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Rodriguez-Almaraz JE, Butowski N. Therapeutic and Supportive Effects of Cannabinoids in Patients with Brain Tumors (CBD Oil and Cannabis). Curr Treat Options Oncol 2023; 24:30-44. [PMID: 36633803 PMCID: PMC9867687 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-01047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The potential medicinal properties of Cannabis continue to garner attention, especially in the brain tumor domain. This attention is centered on quality of life and symptom management; however, it is amplified by a significant lack of therapeutic choices for this specific patient population. While the literature on this matter is young, published and anecdotal evidence imply that cannabis could be useful in treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, stimulating appetite, reducing pain, and managing seizures. It may also decrease inflammation and cancer cell proliferation and survival, resulting in a benefit in overall patient survival. Current literature poses the challenge that it does not provide standardized guidance on dosing for the above potential indications and cannabis use is dominated by recreational purposes. Furthermore, integrated and longitudinal studies are needed but these are a challenge due to arcane laws surrounding the legality of such substances. The increasing need for evidence-based arguments about potential harms and benefits of cannabis, not only in cancer patients but for other medical use and recreational purposes, is desperately needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Eduardo Rodriguez-Almaraz
- Neuro Surgery Department Division of Neuro-Oncology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, 8th floor, RM A808, San Francisco, California USA
- Deparment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, 8th floor, RM A808, San Francisco, California USA
| | - Nicholas Butowski
- Neuro Surgery Department Division of Neuro-Oncology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, 8th floor, RM A808, San Francisco, California USA
- Deparment of Molecular Science, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, 8th floor, RM A808, San Francisco, California USA
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Bagues A, López-Tofiño Y, Llorente-Berzal Á, Abalo R. Cannabinoid drugs against chemotherapy-induced adverse effects: focus on nausea/vomiting, peripheral neuropathy and chemofog in animal models. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:105-129. [PMID: 35045012 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although new drugs are being developed for cancer treatment, classical chemotherapeutic agents are still front-line therapies, despite their frequent association with severe side effects that can hamper their use. Cannabinoids may prevent or palliate some of these side effects. The aim of the present study is to review the basic research which has been conducted evaluating the effects of cannabinoid drugs in the treatment of three important side effects induced by classical chemotherapeutic agents: nausea and vomiting, neuropathic pain and cognitive impairment. Several published studies have demonstrated that cannabinoids are useful in preventing and reducing the nausea, vomits and neuropathy induced by different chemotherapy regimens, though other side effects can occur, such as a reduction of gastrointestinal motility, along with psychotropic effects when using centrally-acting cannabinoids. Thus, peripherally-acting cannabinoids and new pharmacological options are being investigated, such as allosteric or biased agonists. Additionally, due to the increase in the survival of cancer patients, there are emerging data that demonstrate an important cognitive deterioration due to chemotherapy, and because the cannabinoid drugs have a neuroprotective effect, they could be useful in preventing chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (as demonstrated through studies in other neurological disorders), but this has not yet been tested. Thus, although cannabinoids seem a promising therapeutic approach in the treatment of different side effects induced by chemotherapeutic agents, future research will be necessary to find pharmacological options with a safer profile. Moreover, a new line of research awaits to be opened to elucidate their possible usefulness in preventing cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bagues
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón
- High Performance Research Group in Experimental Pharmacology (PHARMAKOM-URJC)
- Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda López-Tofiño
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón
- High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System NeuGut-URJC
| | - Álvaro Llorente-Berzal
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland
- Centre for Pain Research and Galway Neuroscience Centre, NCBES, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón
- Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System NeuGut-URJC
- Grupo de Trabajo de Ciencias Básicas en Dolor y Analgesia de la Sociedad Española del Dolor, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Boullon L, Abalo R, Llorente-Berzal Á. Cannabinoid Drugs-Related Neuroprotection as a Potential Therapeutic Tool Against Chemotherapy-Induced Cognitive Impairment. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:734613. [PMID: 34867342 PMCID: PMC8632779 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.734613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, and particularly associated with the increase of cancer patients’ life expectancy, the occurrence of cancer treatment sequelae, including cognitive impairments, has received considerable attention. Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairments (CICI) can be observed not only during pharmacological treatment of the disease but also long after cessation of this therapy. The lack of effective tools for its diagnosis together with the limited treatments currently available for alleviation of the side-effects induced by chemotherapeutic agents, demonstrates the need of a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the pathology. This review focuses on the comprehensive appraisal of two main processes associated with the development of CICI: neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, and proposes the endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) as a new therapeutic target against CICI. The neuroprotective role of the ECS, well described in other cognitive-related neuropathologies, seems to be able to reduce the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the neuroinflammatory supraspinal processes underlying CICI. This review also provides evidence supporting the role of cannabinoid-based drugs in the modulation of oxidative stress processes that underpin cognitive impairments, and warrant the investigation of endocannabinoid components, still unknown, that may mediate the molecular mechanism behind this neuroprotective activity. Finally, this review points forward the urgent need of research focused on the understanding of CICI and the investigation of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Boullon
