lipid-lowering drugs and their association with melanoma risk. We found that genetically proxied inhibition of HMGCR, ABCG5/ABCG8, and ANGPTL3 was associated with a reduced risk of melanoma. On the other hand, inhibition of LPL and Apo-B100 was significantly associated with an increased risk of melanoma. Sensitivity analyses did not reveal any statistical evidence of bias from pleiotropy or genetic confounding. We did not find a robust association between lipid traits NPC1L1, PCSK9, APOC3 inhibition, and melanoma risk. These findings were validated using two independent lipid datasets. Our analysis also revealed that HMGCR, ANGPTL3, and ABCG5/ABCG8 inhibitors reduced melanoma risk independent of their effects on lipids. This suggests that these targets may have potential for melanoma prevention or treatment. In conclusion, our study provides evidence for a causal role of lipids in melanoma risk and highlights specific lipid-lowering drug targets that may be effective in reducing the risk of melanoma. These findings contribute to the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of melanoma development and provide potential avenues for further research and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Che
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyao Yuan
- West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dadong Tang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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2
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Lipid metabolic Reprogramming: Role in Melanoma Progression and Therapeutic Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113147. [PMID: 33121001 PMCID: PMC7692067 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanoma is a devastating skin cancer characterized by an impressive metabolic plasticity. Melanoma cells are able to adapt to the tumor microenvironment by using a variety of fuels that contribute to tumor growth and progression. In this review, the authors summarize the contribution of the lipid metabolic network in melanoma plasticity and aggressiveness, with a particular attention to specific lipid classes such as glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols and eicosanoids. They also highlight the role of adipose tissue in tumor progression as well as the potential antitumor role of drugs targeting critical steps of lipid metabolic pathways in the context of melanoma. Abstract Metabolic reprogramming contributes to the pathogenesis and heterogeneity of melanoma. It is driven both by oncogenic events and the constraints imposed by a nutrient- and oxygen-scarce microenvironment. Among the most prominent metabolic reprogramming features is an increased rate of lipid synthesis. Lipids serve as a source of energy and form the structural foundation of all membranes, but have also emerged as mediators that not only impact classical oncogenic signaling pathways, but also contribute to melanoma progression. Various alterations in fatty acid metabolism have been reported and can contribute to melanoma cell aggressiveness. Elevated expression of the key lipogenic fatty acid synthase is associated with tumor cell invasion and poor prognosis. Fatty acid uptake from the surrounding microenvironment, fatty acid β-oxidation and storage also appear to play an essential role in tumor cell migration. The aim of this review is (i) to focus on the major alterations affecting lipid storage organelles and lipid metabolism. A particular attention has been paid to glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols and eicosanoids, (ii) to discuss how these metabolic dysregulations contribute to the phenotype plasticity of melanoma cells and/or melanoma aggressiveness, and (iii) to highlight therapeutic approaches targeting lipid metabolism that could be applicable for melanoma treatment.
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3
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von Schuckmann LA, Khosrotehrani K, Ghiasvand R, Hughes MCB, van der Pols JC, Malt M, Smithers BM, Green AC. Statins may reduce disease recurrence in patients with ulcerated primary melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:1049-1055. [PMID: 32133622 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins may restrict the cellular functions required for melanoma growth and metastasis. OBJECTIVES To determine whether long-term statin use commenced before diagnosis of a primary melanoma is associated with reduced risk of melanoma recurrence. METHODS We prospectively followed a cohort of patients newly diagnosed between 2010 and 2014 with localized tumour-stage T1b to T4b melanoma in Queensland, Australia. We used Cox regression analyses to examine associations between long-term statin use and melanoma recurrence for the entire cohort, and then separately by sex and by presence of ulceration, due to evidence of effect modification. RESULTS Among 700 patients diagnosed with stage T1b to T4b primary melanoma (mean age 62 years, 59% male, 28% with ulcerated tumours), 94 patients (13%) developed melanoma recurrence within 2 years. Long-term statin users (n = 204, 29%) had a significantly lower risk of disease recurrence than nonusers [adjusted hazard ratio (HRadj ) 0·55, 95% confidence Interval (CI) 0·32-0·97] regardless of statin subtype or potency. Compared with nonusers of statins, risk of recurrence was significantly decreased in male statin users (HRadj 0·39, 95% CI 0·19-0·79) but not in female statin users (HRadj 0·82, 95% CI 0·29-2·27) and in statin users with ulcerated (HRadj 0·17, 95% CI 0·05-0·52) but not nonulcerated (HRadj 0·91, 95% CI 0·46-1·81) primary melanoma. CONCLUSIONS Statins commenced before melanoma diagnosis may reduce the risk of melanoma recurrence, especially in men and in those with ulcerated tumours. Clinical trial evaluation of the potential role of statins in improving the prognosis of high-risk melanoma is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A von Schuckmann
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - K Khosrotehrani
- Experimental Dermatology Group, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - R Ghiasvand
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - M C B Hughes
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - J C van der Pols
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M Malt
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - B M Smithers
- Queensland Melanoma Project, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - A C Green
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,CRUK Manchester and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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4
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Bandgar SA, Jadhav NR, Manjappa AS. A remarkable in vitro cytotoxic, cell cycle arresting and proapoptotic characteristics of low-dose mixed micellar simvastatin combined with alendronate sodium. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 10:1122-1135. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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5
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Ahmed TA. Development of rosuvastatin flexible lipid-based nanoparticles: promising nanocarriers for improving intestinal cells cytotoxicity. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 21:14. [PMID: 32085802 PMCID: PMC7035742 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-020-0393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rosuvastatin (RSV) is a poorly water-soluble drug that has an absolute oral bioavailability of only 20%. The aim of this work was to prepare a positively charged chitosan coated flexible lipid-based vesicles (chitosomes) and compare their characteristics to the corresponding negatively charged flexible liposomal nanoparticles (NPs) in order to develop new RSV nanocarrier systems. Methods Three formulation factors affecting the development of chitosomes nano-formulation were optimized for their effects on the particles size, entrapment efficiency (EE) and zeta potential. The optimized flexible chitosomes and their corresponding liposomal NPs were characterized for morphology, in vitro release, flexibility and intestinal cell viability. The half maximum inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for both formulations were calculated. Results The drug to lipid molar ratio, edge activator percent and the chitosan concentration were significantly affecting the characteristics of NPs. The optimized chitosomes nano-formulation exhibited larger size, higher EE and greater zeta potential value when compared to the corresponding liposomal NPs. Both formulations showed a spherical shape nanostructure with a marked outer shell for the chitosomes nano-formulation. Chitosomes illustrated an extended drug release profile when compared with the corresponding liposomal NPs and the prepared drug suspension. Flexibility of both vesicles was confirmed with superiority of liposomal NPs over chitosomes. RSV loaded chitosomes nano-formulation exhibited lower IC50 values and higher therapeutic window while liposomal NPs were compatible with the intestinal cells. Conclusions RSV loaded chitosomes nano-formulation could be considered as a promising nanocarrier system with a marked cytotoxic activity while, RSV loaded liposomal NPs are suitable nanocarrier to improve RSV activity in treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
