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Nelissen S, Miller AD. Assessment of SOX10 expression in 437 canine neoplasms of different embryologic origins. Vet Pathol 2024:3009858241231562. [PMID: 38366813 DOI: 10.1177/03009858241231562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Several members of the SRY-related HMG-box (SOX) protein family are implicated in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and regulation of the tumor microenvironment. SOX10, which is involved in neural crest cell migration and differentiation, has long been recognized a sensitive and specific immunohistochemical (IHC) marker in the diagnosis of melanoma in humans. However, expression of SOX10 in other tumor types has infrequently been evaluated in humans until recently and has not been thoroughly investigated in the dog. Our aim was to characterize the expression of SOX10 in canine neoplasms to objectively assess its value as a diagnostic IHC marker. Immunohistochemistry for SOX10 was performed on 437 archived, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from representative canine neoplasms of ectodermal (15 tumor types), mesodermal (13 tumor types), endodermal (8 tumor types), and mixed/unknown (7 tumor types) embryologic origin. Oral and cutaneous tumors of melanocytic origin were used as positive controls. Intense SOX10 immunolabeling was observed in most tumors of ectodermal origin, including consistent expression in mammary carcinomas, and gliomas. Embryonal and hair follicle neoplasms inconsistently exhibited strong nuclear immunolabeling. Oral fibrosarcomas and undifferentiated oral sarcomas both inconsistently exhibited moderate to strong nuclear immunolabeling. Neoplasms of mesodermal and endodermal origin lacked immunolabeling. Salivary carcinomas, representing an unknown/mixed embryologic origin, were strongly labeled. SOX10 expression is not limited to melanomas, but is expressed by canine tumors of diverse tissues and embryologic derivation. Importantly, expression of SOX10 by a subset of oral sarcomas impairs its value as a marker for spindle cell oral melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Nelissen
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
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2
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Nielsen PS, Georgsen JB, Vinding MS, Østergaard LR, Steiniche T. Computer-Assisted Annotation of Digital H&E/SOX10 Dual Stains Generates High-Performing Convolutional Neural Network for Calculating Tumor Burden in H&E-Stained Cutaneous Melanoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14327. [PMID: 36361209 PMCID: PMC9654525 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Deep learning for the analysis of H&E stains requires a large annotated training set. This may form a labor-intensive task involving highly skilled pathologists. We aimed to optimize and evaluate computer-assisted annotation based on digital dual stains of the same tissue section. H&E stains of primary and metastatic melanoma (N = 77) were digitized, re-stained with SOX10, and re-scanned. Because images were aligned, annotations of SOX10 image analysis were directly transferred to H&E stains of the training set. Based on 1,221,367 annotated nuclei, a convolutional neural network for calculating tumor burden (CNNTB) was developed. For primary melanomas, precision of annotation was 100% (95%CI, 99% to 100%) for tumor cells and 99% (95%CI, 98% to 100%) for normal cells. Due to low or missing tumor-cell SOX10 positivity, precision for normal cells was markedly reduced in lymph-node and organ metastases compared with primary melanomas (p < 0.001). Compared with stereological counts within skin lesions, mean difference in tumor burden was 6% (95%CI, -1% to 13%, p = 0.10) for CNNTB and 16% (95%CI, 4% to 28%, p = 0.02) for pathologists. Conclusively, the technique produced a large annotated H&E training set with high quality within a reasonable timeframe for primary melanomas and subcutaneous metastases. For these lesion types, the training set generated a high-performing CNNTB, which was superior to the routine assessments of pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Switten Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 35, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jeanette Baehr Georgsen
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 35, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mads Sloth Vinding
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lasse Riis Østergaard
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7E, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Steiniche
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 35, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
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3
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Ricci C, Dika E, Ambrosi F, Lambertini M, Veronesi G, Barbara C. Cutaneous Melanomas: A Single Center Experience on the Usage of Immunohistochemistry Applied for the Diagnosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5911. [PMID: 35682589 PMCID: PMC9180684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (cM) is the deadliest of all primary skin cancers. Its prognosis is strongly influenced by the stage at diagnosis, with early stages having a good prognosis and being potentially treatable with surgery alone; advanced stages display a much worse prognosis, with a high rate of recurrence and metastasis. For this reason, the accurate and early diagnosis of cM is crucial-misdiagnosis may have extremely dangerous consequences for the patient and drastically reduce their chances of survival. Although the histological exam remains the "gold standard" for the diagnosis of cM, a continuously increasing number of immunohistochemical markers that could help in diagnosis, prognostic characterization, and appropriate therapeutical choices are identified every day, with some of them becoming part of routine practice. This review aims to discuss and summarize all the data related to the immunohistochemical analyses that are potentially useful for the diagnosis of cM, thus rendering it easier to appropriately applicate to routine practice. We will discuss these topics, as well as the role of these molecules in the biology of cM and potential impact on diagnosis and treatment, integrating the literature data with the experience of our surgical pathology department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costantino Ricci
- Pathology Unit, Ospedale Maggiore, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (C.R.); (F.A.)