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Centre for Pain Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de La Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain
- Unidad Asociada I+D+i Del Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System NeuGut-URJC, Madrid, Spain
- Working Group of Basic Sciences in Pain and Analgesia of the Spanish Pain Society (Grupo de Trabajo de Ciencias Básicas en Dolor y Analgesia de La Sociedad Española Del Dolor), Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Llorente-Berzal
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Centre for Pain Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Álvaro Llorente-Berzal,
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Hu XL, Lv XY, Wang R, Long H, Feng JH, Wang BL, Shen W, Liu H, Xiong F, Zhang XQ, Ye WC, Wang H. Optimization of N-Phenylpropenoyl-l-amino Acids as Potent and Selective Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors for Parkinson's Disease. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7760-7777. [PMID: 34019417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
N-Phenylpropenoyl-l-amino acids (NPAs) are inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitors possessing preventive effects for Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, structural modifications for improving the iNOS inhibitory activity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of NPAs were conducted, leading to 20 optimized NPA derivatives (1-20). Compound 18, with the most potent activity (IC50 = 74 nM), high BBB permeability (Pe = 19.1 × 10-6 cm/s), and high selectivity over other NOS isoforms, was selected as the lead compound. Further studies demonstrated that 18 directly binds to iNOS. In the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced acute PD model, the oral administration of 18 (1 and 2 mg/kg) exerted preventive effects by alleviating the loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons. Notably, in the MPTP-/probenecid-induced chronic PD model, the same dose of 18 also displayed a therapeutic effect by repairing the damaged DAergic neurons. Finally, good pharmacokinetic properties and low toxicity made 18 a promising candidate for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Yu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Long
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qi Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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He D, Fu S, Zhou A, Su Y, Gao X, Zhang Y, Huang B, Du J, Liu D. Camptothecin Regulates Microglia Polarization and Exerts Neuroprotective Effects via Activating AKT/Nrf2/HO-1 and Inhibiting NF-κB Pathways In Vivo and In Vitro. Front Immunol 2021; 12:619761. [PMID: 33868235 PMCID: PMC8047064 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.619761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the main immune cells in the brain, participate in the innate immune response in the central nervous system (CNS). Studies have shown that microglia can be polarized into pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes. Accumulated evidence suggests that over-activated M1 microglia release pro-inflammatory mediators that damage neurons and lead to Parkinson's disease (PD). In contrast, M2 microglia release neuroprotective factors and exert the effects of neuroprotection. Camptothecin (CPT), an extract of the plant Camptotheca acuminate, has been reported to have anti-inflammation and antitumor effects. However, the effect of CPT on microglia polarization and microglia-mediated inflammation responses has not been reported. In our study we found that CPT improved motor performance of mice and reduced the loss of neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of the midbrain in LPS-injected mice. In the mechanism study, we found that CPT inhibited M1 polarization of microglia and promotes M2 polarization via the AKT/Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signals. Furthermore, CPT protected the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y and dopaminergic neuron cell line MN9D from damage mediated by microglia activation. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CPT regulates the microglia polarization phenotype via activating AKT/Nrf2/HO-1 and inhibiting NF-κB pathways, inhibits neuro-inflammatory responses, and exerts neuroprotective effects in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dianfeng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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6
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Noseda ACD, Rodrigues LS, Targa ADS, Ilkiw JL, Fagotti J, Dos Santos PD, Cecon E, Markus RP, Solimena M, Jockers R, Lima MMS. MT 2 melatonin receptors expressed in the olfactory bulb modulate depressive-like behavior and olfaction in the 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 891:173722. [PMID: 33159932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors are expressed in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb (OB); however, the role of these receptors has not been evaluated until now. Considering the association of the OB with olfactory and depressive disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD), we sought to investigate the involvement of melatonin receptors in these non-motor disturbances in an intranigral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of PD. We demonstrate the presence of functional melatonin receptors in dopaminergic neurons of the glomerular layer. Local administration of melatonin (MLT, 1 μg/μl), luzindole (LUZ, 5 μg/μl) or the MT2-selective receptor drug 4-P-PDOT (5 μg/μl) reversed the depressive-like behavior elicited by 6-OHDA. Sequential administration of 4-P-PDOT and MLT (5 μg/μl, 1 μg/μl) promoted additive antidepressant-like effects. In the evaluation of olfactory discrimination, LUZ induced an olfactory impairment when associated with the nigral lesion-induced impairment. Thus, our results suggest that melatonin MT2 receptors expressed in the glomerular layer are involved in depressive-like behaviors and in olfactory function associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina D Noseda