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6
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Barone A, Mendes M, Cabral C, Mare R, Paolino D, Vitorino C. Hybrid Nanostructured Films for Topical Administration of Simvastatin as Coadjuvant Treatment of Melanoma. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3396-3407. [PMID: 31201905 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work aims at (1) assessing the potential of repurposing simvastatin (SV) to support the most common therapies against melanoma and (2) developing an innovative topical adhesive film, composed by chitosan-coated nanostructured lipid carriers (Ch-NLC) used as drug vehicle. A factorial design approach was employed as the basis for the formulation development. Optimized Ch-NLC displayed a particle size of 108 ± 1 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.226, a zeta potential of 17.0 ± 0.6 mV, as well as an entrapment efficiency of 99.86 ± 0.08%, and SV loading of 14.99 ± 0.01%. The performance of SV-Ch-NLC films was assessed in terms of release, permeation, and adhesion, as critical quality attributes. Cutaneous tolerability and in vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed to warrant film safety and drug effectiveness, respectively. The topical films provided a sustained release kinetic profile of SV and were classified as nonirritant systems. The encapsulation of SV increased cytotoxicity in melanoma cells. The key role of squalene as nanostructuring agent of the lipid nanoparticle matrix and as permeation enhancer was highlighted, suggesting its key action for potentiating skin permeation and uptake into melanoma cells. Topical SV-Ch-NLC films are thus able to provide an in situ extended drug delivery and useful as coadjuvant treatment of melanoma skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Barone
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Mendes
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Célia Cabral
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, CNC.IBILI Consortium & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosario Mare
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Donatella Paolino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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7
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Zdybel M, Chodurek E, Pilawa B. Application of EPR spectroscopy to determine the influence of simvastatin concentration on free radicals in A-375 human melanoma malignum cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104620. [PMID: 31394162 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive and lethal form of skin cancer. Therefore the search for new methods of the treatment for melanoma is needed. In this work simvastatin was tested as the substance of potential anticancer activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of simvastatin in different concentration on free radicals in A-375 human melanoma malignum cells. Free radicals and growth of A-375 melanoma cells cultured without and with simvastatin were examined. Free radicals were tested by the use of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. o-Semiquinone free radicals existed in A-375 cells. Free radicals of the control A-375 cells and the cells cultured with simvastatin were homogeneously broadened. The growth of A-375 cells did not change for concentrations of simvastatin 0.1 μM and 0.3 μM, and it slightly decreased for concentration of this substance equal 1 μM, so these concentrations of simvastatin were not preferred for therapy. For the concentrations of simvastatin higher than 1 μM the growth of A-375 cells was considerably weakened. Simvastatin in the concentrations of 0.1 μM and 1 μM decreased free radical concentrations in A-375 cells. The concentrations of simvastatin of 3 μM and 5 μM accompanied by the strong cell damage and strong formation of free radicals in them were recommended for anticancer therapy of A-375 melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zdybel
- Department of Biophysics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Ewa Chodurek
- Department of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Barbara Pilawa
- Department of Biophysics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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8
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Abstract
In the past decades, a vast amount of data accumulated on the role of lipid signaling pathways in the progression of malignant melanoma, the most metastatic/aggressive human cancer type. Genomic studies identified that PTEN loss is the leading factor behind the activation of the PI3K-signaling pathway in melanoma, mutations of which are one of the main resistance mechanisms behind target therapy failures. On the other hand, illegitimate expressions of megakaryocytic genes p12-lipoxyganse, cyclooxygenase-2, and phosphodiestherase-2/autotaxin (ATX) are mostly involved in the regulation of motility signaling in melanoma through various G-protein-coupled bioactive lipid receptors. Furthermore, endocannabinoid signaling can also be a novel paracrine survival factor in melanoma. Last but not least, prenylation inhibitors acting even on mutated small GTP-ases, such as NRAS of melanoma may offer novel therapeutic opportunities. As regards melanoma, the most effective therapy nowadays is immunotherapy, with the resistance mechanisms also possibly involving the lipid signaling activities of melanoma cells, which further supports the idea of their being therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Tímár
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, 93. Üllöi u, Budapest, 1091, Hungary. .,Molecular Oncology Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - B Hegedüs
- Molecular Oncology Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Throracic Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - E Rásó
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, 93. Üllöi u, Budapest, 1091, Hungary
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9
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Jeter JM, Bowles TL, Curiel-Lewandrowski C, Swetter SM, Filipp FV, Abdel-Malek ZA, Geskin LJ, Brewer JD, Arbiser JL, Gershenwald JE, Chu EY, Kirkwood JM, Box NF, Funchain P, Fisher DE, Kendra KL, Marghoob AA, Chen SC, Ming ME, Albertini MR, Vetto JT, Margolin KA, Pagoto SL, Hay JL, Grossman D, Ellis DL, Kashani-Sabet M, Mangold AR, Markovic SN, Meyskens FL, Nelson KC, Powers JG, Robinson JK, Sahni D, Sekulic A, Sondak VK, Wei ML, Zager JS, Dellavalle RP, Thompson JA, Weinstock MA, Leachman SA, Cassidy PB. Chemoprevention agents for melanoma: A path forward into phase 3 clinical trials. Cancer 2019; 125:18-44. [PMID: 30281145 PMCID: PMC6860362 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in the treatment of advanced melanoma has led to unprecedented improvements in overall survival and, as these new melanoma treatments have been developed and deployed in the clinic, much has been learned about the natural history of the disease. Now is the time to apply that knowledge toward the design and clinical evaluation of new chemoprevention agents. Melanoma chemoprevention has the potential to reduce dramatically both the morbidity and the high costs associated with treating patients who have metastatic disease. In this work, scientific and clinical melanoma experts from the national Melanoma Prevention Working Group, composed of National Cancer Trials Network investigators, discuss research aimed at discovering and developing (or repurposing) drugs and natural products for the prevention of melanoma and propose an updated pipeline for translating the most promising agents into the clinic. The mechanism of action, preclinical data, epidemiological evidence, and results from available clinical trials are discussed for each class of compounds. Selected keratinocyte carcinoma chemoprevention studies also are considered, and a rationale for their inclusion is presented. These data are summarized in a table that lists the type and level of evidence available for each class of agents. Also included in the discussion is an assessment of additional research necessary and the likelihood that a given compound may be a suitable candidate for a phase 3 clinical trial within the next 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Jeter