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Emi Dika
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Francesca Ambrosi
- Pathology Unit, Ospedale Maggiore, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (C.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Martina Lambertini
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico Sant’Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Giulia Veronesi
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico Sant’Orsola-Malpighi, University of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy; (M.L.); (G.V.)
| | - Corti Barbara
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola, 40139 Bologna, Italy
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Diener J, Sommer L. Reemergence of neural crest stem cell-like states in melanoma during disease progression and treatment. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 10:522-533. [PMID: 33258291 PMCID: PMC7980219 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest of all skin cancers due to its high metastatic potential. In recent years, advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy have contributed to a remarkable progress in the treatment of metastatic disease. However, intrinsic or acquired resistance to such therapies remains a major obstacle in melanoma treatment. Melanoma disease progression, beginning from tumor initiation and growth to acquisition of invasive phenotypes and metastatic spread and acquisition of treatment resistance, has been associated with cellular dedifferentiation and the hijacking of gene regulatory networks reminiscent of the neural crest (NC)—the developmental structure which gives rise to melanocytes and hence melanoma. This review summarizes the experimental evidence for the involvement of NC stem cell (NCSC)‐like cell states during melanoma progression and addresses novel approaches to combat the emergence of stemness characteristics that have shown to be linked with aggressive disease outcome and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Diener
- University of Zurich, Institute of Anatomy, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Sommer
- University of Zurich, Institute of Anatomy, Zürich, Switzerland
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Amiri R, Tafvizi F, Ghanadan A. Comparison of SOX10 gene expression in melanoma and melanocytic nevus samples using Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Szumera-Ciećkiewicz A, Bosisio F, Teterycz P, Antoranz A, Delogu F, Koljenović S, van de Wiel BA, Blokx W, van Kempen LC, Rutkowski P, Christopher van Akkooi A, Cook M, Massi D. SOX10 is as specific as S100 protein in detecting metastases of melanoma in lymph nodes and is recommended for sentinel lymph node assessment. Eur J Cancer 2020; 137:175-182. [PMID: 32781392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy remains crucial for melanoma staging. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Melanoma Group recommends performing immunohistochemical stainings for reproducible identification of melanoma metastases. S100 protein (pS100) is a commonly used melanocytic antigen because of its high sensitivity in spite of relatively low specificity. SRY-related HMG-box 10 protein (SOX10) is a transcription factor characterising neural crest-derived cells. It is uniformly expressed mostly in the nuclei of melanocytes, neural, and myoepithelial cells. Pathologists sometimes prefer SOX10 as a melanoma marker, but it has not yet been investigated on a large-scale to confirm that it is reliable and recommendable for routine SLN evaluation. METHODS Four hundred one treatment-naïve lymph node (LN) metastatic melanomas were included in high-density tissue microarrays and were assessed for the presence of SOX10 and pS100 by immunohistochemistry. The slides were digitalised, shared and evaluated by a panel of experienced melanoma pathologists. RESULTS The vast majority of melanomas were double-positive for pS100 and SOX10 (93.2%); a small percentage of the cases (3.9%) were double-negative melanomas. Discordance between the two markers was observed: 1.9% pS100(-)/SOX10(+) and 0.75% pS100(+)/SOX10(-). SOX10 was not expressed by immune cell types in the LN, resulting in a less controversial interpretation of the staining. CONCLUSIONS SOX10 is as equally specific as pS100 for the detection of melanoma metastases in LNs. The interpretation of SOX10 staining is highly reproducible among different centres and different pathologists because of the absence of staining of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szumera-Ciećkiewicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Diagnostic Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Francesca Bosisio
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research and Pathology Department, KU Leuven and UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paweł Teterycz
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Asier Antoranz
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research and Pathology Department, KU Leuven and UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesco Delogu
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Senada Koljenović
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart A van de Wiel
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Willeke Blokx
- Department of Pathology, Division of Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Léon C van Kempen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Martin Cook
- Histopathology, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
| | - Daniela Massi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Graf SA, Heppt MV, Wessely A, Krebs S, Kammerbauer C, Hornig E, Strieder A, Blum H, Bosserhoff AK, Berking C. The myelin protein PMP2 is regulated by SOX10 and drives melanoma cell invasion. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 32:424-434. [PMID: 30506895 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor sex determining region Y-box 10 (SOX10) plays a key role in the development of melanocytes and glial cells from neural crest precursors. SOX10 is involved in melanoma initiation, proliferation, invasion, and survival. However, specific mediators which impart its oncogenic properties remain widely unknown. To identify target genes of SOX10, we performed RNA sequencing after ectopic expression of SOX10 in human melanoma cells. Among nine differentially regulated genes, peripheral myelin protein 2 (PMP2) was consistently upregulated in several cell lines. Direct regulation of PMP2 by SOX10 was shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic mobility shift, and luciferase reporter assays. Moreover, a coregulation of PMP2 by SOX10 and early growth response 2 in melanoma cells was found. Phenotypical investigation demonstrated that PMP2 expression can increase melanoma cell invasion. As PMP2 protein was detected only in a subset of melanoma cell lines, it might contribute to melanoma heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Anna Graf
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Vincent Heppt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Wessely
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Kammerbauer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Hornig
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annamarie Strieder