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Lais S Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Adriano D S Targa
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova-Santa Maria, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jessica L Ilkiw
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliane Fagotti
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Erika Cecon
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Regina P Markus
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michele Solimena
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Marcelo M S Lima
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Reiter RJ, Rosales-Corral S, Sharma R. Circadian disruption, melatonin rhythm perturbations and their contributions to chaotic physiology. Adv Med Sci 2020; 65:394-402. [PMID: 32763813 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this report is to summarize the data documenting the vital nature of well-regulated cellular and organismal circadian rhythms, which are also reflected in a stable melatonin cycle, in supporting optimal health. Cellular fluctuations in physiology exist in most cells of multicellular organisms with their stability relying on the prevailing light:dark cycle, since it regulates, via specialized intrinsically-photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) and the retinohypothalamic tract, the master circadian oscillator, i.e., the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). The output message of the SCN, as determined by the light:dark cycle, is transferred to peripheral oscillators, so-called slave cellular oscillators, directly via the autonomic nervous system with its limited distribution. and indirectly via the pineal-derived circulating melatonin rhythm, which contacts every cell. Via its regulatory effects on the neuroendocrine system, particularly the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, the SCN also has a major influence on the adrenal glucocorticoid rhythm which impacts neurological diseases and psychological behaviors. Moreover, the SCN regulates the circadian production and secretion of melatonin. When the central circadian oscillator is disturbed, such as by light at night, it passes misinformation to all organs in the body. When this occurs the physiology of cells becomes altered and normal cellular functions are compromised. This physiological upheaval is a precursor to pathologies. The deterioration of the SCN/pineal network is often a normal consequence of aging and its related diseases, but in today's societies where manufactured light is becoming progressively more common worldwide, the associated pathologies may also be occurring at an earlier age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Sergio Rosales-Corral
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ramaswamy Sharma
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Bernardi A, Torres OV, Sosa M, Muñiz JA, Urbano FJ, Cadet JL, Bisagno V. Acute Regulation of the Arousal-Enhancing Drugs Caffeine and Modafinil on Class IIa HDACs In Vivo and In Vitro: Focus on HDAC7. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:498-507. [PMID: 32367472 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Psychostimulant drugs, such as modafinil and caffeine, induce transcriptional alterations through the dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms. We have previously demonstrated that acute modafinil administration is accompanied by multiple changes in the expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) within the mouse medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Herein, we compared alterations in class IIa HDACs in the mouse mPFC and dorsal striatum (DS) after a single exposure to each psychostimulant. We treated male C57BL/6 mice with modafinil (90 mg/kg, i.p.), caffeine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), or vehicle and evaluated locomotor activity. Following, we examined hdac4, hdac5, and hdac7 mRNA expression using qRT-PCR and HDAC7, pHDAC7, and pHDACs4/5/7 using Western blot. Last, we explored generalized effects in N2a cell line using modafinil (100 μM and 1 mM) or caffeine (80 μM and 800 μM). Our results indicate that modafinil had greater effects on locomotor activity compared with caffeine. qRT-PCR experiments revealed that modafinil decreased hdac5 and hdac7 mRNA expression in the DS, while caffeine had no effects. In the mPFC, modafinil increased hdac7 mRNA expression, with no effects observed for caffeine. Western blot revealed that within the DS, modafinil induced increases in HDAC7, pHDAC7, and pHDACs4/5/7 protein expression, while, in the mPFC, caffeine induced decreases in HDAC7, pHDAC7, and pHDACs4/5/7 protein levels. In vitro studies revealed that modafinil increased hdac4, hdac5, and hdac7 mRNA levels in N2a, while caffeine only increased hdac5 at a higher dose. These findings support the notion that modafinil and caffeine exert distinct regulation of class IIa HDAC family members and that these transcriptional and translational consequences are region-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Bernardi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Junín 956, piso 5, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Oscar V Torres
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, San Diego Mesa College, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Maximo Sosa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Junín 956, piso 5, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier A Muñiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Junín 956, piso 5, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco J Urbano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Veronica Bisagno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Junín 956, piso 5, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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