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Genetics and Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tawnya L Bowles
- Department of Surgery, Intermountain Health Care, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Susan M Swetter
- Department of Dermatology, Pigmented Lesion and Melanoma Program, Stanford University Medical Center Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Fabian V Filipp
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, California
| | | | - Larisa J Geskin
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Oncology Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jerry D Brewer
- Department of Dermatologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Minnesota, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jack L Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jeffrey E Gershenwald
- Departments of Surgical Oncology and Cancer Biology, Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Emily Y Chu
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Melanoma and Skin Cancer Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Neil F Box
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Dermatology Service, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - David E Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kari L Kendra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Oncology Division, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ashfaq A Marghoob
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Skin Cancer Center and Department of Dermatology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Suephy C Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Division of Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael E Ming
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark R Albertini
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - John T Vetto
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kim A Margolin
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Sherry L Pagoto
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, UConn Institute for Collaboration in Health, Interventions, and Policy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Jennifer L Hay
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Douglas Grossman
- Departments of Dermatology and Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Darrel L Ellis
- Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Division of Dermatology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mohammed Kashani-Sabet
- Center for Melanoma Research and Treatment, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - Kelly C Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - June K Robinson
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Debjani Sahni
- Department of Dermatology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Vernon K Sondak
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
- Departments of Oncologic Sciences and Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Maria L Wei
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Dermatology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Jonathan S Zager
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Sarcoma, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Robert P Dellavalle
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Dermatology Service, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - John A Thompson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Martin A Weinstock
- Center for Dermatoepidemiology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Dermatology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Dermatology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Sancy A Leachman
- Department of Dermatology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Pamela B Cassidy
- Department of Dermatology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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10
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Lin BM, Li WQ, Cho E, Curhan GC, Qureshi AA. Statin use and risk of skin cancer. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 78:682-693. [PMID: 29208416 PMCID: PMC5957516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are among the most commonly used medications in the United States, and statin use is associated with increased risk of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, previous studies are limited by lack of adjustment for important confounders. OBJECTIVE Examine the relation between statins and skin cancer risk in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. METHODS Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate associations. RESULTS During follow-up (2000-2010), we documented 10,201 BCC, 1393 SCC, and 333 melanoma cases. History of high cholesterol level was not associated with risk of BCC (pooled multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.09), SCC (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.85-1.06), or melanoma (HR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.64-1.19). Statin use was not associated with risk of BCC (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.99-1.09]), SCC (HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.94-1.24), or melanoma (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.78-1.38). There was a trend toward higher BCC risk with longer duration of statin use in men (P trend = .003) but not in women (P trend = .86). LIMITATIONS Lack of treatment data. CONCLUSION History of high cholesterol level was not associated with skin cancer risk. Longer duration of statin use was associated with a trend toward higher BCC risk in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Wen-Qing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Gary C Curhan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abrar A Qureshi
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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11
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Effects of commonly used chronic medications on the outcomes of ipilimumab therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res 2018; 26:609-615. [PMID: 27603551 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ipilimumab can induce long-term survival in 20% of patients with metastatic melanoma. Concurrent chronic medications may impact the patient's immune system, possess antimelanoma properties, and potentially affect clinical outcomes. This retrospective study sought to describe the efficacy and toxicity effects of 12 classes of chronic medications in metastatic melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab. A total of 159 adults who received ipilimumab for metastatic melanoma at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota, USA) from 1 March 2011 through 31 December 2014 were included. Classes of chronic medications included statins, metformin, β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin-receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, H1 and H2 receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), antidepressants, and vitamin D supplements. Of the 12 medication classes, only PPIs were found to have an increased odds of experiencing a partial response or a complete response to ipilimumab [odds ratio: 3.73; confidence interval (CI): 1.26-11.04; P=0.02] on the basis of a case-control analysis. Although not significant, PPI use also trended toward improved overall survival and progression-free survival (hazard ratio: 0.44; CI: 0.17-1.15; P=0.09; and hazard ratio: 0.6; CI: 0.34-1.06; P=0.08, respectively) on the basis of Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard modeling. No medication class was associated with an increased risk of grades 3-5 immune-related adverse events with ipilimumab on the basis of case-control analysis. In summary, patients on PPIs may be more likely to experience a partial response/complete response following ipilimumab therapy. Because of the small sample size and the retrospective nature of this work, these findings are only descriptive and further study should be carried out. Other classes of chronic medications did not produce statistically significant effects for any of the measured outcomes.