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja-Katrin Bosserhoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Emil Fischer Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Azimi A, Tuominen R, Costa Svedman F, Caramuta S, Pernemalm M, Frostvik Stolt M, Kanter L, Kharaziha P, Lehtiö J, Hertzman Johansson C, Höiom V, Hansson J, Egyhazi Brage S. Silencing FLI or targeting CD13/ANPEP lead to dephosphorylation of EPHA2, a mediator of BRAF inhibitor resistance, and induce growth arrest or apoptosis in melanoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3029. [PMID: 29048432 PMCID: PMC5596587 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A majority of patients with BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma respond to therapy with BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi), but relapses are common owing to acquired resistance. To unravel BRAFi resistance mechanisms we have performed gene expression and mass spectrometry based proteome profiling of the sensitive parental A375 BRAF V600E-mutated human melanoma cell line and of daughter cell lines with induced BRAFi resistance. Increased expression of two novel resistance candidates, aminopeptidase-N (CD13/ANPEP) and ETS transcription factor FLI1 was observed in the BRAFi-resistant daughter cell lines. In addition, increased levels of the previously reported resistance mediators, receptor tyrosine kinase ephrine receptor A2 (EPHA2) and the hepatocyte growth factor receptor MET were also identified. The expression of these proteins was assessed in matched tumor samples from melanoma patients obtained before BRAFi and after disease progression. MET was overexpressed in all progression samples while the expression of the other candidates varied between the individual patients. Targeting CD13/ANPEP by a blocking antibody induced apoptosis in both parental A375- and BRAFi-resistant daughter cells as well as in melanoma cells with intrinsic BRAFi resistance and led to dephosphorylation of EPHA2 on S897, previously demonstrated to cause inhibition of the migratory capacity. AKT and RSK, both reported to induce EPHA2 S897 phosphorylation, were also dephosphorylated after inhibition of CD13/ANPEP. FLI1 silencing also caused decreases in EPHA2 S897 phosphorylation and in total MET protein expression. In addition, silencing of FLI1 sensitized the resistant cells to BRAFi. Furthermore, we show that BRAFi in combination with the multi kinase inhibitor dasatinib can abrogate BRAFi resistance and decrease both EPHA2 S897 phosphorylation and total FLI1 protein expression. This is the first report presenting CD13/ANPEP and FLI1 as important mediators of resistance to BRAF inhibition with potential as drug targets in BRAFi refractory melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Azimi
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rainer Tuominen
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fernanda Costa Svedman
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefano Caramuta
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Pernemalm
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Frostvik Stolt
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Kanter
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pedram Kharaziha
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Janne Lehtiö
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Veronica Höiom
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Hansson
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suzanne Egyhazi Brage
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wouters J, Vizoso M, Martinez-Cardus A, Carmona FJ, Govaere O, Laguna T, Joseph J, Dynoodt P, Aura C, Foth M, Cloots R, van den Hurk K, Balint B, Murphy IG, McDermott EW, Sheahan K, Jirström K, Nodin B, Mallya-Udupi G, van den Oord JJ, Gallagher WM, Esteller M. Comprehensive DNA methylation study identifies novel progression-related and prognostic markers for cutaneous melanoma. BMC Med 2017; 15:101. [PMID: 28578692 PMCID: PMC5458482 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0851-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer, with an increasing incidence and mortality rate. Currently, staging of patients with primary melanoma is performed using histological biomarkers such as tumor thickness and ulceration. As disruption of the epigenomic landscape is recognized as a widespread feature inherent in tumor development and progression, we aimed to identify novel biomarkers providing additional clinical information over current factors using unbiased genome-wide DNA methylation analyses. METHODS We performed a comprehensive DNA methylation analysis during all progression stages of melanoma using Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChips on a discovery cohort of benign nevi (n = 14) and malignant melanoma from both primary (n = 33) and metastatic (n = 28) sites, integrating the DNA methylome with gene expression data. We validated the discovered biomarkers in three independent validation cohorts by pyrosequencing and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We identified and validated biomarkers for, and pathways involved in, melanoma development (e.g., HOXA9 DNA methylation) and tumor progression (e.g., TBC1D16 DNA methylation). In addition, we determined a prognostic signature with potential clinical applicability and validated PON3 DNA methylation and OVOL1 protein expression as biomarkers with prognostic information independent of tumor thickness and ulceration. CONCLUSIONS Our data underscores the importance of epigenomic regulation in triggering metastatic dissemination through the inactivation of central cancer-related pathways. Inactivation of cell-adhesion and differentiation unleashes dissemination, and subsequent activation of inflammatory and immune system programs impairs anti-tumoral defense pathways. Moreover, we identify several markers of tumor development and progression previously unrelated to melanoma, and determined a prognostic signature with potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Wouters
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
- OncoMark Ltd, NovaUCD, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Miguel Vizoso
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Martinez-Cardus
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F Javier Carmona
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Olivier Govaere
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Teresa Laguna
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Claudia Aura
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mona Foth
- OncoMark Ltd, NovaUCD, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Roy Cloots
- OncoMark Ltd, NovaUCD, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin van den Hurk
- OncoMark Ltd, NovaUCD, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Balazs Balint
- OncoMark Ltd, NovaUCD, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ian G Murphy
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Enda W McDermott
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kieran Sheahan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Karin Jirström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Pathology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bjorn Nodin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Pathology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Joost J van den Oord
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - William M Gallagher