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Alqudah MAY, Mansour HT, Mhaidat N. Simvastatin enhances irinotecan-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer via inhibition of MCL-1. Saudi Pharm J 2017; 26:191-197. [PMID: 30166915 PMCID: PMC6111232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors around the world. Hyperlipidemia is considered as one of the most important risk factors for the development of prostate cancer. Simvastatin is widely used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and was previously shown to induce apoptosis in several cancer types including lung, colon, pancreas, breast, and prostate cancer. In this study we aimed to explore the potential role of simvastatin in enhancing irinotecan-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. In addition, the underlying molecular mechanisms driving this potential effect of simvastatin were also explored. PC3 cells were treated with simvastatin, irinotecan or combination. Cell viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. Flow cytometry technique was used to analyze apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Western blot was used for detection of protein expression. Results showed that simvastatin has a significant anti-proliferative activity on PC3 cells. Combined treatment of simvastatin with irinotecan exhibited a significant inhibition of PC3 cell growth compared to each treatment alone. Flow cytometry analysis showed that PC3 cell treatment with simvastatin and irinotecan combination demonstrated a remarkable increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells and those accumulated at G0/G1 phase when compared to each treatment alone. Moreover, induction of apoptosis was caspase-independent. Western blot showed that apoptosis was accompanied by upregulation of GRP-78 level and downregulation of Mcl-1 levels in a time-dependent manner. The results of this study demonstrated that combined treatment of simvastatin with chemotherapeutic agents such as irinotecan resulted in enhancement of growth inhibition and induction of prostate cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Y Alqudah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Hebah T Mansour
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Nizar Mhaidat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Papanagnou P, Stivarou T, Papageorgiou I, Papadopoulos GE, Pappas A. Marketed drugs used for the management of hypercholesterolemia as anticancer armament. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:4393-4411. [PMID: 28932124 PMCID: PMC5598753 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s140483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of novel pharmacologic agents as well as their approval for sale in markets all over the world is a tedious and pricey process. Inevitably, oncologic patients commonly experience unwanted effects of new anticancer drugs, while the acquisition of clinical experience for these drugs is largely based on doctor–patient partnership which is not always effective. The repositioning of marketed non-antineoplastic drugs that hopefully exhibit anticancer properties into the field of oncology is a challenging option that gains ground and attracts preclinical and clinical research in an effort to override all these hindrances and minimize the risk for reduced efficacy and/or personalized toxicity. This review aims to present the anticancer properties of drugs used for the management of hypercholesterolemia. A global view of the antitumorigenicity of all marketed antihypercholesterolemic drugs is of major importance, given that atherosclerosis, which is etiologically linked to hypercholesterolemia, is a leading worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality, while hypercholesterolemia and tumorigenesis are known to be interrelated. In vitro, in vivo and clinical literature data accumulated so far outline the mechanistic basis of the antitumor function of these agents and how they could find application at the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodora Stivarou
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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Buranrat B, Suwannaloet W, Naowaboot J. Simvastatin potentiates doxorubicin activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6243-6250. [PMID: 29113274 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin is a low density lipoprotein-lowering drug that is widely used to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway. Simvastatin also exhibits inhibitory effects on a number of types of cancer. In the present study, the effects of simvastatin on the activity of doxorubicin in the breast cancer MCF-7 cell line, and the mechanisms by which this interaction occurs were investigated. The effect of simvastatin and doxorubicin treatment, alone and in combination, on the growth of MCF-7 cells was evaluated by a sulforhodamine B and colony formation assay. To delineate the mechanisms of cell death, the following parameters were measured: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production using the fluorescence probe dihydroethidium; caspase 3 activity by the fluorometry method; gene expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction; and apoptotic- and proliferative-related protein levels by western blotting. MCF-7 cell proliferation was significantly suppressed by 24-48 h treatment with simvastatin alone. Doses of 10-50 µM simvastatin also enhanced the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin against MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and decreased the colony-forming ability of MCF-7 cells. Simvastatin alone or in combination with doxorubicin significantly increased ROS levels. Combination treatment significantly decreased expression of the cell cycle regulatory protein Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 and numerous downstream proteins including cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 2, Cdk4 and Cdk6. Additionally, simvastatin in combination with doxorubicin significantly induced expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, increased cytochrome c and caspase 3 expression and reduced cyclin D1 expression. In conclusion, simvastatin acts synergistically with the anticancer drug doxorubicin against MCF-7 cells, possibly through a downregulation of the cell cycle or induction of apoptosis. Although additional studies are required, simvastatin and doxorubicin combination may be a reasonable regimen for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjaporn Buranrat
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Talad, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Wanwisa Suwannaloet
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, Warin chamrap, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Jarinyaporn Naowaboot
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Rangsit, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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Chhabra G, Ndiaye MA, Garcia-Peterson LM, Ahmad N. Melanoma Chemoprevention: Current Status and Future Prospects. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:975-989. [PMID: 28295364 DOI: 10.1111/php.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of skin cancers, both nonmelanoma and melanoma, is increasing in the United States. The ultraviolet radiation, mainly from sun, is considered the major cause for these neoplasms. While nonmelanoma skin cancers are far more numerous, melanoma remains the most challenging. This is because melanoma can become extremely aggressive and its incidence is increasing worldwide due to lack of effective early detection, as well as disease recurrence, following both surgery and chemotherapy. Therefore, in addition to better treatment options, newer means are required to prevent melanomas from developing. Chemoprevention is a reasonable cost-effective approach to prevent carcinogenesis by inhibiting the processes of tumor initiation, promotion and progression. Melanoma is a progressive disease, which makes it very suitable for chemopreventive interventions, by targeting the processes and molecular pathways involved in the progression of melanoma. This review discusses the roles of various chemopreventive agents such as NSAIDs, statins, vitamins and dietary agents in melanoma and highlights current advancements and our perspective on future of melanoma chemoprevention. Although considerable preclinical data suggest that melanoma may be prevented or delayed by a numerous chemopreventive agents, we realize there are insufficient clinical studies evaluating their efficacy and long-term safety for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Chhabra
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Mary Ann Ndiaye
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, WI
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Anti-proliferative and cytotoxic activity of rosuvastatin against melanoma cells. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2016; 33:257-62. [PMID: 27605895 PMCID: PMC5004214 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2016.61601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Statins are considered potential candidate agents for melanoma chemoprevention. Statin-induced mevalonate pathway inhibition leads to reduction of cholesterol synthesis and also to decreased cellular levels of non-steroidal isoprenoids, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate. This results in the impairment of protein prenylation which affects carcinogenesis. Aim To analyze anti-proliferative and cytotoxic activity of rosuvastatin against melanoma cells. Material and methods Melanoma cell lines (A375 and WM1552C) and normal fibroblasts (BJ) were used as the primary research material. Cells were treated with rosuvastatin at concentrations ranging from 0.01 µM to 10 µM. Cell viability was analyzed with the use of an MTT assay. Expression of proliferation marker Ki67 was assessed on the basis of immunofluorescence staining. Results Rosuvastatin reduced A375 and BJ cell viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner. After 72 h incubation, the IC50, half maximal inhibitory concentration, was 2.3 µM for melanoma cells and 7.4 µM for normal fibroblasts. In turn, rosuvastatin exhibited relatively lower activity against WM1552C cells. A significant reduction of Ki67 expression was also noted for BJ fibroblasts after prolonged incubation with the tested drug. Conclusions The results indicate that the anti-melanoma properties of rosuvastatin are highly dependent on the tumor cell line assessed. However, the concentrations required to decrease melanoma cell viability in vitro exceed the plasma concentrations reached in patients treated with rosuvastatin at well-tolerated doses. What is more disturbing, reduction of proliferation and viability observed in BJ fibroblasts indicated that rosuvastatin at high doses may be toxic for normal cells.
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Modulating effect of simvastatin on the DNA damage induced by doxorubicin in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 90:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kretzer IF, Maria DA, Guido MC, Contente TC, Maranhão RC. Simvastatin increases the antineoplastic actions of paclitaxel carried in lipid nanoemulsions in melanoma-bearing mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:885-904. [PMID: 27022257 PMCID: PMC4788363 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s88546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lipid nanoemulsions (LDEs) that bind to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors used as carriers of paclitaxel (PTX) can decrease toxicity and increase PTX antitumoral action. The administration of simvastatin (Simva), which lowers LDL-cholesterol, was tested as an adjuvant to commercial PTX and to PTX associated with LDE (LDE-PTX). MATERIALS AND METHODS B16F10 melanoma-bearing mice were treated with saline solution or LDE (controls), Simva, PTX, PTX and Simva, LDE-PTX, and LDE-PTX and Simva: PTX dose 17.5 μmol/kg (three intraperitoneal injections, 3 alternate days): Simva 50 mg/kg/day by gavage, 9 consecutive days. RESULTS Compared with saline controls, 95% tumor-growth inhibition was achieved by LDE-PTX and Simva, 61% by LDE-PTX, 44% by PTX and Simva, and 43% by PTX. Simva alone had no effect. Metastasis developed in only 37% of the LDE-PTX and Simva, 60% in LDE-PTX, and 90% in PTX and Simva groups. Survival rates were higher in LDE-PTX and Simva and in LDE-PTX groups. The LDE-PTX and Simva group presented tumors with reduced cellular density and increased collagen fibers I and III. Tumors from all groups showed reduction in immunohistochemical expression of ICAM, MCP-1, and MMP-9; LDE-PTX and Simva presented the lowest MMP-9 expression. Expression of p21 was increased in the Simva, LDE-PTX, and LDE-PTX and Simva groups. In the Simva and LDE-PTX and Simva groups, expression of cyclin D1, a proliferation and survival promoter of tumor cells, was decreased. Therapy with LDE-PTX and Simva showed negligible toxicity compared with PTX and Simva, which resulted in weight loss and myelosuppression. CONCLUSION Simva increased the antitumor activity of PTX carried in LDE but not of PTX commercial presentation, possibly because statins increase the expression of LDL receptors that internalize LDE-PTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara F Kretzer
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Lipids, Heart Institute of the Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Durvanei A Maria
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratories, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C Guido
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Lipids, Heart Institute of the Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís C Contente
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Lipids, Heart Institute of the Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raul C Maranhão
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Lipids, Heart Institute of the Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Simvastatin ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting Th1/Th17 response and cellular infiltration. Inflammopharmacology 2015; 23:343-54. [PMID: 26559850 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-015-0252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a CD4(+)-mediated autoimmune pathology of the central nervous system (CNS) that is used as a model for the study of the human neuroinflammatory disease, multiple sclerosis. During the development of EAE, auto-reactive Th1 and Th17 CD4(+) T cells infiltrate the CNS promoting inflammatory cells recruitment, focal inflammation and tissue destruction. In this sense, statins, agents used to lower lipid levels, have recently shown to exert interesting immunomodulatory function. In fact, statins promote a bias towards a Th2 response, which ameliorates the clinical outcome of EAE. Additionally, simvastatin can inhibit Th17 differentiation. However, many other effects exerted on the immune system by statins have yet to be clarified, in particular during neuroinflammation. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of simvastatin on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. METHODS Mice were immunized with MOG(35-55) and EAE severity was assessed daily and scored using a clinical scale. Cytokine secretion by mononuclear cells infiltrating the CNS was evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS Simvastatin (5 mg/kg/day) improved clinical outcome, induced an increase in TGF-β mRNA expression and inhibited IL-6, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, RANTES and MIP-1β secretion (p < 0.05). This was accompanied by a significant decrease in CNS inflammatory mononuclear cell infiltration, with reduced frequencies of both Th1 and Th17 cells. Simvastatin inhibited the proliferation of T lymphocytes co-cultured with primary microglial cells. CONCLUSIONS Simvastatin treatment promotes EAE clinical amelioration by inhibiting T cell proliferation and CNS infiltration by pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells.