- OncoMark Ltd, NovaUCD, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Affinity Proteomics Exploration of Melanoma Identifies Proteins in Serum with Associations to T-Stage and Recurrence. Transl Oncol 2017; 10:385-395. [PMID: 28433799 PMCID: PMC5403766 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-based proteomic profiling may aid and expand our understanding of diseases and their different phenotypes. The aim of the presented study was to profile serum samples from patients with malignant melanoma using affinity proteomic assays to describe proteins in the blood stream that are associated to stage or recurrence of melanoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS Multiplexed protein analysis was conducted using antibody suspension bead arrays. A total of 232 antibodies against 132 proteins were selected from (i) a screening with 4595 antibodies and 32 serum samples from melanoma patients and controls, (ii) antibodies used for immunohistochemistry, (iii) protein targets previously related with melanoma. The analysis was performed with 149 serum samples from patients with malignant melanoma. Antibody selectivity was then assessed by Western blot, immunocapture mass spectrometry, and epitope mapping. Lastly, indicative antibodies were applied for IHC analysis of melanoma tissues. RESULTS Serum levels of regucalcin (RGN) and syntaxin 7 (STX7) were found to be lower in patients with both recurring tumors and a high Breslow's thickness (T-stage 3/4) compared to low thickness (T-stage 1/2) without disease recurrence. Serum levels of methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1-like (MTHFD1L) were instead elevated in sera of T3/4 patients with recurrence. The analysis of tissue sections with S100A6 and MTHFD1L showed positive staining in a majority of patients with melanoma, and S100A6 was significantly associated to T-stage. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a starting point to further study RGN, STX7, MTHFD1L and S100A6 in serum to elucidate their involvement in melanoma progression and to assess a possible contribution to support clinical indications.
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Gambichler T, Petig AL, Stockfleth E, Stücker M. Expression of SOX10, ABCB5 and CD271 in melanocytic lesions and correlation with survival data of patients with melanoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 2016; 41:709-16. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Gambichler
- Skin Cancer Center of the Department of Dermatology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - A.-L. Petig
- Skin Cancer Center of the Department of Dermatology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - E. Stockfleth
- Skin Cancer Center of the Department of Dermatology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
| | - M. Stücker
- Skin Cancer Center of the Department of Dermatology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum Germany
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12
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Blokzijl A, Chen LE, Gustafsdottir SM, Vuu J, Ullenhag G, Kämpe O, Landegren U, Kamali-Moghaddam M, Hedstrand H. Elevated Levels of SOX10 in Serum from Vitiligo and Melanoma Patients, Analyzed by Proximity Ligation Assay. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154214. [PMID: 27110718 PMCID: PMC4844164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of malignant melanoma currently relies on clinical inspection of the skin surface and on the histopathological status of the excised tumor. The serum marker S100B is used for prognostic estimates at later stages of the disease, but analyses are marred by false positives and inadequate sensitivity in predicting relapsing disorder. Objectives To investigate SOX10 as a potential biomarker for melanoma and vitiligo. Methods In this study we have applied proximity ligation assay (PLA) to detect the transcription factor SOX10 as a possible serum marker for melanoma. We studied a cohort of 110 melanoma patients. We further investigated a second cohort of 85 patients with vitiligo, which is a disease that also affects melanocytes. Results The specificity of the SOX10 assay in serum was high, with only 1% of healthy blood donors being positive. In contrast, elevated serum SOX10 was found with high frequency among vitiligo and melanoma patients. In patients with metastases, lack of SOX10 detection was associated with treatment benefit. In two responding patients, a change from SOX10 positivity to undetectable levels was seen before the response was evident clinically. Conclusions We show for the first time that SOX10 represents a promising new serum melanoma marker for detection of early stage disease, complementing the established S100B marker. Our findings imply that SOX10 can be used to monitor responses to treatment and to assess if the treatment is of benefit at stages earlier than what is possible radiologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andries Blokzijl
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lei E. Chen
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sigrun M. Gustafsdottir
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jimmy Vuu
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gustav Ullenhag
- Dept. of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Science, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Kämpe
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Landegren
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Masood Kamali-Moghaddam
- Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 815, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Hedstrand
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 08 Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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13
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Lobikin M, Lobo D, Blackiston DJ, Martyniuk CJ, Tkachenko E, Levin M. Serotonergic regulation of melanocyte conversion: A bioelectrically regulated network for stochastic all-or-none hyperpigmentation. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra99. [PMID: 26443706 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aac6609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Experimentally induced depolarization of resting membrane potential in "instructor cells" in Xenopus laevis embryos causes hyperpigmentation in an all-or-none fashion in some tadpoles due to excess proliferation and migration of melanocytes. We showed that this stochastic process involved serotonin signaling, adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), and the transcription factors cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), Sox10, and Slug. Transcriptional microarray analysis of embryos taken at stage 15 (early neurula) and stage 45 (free-swimming tadpole) revealed changes in the abundance of 45 and 517 transcripts, respectively, between control embryos and embryos exposed to the instructor cell-depolarizing agent ivermectin. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the human homologs of some of the differentially regulated genes were associated with cancer, consistent with the induced arborization and invasive behavior of converted melanocytes. We identified a physiological circuit that uses serotonergic signaling between instructor cells, melanotrope cells of the pituitary, and melanocytes to control the proliferation, cell shape, and migration properties of the pigment cell pool. To understand the stochasticity and properties of this multiscale signaling system, we applied a computational machine-learning method that iteratively explored network models to reverse-engineer a stochastic dynamic model that recapitulated the frequency of the all-or-none hyperpigmentation phenotype produced in response to various pharmacological and molecular genetic manipulations. This computational approach may provide insight into stochastic cellular decision-making that occurs during normal development and pathological conditions, such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lobikin