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Abdelrahman IY, Helwa R, Elkashef H, Hassan NHA. Induction of P3NS1 Myeloma Cell Death and Cell Cycle Arrest by Simvastatin and/or γ-Radiation. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:7103-10. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.16.7103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Wasinger C, Künzl M, Minichsdorfer C, Höller C, Zellner M, Hohenegger M. Autocrine secretion of 15d-PGJ2 mediates simvastatin-induced apoptotic burst in human metastatic melanoma cells. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:5708-27. [PMID: 25091578 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite new therapeutic approaches, metastatic melanomas still have a poor prognosis. Statins reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and exert anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative actions. We have recently shown that simvastatin triggers an apoptotic burst in human metastatic melanoma cells by the synthesis of an autocrine factor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The current in vitro study was performed in human metastatic melanoma cell lines (A375, 518a2) and primary human melanocytes and melanoma cells. The secretome of simvastatin-stressed cells was analysed with two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and MS. The signalling pathways involved were analysed at the protein and mRNA level using pharmacological approaches and siRNA technology. KEY RESULTS Simvastatin was shown to activate a stress cascade, leading to the synthesis of 15-deoxy-12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2 ), in a p38- and COX-2-dependent manner. Significant concentrations of 15d-PGJ2 were reached in the medium of melanoma cells, which were sufficient to activate caspase 8 and the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Inhibition of lipocalin-type PGD synthase, a key enzyme for 15d-PGJ2 synthesis, abolished the apoptotic effect of simvastatin. Moreover, 15d-PGJ2 was shown to bind to the fatty acid-binding protein 5 (FABP5), which was up-regulated and predominantly detected in the secretome of simvastatin-stressed cells. Knockdown of FABP5 abolished simvastatin-induced activation of PPAR-γ and amplified the apoptotic response. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We characterized simvastatin-induced activation of the 15d-PGJ2 /FABP5 signalling cascades, which triggered an apoptotic burst in melanoma cells but did not affect primary human melanocytes. These data support the rationale for the pharmacological targeting of 15d-PGJ2 in metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wasinger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Livingstone E, Hollestein LM, van Herk-Sukel MPP, van de Poll-Franse L, Joosse A, Schilling B, Nijsten T, Schadendorf D, de Vries E. Statin use and its effect on all-cause mortality of melanoma patients: a population-based Dutch cohort study. Cancer Med 2014; 3:1284-93. [PMID: 24935402 PMCID: PMC4302678 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical data showed anticancer effects of statins in melanoma, but meta-analyses could not demonstrate a reduced melanoma incidence in statin users. Rather than preventing occurrence, statins might reduce growth and metastatic spread of melanomas and ultimately improve survival. In this population-based study, we investigated the relationship between statin use and survival of melanoma patients. Patients ≥18 years who were diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma (Breslow thickness >1 mm) and registered in the Eindhoven Cancer Registry and in PHARMO Database Network between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2010 were eligible. The hazard ratio (HR) of all-cause mortality was calculated by employing adjusted time-dependent and time-fixed Cox proportional hazard models. Disease-specific survival was estimated by means of 3-year relative survival rates (RSR). A control cohort of randomly selected patients using statins from PHARMO Database Network matched on age and gender was used to compare RSR of statin users to the general population. After melanoma diagnosis, 171 of 709 patients used statins. Use of statins showed a nonsignificantly decreased hazard of death (adjusted HR 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.50–1.61). After stratification for gender, male but not female statin users showed a favorable outcome compared to nonusers (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.32–0.99; HR 1.22, 95% CI 0.62–2.38, respectively). Three-year RSR for male statin users tended to be higher than for nonusers (91% vs. 80.5%, P = 0.06), no differences were observed in women (87.1% vs. 92.5%, P = 0.76). Statin use was not associated with an improved survival of melanoma patients. The trend for better survival of male in contrast to female statin users warrants further research.
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Lamaziere A, Wolf C, Quinn PJ. How lipidomics provides new insight into drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:819-36. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.914026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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In vitro assessment of the anticancer activity of simvastatin-loaded microemulsion in liver and colon cancer cells. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(14)50076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Guterres FADLB, Martinez GR, Rocha MEM, Winnischofer SMB. Simvastatin rises reactive oxygen species levels and induces senescence in human melanoma cells by activation of p53/p21 pathway. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2977-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Simvastatin inhibition of mevalonate pathway induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells via activation of JNK/CHOP/DR5 signaling pathway. Cancer Lett 2013; 329:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Jagtap D, Rosenberg CA, Martin LW, Pettinger M, Khandekar J, Lane D, Ockene I, Simon MS. Prospective analysis of association between use of statins and melanoma risk in the Women's Health Initiative. Cancer 2012; 118:5124-31. [PMID: 22434400 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer, with an estimated 68,130 new cases and 8700 deaths in the United States in 2010. The increasing incidence and high death rate associated with metastatic disease support the need to focus on prevention. The authors used data from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) to assess whether 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A inhibitors (statins) are associated with a decreased risk of melanoma. METHODS The study population consisted of 119,726 postmenopausal white women, in which 1099 cases of malignant melanoma were identified over an average (± standard deviation) of 11.6 ± 3.2 years. All diagnoses were confirmed by medical record review and pathology reports. Information on statin use was collected at baseline and during follow-up. Self-administered and interview-administered questionnaires were used to collect information on other risk factors. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Analyses investigated the association of any statin use, type, potency, lipophilic status, and duration of use with melanoma. RESULTS Statins were used by 8824 women (7.4%) at baseline. The annualized rate of melanoma was 0.09% among statin users and 0.09% among nonusers The multivariable adjusted HR for statin users compared with nonusers was 1.14 (95% CI, 0.91-1.43). There were no significant differences in risk based on statin type, potency, category, duration, or in time-dependent models. CONCLUSIONS There was no significant association between statin use and melanoma risk among postmenopausal women in the WHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Jagtap
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Ivanov VN, Hei TK. Regulation of apoptosis in human melanoma and neuroblastoma cells by statins, sodium arsenite and TRAIL: a role of combined treatment versus monotherapy. Apoptosis 2012; 16:1268-84. [PMID: 21910007 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of melanoma cells by sodium arsenite or statins (simvastatin and lovastatin) dramatically modified activities of the main cell signaling pathways resulting in the induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and in a downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein levels. Through heme degradation and the production of carbon monoxide and biliverdin, HO-1 plays a protective role in different scenario of oxidative stress followed by mitochondrial apoptosis. Both sodium arsenite and statins could be efficient inducers of apoptosis in some melanoma cell lines, but often exhibited only modest proapoptotic activity in others, due to numerous protective mechanisms. We demonstrated in the present study that treatment by sodium arsenite or statins with an additional inhibition of HO-1 expression (or activation) caused a substantial upregulation of apoptosis in melanoma cells. Sodium arsenite- or statin-induced apoptosis was independent of BRAF status (wild type versus V600E) in melanoma lines. Monotreatment required high doses of statins (20-40 μM) for effective induction of apoptosis. As an alternative approach, pretreatment of melanoma cells with statin at decreased doses (5-20 μM) dramatically enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis, due to suppression of the NF-κB and STAT3-transcriptional targets (including COX-2) and downregulation of cFLIP-L (a caspase-8 inhibitor) protein levels. Furthermore, combined treatment with sodium arsenite and TRAIL or simvastatin and TRAIL efficiently induced apoptotic commitment in human neuroblastoma cells. In summary, our findings on enhancing effects of combined treatment of cancer cells using statin and TRAIL provide the rationale for further preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Ivanov
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Radiological Research, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Gazzerro P, Proto MC, Gangemi G, Malfitano AM, Ciaglia E, Pisanti S, Santoro A, Laezza C, Bifulco M. Pharmacological actions of statins: a critical appraisal in the management of cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 64:102-46. [PMID: 22106090 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, among the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide, are cholesterol-lowering agents used to manage and prevent cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases. Recently, a multifaceted action in different physiological and pathological conditions has been also proposed for statins, beyond anti-inflammation and neuroprotection. Statins have been shown to act through cholesterol-dependent and -independent mechanisms and are able to affect several tissue functions and modulate specific signal transduction pathways that could account for statin pleiotropic effects. Typically, statins are prescribed in middle-aged or elderly patients in a therapeutic regimen covering a long life span during which metabolic processes, aging, and concomitant novel diseases, including cancer, could occur. In this context, safety, toxicity, interaction with other drugs, and the state of health have to be taken into account in subjects treated with statins. Some evidence has shown a dichotomous effect of statins with either cancer-inhibiting or -promoting effects. To date, clinical trials failed to demonstrate a reduced cancer occurrence in statin users and no sufficient data are available to define the long-term effects of statin use over a period of 10 years. Moreover, results from clinical trials performed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of statins in cancer did not suggest statin use as chemotherapeutic or adjuvant agents. Here, we reviewed the pharmacology of the statins, providing a comprehensive update of the current knowledge of their effects on tissues, biological processes, and pathological conditions, and we dissected the disappointing evidence on the possible future use of statin-based drugs in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Gazzerro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano (Salerno), Italy
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Miller T, Yang F, Wise CE, Meng F, Priester S, Munshi MK, Guerrier, Dostal DE, Glaser SS. Simvastatin stimulates apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma by inhibition of Rac1 activity. Dig Liver Dis 2011; 43:395-403. [PMID: 21334995 PMCID: PMC3071437 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simvastatin is a cholesterol-lowering drug that is widely used to prevent and treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Simvastatin exhibits numerous pleiotropic effects including anti-cancer activity. However, the effect of simvastatin on cholangiocarcinoma has not been evaluated. AIM The aim of our study was to determine the effect of simvastatin on cholangiocarcinoma proliferation. METHODS The effect of simvastatin was evaluated in five human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines (Mz-ChA-1, HuH-28, TFK-1, SG231, and HuCCT1) and normal cholangiocyte cell line (HiBEpiC). RESULTS We found that simvastatin stimulates a reduction in cell viability and apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines, whilst in normal human cholangiocytes, HiBEpiC, simvastatin inhibits proliferation with no effect on apoptosis. Simvastatin-induced reduction of cell viability was partially blocked by pre-treatment with metabolites of the mevalonate pathway. In Mz-ChA-1 cells, pre-treatment with cholesterol alone stimulated an increase in the number of viable cells and fully restored cell viability following simvastatin treatment. Treatment with simvastatin triggered the loss of lipid raft localised Rac1 and reduction of Rac1 activity in Mz-ChA-1 cells. This effect was prevented by pre-treatment with cholesterol. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results demonstrate that simvastatin induces cholangiocarcinoma cancer cell death by disrupting Rac1/lipid raft colocalisation and depression of Rac1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504
| | - Fuquan Yang
- Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China, 100004
| | - Candace E. Wise
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504
| | - Sally Priester
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504
| | - Md Kamruzzaman Munshi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504
| | - Guerrier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504
| | - David E. Dostal
- Molecular Cardiology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504
| | - Shannon S. Glaser
- Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Scott & White and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, 702 Southwest HK Dodgen Loop, Temple, Texas USA 76504
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Favero GM, F Otuki M, Oliveira KA, Bohatch MS, Borelli P, Barros FE, Maria DA, Fernandes D, Bydlowski SP. Simvastatin impairs murine melanoma growth. Lipids Health Dis 2010; 9:142. [PMID: 21162733 PMCID: PMC3012033 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-9-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Statins induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, reduction of angiogenic factors, inhibition of the endothelial growth factor, impairing tissue adhesion and attenuation of the resistance mechanisms. The aim of this study was evaluate the anti-tumoral activity of simvastatin in a B16F10 melanoma-mouse model. Methods Melanoma cells were treated with different concentrations of simvastatin and assessed by viability methods. Melanoma cells (5 × 104) were implanted in two month old C57Bl6/J mice. Around 7 days after cells injection, the oral treatments were started with simvastatin (5 mg/kg/day, p.o.). Tumor size, hematological and biochemical analyses were evaluated. Results Simvastatin at a concentration of 0.8 μM, 1.2 μM and 1.6 μM had toxic effect. Concentration of 1.6 μM induced a massive death in the first 24 h of incubation. Simvastatin at 0.8 μM induces early cell cycle arrest in G0/G1, followed by increase of hypodiploidy. Tumor size were evaluated and the difference of treated group and control, after ten days, demonstrates that simvastatin inhibited the tumor expansion in 68%. Conclusion Simvastatin at 1.6 μM, presented cytototoxicity after 72 h of treatment, with an intense death. In vivo, simvastatin being potentially useful as an antiproliferative drug, with an impairment of growth after ten days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovani M Favero
- State University of Ponta Grossa, Biological and Health Science Multidisciplinary Laboratory, Ponta Grossa, Brazil.