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Daniel Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Douglas J Blackiston
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Department of Physiological Sciences, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Elizabeth Tkachenko
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Tetzlaff MT, Torres-Cabala CA, Pattanaprichakul P, Rapini RP, Prieto VG, Curry JL. Emerging clinical applications of selected biomarkers in melanoma. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2015; 8:35-46. [PMID: 25674009 PMCID: PMC4321413 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s49578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a lethal skin disease with a mostly predictable clinical course according to a known constellation of clinical and pathologic features. The distinction of melanoma from benign melanocytic nevus is typically unequivocol; however, there is a subset of tumors known for its diagnostic challenges, development of late metastases, and difficulties in treatment. Several melanocytic tissue biomarkers are available that can facilitate the histopathologic interpretation of melanoma as well as provide insight into the biologic potential and mutational status of this disease. This review describes the clinical application of some of these established and emerging tissue biomarkers available to assess melanocytic differentiation, vascular invasion, mitotic capacity, and mutation status. The selected tissue biomarkers in this review include MiTF, Sox10, D2-40, PHH3, H3KT (anti-H3K79me3T80ph), anti-BRAFV600E, and anti-BAP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Tetzlaff
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carlos A Torres-Cabala
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Penvadee Pattanaprichakul
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ronald P Rapini
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Victor G Prieto
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan L Curry
- Department of Pathology, Section of Dermatopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Motohashi T, Kunisada T. Extended multipotency of neural crest cells and neural crest-derived cells. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 111:69-95. [PMID: 25662258 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCC) are migratory multipotent cells that give rise to diverse derivatives. They generate various cell types during embryonic development, including neurons and glial cells of the peripheral sensory and autonomic ganglia, Schwann cells, melanocytes, endocrine cells, smooth muscle, and skeletal and connective tissue cells of the craniofacial complex. The multipotency of NCC is thought to be transient at the early stage of NCC generation; once NCC emerge from the neural tube, they change into lineage-restricted precursors. Although many studies have described the clear segregation of NCC lineages right after their delamination from the neural tube, recent reports suggest that multipotent neural crest stem cells (NCSC) are present not only in migrating NCC in the embryo, but also in their target tissues in the fetus and adult. Furthermore, fully differentiated NCC-derived cells such as glial cells and melanocytes have been shown to dedifferentiate or transdifferentiate into other NCC derivatives. The multipotency of migratory and postmigratory NCC-derived cells was found to be similar to that of NCSC. Collectively, these findings support the multipotency or plasticity of NCC and NCC-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Kunisada
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Graf SA, Busch C, Bosserhoff AK, Besch R, Berking C. SOX10 promotes melanoma cell invasion by regulating melanoma inhibitory activity. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2212-2220. [PMID: 24608986 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX10 (SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 10) has a key role in the embryonic development of melanocytes. Recently, it has been suggested that SOX10 is highly relevant for melanoma development and survival. However, the distinct functions and downstream targets of SOX10 in melanoma remain widely unknown. In this study, we inhibited SOX10 via RNA interference in different human melanoma cell lines and found a significantly reduced invasion capacity in vitro and in the chick embryo model. At later time points, SOX10 inhibition reduced proliferation and induced cell death. We identified melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA) as a direct target gene of SOX10, which is an essential protein for melanoma cell migration and invasion. Expression levels of SOX10 and MIA strictly correlated in melanoma cell lines, and SOX10 inhibition reduced MIA expression and promoter activity. Direct binding of SOX10 to the MIA promoter was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Ectopic expression of MIA in SOX10-inhibited melanoma cells restored the invasion capacity, supporting the hypothesis that MIA is responsible for SOX10-mediated melanoma cell invasion. Our data provide evidence for a critical role of SOX10 in melanoma cell invasion through the regulation of MIA and highlight its role as a therapeutic target in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia A Graf
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Busch
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Robert Besch
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
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17
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Diagnostic Utility and Comparative Immunohistochemical Analysis of MITF-1 and SOX10 to Distinguish Melanoma In Situ and Actinic Keratosis. Am J Dermatopathol 2014; 36:124-30. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e318291485c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Ordóñez NG. Value of melanocytic-associated immunohistochemical markers in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma: a review and update. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:191-205. [PMID: 23648379 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of S100 protein as an immunohistochemical marker that could be useful in the diagnosis of melanoma in the early 1980s, a large number of other melanocytic-associated markers that could potentially be used to assist in the differential diagnosis of these tumors have also been investigated. A great variation exists, however, among these markers, not only in their expression in some subtypes of melanoma, particularly desmoplastic melanoma, but also in their specificity because some of them can also be expressed in nonmelanocytic neoplasms, including various types of soft tissue tumors and carcinomas. This article reviews the information that is currently available on the practical value of some of the markers that have more often been recommended for assisting in the diagnosis of melanomas, including those that have only recently become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson G Ordóñez
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030.