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Gao J, Jia WD, Li JS, Wang W, Xu GL, Ma JL, Ge YS, Yu JH, Ren WH, Liu WB, Zhang CH. Combined inhibitory effects of celecoxib and fluvastatin on the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts in nude mice. J Int Med Res 2010; 38:1413-27. [PMID: 20926014 DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the in vivo growth inhibitory effects of celecoxib, a cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor, and fluvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, on the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line, BEL-7402. Athymic nude mice implanted with BEL-7402 cells were given celecoxib and fluvastatin, either alone or in combination, and the effect of treatment on tumour growth was evaluated after 6 weeks. The combination of celecoxib and fluvastatin enhanced inhibition of tumour growth, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of tumour cell proliferation, and inhibition of tumour angiogenesis compared with either treatment alone. The combination of celecoxib and fluvastatin also increased levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Waf1/Cip1), decreased levels of p-Akt, myeloid cell leukaemia-1 (Mcl-1) and survivin protein, but had no effect on Akt protein levels in tumours. These results suggest that celecoxib combined with fluvastatin would be more efficacious for the treatment of HCC than either treatment alone and this combination of therapy warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gao
- Centre for the Study of Liver Cancer, and Department of Hepatic Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Coimbra M, Banciu M, Fens MH, de Smet L, Cabaj M, Metselaar JM, Storm G, Schiffelers RM. Liposomal pravastatin inhibits tumor growth by targeting cancer-related inflammation. J Control Release 2010; 148:303-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Qi XF, Kim DH, Yoon YS, Kim SK, Cai DQ, Teng YC, Shim KY, Lee KJ. Involvement of oxidative stress in simvastatin-induced apoptosis of murine CT26 colon carcinoma cells. Toxicol Lett 2010; 199:277-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Woodard J, Platanias LC. AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)-generated signals in malignant melanoma cell growth and survival. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 398:135-9. [PMID: 20599746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Extensive studies over the years have shown that the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) exhibits negative regulatory effects on the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling cascade. We examined the potential involvement of AMPK in the regulation of growth and survival of malignant melanoma cells. In studies using the AMPK activators AICAR or metformin, we found potent inhibitory effects of AMPK activity on the growth of SK-MEL-2 and SK-MEL-28 malignant melanoma cells. Induction of AMPK activity was also associated with inhibition of the ability of melanoma cells to form colonies in an anchorage-independent manner in soft agar, suggesting an important role of the pathway in the control of malignant melanoma tumorigenesis. Furthermore, AICAR-treatment resulted in malignant melanoma cell death and such induction of apoptosis was further enhanced by concomitant statin-treatment. Taken together, our results provide evidence for potent inhibitory effects of AMPK on malignant melanoma cell growth and survival and raise the potential of AMPK manipulation as a novel future approach for the treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Woodard
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University, Medical School, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Jakobisiak M, Golab J. Statins can modulate effectiveness of antitumor therapeutic modalities. Med Res Rev 2010; 30:102-35. [PMID: 19526461 DOI: 10.1002/med.20162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant, frequently very strong, antiproliferative and tumoricidal effects of statins demonstrated in vitro, their antitumor effects in animal models are modest, and their efficacy in clinical trials has not been proven. As such, statins seem unlikely to be ever regarded as antitumor agents. However, statins are regularly taken by many elderly cancer patients for the prevention of cardiovascular events. Owing to their pleiotropic effects in normal and tumor cells, statins interact in various ways with many antitumor treatment modalities, either potentiating or diminishing their effectiveness. Elucidation of these interactions might affect the choice of treatment to be planned in cancer patients as some combinations might be contraindicated, whereas others might elicit potentiated antitumor effects but at a cost of increased general toxicity. Some other combinations might induce either comparable or even stronger antitumor effects, but with a beneficial concomitant reduction of specific side effects. Most of the studies reviewed in this article have been carried in vitro or in experimental tumor models, but clinical relevance of the findings is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Jakobisiak
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Galus R, Niderla J, Śladowski D, Sajjad E, Włodarski K, Jóźwiak J. Fluvastatin increases tyrosinase synthesis induced by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in B16F10 melanoma cells. Pharmacol Rep 2010; 62:164-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(10)70253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bonovas S, Nikolopoulos G, Filioussi K, Peponi E, Bagos P, Sitaras NM. Can statin therapy reduce the risk of melanoma? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Epidemiol 2009; 25:29-35. [PMID: 19844794 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-009-9396-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of literature suggests that statins may have a chemopreventive potential against melanoma through pleiotropic anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antiangiogenesis mechanisms. Our aim was to examine this association through a detailed meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A comprehensive search for trials published up to June 2009 was performed, reviews of each study were conducted and data were abstracted. Prior to meta-analysis, the studies were evaluated for publication bias and heterogeneity. Pooled relative risk estimates (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the fixed- and the random-effects models. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also conducted. Sixteen RCTs of statins for cardiovascular outcomes, involving 62,568 individuals with a mean age of 60 years and an average follow-up of nearly 4.7 years, contributed to the analysis. We found no evidence of publication bias (P = 0.47) or heterogeneity among the studies (P = 0.25). Statin use did not significantly affect the risk of developing melanoma assuming either a fixed- (RR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.67-1.26), or a random-effects model (RR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.62-1.36). This neutral effect was further supported by the results of subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Our findings do not support a protective effect of statins against melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Bonovas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., 11527 Athens, Greece.
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Evangelopoulos ME, Weis J, Krüttgen A. Mevastatin-induced neurite outgrowth of neuroblastoma cells via activation of EGFR. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:2138-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Minichsdorfer C, Hohenegger M. Autocrine amplification loop in statin-induced apoptosis of human melanoma cells. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:1278-90. [PMID: 19563533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Beside their cholesterol lowering effect, statins exert pleiotropic effects, which include anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and anti-proliferative actions. In higher concentrations, statins trigger apoptosis in primary cells and tumour cells. In particular, melanoma cells have been found to be susceptible to statin-induced apoptosis, although only after longer incubation times. The molecular mechanisms behind this delayed drug-induced apoptosis are still unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The human melanoma A375 and 518A2 cell lines were exposed to various statins in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner, and indicators of apoptosis, caspase activity and individual apoptotic pathways were analysed for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase dependent and independent effects. KEY RESULTS Kinetic analysis of statin-induced apoptosis revealed an apoptotic burst for exposure times longer than 24 h. While the extrinsic pathway was not activated within 24 h, longer incubation times corroborated amplification of the mitochondrial pathway with significant activation of caspase 8. Continuous refreshing of the simvastatin-containing medium abrogated the mitochondrial amplification loop via caspase 8. Moreover, conditional medium, supplemented with mevalonic acid in order to nullify a possible contamination by statins, significantly triggered caspase 8 activity. Fas ligand was excluded as a possible candidate to account for the statin-induced autocrine amplification loop. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Simvastatin and atorvastatin are capable of triggering an 'autocrine' suicide factor, which amplifies apoptosis via the extrinsic pathway in human melanoma cells. This pro-apoptotic stimulus implies possible therapeutic potential and may guide feasibility for more potent statins in anti-cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Minichsdorfer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 13A, Vienna, Austria
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Fuchs D, Berges C, Opelz G, Daniel V, Naujokat C. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin overcomes bortezomib-induced apoptosis resistance by disrupting a geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate-dependent survival pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 374:309-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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