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19
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Cronin JC, Watkins-Chow DE, Incao A, Hasskamp JH, Schönewolf N, Aoude LG, Hayward NK, Bastian BC, Dummer R, Loftus SK, Pavan WJ. SOX10 ablation arrests cell cycle, induces senescence, and suppresses melanomagenesis. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5709-18. [PMID: 23913827 PMCID: PMC3803156 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX10 is essential for survival and proper differentiation of neural crest cell lineages, where it plays an important role in the generation and maintenance of melanocytes. SOX10 is also highly expressed in melanoma tumors, but a role in disease progression has not been established. Here, we report that melanoma tumor cell lines require wild-type SOX10 expression for proliferation and SOX10 haploinsufficiency reduces melanoma initiation in the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (Grm1(Tg)) transgenic mouse model. Stable SOX10 knockdown in human melanoma cells arrested cell growth, altered cellular morphology, and induced senescence. Melanoma cells with stable loss of SOX10 were arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, with reduced expression of the melanocyte determining factor microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, elevated expression of p21WAF1 and p27KIP2, hypophosphorylated RB, and reduced levels of its binding partner E2F1. As cell-cycle dysregulation is a core event in neoplastic transformation, the role for SOX10 in maintaining cell-cycle control in melanocytes suggests a rational new direction for targeted treatment or prevention of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Cronin
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dawn E. Watkins-Chow
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Art Incao
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joanne H. Hasskamp
- Maryland Melanoma Center at Medstar Franklin Square Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nicola Schönewolf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lauren G. Aoude
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Oncogenomics Laboratory, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas K. Hayward
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Oncogenomics Laboratory, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Boris C. Bastian
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stacie K. Loftus
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - William J. Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
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20
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Beard RE, Abate-Daga D, Rosati SF, Zheng Z, Wunderlich JR, Rosenberg SA, Morgan RA. Gene expression profiling using nanostring digital RNA counting to identify potential target antigens for melanoma immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4941-50. [PMID: 24021875 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The success of immunotherapy for the treatment of metastatic cancer is contingent on the identification of appropriate target antigens. Potential targets must be expressed on tumors but show restricted expression on normal tissues. To maximize patient eligibility, ideal target antigens should be expressed on a high percentage of tumors within a histology and, potentially, in multiple different malignancies. DESIGN A Nanostring probeset was designed containing 97 genes, 72 of which are considered potential candidate genes for immunotherapy. Five established melanoma cell lines, 59 resected metastatic melanoma tumors, and 31 normal tissue samples were profiled and analyzed using Nanostring technology. RESULTS Of the 72 potential target genes, 33 were overexpressed in more than 20% of studied melanoma tumor samples. Twenty of those genes were identified as differentially expressed between normal tissues and tumor samples by ANOVA analysis. Analysis of normal tissue gene expression identified seven genes with limited normal tissue expression that warrant further consideration as potential immunotherapy target antigens: CSAG2, MAGEA3, MAGEC2, IL13RA2, PRAME, CSPG4, and SOX10. These genes were highly overexpressed on a large percentage of the studied tumor samples, with expression in a limited number of normal tissue samples at much lower levels. CONCLUSION The application of Nanostring RNA counting technology was used to directly quantitate the gene expression levels of multiple potential tumor antigens. Analysis of cell lines, 59 tumors, and normal tissues identified seven potential immunotherapy targets for the treatment of melanoma that could increase the number of patients potentially eligible for adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Beard
- Authors' Affiliation: Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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21
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Rönnstrand L, Phung B. Enhanced SOX10 and KIT expression in cutaneous melanoma. Med Oncol 2013; 30:648. [PMID: 23801280 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Rexhepaj E, Agnarsdóttir M, Bergman J, Edqvist PH, Bergqvist M, Uhlén M, Gallagher WM, Lundberg E, Ponten F. A texture based pattern recognition approach to distinguish melanoma from non-melanoma cells in histopathological tissue microarray sections. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62070. [PMID: 23690928 PMCID: PMC3656869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Immunohistochemistry is a routine practice in clinical cancer diagnostics and also an established technology for tissue-based research regarding biomarker discovery efforts. Tedious manual assessment of immunohistochemically stained tissue needs to be fully automated to take full advantage of the potential for high throughput analyses enabled by tissue microarrays and digital pathology. Such automated tools also need to be reproducible for different experimental conditions and biomarker targets. In this study we present a novel supervised melanoma specific pattern recognition approach that is fully automated and quantitative. Methods and Results Melanoma samples were immunostained for the melanocyte specific target, Melan-A. Images representing immunostained melanoma tissue were then digitally processed to segment regions of interest, highlighting Melan-A positive and negative areas. Color deconvolution was applied to each region of interest to separate the channel containing the immunohistochemistry signal from the hematoxylin counterstaining channel. A support vector machine melanoma classification model was learned from a discovery melanoma patient cohort (n = 264) and subsequently validated on an independent cohort of melanoma patient tissue sample images (n = 157). Conclusion Here we propose a novel method that takes advantage of utilizing an immuhistochemical marker highlighting melanocytes to fully automate the learning of a general melanoma cell classification model. The presented method can be applied on any protein of interest and thus provides a tool for quantification of immunohistochemistry-based protein expression in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton Rexhepaj
- Department of Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Margrét Agnarsdóttir
- Department of Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Julia Bergman
- Department of Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Henrik Edqvist
- Department of Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Bergqvist
- Section of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Radiology and Clinical Immunology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William M. Gallagher
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
- OncoMark Limited, NovaUCD, Belfield Innovation Park, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emma Lundberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ponten
- Department of Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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23
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Sox10 promotes the formation and maintenance of giant congenital naevi and melanoma. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:882-90. [PMID: 22772081 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Giant congenital naevi are pigmented childhood lesions that frequently lead to melanoma, the most aggressive skin cancer. The mechanisms underlying this malignancy are largely unknown, and there are no effective therapies. Here we describe a mouse model for giant congenital naevi and show that naevi and melanoma prominently express Sox10, a transcription factor crucial for the formation of melanocytes from the neural crest. Strikingly, Sox10 haploinsufficiency counteracts Nras(Q61K)-driven congenital naevus and melanoma formation without affecting the physiological functions of neural crest derivatives in the skin. Moreover, Sox10 is also crucial for the maintenance of neoplastic cells in vivo. In human patients, virtually all congenital naevi and melanomas are SOX10 positive. Furthermore, SOX10 silencing in human melanoma cells suppresses neural crest stem cell properties, counteracts proliferation and cell survival, and completely abolishes in vivo tumour formation. Thus, SOX10 represents a promising target for the treatment of congenital naevi and melanoma in human patients.
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Zhong WD, Qin GQ, Dai QS, Han ZD, Chen SM, Ling XH, Fu X, Cai C, Chen JH, Chen XB, Lin ZY, Deng YH, Wu SL, He HC, Wu CL. SOXs in human prostate cancer: implication as progression and prognosis factors. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:248. [PMID: 22703285 PMCID: PMC3583167 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SOX genes play an important role in a number of developmental processes. Potential roles of SOXs have been demonstrated in various neoplastic tissues as tumor suppressors or promoters depending on tumor status and types. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of SOXs in the progression and prognosis of human prostate cancer (PCa). Methods The gene expression changes of SOXs in human PCa tissues compared with non-cancerous prostate tissues was detected using gene expression microarray, and confirmed by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) analysis and immunohositochemistry. The roles of these genes in castration resistance were investigated in LNCaP xenograft model of PCa. Results The microarray analysis identified three genes (SOX7, SOX9 and SOX10) of SOX family that were significantly dis-regulated in common among four PCa specimens. Consistent with the results of the microarray, differential mRNA and protein levels of three selected genes were found in PCa tissues by QRT-PCR analysis and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, we found that the immunohistochemical staining scores of SOX7 in PCa tissues with higher serum PSA level (P = 0.02) and metastasis (P = 0.03) were significantly lower than those with lower serum PSA level and without metastasis; the increased SOX9 protein expression was frequently found in PCa tissues with higher Gleason score (P = 0.02) and higher clinical stage (P < 0.0001); the down-regulation of SOX10 tend to be found in PCa tissues with higher serum PSA levels (P = 0.03) and advanced pathological stage (P = 0.01). Moreover, both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that the down-regulation of SOX7 and the up-regulation of SOX9 were independent predictors of shorter biochemical recurrence-free survival. Furthermore, we discovered that SOX7 was significantly down-regulated and SOX9 was significantly up-regulated during the progression to castration resistance. Conclusions Our data offer the convince evidence that the dis-regulation of SOX7, SOX9 and SOX10 may be associated with the aggressive progression of PCa. SOX7 and SOX9 may be potential markers for prognosis in PCa patients. Interestingly, the down-regulation of SOX7 and the up-regulation of SOX9 may be important mechanisms for castration-resistant progression of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-de Zhong
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First Municipal People's Hospital, Affiliated Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510180, China.
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Prassas I, Chrystoja CC, Makawita S, Diamandis EP. Bioinformatic identification of proteins with tissue-specific expression for biomarker discovery. BMC Med 2012; 10:39. [PMID: 22515324 PMCID: PMC3378448 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an important need for the identification of novel serological biomarkers for the early detection of cancer. Current biomarkers suffer from a lack of tissue specificity, rendering them vulnerable to non-disease-specific increases. The present study details a strategy to rapidly identify tissue-specific proteins using bioinformatics. METHODS Previous studies have focused on either gene or protein expression databases for the identification of candidates. We developed a strategy that mines six publicly available gene and protein databases for tissue-specific proteins, selects proteins likely to enter the circulation, and integrates proteomic datasets enriched for the cancer secretome to prioritize candidates for further verification and validation studies. RESULTS Using colon, lung, pancreatic and prostate cancer as case examples, we identified 48 candidate tissue-specific biomarkers, of which 14 have been previously studied as biomarkers of cancer or benign disease. Twenty-six candidate biomarkers for these four cancer types are proposed. CONCLUSIONS We present a novel strategy using bioinformatics to identify tissue-specific proteins that are potential cancer serum biomarkers. Investigation of the 26 candidates in disease states of the organs is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Sox10 controls migration of B16F10 melanoma cells through multiple regulatory target genes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31477. [PMID: 22363655 PMCID: PMC3283624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
It is believed that the inherent differentiation program of melanocytes during embryogenesis predisposes melanoma cells to high frequency of metastasis. Sox10, a transcription factor expressed in neural crest stem cells and a subset of progeny lineages, plays a key role in the development of melanocytes. We show that B16F10 melanoma cells transfected with siRNAs specific for Sox10 display reduced migratory activity which in turn indicated that a subset of transcriptional regulatory target genes of Sox10 is likely to be involved in migration and metastasis of melanoma cells. We carried out a microarray-based gene expression profiling using a Sox10-specific siRNA to identify relevant regulatory targets and found that multiple genes including melanocortin-1 receptor (Mc1r) partake in the regulation of migration. We provide evidences that the effect of Sox10 on migration is mediated in large part by Mitf, a transcription factor downstream to Sox10. Among the mouse melanoma cell lines examined, however, only B16F10 showed robust down-regulation of Sox10 and inhibition of cell migration indicating that further dissection of dosage effects and/or cell line-specific regulatory networks is necessary. The involvement of Mc1r in migration was studied in detail in vivo using a murine metastasis model. Specifically, B16F10 melanoma cells treated with a specific siRNA showed reduced tendency in metastasizing to and colonizing the lung after being injected in the tail vein. These data reveal a cadre of novel regulators and mediators involved in migration and metastasis of melanoma cells that represents potential targets of therapeutic intervention.
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Shin J, Vincent JG, Cuda JD, Xu H, Kang S, Kim J, Taube JM. Sox10 is expressed in primary melanocytic neoplasms of various histologies but not in fibrohistiocytic proliferations and histiocytoses. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012; 67:717-26. [PMID: 22325460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sox10 is a transcription factor associated with neural crest development. Its expression has been reported in melanocytes and peripheral nerve sheath cells and their associated tumors. OBJECTIVE To assess Sox10 sensitivity in benign and malignant melanocytic neoplasms of various histologic subtypes and to discern the specificity of Sox10 in distinguishing between melanocytic neoplasms and fibrohistiocytic and histiocytic mimickers. METHODS Sox10 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in 145 cases of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, including benign and malignant melanocytic lesions of various histologies and stages (n = 83), fibrohistiocytic and histiocytic lesions (n = 33), and peripheral nerve sheath tumors (n = 19), among others (n = 10). RESULTS Immunoreactivity with Sox10 was observed in 100% (83/83) of benign and malignant melanocytic lesions of various subtypes, as well as in 100% (19/19) of benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath lesions. Among the fibrohistiocytic proliferations and histiocytoses examined, Sox10 was negative in all cases (0/33). Sox10 expression did not vary by histologic subtype in nevi or melanoma; however, both the percentage of tumor nuclei demonstrating Sox10 expression and the intensity of expression were inversely correlated with malignant potential (nevi, melanoma in situ, invasive and metastatic melanoma) (P < .001, P = .016, respectively). Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors also showed decreased mean Sox10 expression and decreased intensity of expression when compared with benign counterparts (P < .001, P = .021, respectively). LIMITATIONS This is a retrospective study with 145 cases included. CONCLUSIONS Sox10 is a highly sensitive marker for melanocytic proliferations and may be useful diagnostically when the differential diagnosis includes fibrohistiocytic and histiocytic proliferations demonstrating S100 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Biological Specimen Banks
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Biopsy
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/pathology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous/metabolism
- Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous/pathology
- Histiocytosis/metabolism
- Histiocytosis/pathology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lichenoid Eruptions/metabolism
- Lichenoid Eruptions/pathology
- Melanocytes/metabolism
- Melanocytes/pathology
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Melanoma/pathology
- Neoplasms, Adnexal and Skin Appendage/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Adnexal and Skin Appendage/pathology
- Nerve Sheath Neoplasms/metabolism
- Nerve Sheath Neoplasms/pathology
- Nevus, Pigmented/metabolism
- Nevus, Pigmented/pathology
- Retrospective Studies
- SOXE Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Vitiligo/metabolism
- Vitiligo/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyun Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Pontén F, Schwenk JM, Asplund A, Edqvist PHD. The Human Protein Atlas as a proteomic resource for biomarker discovery. J Intern Med 2011; 270:428-46. [PMID: 21752111 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of tissue-specific expression at both the gene and protein levels is vital for understanding human biology and disease. Antibody-based proteomics provides a strategy for the systematic generation of antibodies against all human proteins to combine with protein profiling in tissues and cells using tissue microarrays, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The Human Protein Atlas project was launched in 2003 with the aim of creating a map of protein expression patterns in normal cells, tissues and cancer. At present, 11,200 unique proteins corresponding to over 50% of all human protein-encoding genes have been analysed. All protein expression data, including underlying high-resolution images, are published on the free and publically available Human Protein Atlas portal (http://www.proteinatlas.org). This database provides an important source of information for numerous biomedical research projects, including biomarker discovery efforts. Moreover, the global analysis of how our genome is expressed at the protein level has provided basic knowledge on the ubiquitous expression of a large proportion of our proteins and revealed the paucity of cell- and tissue-type-specific proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pontén
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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